• HVYSNOW: Probabilistic Heavy Snow And Icing Discussion

    From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Mon May 13 14:31:21 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 131431
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    1031 AM EDT Mon May 13 2024

    Valid 00Z Tue May 14 2024 - 00Z Fri May 17 2024

    ...WPC Winter Weather Desk no longer routinely staffed this summer...

    Pending any significant winter weather, the WPC Winter Weather Desk
    will not be staffed this summer. The desk will resume continuous
    staffing starting in late September 2024.

    Most of the winter products from WPC will continue to be produced,
    including the Winter Storm Severity Index (WSSI), Probabilistic
    Winter Storm Severity Index (WSSI-P), and the Probabilistic Winter Precipitation Forecasts (PWPF).

    WPC





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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Wed Oct 2 18:23:56 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 021823
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    223 PM EDT Wed Oct 2 2024

    Valid 00Z Thu Oct 03 2024 - 00Z Sun Oct 06 2024

    The probability of significant snow and ice across the CONUS is
    less than 10 percent.

    Fracasso



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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Thu Oct 3 05:59:06 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 030558
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    158 AM EDT Thu Oct 3 2024

    Valid 12Z Thu Oct 03 2024 - 12Z Sun Oct 06 2024

    The probability of significant snow and ice across the CONUS is
    less than 10 percent.

    Weiss


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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Thu Oct 3 19:09:47 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 031909
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    309 PM EDT Thu Oct 3 2024

    Valid 00Z Fri Oct 04 2024 - 00Z Mon Oct 07 2024

    The probability of significant snow and ice across the CONUS is
    less than 10 percent.

    Mullinax





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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Fri Oct 4 05:28:04 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 040527
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    127 AM EDT Fri Oct 4 2024

    Valid 12Z Fri Oct 04 2024 - 12Z Mon Oct 07 2024

    The probability of significant snow and ice across the CONUS is
    less than 10 percent.

    Weiss


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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Fri Oct 4 19:39:47 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 041939
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    339 PM EDT Fri Oct 4 2024

    Valid 00Z Sat Oct 05 2024 - 00Z Tue Oct 08 2024

    The probability of significant snow and ice across the CONUS is
    less than 10 percent.

    Jackson


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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sat Oct 5 06:32:31 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 050632
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    232 AM EDT Sat Oct 5 2024

    Valid 12Z Sat Oct 05 2024 - 12Z Tue Oct 08 2024

    The probability of significant snow and ice across the CONUS is
    less than 10 percent.

    Weiss


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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sat Oct 5 19:20:35 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 051920
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    320 PM EDT Sat Oct 5 2024

    Valid 00Z Sun Oct 06 2024 - 00Z Wed Oct 09 2024

    The probability of significant snow and ice across the CONUS is
    less than 10 percent.

    Jackson

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sun Oct 6 06:01:34 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 060601
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    201 AM EDT Sun Oct 6 2024

    Valid 12Z Sun Oct 06 2024 - 12Z Wed Oct 09 2024

    The probability of significant snow and ice across the CONUS is
    less than 10 percent.

    Weiss


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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sun Oct 6 20:27:22 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 062026
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    426 PM EDT Sun Oct 6 2024

    Valid 00Z Mon Oct 07 2024 - 00Z Thu Oct 10 2024

    The probability of significant snow and ice across the CONUS is
    less than 10 percent.

    Jackson



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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Mon Oct 7 06:28:38 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 070628
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    228 AM EDT Mon Oct 7 2024

    Valid 12Z Mon Oct 07 2024 - 12Z Thu Oct 10 2024

    The probability of significant snow and ice across the CONUS is
    less than 10 percent.

    Weiss


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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Mon Oct 7 21:12:40 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 072112
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    512 PM EDT Mon Oct 7 2024

    Valid 00Z Tue Oct 08 2024 - 00Z Fri Oct 11 2024

    The probability of significant snow and ice across the CONUS is
    less than 10 percent.

    Mullinax





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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Tue Oct 8 06:10:03 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 080609
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    209 AM EDT Tue Oct 8 2024

    Valid 12Z Tue Oct 08 2024 - 12Z Fri Oct 11 2024

    The probability of significant snow and ice across the CONUS is
    less than 10 percent.

    Weiss



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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Tue Oct 8 17:33:06 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 081732
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    132 PM EDT Tue Oct 8 2024

    Valid 00Z Wed Oct 09 2024 - 00Z Sat Oct 12 2024

    The probability of significant snow and ice across the CONUS is
    less than 10 percent.

    Fracasso






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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Wed Oct 9 06:30:08 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 090629
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    229 AM EDT Wed Oct 9 2024

    Valid 12Z Wed Oct 09 2024 - 12Z Sat Oct 12 2024

    The probability of significant snow and ice across the CONUS is
    less than 10 percent.

    Weiss



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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Wed Oct 9 18:09:52 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 091809
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    209 PM EDT Wed Oct 9 2024

    Valid 00Z Thu Oct 10 2024 - 00Z Sun Oct 13 2024

    The probability of significant snow and ice across the CONUS is
    less than 10 percent.

    Fracasso






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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Thu Oct 10 06:56:41 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 100656
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    256 AM EDT Thu Oct 10 2024

    Valid 12Z Thu Oct 10 2024 - 12Z Sun Oct 13 2024

    The probability of significant snow and ice across the CONUS is
    less than 10 percent.

    Mullinax









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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Thu Oct 10 19:51:55 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 101951
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    351 PM EDT Thu Oct 10 2024

    Valid 00Z Fri Oct 11 2024 - 00Z Mon Oct 14 2024

    The probability of significant snow and ice across the CONUS is
    less than 10 percent.

    Jackson


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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Fri Oct 11 07:16:18 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 110716
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    316 AM EDT Fri Oct 11 2024

    Valid 12Z Fri Oct 11 2024 - 12Z Mon Oct 14 2024

    The probability of significant snow and ice across the CONUS is
    less than 10 percent.

    Mullinax




    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Fri Oct 11 19:34:07 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 111933
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    333 PM EDT Fri Oct 11 2024

    Valid 00Z Sat Oct 12 2024 - 00Z Tue Oct 15 2024

    The probability of significant snow and ice across the CONUS is
    less than 10 percent.

    Jackson



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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sat Oct 12 07:14:32 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 120714
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    314 AM EDT Sat Oct 12 2024

    Valid 12Z Sat Oct 12 2024 - 12Z Tue Oct 15 2024

    The probability of significant snow and ice across the CONUS is
    less than 10 percent.

    Mullinax






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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sat Oct 12 19:30:02 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 121929
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    329 PM EDT Sat Oct 12 2024

    Valid 00Z Sun Oct 13 2024 - 00Z Wed Oct 16 2024

    The probability of significant snow and ice across the CONUS is
    less than 10 percent.

    Jackson

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sun Oct 13 07:15:28 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 130715
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    315 AM EDT Sun Oct 13 2024

    Valid 12Z Sun Oct 13 2024 - 12Z Wed Oct 16 2024

    The probability of significant snow and ice across the CONUS is
    less than 10 percent.

    Mullinax




    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sun Oct 13 20:17:03 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 132016
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    416 PM EDT Sun Oct 13 2024

    Valid 00Z Mon Oct 14 2024 - 00Z Thu Oct 17 2024


    ...Northeast...
    Days 1-3...

    A potent trough crosses the Great Lakes tonight and spins into a
    closed low over Maine on Monday. This low stalls as a reinforcing
    trough dives over the Upper Midwest Monday night before digging
    through the southern Appalachians through Tuesday night. Troughing
    then extends down the length of the Eastern Seaboard Wednesday.
    Snow levels drop below 3000ft over Northeastern terrain such as
    the Adirondacks, Greens, and Whites through Monday on the back side
    of the developing low. Snow levels then remain around 2000ft across
    most of NY and New England through Wednesday. Several inches of
    snow will fall in occasional precip through these terrain areas
    with 72hr totals over 6" most likely above about 4000ft in the
    Adirondacks, Greens, and Whites.


    ...Northwest...
    Day 3...

    A deep low currently in the Gulf of Alaska dislodges southeast
    Tuesday night and a reinforcing upper trough rounds the low and
    pushes over the Pacific Northwest on Wednesday. Strong moisture
    advection ahead of this trough allows at least moderate precip
    rates and the height falls on Wednesday allow snow levels to drop
    to around 5000ft over the Washington Cascades by Wednesday
    afternoon. Heavy snow is expected in the highest Cascades with
    accumulating snow reaching the higher level WA passes by 00Z
    Thursday.


    The probability of significant ice across the CONUS is less than
    10 percent.


    Jackson


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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Mon Oct 14 07:09:44 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 140709
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    309 AM EDT Mon Oct 14 2024

    Valid 12Z Mon Oct 14 2024 - 12Z Thu Oct 17 2024

    ...Northeast...
    Days 1-2...

    An anomalous upper level trough over the Northeast will lead to a
    strengthening cyclone over northern New England this morning. The
    850mb low positioned over Upstate New York will track north and
    east through the Green and White mountains by this afternoon. To
    the north and west of the 850mb low, a surge in both moisture and
    NW winds will result in a stronger upslope component into the
    Adirondacks, Green, and White mountains throughout the day. In
    addition to the sufficient upper level ascent, an ari-mass that
    is quite cold by mid-October's climatology will support sub-
    freezing boundary layer temps for in the northern Appalachians. Locally
    heavy snowfall rates are expected with 0.5-1"/hr rates possible in
    the tallest peaks of the Adirondacks this morning and afternoon
    according to the 00Z HREF on WPC's Snowband Probability Tracker. As
    the storm tracks into Quebec this evening, snow will taper off and
    be limited to just snow showers through Tuesday morning. Another
    round of snow is likely to occur Tuesday late morning and through
    the afternoon as a trough axis pivoting on the back side of the
    storm system in eastern Quebec brings about an additional surge of
    low- mid level moisture. In addition, steep lapse rates could
    trigger potent snow showers, especially in the higher terrain of
    northern New England above 2,000ft. Snow showers look to linger in
    the northern Appalachians until Wednesday morning when the trough
    axis moves east and off the New England coast.

    Any locally heavy snowfall totals (>4") would likely be confined
    to elevations above 2,000ft in the Adirondacks, Green, and White
    mountains. WPC probabilistic guidance does depict some low-
    moderate chances (20-40%) for >6" of snowfall in the tallest
    3,000ft peaks of the Adirondacks. Below 2,000ft, snowfall amounts
    will struggle to top 2" in the 1,000-2,000ft elevation layer, with
    mainly a coating to 1" in the elevations below 1,000ft. Given this
    snowfall is the first of the season for parts of the region,
    motorists will be subjected to poor visibility and some snow
    covered roads for the first time in months. The WSSI-P does show
    low-moderate chances (20-40%) for Minor Impacts in parts of the
    Adirondacks through Monday evening.

    ...Northwest...
    Days 2-3...

    A 500mb shortwave trough bringing with it a surge in 850-700mb
    moisture and associated height falls will cause snow levels to
    gradually drop to as low as 4,000ft by Wednesday. The air-mass is
    not particularly cold for the time of year, so this setup favors
    snowfall accumulation in the Olympics and Cascades to elevations
    5,000ft. WPC probabilities do suggest low-moderate chances
    (20-40%) for >4" of snowfall on Wednesday along the windward side
    of the Cascade Range at elevations >4,000ft. As 500mb heights and
    snow levels continue to fall, some of the higher level Washington
    passes may start to see accumulating snow by Wednesday night. The
    potential for accumulating snowfall reaches the Northern Rockies
    (the Bitterroots, Absaroka, and Tetons most notably) by early
    Thursday morning. WPC probabilistic guidance suggests the Lewis
    Range of western MT could see locally higher totals surpassing 4"
    at elevations >7,000ft, while the other mountain ranges mentioned
    are most likely to see their best accumulating snowfall above
    8,000ft on Thursday.


    The probability of significant ice across the CONUS is less than
    10 percent.

    Mullinax


    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Mon Oct 14 17:57:30 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 141757
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    157 PM EDT Mon Oct 14 2024

    Valid 00Z Tue Oct 15 2024 - 00Z Fri Oct 18 2024

    ...Northeast...
    Days 1-2...

    A leading upper low tracks north over Maine this evening before
    stalling over the mouth of the St Lawrence into Wednesday. The next
    wave is positively tilted trough over the Boundary Waters of MN
    this afternoon which will swing south into the Midwest tonight and
    over the southern Appalachians Tuesday night. Steep lapse rates
    should trigger some potent snow showers, especially in higher
    terrain above 3,000ft. Snow showers look to linger in the northern
    Appalachians until Wednesday morning when the trough axis moves
    east and off the New England coast.

    Additional snow over 4" should be confined to the higher Adirondacks,
    Green, and White mountains.


    ...Northwest...
    Days 2-3...

    An upper shortwave trough brings a surge in 850-700mb moisture and
    associated height falls will cause snow levels to gradually drop
    from around 6000ft Tuesday night to around 4000ft by Wednesday
    evening over the WA Cascades. The airmass is not particularly cold
    for the time of year, so this setup favors snowfall accumulation
    in the Olympics and Cascades down toward the highest mountain
    passes Wednesday night until Thursday morning when a reinforcing
    trough crosses western WA brining and end to moderate precip rates.

    This secondary wave digs down through far northern CA Thursday with
    decent precip rates and height falls over the northern
    Intermountain West to the northern Rockies. Day 3 WWD probs for
    more than 4" are 50-80% for higher terrain of the WA/OR Cascades
    and the Salmon River mountains in ID and the northern Absarokas in
    MT.


    The probability of significant ice across the CONUS is less than
    10 percent.


    Jackson

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Tue Oct 15 07:38:29 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 150737
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    337 AM EDT Tue Oct 15 2024

    Valid 12Z Tue Oct 15 2024 - 12Z Fri Oct 18 2024

    ...Northeast...
    Day 1...

    Following a brief tapering off of snowfall overnight, periods of
    snow will pick back up over the northern Appalachians Tuesday and
    linger into Tuesday night. This is due to an elongated upper level
    trough pivoting around the western flank of a closed 500mb low
    situated over the St. Lawrence Seaway that will traverse the
    Northeast from west to east. In addition to the usual upslope flow
    into the Adirondacks, Green, and White Mountains, the steep lapse
    rates aloft will trigger potent snow showers that could cause brief
    bursts of heavy snow at elevations >2,000ft. A few snow showers may
    linger around northern New England Wednesday morning, but
    accumulations would be minor and limited to the elevations >3,000ft
    on Wednesday. WPC probabilities show low chances (10-30%) for
    additional snowfall totals >4" along the higher elevations of the
    Adirondacks, Green, and White Mountains through Wednesday morning.

    ...Pacific Northwest...
    Days 2-3...

    An upper level shortwave trough bringing a surge in 850-700mb
    moisture and causing 500-700mb heights falls will cause snow levels
    to gradually drop from 6,000ft Tuesday night to around 4,000ft
    Wednesday evening over Washington's Olympic and Cascade Ranges. As
    this initial 500mb vort max exits to the east Wednesday night, a
    second trough will dive south through the region on Thursday with
    snow levels bottoming out just below 4,000ft in some cases. Periods
    of heavy snow are expected along the Oregon Cascades during the day
    on Thursday. Snow should taped off some time Thursday night. WPC
    PWPF showed high chances (50-70%) for snowfall totals >4" above
    5,000ft in the Cascade Range through Thursday.

    ...Northern & Central Rockies...
    Day 3...

    Pacific moisture out ahead of the first upper level shortwave to
    traverse the Pacific Northwest is forecast to produce periods of
    snow in the higher elevations (>6,000ft in northern ID, >7,000ft in
    the Bitterroots, Sawtooth, Absaroka, Tetons, Wind River, and Big
    Horn Ranges) early in the day on Thursday, but it is with the
    approach of the second trough where snowfall rates look to
    increase. Stronger height falls Thursday evening will accompany an
    air-mass that NAEFS shows at the 500mb and 700mb layers to be below
    the 10th climatological percentile. Plus, NAEFS shows an anomalous
    IVT that tops the 90th climatological percentile from the Great
    Basin to Utah. The region will also be placed favorably beneath a
    coupled jet structure that will help to maximize upper level
    divergence from the Absaroka on south to the Wasatch Thursday night
    and into Friday morning. Waves of low pressure will develop along
    a strengthening frontal boundary that will track through the
    Wasatch and into southern WY by Friday morning, prompting
    precipitation that starts out as rain to make a quick changeover to
    heavy snow.

    WPC PWPF sports moderate-to-high chances (50-70%) for >6" of
    snowfall in the Absaroka of southwest Montana with some moderate
    chances (40-60%) for >12" in some of the Absaroka's tallest peaks.
    Farther south, the Bighorns and Wind River Ranges sport low-
    moderate chances (30-50%) of seeing >8" of snowfall through 12Z
    Friday, while the Uinta how moderate-high chances (50-70%) for the
    same snowfall totals through 12Z Friday. This is likely to be the
    first winter storm of the season for these mountain ranges this
    season and will result in impacts residents have not dealt with in
    months (poor visibility, slick/snow covered roads). The WSSI-P does
    sport moderate-high chances (50-70%) for Minor Impacts in the
    Absaroka, Wind River, Big Horn, and Uinta ranges, as well as some
    of the tallest peaks of the Wasatch through Friday morning.


    The probability of significant ice across the CONUS is less than
    10 percent.


    Mullinax




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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Tue Oct 15 19:01:09 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 151900
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    300 PM EDT Tue Oct 15 2024

    Valid 00Z Wed Oct 16 2024 - 00Z Sat Oct 19 2024

    ...Northeast...
    Day 1...

    An elongated and anomalous 500mb trough extending from a stacked
    upper low will amplify and pivot southeast across New England. A
    surface trough beneath this feature will additional move southeast,
    providing a period of enhanced ascent through convergence and
    height falls to wring out modest, and lessening, available
    moisture. Forecast soundings suggest the DGZ will dry rapidly
    tonight into early Wednesday, but forced upslope ascent should
    offset this drying at least subtly, resulting in a period of light
    to moderate snow in higher elevations above 1500-2000 ft,
    especially the first half of D1. Snow should not be too
    significant, but the nighttime event and periods of heavier snow
    will cause some accumulation, and WPC probabilities for more then 4
    inches reach 10-30% in the highest elevations of VT and NH, with up
    to 6" possible at the top of Mt. Washington.


    ...Pacific Northwest...
    Days 1-2...

    Two distinct shortwaves embedded within an amplifying trough across
    the West will spread ascent and moisture into the Pacific Northwest
    beginning later on Wednesday. The first of these shortwaves will
    feature minimal amplitude as it digs across WA state Wednesday
    evening, but will be accompanied by a surge in 700mb RH and modest
    IVT lifting into the interior Pacific NW. A surface cold front
    pushing east beneath this trough will help cool snow levels from
    around 8000 ft to as low as 4500 ft by the end of D1, which when
    combined with the enhanced ascent and moisture will result in
    moderate snow which has a 30-50% chance of exceeding 4 inches in
    some of the highest terrain of the Cascades.

    Immediately in the wake of this first shortwave, a more pronounced
    trough will dig along the Pacific Coast and amplify into the Great
    Basin by Friday. A secondary surge in 7090-500mb moisture will
    accompany this feature, but in general moisture will be waning as
    IVT continues to push east. However, lower initial snow levels will
    continue to fall, dropping to as low as 3000-4000 ft, resulting in
    more widespread light to moderate snow, including some light
    accumulations of 1-3 inches at Washington and Stevens Passes.
    Otherwise, WPC probabilities D2 reach above 70% along the spine of
    the Cascades as far south as central OR, with locally as much as
    10" of snow in the higher terrain possible.


    ...Northern & Central Rockies...
    Days 2-3...

    The first potentially significant winter storm of the season, at
    least for the terrain, looks likey to develop late-week across the Intermountain West.

    A shortwave trough digging out of the Pacific Northwest Thursday
    aftn will rapidly amplify into a closed low centered over the
    southern Great Basin by Friday aftn before shifting into the Four
    Corners by the end of the forecast period. Ascent associated with
    this feature will expand and intensify downstream in response to
    pronounced height falls, potent mid-level divergence, and an
    increasingly coupled upper level jet structure to drive diffluence
    atop the other ascent. This will result in widespread impressive
    lift across the Central Rockies, especially D3 (and beyond). This
    ascent will be aided additionally by a potent cold front surging
    southeast across the area, leading to enhanced baroclinicity upon
    which a wave of low pressure will develop, and subsequent upslope
    ascent within the post-frontal flow.

    This forcing will encounter increasing moisture across the Central
    Rockies where modest IVT will surge PWs to as much as +2 sigma
    according to NAEFS, resulting in an environment favorable for heavy precipitation, including snow in the higher elevations.

    The models have come into better agreement in the timing and
    placement of the upper low, reflected by shrinking IQR in the 500mb
    height probabilities across the Central Rockies according to DESI,
    which leads to inreasing confidence in the overall evolution of
    this event. However, the timing of the front is still uncertain,
    which by D3 leads to challenges in timing of precipitation changing
    from rain to snow due to lowering snow levels and cooling
    temperaturres. At this time, the GEFS cluster appears to be the
    fastest/coldest solution, while the ECENS/GEPS is more similar.
    Regardless of timing, as snow levels fall from 8000-10000 ft early
    Friday to as low as 5000-6000 ft Friday night, snow will overspread
    the higher elevations, and likely become heavy at times as some
    instability develops in conjunction with sharpening fgen to drive
    rates potentially above 1"/hr.

    On D2, heavy snow is focused across the Absarokas, and WPC
    probabilities for 6+ inches are 30-50%. The more significant and
    heavy snow is likely D3, with accumulating snow spreading across
    much of the Central Rockies and eastern Great Basin ranges. WPC
    probabilities D3 for more than 6 inches of snow are as high as
    70-90% in the Uintas, Wind Rivers, and Big Horns, with small
    corridors above 70% also extending into the Abasarokas and portions
    of the Wasatch. At this time impacts appear confined to higher
    terrain, but at least short-duration heavy snow rates combined with
    the early-season event will cause hazardous conditions on Friday.


    The probability of significant ice across the CONUS is less than
    10 percent.


    Weiss






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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Wed Oct 16 07:53:23 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 160752
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    352 AM EDT Wed Oct 16 2024

    Valid 12Z Wed Oct 16 2024 - 12Z Sat Oct 19 2024

    ...Pacific Northwest...
    Days 1-2...

    An upper level shortwave trough ushering in a surge of 850-700mb
    moisture and resulting in upper level height falls will cause snow
    levels to gradually drop from 6,000ft early this morning to around
    4,000ft by Wednesday evening over Washington's Olympic and Cascade
    Ranges. As this initial 500mb vort max exits to the east Wednesday
    night, a second trough will dive south through the region on
    Thursday with snow levels bottoming out just below 4,000ft in some
    cases. The heaviest snowfall is likely to occur along the
    Washington Cascades Wednesday evening with moderate-to-heavy
    snowfall possible along the tallest peaks of the Oregon Cascades
    Thursday morning. WPC probabilities depict high chances (>70%) for
    4" of snowfall in the Washington Cascades and peaks above 5,000ft.
    The taller volcanic peaks of the Washington Cascades sport
    moderate-high chances (50-70%) for snowfall >8" through Thursday.


    ...Northern & Central Rockies...
    Days 2-3...

    **First Significant Winter Storm of the Season to Impact the
    Central Rockies**

    The evolution of the first significant winter storm of the season
    across portions of the Intermountain West begins as an upper level
    trough enters the Pacific Northwest on Thursday. As Thursday
    progresses, the upper trough will deepen as it tracks south through
    the Great Basin Thursday night, then becoming a closed low along
    the UT/AZ border by midday Friday. The low continues to slowly
    track across northern Arizona Friday night but remain stalled over
    the Four Corners region early Saturday morning.

    NAEFS shows upper level evolution that is quite anomalous from a
    variety of parameters. At 250mb, a jet streak over the northern
    High Plains will be coupled with a jet streak at the base of the
    amplifying upper trough, thus maximizing upper level divergence
    over the Intermountain West on Thursday. As the upper trough cuts
    off into an upper low by Friday, strong divergence beneath the left
    exit region of the 250mb jet streak will be placed over Utah and
    the Central Rockies. NAEFS shows 500-700mb heights and temperatures
    that are routinely below the 10th climatological percentile,
    particularly over the Great Basin and Utah late Thursday into
    Friday. Perhaps most impressive are the IVTs which will eclipse
    300 kg/m/s (above the 99th climatological percentile) in southern
    UT Thursday night. Mean flow out of the SW will result in strong
    upslope ascent into the Uinta and San Juans in particular.

    In the Absaroka, Big Horns, and Wind River Ranges, WPC PWPF shows
    high chances (>70%) for storm event snowfall totals >8" with at
    least moderate chances (>50%) for snowfall >12" in the tallest
    peaks. Farther south, the Uinta and San Juan sport high chances
    70%) for snowfall totals surpassing 12". In fact, the Uinta sport
    moderate chances (40-60%) for >18" of snowfall through Saturday
    morning, with high chances (>70%) in the San Juan for >18" of
    snow. The WSSI-P Moderate probabilities are keying in on the San
    Juans as seeing the most impactful snow from this event, primarily
    due to a combination of the algorithm's focus on snow totals,
    snowfall rates, and snow load. Probabilities are showing moderate
    chances (40-60%) for snowfall that would result in hazardous
    driving conditions and potential closures and disruptions to
    infrastructure in the San Juans, Wasatch, and Uinta. While Moderate
    Impacts are deemed lower chance (10-30%) in the Absaroka, Wind
    River, and Big Horn Ranges, potential impacts are elevated compared
    to what the algorithm suggests given it is the first significant
    winter storm of the season in these Ranges above 7,000ft. There are moderate-high chances (50-70%) for Minor Impacts in these Ranges,
    as well as far south as parts of the Sangre De Cristo and far
    northern mountains of Arizona.


    The probability of significant ice across the CONUS is less than
    10 percent.

    Mullinax



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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Wed Oct 16 19:06:05 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 161905
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    305 PM EDT Wed Oct 16 2024

    Valid 00Z Thu Oct 17 2024 - 00Z Sun Oct 20 2024

    ...Pacific Northwest...
    Day 1...

    An amplifying shortwave digging south from the British Columbia
    coast will advect across OR Thursday morning before continuing
    farther south into the Great Basin by the end of D1. This will help
    push a cold front farther to the southeast and into the
    Intermountain West, providing cooling temperatures and falling snow
    levels to as low as 3000-3500 ft. PWs will gradually fall behind
    the front as the greatest IVT and accompanying 700-500mb RH surges
    eastward, but there will still be sufficient overlap of residual
    moisture and ascent (through mid-level height falls, LFQ upper jet
    diffluence, and upslope flow) to wring out periods of light to
    moderate snow across the Olympics and Cascades. WPC probabilities
    for more than 4 inches are confined to the higher terrain of the WA
    and OR Cascades, but reach 70-90%, and locally as much as 10" of
    snow is possible along the highest peaks. With the snow levels
    falling, some light accumulations are also possible at the Cascade
    Passes, including Stevens and Washington Passes.


    ...Central Rockies...
    Days 2-3...

    **First Significant Winter Storm of the Season to Impact the
    Central Rockies**

    A shortwave dropping out of Oregon on Thursday will dig into the
    Great Basin Friday and then deepen even more impressively across
    the Four Corners by Saturday morning as reflected by NAEFS 500mb
    height standardized anomalies approaching -3 sigma. This evolution
    will force impressive downstream ascent through mid-level
    divergence and height falls, overlapping with coupled jet streaks
    to produce intense upper diffluence. At the same time, a cold front
    will be pushing eastward beneath the evolving mid-level trough,
    with a concurrent baroclinic zone intensifying in response to this
    frontal evolution and the position of the upper jet streak. The
    resultant frontogenesis and synoptic lift will combine with
    periodic upslope flow into terrain feature to drive widespread and
    impressive ascent across the Central Rockies from late D1 into D3.

    This deep layer lift will occur into an environment that will
    gradually moisten as PWs surge to as high as +2 to +3 sigma
    according to NAEFS ensemble tables. This will manifest as an
    expanding area of precipitation, beginning in the Great Basin
    Thursday afternoon before overspreading the Central Rockies by
    Friday morning. The ample moisture and pronounced ascent,
    especially in areas of upslope or strong fgen will likely result in
    areas of heavy precipitation rates as well, leading to ample QPF
    through the period.

    Snow levels ahead of the upper low will be quite warm, generally
    9000-10000 ft using the NBM 50th percentile as a proxy. However,
    rapid cooling beneath the approach of the upper low and behind the
    cold front should drive snow levels to as low as 4000 ft across the
    Great Basin and WY, 5000-7000 ft in UT, and 8000 ft in CO. With
    precipitation ongoing and the column cooling, this will result in a
    changeover from rain to snow, with heavy snow likely above these
    levels, and the WPC prototype snowband tool suggests snow rates
    could reach 1-2"/hr, which is supported by the presence of
    instability during periods of greatest ascent. These convective
    rates could also drag down some colder air, and light
    accumulations, at least periodically, are possible well below the
    NBM 50th percentile snow levels.

    On D1, heavy snow will begin across the Absarokas, and WPC
    probabilities for more than 6 inches reach 30-50%. During D2, the
    heavy snow becomes much more widespread, reaching as far east as
    the Big Horns, and as far south as the San Juans. It is generally
    D2 into early D3 when the heaviest snow is likely, but significant accumulations are likely much of D3 across the San Juans. 2-day
    snowfall has a higher than 50% (80%) chance of exceeding 12 inches
    in the Uintas (San Juans), with local maxima of 2-3 feet possible
    in the highest terrain. These areas are also where the greatest
    impacts are expected as the combination of modest SLR but heavy
    precipitation causes WSSI-P to feature even a low potential for
    major impacts during this early season storm.


    The probability of significant ice across the CONUS is less than
    10 percent.

    Weiss


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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Thu Oct 17 08:36:20 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 170836
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    436 AM EDT Thu Oct 17 2024

    Valid 12Z Thu Oct 17 2024 - 12Z Sun Oct 20 2024


    ...Mountain West... Days 1-3...

    **First Significant Winter Storm of the Season to Impact much of
    the Rockies**

    A shortwave trough crossing the PacNW coast this morning will dig
    across the Great Basin tonight before closing into a low over
    northern Arizona by Friday. This low then stalls/drifts east
    through Saturday. Ascent ahead of this trough today will allow
    widespread rain and high elevation snow today over the Great Basin
    and the northern Absarokas where snow levels will be around
    7000ft.

    Snow levels ahead of the upper low will be quite high, generally
    9000-10000ft over CO and southern WY through Saturday. However,
    rapid cooling beneath the approach of the upper low and behind the
    cold front should drive snow levels to as low as 4000 ft across the
    Great Basin, and 5000-6000ft in UT/northern WY. High moisture flux
    ahead of the low means heavy snow is likely to begin just above
    these levels.

    Day 1 snow probs are over 50% for >8" over the northern Absarokas
    and Uinta, spreading through the Wind Rivers/Wasatch Friday/Day
    1.5. Day 2 features over 80% probs for >8" in the higher San Juans
    of CO where Day 3 probs are around 50% in the prolonged precip
    ahead of the stalled low. Major accumulations are likely much of
    across the San Juans with local maxima of 2-4 feet. These areas
    are also where the greatest impacts are expected as the combination
    of modest SLR but heavy precipitation causes WSSI to feature
    major impacts during this early season storm.


    The probability of significant ice across the CONUS is less than
    10 percent.

    Jackson


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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Thu Oct 17 19:34:03 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 171933
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    333 PM EDT Thu Oct 17 2024

    Valid 00Z Fri Oct 18 2024 - 00Z Mon Oct 21 2024


    ...Central Rockies...
    Days 1-3...

    **Significant early season winter to bring periods of heavy snow
    beginning tonight***

    Mid-level shortwave trough digging south from Oregon will amplify
    into a potent closed low across the Great Basin early Friday, and
    then continue to deepen as it ejects into the Four Corners Friday
    night. NAEFS ensemble tables suggest mid-level heights will fall to
    -3 sigma, reflecting the impressive intensity of this feature.

    As is typical with lows of this magnitude, it will be very slow to
    move and begin to fill, not exiting from Colorado until beyond
    this forecast period. This will result in a prolonged period of
    intense synoptic ascent focused across the Four Corners and Central
    Rockies, where height falls, downstream divergence, and upper level
    diffluence in response to modestly coupled jet streaks overlap. At
    the same time, a surface cold front will traverse west to east,
    moving across the Central Rockies Thursday night through Saturday
    morning. This will have a two-pronged effect of enhancing ascent,
    as a wave of low pressure develops along it, while impressive
    baroclinicity results in sharpening fgen to drive locally more
    intense lift. Where this most intense ascent occurs, especially in
    areas of upslope flow, precipitation rates could become
    intense.

    Downstream of this upper low, moisture advection will ramp up on an
    impressive surge of 700-500mb RH leading to PWs that are progged to
    reach as high as +2 to +3 sigma, additionally supporting an
    environment favorable for widespread heavy precipitation. Snow
    levels initially will be quite high, varying between 8000-11000 ft,
    but will fall quickly behind the front and in response to the
    rapidly lowering heights beneath the anomalous low. Snow levels may
    fall as low as 4000-5000 ft in the Great Basin and into WY, but
    will struggle to only around 6000-8000 ft downstream of the low,
    and even higher out into the High Plains. This will limit
    significant snow accumulations to the higher terrain, although
    convective snow rates could drag these snow levels at least subtly
    further down during the event.

    Heavy snow is likely D1 in the higher terrain spreading from the
    Absarokas southward through the Big Horns, Wind Rivers, Uintas,
    Wasatch, and into the San Juans. Snow exceeding 12 inches is
    possible in the Uintas and San Juans, but otherwise WPC
    probabilities for exceeding 8 inches are generally 50-70% across
    these ranges. For D2, The heavy snow shifts primarily into the San
    Juans, where WPC probabilities for more than 8 inches are again
    above 70%, and locally an additional 12+ inches of snow is likely
    in the San Juans, however some moderate snow will also expand into
    the Sangre de Cristos. By D3 things start to ramp down quickly, but
    an additional few inches of snow is possible in the San Juans, with
    event total snow exceeding 3 feet in some places likely.

    The probability of significant ice across the CONUS is less than
    10 percent.

    Weiss


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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Fri Oct 18 08:30:59 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 180830
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    430 AM EDT Fri Oct 18 2024

    Valid 12Z Fri Oct 18 2024 - 12Z Mon Oct 21 2024


    ...Central and Southern Rockies...
    Days 1-2...

    Potent low closes off over northern AZ this morning where it stalls/occludes/fills through Saturday. This will result in a
    prolonged period of intense synoptic ascent focused across the Four
    Corners and southern/central Rockies, where height falls,
    downstream divergence, and upper level diffluence in response to
    modestly coupled jet streaks overlap. At the same time, a surface
    cold front will shift east over the Four Corners today and over the
    southern Rockies tonight. This will have a two-pronged effect of
    enhancing ascent, as a wave of low pressure develops along it,
    while impressive baroclinicity results in sharpening fgen to drive
    locally more intense lift. Where this most intense ascent occurs,
    especially in areas of upslope flow, precipitation rates will be
    heavy.

    Downstream of this upper low, strong moisture advection leads to
    PWs +2 to +3 sigma, additionally supporting widespread heavy
    precipitation. Snow levels ahead of the low are quite high,
    varying between 9000 to 10000ft, but will fall to around 6500ft
    underneath the upper low over AZ tonight. Day 1 PWPF for >8" is
    over 50% in the higher southern UT ranges and the Kaibab Plateau
    and around Humphreys Peak in northern AZ along with over 80% for
    12" additional in the San Juans of CO.

    The filling low causes precip rate to drop to light to moderate
    with snow levels lingering around 9000ft over the San Juans. Day 2
    PWPF for additional >8" is 30-50%.


    The probability of significant ice across the CONUS is less than
    10 percent.

    Jackson


    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Fri Oct 18 18:07:20 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 181807
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    207 PM EDT Fri Oct 18 2024

    Valid 00Z Sat Oct 19 2024 - 00Z Tue Oct 22 2024


    ...Central and Southern Rockies...
    Days 1-2...

    An anomalous closed low with 700-500mb heights falling to around
    -3 sigma according to the NAEFS ensemble tables will spin slowly
    across the Four Corners before beginning to fill and eject into the
    central High Plains Sunday night. This slow moving system will
    provide ample deep-layer ascent through height falls, mid-level
    divergence, and upper level diffluence within a modestly coupled
    250mb jet structure. At the same time, moisture advection will
    remain pronounced on S/SW flow around the base of the trough and
    emerging from the Pacific Ocean, pushing an axis of PWs reaching +2
    sigma into the Central Rockies, and even +3 sigma across the
    central High Plains. The overlap of this significant ascent and
    moisture will produce an expansive area of precipitation in the
    form of rain and snow through Saturday.

    Snow levels have trended warmer the past few runs, so the coverage
    of heavy snow has decreased a bit in terms of areal footprint,
    generally being confined to above 7000 ft in the Great Basin and
    rising to around 10,000 ft in the eastern Four Corners. This
    suggests any heavy snow will be confined to just the higher terrain
    D1 before waning during D2, with heavy snow accumulations likely
    across portions of the Wasatch, Kaibab Plateau, San Juans, and
    Sangre de Cristos. WPC probabilities D1 for more than 6 inches of
    snow are above 70% in these ranges (30% along the Kaibab Plateau),
    and fall to just 30-50% for an additional 6 inches D2 only in the
    San Juans. Storm total snowfall will still be significant though,
    reaching 1-2 feet in the Sangre de Cristos, and locally as much as
    3 feet in the San Juans.

    The probability of significant ice across the CONUS is less than
    10 percent.

    Weiss


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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sat Oct 19 07:40:38 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 190740
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    340 AM EDT Sat Oct 19 2024

    Valid 12Z Sat Oct 19 2024 - 12Z Tue Oct 22 2024


    ...Central and Southern Rockies...
    Days 1-2...

    Upper low lingers over northern AZ through Sunday as it slowly
    fills. southerly flow east of the low brings ample moisture over
    the San Juans where snow levels linger around 10,000ft. An
    additional foot of snow is likely in the higher portions of the San
    Juans over the next 36 hours.


    The probability of significant ice across the CONUS is less than
    10 percent.

    Jackson


    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sat Oct 19 19:00:33 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 191900
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    300 PM EDT Sat Oct 19 2024

    Valid 00Z Sun Oct 20 2024 - 00Z Wed Oct 23 2024


    ...Central and Southern Rockies...
    Days 1-2...

    The mature/stacked upper low over AZ this evening will slowly fill
    and drift northeastward through Sunday morning, continuing the
    light to moderate snow for the San Juans above 10,000ft. Highest
    probabilities for an additional 8 inches of snow are above
    11,000ft. Snow will slowly taper into Sunday evening as the upper
    low finally pulls away across CO.

    The probability of significant ice across the CONUS is less than
    10 percent.

    Fracasso





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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sun Oct 20 09:52:35 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 200952
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    552 AM EDT Sun Oct 20 2024

    Valid 12Z Sun Oct 20 2024 - 12Z Wed Oct 23 2024


    ...Central and Southern Rockies...
    Day 1...

    Snow over the San Juans will slowly taper today as the filling upper
    low over northern AZ finally pulls away across CO.

    The probability of significant ice across the CONUS is less than
    10 percent.

    Jackson


    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sun Oct 20 19:25:38 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 201925
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    325 PM EDT Sun Oct 20 2024

    Valid 00Z Mon Oct 21 2024 - 00Z Thu Oct 24 2024

    ...Central Rockies...

    Day 1...
    An upper trough moving into the western U.S. will encourage the
    closed low over the Southwest eastward -- from the Four Corners to
    eastern Colorado overnight. Models have trended a little wetter and
    colder with the system -- pushing the probabilities for
    accumulating snow upward over the higher terrain of the west-
    central Colorado ranges. The probabilities for snow accumulations
    of 4 inches or more have shown notable increases, climbing above 50
    percent, across portions of the Elk and Sawatch ranges, especially
    for areas above 10,000 ft.

    The probability of significant ice across the CONUS is less than
    10 percent.

    Pereira

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Mon Oct 21 08:20:25 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 210820
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    420 AM EDT Mon Oct 21 2024

    Valid 12Z Mon Oct 21 2024 - 12Z Thu Oct 24 2024

    ...Colorado Rockies...

    Day 1...
    An upper low centered over central CO early this morning will shift
    east into KS by early afternoon. Comma head precip, moderate at
    times, on the back side of the low will persist over the north-
    central CO Rockies through this morning with snow levels around
    9000ft. Probs for an additional >6" snow between 12Z and 18Z are
    around 50 percent in portions of the Front Range.


    ...Glacier National Park...
    Day 1...

    An upper trough axis reaches the PacNW coast early this morning and
    shift ENE through western MT this evening. An inland surge of
    Pacific moisture ahead of this trough maintains high snow levels
    over the Northwest today, but height falls are sufficient by this
    evening to allow snow levels to drop on the Lewis Range through
    Glacier NP to drop from around 7000 to 5000ft tonight. PWPF for >6"
    is around 30 percent on the higher peaks of the park.


    The probability of significant ice across the CONUS is less than
    10 percent.

    Jackson


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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Mon Oct 21 18:20:11 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 211819
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    219 PM EDT Mon Oct 21 2024

    Valid 00Z Tue Oct 22 2024 - 00Z Fri Oct 25 2024

    ...Glacier National Park...
    Day 1...

    Shortwave trough ejecting eastward across the Northern Rockies will
    drive a cold front east into the High Plains overnight. W/NW mid-
    level flow in the wake of this feature will advect modest moisture
    into the Northern Rockies, although PW anomalies will gradually
    erode from near +1 sigma to start the period to nearly -1 sigma by
    Tuesday evening. This will result in a gradual wane in snowfall,
    although the westerly upslope flow into the residual elevated 700mb
    RH will allow for at least periods of moderate snow to persist at
    least the first half of D1. Total accumulations will be modest,
    however, although WPC probabilities for more than 6 inches reach as
    high as 50% in a few of the higher terrain features of Glacier NP. Additionally, some light snow accumulations around 1" or so are
    possible at Marias Pass making for some early season hazardous
    travel.

    The probability of significant ice across the CONUS is less than
    10 percent.

    Weiss


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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Tue Oct 22 07:12:47 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 220712
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    312 AM EDT Tue Oct 22 2024

    Valid 12Z Tue Oct 22 2024 - 12Z Fri Oct 25 2024

    ...Greater Yellowstone...
    Day 2...

    A rather positively tilted trough extending WSW from southern BC
    closed off into a mid-level low today west of WA. This low then
    opens into a compact trough and ejects east Wednesday with the H5
    trough axis crossing greater Yellowstone late Wednesday night. Snow
    levels in the moisture ahead of this wave are 8000-9000ft. The
    only snow probs for >4" in the WWD forecast period are on Day 2 and
    in the 20-40% range over the northern Absarokas in MT and for the
    Tetons. There is about a 10% risk for 6" in the Red Lodge portion
    toward Beartooth Pass.


    The probability of significant ice across the CONUS is less than
    10 percent.

    Jackson


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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Tue Oct 22 17:59:23 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 221759
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    159 PM EDT Tue Oct 22 2024

    Valid 00Z Wed Oct 23 2024 - 00Z Sat Oct 26 2024

    ...Vicinity of Yellowstone NP...
    Day 2...

    A compact shortwave will amplify as it races eastward from OR into
    the Central Rockies Thursday, combining with a sharpening jet
    streak in the base of the accompanying trough to produce large
    scale ascent downstream. Lift through height falls, PVA, and upper
    diffluence will move into ID/WY/MT Thursday morning, impinging upon
    a modest surge of 700mb RH and PWs which briefly exceed +1 sigma
    according to the NAEFS ensemble tables. At the surface, a wave of
    low pressure will develop beneath this shortwave and along a cold
    front pushing eastward, leading to additionally enhanced lift
    through convergence and upslope flow. This will result in an axis
    of expanding precipitation, with snow levels falling from around
    8000 ft to 5000 ft before precipitation wanes Thursday evening, and
    WPC probabilities for more than 4 inches of snow peak around 30%,
    highest in the Tetons and southern Absarokas.

    The probability of significant ice across the CONUS is less than
    10 percent.

    Weiss


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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Wed Oct 23 07:03:29 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 230703
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    303 AM EDT Wed Oct 23 2024

    Valid 12Z Wed Oct 23 2024 - 12Z Sat Oct 26 2024

    ...Northern Rockies...
    Day 1...

    Mid-level low off the WA/OR coast opens into compact shortwave
    and ejects east over the OR Coast this afternoon before weakening
    as it reaches western WY late tonight. Lee-side low pressure
    develops over northern WY overnight which aids upslope flow back on
    the western WY terrain where snow reaches moderate rates overnight.
    Snow levels drop from around 8000ft to 7000ft overnight during this
    precip, particularly around greater Yellowstone. Day 1 PWPF are
    10-40% for >4" over the northern Absarokas in southern MT and in
    the Tetons.


    The probability of significant ice across the CONUS is less than
    10 percent.


    Jackson


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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Wed Oct 23 18:26:35 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 231826
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    226 PM EDT Wed Oct 23 2024

    Valid 00Z Thu Oct 24 2024 - 00Z Sun Oct 27 2024

    ...Northern Rockies...
    Day 1...

    Fast moving compact shortwave will race from OR to WY while
    weakening through Thursday. Modest PVA and accompanying height
    falls will combine with upper diffluence to provide ascent into the
    region, combining with a modest surge in downstream 700-500mb RH
    to spread precipitation across the area. The forcing is generally
    transient, and moisture erodes quickly by Thursday evening, but
    modest upslope flow behind the trough should enhance ascent
    sufficiently to produce moderate snow accumulations above snow
    levels falling to 6000-7000 ft. WPC probabilities are highest in
    the vicinity of Yellowstone NP but remain modest at 20-40% for 4+
    inches in the highest terrain.

    The probability of significant ice across the CONUS is less than
    10 percent.

    Weiss


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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Thu Oct 24 07:41:14 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 240741
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    341 AM EDT Thu Oct 24 2024

    Valid 12Z Thu Oct 24 2024 - 12Z Sun Oct 27 2024

    The probability of heavy snow or significant ice across the CONUS
    is less than 10 percent.

    Pereira

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Thu Oct 24 17:50:09 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 241749
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    149 PM EDT Thu Oct 24 2024

    Valid 00Z Fri Oct 25 2024 - 00Z Mon Oct 28 2024


    ...Pacific Northwest...
    Day 3...

    A moderate atmospheric river characterized by IVT peaking around
    400-500 kg/m/s will advect into the Pacific Northwest Sunday. This
    will spread ample moisture onshore, resulting in widespread
    precipitation moving from the Olympics and Cascades to as far east
    as the Northern Rockies by the end of the forecast period. Ascent
    will intensify D3 as well as a potent shortwave shedding from a
    closed low off the British Columbia coast moves onshore, collocated
    with the advance of a Pacific jet streak. Combined, this will
    result in heavy precipitation Sunday, especially where upslope flow
    enhanced ascent in the Olympics and Cascades. Snow levels will
    initially be 7000-8000 ft, but will fall steadily to around
    4000-5000 ft by Sunday night, allowing for accumulating snow to
    gradually lower through the terrain. Still, the most significant
    accumulations will be confined above 5000 ft where WPC
    probabilities for more than 4 inches peak as high as 30-50% in the
    Cascades, but above 80% on the highest peaks like Mt. Rainier.

    The probability of significant ice across the CONUS is less than
    10 percent.

    Weiss


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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Fri Oct 25 07:30:24 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 250730
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    330 AM EDT Fri Oct 25 2024

    Valid 12Z Fri Oct 25 2024 - 12Z Mon Oct 28 2024


    ...Pacific Northwest...
    Day 3...

    Upper level ridging will give way to a broad upper trough, carved
    out by a series of shortwaves moving south of a low moving into
    British Columbia. This will support the return of unsettled weather
    and falling snow levels in the wake of a strong cold front moving
    from the Northwest into the northern Rockies on Sunday. Strong mid-
    to-upper level forcing and a shot of deeper moisture are expected
    to generate some of the heaviest precipitation across western
    Washington and Oregon Saturday night into Sunday morning. However,
    with snow levels above 6000 ft in most locations, winter weather
    impacts will be limited. Snow levels are expected to steadily drop
    through Sunday, reaching to around 4500 ft in the northern Cascades
    by Monday morning. Conditions will remain unsettled as onshore
    flow persists. However, WPC probabilities indicate that most
    significant snow accumulations will remain above pass level.

    The probability of significant ice across the CONUS is less than
    10 percent.

    Pereira

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Fri Oct 25 19:05:35 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 251905
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    305 PM EDT Fri Oct 25 2024

    Valid 00Z Sat Oct 26 2024 - 00Z Tue Oct 29 2024


    ...Pacific Northwest...
    Days 2-3...

    An impressive closed low spinning off the British Columbia coast
    will shed a shortwave and accompanying vorticity maxima into the
    Pacific Northwest Sunday. This feature will spread height falls and
    PVA to drive ascent eastward, with a collocated upper jet streak
    also pivoting onshore to enhance lift. The best moisture advection
    will occur downstream of this lead trough, but snow levels D2 will
    be quite high, 7000-8000 ft, so despite impressive IVT exceeding
    500 kg/m/s leading to widespread precipitation, snow will be
    confined to only the highest peaks of the Cascades and Olympics.
    However, during D3, the parent upper low shifts southward and opens
    into a still sharp upper trough, lifting onto the WA/OR coast
    Monday. While residual moisture will gradually decay through D3,
    sufficient ascent downstream of this trough combined with upslope
    ascent will drive continued moderate precipitation, with snow
    levels falling to 4500-5000 ft. This will allow snow to accumulate
    into lower elevations by the end of the forecast period, but
    most snow is still expected only above pass level.

    WPC probabilities for more than 6 inches of snow are only above
    30% in the highest peaks of the WA Cascades D2, where locally 2
    feet of snow or more is probably near the top of Mt Rainier. By D3
    snowfall becomes more widespread, with WPC probabilities for more
    than inches reaching 30-50% across much of the spine of the
    Cascades from WA to OR, and several feet of event-total snow is
    likely on the higher mountain tops.

    The probability of significant ice across the CONUS is less than
    10 percent.

    Weiss



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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sat Oct 26 08:25:20 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 260825
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    425 AM EDT Sat Oct 26 2024

    Valid 12Z Sat Oct 26 2024 - 12Z Tue Oct 29 2024


    ...Pacific Northwest...
    Days 2-3...

    Upper level ridging will give way to a broad upper trough, carved out
    by a series of shortwaves moving south of a low moving into British
    Columbia. This will support the return of unsettled weather and
    falling snow levels in the wake of a strong cold front moving from
    the Northwest into the northern Rockies on Sunday. Strong mid-to-
    upper level forcing and a shot of deeper moisture are expected to
    generate some of the heaviest precipitation across western Washington
    and Oregon Saturday night into Sunday morning. However, with snow
    levels above 6000 ft in most locations, winter weather impacts will
    be limited, initially. Snow levels are expected to steadily drop
    through Sunday, dipping to around 4500-5000 ft along the Washington
    and Oregon Cascades by Monday morning. Conditions will remain
    unsettled as onshore flow persists. WPC probabilities indicate that
    most significant snow accumulations will remain above the major
    Washington and Oregon passes through Monday Morning.

    Unsettled weather will continue across the Northwest through
    Monday, with snow levels dipping further as additional shortwaves
    move through the base of the broader scale trough as its axis
    shift inland. WPC probabilities indicate that potentially
    impactful accumulations will become more likely along the Oregon
    Cascades, with probabilities for accumulations of 4 inches or more
    climbing above 50 percent in some of the passes.

    Snow will also be spreading south into the Sierra Nevada and east
    into portions portions of the northern and central Rockies Monday
    into Tuesday. The highest probabilities for significant
    accumulations through Tuesday morning center over north-central
    Idaho and southwestern Montana and northwestern Wyoming -- in and
    around Yellowstone NP. WPC guidance shows at least low
    probabilities for accumulations of 6 inches or more in the higher
    elevations of these areas.

    The probability of significant ice across the CONUS is less than
    10 percent.

    Pereira


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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sat Oct 26 08:45:50 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 260845
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    445 AM EDT Sat Oct 26 2024

    Valid 12Z Sat Oct 26 2024 - 12Z Tue Oct 29 2024


    ...Pacific Northwest...
    Days 2-3...

    Upper level ridging will give way to a broad upper trough, carved out
    by a series of shortwaves moving south of a low moving into British
    Columbia. This will support the return of unsettled weather and
    falling snow levels in the wake of a strong cold front moving from
    the Northwest into the northern Rockies on Sunday. Strong mid-to-
    upper level forcing and a shot of deeper moisture are expected to
    generate some of the heaviest precipitation across western
    Washington and Oregon Saturday night into Sunday morning. However,
    with snow levels above 6000 ft in most locations, winter weather
    impacts will be limited, initially. Snow levels are expected to
    steadily drop through Sunday, dipping to around 4500-5000 ft along
    the Washington and Oregon Cascades by Monday morning. Conditions
    will remain unsettled as onshore flow persists. WPC probabilities
    indicate that most significant snow accumulations will remain above
    the major Washington and Oregon passes through Monday Morning.

    Unsettled weather will continue across the Northwest through
    Monday, with snow levels dipping further as additional shortwaves
    move through the base of the broader scale trough as its axis
    shift inland. WPC probabilities indicate that potentially
    impactful accumulations will become more likely along the Oregon
    Cascades, with probabilities for accumulations of 4 inches or more
    climbing above 50 percent in some of the passes.

    Snow will also be spreading south into the Sierra Nevada and east
    into portions portions of the northern and central Rockies Monday
    into Tuesday. The highest probabilities for significant
    accumulations through Tuesday morning center over north-central
    Idaho and southwestern Montana and northwestern Wyoming -- in and
    around Yellowstone NP. WPC guidance shows at least low
    probabilities for accumulations of 6 inches or more in the higher
    elevations of these areas.

    The probability of significant ice across the CONUS is less than
    10 percent.

    Pereira





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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sat Oct 26 19:27:40 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 261927
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    327 PM EDT Sat Oct 26 2024

    Valid 00Z Sun Oct 27 2024 - 00Z Wed Oct 30 2024


    ...Pacific Northwest to the central Rockies...
    Days 1-3...

    A deep upper/sfc low south of the Gulf of Alaska and west of
    British Columbia will push eastward over the next couple of days,
    with its attendant cold front moving into/through the PacNW. A
    series of mid-level vort maxes in the mid-levels will bring rounds
    of precipitation to the region, progressively pushing southeastward
    into Monday/Tuesday, as colder air filters in behind the front.
    High snow levels (7000-8000ft) tonight will lower to around
    4500-5000ft Sunday evening into early Monday from northwest to
    southeast across the WA/OR Cascades. D1 probabilities of at least 8
    inches of snow are highest above 7000ft with any significant snow
    above the passes but some accumulation is likely at the higher
    passes (e.g., White and Washington Pass).

    For Mon-Tue, the trough axis will move ashore with streams of
    vorticity strung out over much of the West. Snow levels will
    continue to fall from northwest to southeast to around 4500-6000ft
    (north to south) with broad SW flow aloft and W to NW flow at the
    surface. Though the initial moisture plume will be around the 90th
    percentile into WA/OR D1, it will weaken as the system progresses
    inland which should result in a broader area of light to moderate
    QPF and snow at lowering elevations from NV/UT across ID/WY.
    Orographic enhancement on the southwest side of the terrain will
    increase amounts somewhat, including over central Idaho and
    especially around Yellowstone into the Absarokas, Wind River, and
    eventually the Bighorns. Here, WPC probabilities for at least 8
    inches of snow are >50% above 9000-10,000ft.

    Farther south, generally lighter snow is expected for the Sierra
    and into the Wasatch/Uintas where some 6"+ amounts are possible
    above 8000ft. SW flow will also favor the San Juan Mountains in SW
    CO by late Mon into Tue where WPC probabilities for at least 8
    inches of snow are >50% above 11,000ft.

    The probability of significant ice across the CONUS is less than
    10 percent.

    Fracasso








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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sun Oct 27 10:03:59 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 271003
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    603 AM EDT Sun Oct 27 2024

    Valid 12Z Sun Oct 27 2024 - 12Z Wed Oct 30 2024


    ...Pacific Northwest to the central Rockies...
    Days 1-3...

    A frontal band associated with a low moving into British Columbia
    will continue to produce widespread precipitation across the
    Pacific Northwest and northern California today. Ample moisture,
    along with mid-level energy embedded within deep onshore flow, will
    support areas of moderate to heavy precipitation in the favored
    terrain early in the period. Snow levels, starting above 6000 ft
    along much of the Washington and Oregon Cascades, will steadily
    drop through today, dipping into the 4000-5000 ft range across much
    of the region by early Monday. While the heaviest precipitation is
    expected to fall this morning along the front, persistent onshore
    flow in its wake will support continued unsettled weather. Heavy
    snow accumulations are expected to remain above the major passes,
    however some light amounts are possible by Monday morning.

    As onshore flow and unsettled weather continues Monday into
    Tuesday, probabilities for at least a few inches of snow are
    expected to increase in the Cascade Passes. Meanwhile, as the
    upper trough and its associated front move further inland, mountain
    snow is forecast to develop father south and east from the Sierra
    Nevada to portions of the northern and central Rockies. WPC
    probabilities continue to highlight the southwestern Montana ranges
    as one area that could see locally heavy accumulations by early
    Tuesday. Supported by a weak wave moving along the low level front,
    WPC probabilities indicate that locally heavy amounts of 6 inches
    or more are likely, especially for areas above 8000 ft. Further to
    the south, deep southwesterly flow, along with strong forcing
    ahead a well-defined shortwave moving through the base of the
    broader scale trough, are expected to generate some heavy totals
    over the San Juans in southwestern Colorado.

    As the previously noted shortwave continues to translate through
    the base of the trough and lift northeast from the Southwest,
    the potential for heavy snow is expected to expand across a larger
    portion of the central Rockies on Tuesday. Increasing upslope flow on
    the north side of a developing low level wave moving across
    Wyoming, along with favorable upper forcing will likely support
    locally heavy accumulations across some of the western and central
    Wyoming ranges. This includes the Wind River and Big Horns, where
    probabilities for accumulations of 8 inches or more are above 70
    percent for some of the higher elevations. Other areas that will
    likely be impacted include the Uintas in northern Utah and the Black
    Hills along the Wyoming-South Dakota Border, where WPC
    probabilities for accumulations for accumulations of 8 inches or
    more are above 50 percent for parts of those regions.

    The probability of significant ice across the CONUS is less than
    10 percent.

    Pereira


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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sun Oct 27 19:22:49 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 271922
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    322 PM EDT Sun Oct 27 2024

    Valid 00Z Mon Oct 28 2024 - 00Z Thu Oct 31 2024


    ...Pacific Northwest to the central Rockies...
    Days 1-3...

    A much more active pattern is set to develop this week as a large
    trough begins to expand across the western CONUS.

    A Pacific trough will encroach on the coast D1, with the primary
    trough axis pivoting onshore by Tuesday morning. The most
    impressive vorticity impulse embedded within this trough is progged
    to surge into central CA, which will then help to amplify this
    feature as it advects east on Tuesday into the Great Basin and then
    Four Corners. Initially, this trough will remain progressive and
    positively tilted, but should deepen, and some of the guidance
    suggests a negative tilt or even closing off of the upper height
    fields late in the forecast period. Although there is, as expected,
    some uncertainty into the placement and speed of this evolution,
    500mb heights across the West feature minimal spread in the IQR
    according to DESI, so confidence is pretty high in the progression.

    As this trough surges eastward, it will drive increasingly intense
    ascent through height falls and downstream divergence, especially
    during the period of best amplification D2, and combine with a
    strengthening 250mb jet streak pivoting from CA into the central
    Rockies to force impressive deep layer ascent, especially in the
    Rockies. At the same time, moisture will become increasingly robust
    due to onshore flow of Pacific moisture streaming ahead of the
    trough axis, and pushing PWs to +1 to +2 sigma according to NAEFS
    ensemble tables. This will result in widespread and expanding
    precipitation, first in the WA/OR Cascades, but then becoming more
    robust across the central Rockies beginning Tuesday aftn.

    The challenge with this event will be how much snow will spread out
    of the higher terrain and into the High Plains Tuesday and
    Wednesday. While forcing will remain impressive, a cold front
    digging southward will begin to cool the column, while also
    providing a region of enhanced baroclinicity leading to stronger
    frontogenesis. This should result in a surface wave developing near
    UT/CO and then lifting E/NE into the Plains by Wednesday. The
    combination of fgen, this modestly strengthening surface low, and
    the southward push of the cold front should help cause snow levels
    to crash from around 8000ft early to 4500-5000 ft late. This,
    combined with periods of dynamic cooling, will result in
    significant snow accumulations in many areas.

    The other challenge with this system will occur D3 as the low
    ejects into the Plains and leaves what could be a potent comma
    head/deformation axis with precipitation to its NW. There is
    considerable model spread in the placement/timing of this feature,
    so confidence is lower, but some of the more aggressive guidance
    indicates the band will be strong enough to cause dynamical
    cooling to support of swath of snow into the Dakotas and maybe even
    MN before the end of the forecast period. Despite favorable omega
    into a subjectively deep DGZ, the weaker/less snowfall solutions
    are preferred based on consensus and ensemble means, but it will be
    worth monitoring the next few model runs to see if this stripe of
    heavier snow could materialize.

    At this time, while uncertainty still exists in both the elevations
    at which significant snow can accumulate, and the eastern footprint
    of the heavy snow axis, heavy snow is likely in a lot of the higher
    elevations. On D1, WPC probabilities for more than 6 inches are as
    high as 70-90% in the WA Cascades as a weak low pressure approaches
    the coast beneath the primary mid-level trough. By D2, more
    expansive precipitation begins in the central Rockies, and WPC
    probabilities for more than 6 inches are above 50% in the San
    Juans, Uintas, Big Horns, Wind Rivers, and around Yellowstone NP.
    By D3 precip begins to wane, but periods of moderate to heavy snow
    will persist across the higher terrain of CO and WY, and as far
    east as the Black Hills of SD where WPC probabilities are 30-70%
    for an additional 6+ inches. Storm total snow of 12-18" is likely
    in some of the highest elevations by Wednesday night.


    The probability of significant ice across the CONUS is less than
    10 percent.

    Weiss



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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Mon Oct 28 07:50:40 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 280750
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    350 AM EDT Mon Oct 28 2024

    Valid 12Z Mon Oct 28 2024 - 12Z Thu Oct 31 2024


    ...Western U.S....
    Days 1-3...

    An amplified upper trough moving across the western U.S. is
    forecast to produce widespread mountain snow from the Pacific
    Northwest and the Sierra Nevada to the northern and central
    Rockies. Areas of heavy accumulations are expected, especially for
    portions of the central Rockies on Tuesday.

    A well-defined shortwave moving through the base of the upper
    trough is expected to lift northeast from the Southwest through the
    central Rockies on Tuesday. In addition to strong mid-to-upper
    level forcing, upslope flow on the northwest side of an associated
    low level wave moving across Wyoming, will likely support periods
    of heavy snowfall along the favored terrain. Ranges that will be
    impacted include the Wind River, southern Absaroka, and the Big
    Horns. WPC probabilities are 50 percent or greater for
    accumulations of 8 inches or more across parts of these areas.
    Locally heavy snows are also likely in the Black Hills, with
    amounts of 6 inches or more likely, according to WPC probabilities.

    As the system lifts out of the Southwest, other areas impacted
    will include the southwestern and west-central Colorado ranges,
    including the San Juan and Elk mountains, where heavy heavy snows
    are forecast to begin tonight, with storm totals, according to WPC probabilities, likely reaching over a foot before snow diminishes
    on Wednesday. Further west, widespread mountain snows are expected
    along the Utah mountains as well, from the southern mountains to
    the Uintas, with WPC probabilities indicating that locally heavy
    amounts of 8 inches or more likely.

    In the Northwest, onshore flow along the backside of the trough,
    will continue to support unsettled weather across the region
    through today. Snow levels will remain low enough to support light accumulations along the higher Cascades passes. Snow is expected to
    diminish on Tuesday as a shortwave ridge builds ahead of the next
    approaching system. Precipitation will then return by late
    Wednesday with the arrival of a frontal band associated with a deep
    upper low dropping south from the Gulf of Alaska. This will bring
    the return of mountain snow to the Olympics and the Cascades and
    the potential for impacts across the higher Cascades passes.

    The probability of significant ice across the CONUS is less than
    10 percent.

    Pereira


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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Mon Oct 28 20:07:18 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 282006
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    406 PM EDT Mon Oct 28 2024

    Valid 00Z Tue Oct 29 2024 - 00Z Fri Nov 01 2024


    ...Rockies onto High Plains....
    Days 1-2...

    A slightly positively-tilted upper trough over the length of the
    Cascades this afternoon shifts east north-central Rockies through
    Tuesday as the leading SWly jet tracking up the High Plains becomes
    dominant. A well-defined shortwave trough leads the main trough and
    lifts northeast AZ to southeast WY Tuesday. Strong warm air
    advection ahead of this wave makes for high elevation snow over CO
    tonight into Tuesday with Day 1 snow probs for >6" high above the
    10,000ft snow level including the San Juans and Sawatch.

    Strong mid/upper level forcing with this leading trough combines
    with low level upslope flow on the northwest side to support
    periods of heavy snowfall along the favored terrain over much of
    the Utah terrain tonight into Tuesday with Day 1 snow probs for
    6" high over the Tushar/Wasatch/Uinta. Then much of Tuesday
    includes heavy snow over WY terrain including the Wind River,
    southern Absaroka, and Bighorns. Day 1.5 snow probs for >8" are
    50-80% across this terrain where snow levels will be around 5000ft
    which will impact many of the mountain passes in WY.

    Lee-side sfc cyclogenesis over eastern CO begins Tuesday
    which helps enhance banding/cooling Tuesday afternoon over
    northeastern WY and western SD including the Black Hills. A
    deformation axis of precip then extends northeast across ND into
    northern MN Tuesday night. There is uncertainty with the intensity
    and thermal aspects of this banding. For now, the greatest snow
    banding potential is afternoon between the Black Hills and Bighorns
    where Day 1.5 snow probs for >4" are 40-70%. Moderate snow
    potentially shifts over the southeast corner of MT and
    northwestern SD Tuesday evening, though little guidance supports
    banding strong enough to overcome the weak thermals to produce
    accumulating snow there.


    ...Northwest...
    Days 2/3...

    A rapidly developing low crosses the Gulf of Alaska Tuesday with
    the base of trough rounding the low crossing the PacNW coast
    Wednesday afternoon. The high moisture plume on southwesterly flow
    ahead of the trough brings snow levels up to 4000-5000ft on the
    Cascades Wednesday afternoon, then height falls with the trough and
    likely low center Wednesday night bring snow levels below 4000ft
    where they stay through Thursday. Snow probs for >6" are 50-90%
    over the OR Cascades on Day 3 where more than a foot is likely
    through the storm which continues into Friday.


    The probability of significant ice across the CONUS is less than
    10 percent.


    Jackson


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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Tue Oct 29 07:30:27 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 290730
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    330 AM EDT Tue Oct 29 2024

    Valid 12Z Tue Oct 29 2024 - 12Z Fri Nov 01 2024


    ...Central Rockies onto High Plains....
    Day 1...

    Widespread mountain snow, with locally heavy amounts, is expected
    as a well-defined shortwave moving through the base of a broader-scale
    trough lifts northeast from the Southwest, crossing the central
    Rockies into the High Plains over the next 12 hours. Areas likely
    impacted will extend from the southern Utah and southwestern
    Colorado mountains to the Wyoming ranges and the Black Hills.
    Strong upward ascent afforded in part by a developing upper jet
    couplet and low-to-mid level frontogenesis, will generate moderate
    to heavy snow that will translate northeastward across the region
    today. HREF guidance indicates that locally intense bands,
    producing rates of 1-2 in/hr, can be expected to develop initially
    over the Utah and western Colorado mountains this morning before
    lifting into Wyoming, where more widespread heavy snow is likely
    to develop by the afternoon and continue into the evening. WPC
    guidance shows locally high probabilities for accumulations of 8
    inches or more along the central Utah and west-central Colorado
    ranges. More widespread coverage is shown across the central
    Wyoming ranges, including the Wind River and eastern Absaroka
    ranges, the Owl Creek Mountains, and Big Horns. WPC guidance
    suggests widespread amounts of 8 inches or more across these areas,
    with totals topping 18 inches across some of the higher terrain.
    Rain changing to snow will produce some lighter accumulations,
    generally around 1-2 inches across the northeastern Wyoming Plains.
    However, heavier accumulations of 8 inches or more can be expected
    across the higher elevations of the Black Hills.

    ...Northwest to the Northern Rockies...
    Days 2/3...

    Much of the Northwest will be dry today as a shortwave ridge
    builds and moves east across the region ahead of the next
    approaching system. This next system will be a deep low that is
    expected to rapidly develop over the Gulf of Alaska today. This
    system is forecast to drop south, with its associated frontal band
    expected to move into the Pacific Northwest on Wednesday. As the
    low reaches the Northwest on Thursday, it is forecast to turn to
    the east and move toward the northern Rockies as it gradually
    weakens. The heaviest precipitation is expected to focus across
    western Oregon and northwestern California, generated by strong
    forcing and moisture advection. Significant snow accumulations are
    likely along the Oregon passes as snow levels dip below 4500 ft. By
    Wednesday night, snow will begin to develop and spread east from
    the northeastern Oregon into the central Idaho ranges, where some
    locally heavy amounts of 6 inches or more can be expected by Friday
    morning.

    The probability of significant ice across the CONUS is less than
    10 percent.


    Pereira


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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Tue Oct 29 19:08:58 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 291908
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    308 PM EDT Tue Oct 29 2024

    Valid 00Z Wed Oct 30 2024 - 00Z Sat Nov 02 2024


    ...Central Rockies onto High Plains....
    Day 1...

    A late October winter storm is underway across the Central Rockies
    and High Plains largely due to an unusually strong upper level
    trough (500mb and 700mb heights as low as the 2.5 climatological
    percentile in parts of the central Rockies) and strong upper level
    ascent beneath dual-divergent channels of 250mb jet streaks aloft.
    Vertical cross sections depict excellent 700-550mb frontogenesis
    aligning over east-central Montana this afternoon and evening,
    which will coincide with the the heaviest snow bands that generate
    1-2"/hr snowfall rates according to the 12Z HREF. The lack of a
    frigid air-mass will keep the heaviest snowfall totals to the
    typical mountain ranges and where the heaviest snowfall rates ensue
    across Wyoming and South Dakota's Black Hills. Farther south and
    west, closer to the lower/colder heights/temperatures at 700mb,
    periods of snow over the Wasatch, Uinta, and Colorado Rockies will
    persist this evening but snowfall rates will gradually dissipate as
    the strongest synoptic-scale forcing heads into the Northern
    Plains tonight. While some lingering snow showers may stick around
    in Wyoming and the Black Hills Wednesday morning, additional
    snowfall will be minor as temperatures in the boundary layer warm
    and moisture aiding in producing snow departs.

    From 00Z this evening onward, WPC probabilities show moderate-to-
    high chances (50-80%) for additional snowfall totals >8" in most
    mountain ranges in central Wyoming and the Black Hills. Similar
    probabilities are present but for >4" in parts of the Uinta and
    Colorado Rockies. The Probabilistic WSSI between 00Z Wed -
    00Z Thurs shows high chances (>70%) for Minor Impacts in the Black
    Hills and along the Front Range in Wyoming. Minor Impacts will also
    be felt in parts of the Central Rockies in southern Wyoming and
    central Colorado. Impacts are likely to included snow covered roads
    and reduced visibilities in complex terrain, making for dicey
    travel in affected areas.

    ...Northwest to the Northern Rockies...
    Days 2-3...

    Following a mostly dry Tuesday in the Pacific Northwest, a potent
    storm system arrives on Wednesday that will direct the next round
    of unsettled weather into the region. NAEFS does show the upper
    low barreling into the the Pacific Northwest and southern British
    Columbia Wednesday night does sport 500mb and 700mb heights that
    are below the 10th climatological percentile and a narrow IVT
    channel peaking up to 400 kg/m/s that will supply modest moisture
    into the region. That said, there is not much in the way of a sub-
    freezing air-mass either in front of the storm or arriving in its
    wake. This will keep heavy snow to elevations above 5,000ft in the
    Cascades and Olympics. By Thursday morning, the upper low
    continues to deepen and moves into western Oregon, resulting in
    snow levels falling as low as 3,000ft in some parts of the Cascade
    Range. In addition, moisture from the initial round of mountain
    snow in the Pacific Northwest on Wednesday will reach the northern
    Rockies where periods of light-to-moderate snow will engulf the
    Sawtooth, Boise, Bitterroots, and Teton ranges. The heaviest snow
    arrives on Thursday in the Oregon Cascades, northern Sierra Nevada,
    Siskiyou, and Blue Mountain ranges, then late Thursday into Friday
    in the northern Rockies.

    WPC PWPF does show moderate-to-high chances (50-70%) for > 12" of
    snowfall for the event in the Oregon Cascades while the tallest
    peaks have low-to-moderate chances (30-50%) for >18". Meanwhile,
    there are high chances (>70%) for snowfall >8" in the peaks of the
    Blue Mountains, the Siskiyou, and northern Sierra Nevada above
    6,000ft. The Probabilistic WSSI shows moderate chances (40-60%)
    for Moderate Impacts in the Oregon Cascades and Siskiyou Mountains
    at elevations above 5,000ft. These mountains and elevations would
    have the best odds of seeing impacts that would cause impacts to
    daily life that include hazardous travel and potential road
    closures. Elsewhere, the other mountain ranges mentioned above are
    sporting moderate-to- high chances for Minor Impacts as a result of
    this impending winter storm Wednesday and through Friday morning.


    The probability of significant ice across the CONUS is less than
    10 percent.

    Mullinax



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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Wed Oct 30 08:30:21 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 300830
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    430 AM EDT Wed Oct 30 2024

    Valid 12Z Wed Oct 30 2024 - 12Z Sat Nov 02 2024

    ...Central Rockies...
    Day 1...

    Snow showers will continue across portions of the central Rockies,
    as an upper trough moves across the region today. While widespread
    heavy amounts are not expected, WPC probabilities indicate that
    additional accumulations of 4 inches or more are possible across
    the higher elevations of the west-central to north-central Colorado
    mountains. Snows are expected to diminish as the upper trough moves
    east into the central Plains this evening.

    ...Northwest to the Northern Rockies...
    Days 1-3...

    Precipitation will return to the Northwest and northern California
    as a well-defined frontal band associated with a deep low dropping
    out of the Gulf of Alaska moves onshore later today. Precipitation
    rates are expected to increase later this morning and continue into
    the afternoon as the front moves across the region. Rates will
    diminish by the evening and overnight, but onshore flow will
    continue to support unsettled conditions. Snow levels are expected
    to quickly drop behind the front, supporting accumulating snow
    across many of the Cascade passes.

    The upper low is expected to support another period of organized
    heavier precipitation as it continues to drop south on Thursday.
    The heaviest precipitation is expected to center from southwestern
    Washington through western Oregon into northwestern California.
    Accumulations of a foot or more are likely for portions of the
    Oregon Cascades, where snow levels are forecast to increase but
    remain near or below 5000 ft through much of the period.

    Further to the west, this series of systems will bring snow into
    the eastern Oregon and northern Nevada mountains beginning this
    evening, and the central Idaho ranges overnight, with periods of
    snow continuing through Friday. Storm total accumulations of a foot
    or more are likely across portions of the Blue Mountains in
    northeastern Oregon and the central Idaho ranges, including parts
    of the Salmon River Mountains and the Sawtooth Range.

    As the upper low remains centered over Washington through much of
    Friday, a well-defined shortwave digging to its west will move into
    northern California late Friday into early Saturday, bringing
    heavier precipitation across northwestern California into the
    Shasta-Cascade region and the northern Sierra, where high
    elevation heavy snow accumulations can be expected.

    ...Northeastern Minnesota to Upper Michigan...
    Day 2...

    The previously noted upper trough crossing the central Rockies
    today is forecast to lift northeast through the central Plains and
    into the upper Midwest by early Thursday. Guidance shows the upper
    trough briefly assuming a negative tilt, with a closed 500 mb
    center developing as moves into the upper Midwest Thursday morning.
    As the surface, low pressure is expected to quickly deepen and
    track northeast across the upper Mississippi Valley into the Great
    Lakes. Beginning Thursday morning, models are showing rain
    changing to snow within the strong low-to-mid level frontogenesis
    band on the northwest side of the low, with some hi-res guidance
    indicating snowfall rates increasing upward of 2 in/hr from east-
    central Minnesota to the North Shore and northwestern Wisconsin.
    While warm ground temperatures and solar insolation may help to
    keep amounts in check, these rates, should they develop, will
    likely to be sufficient to produce at least a few inches in some
    locations. The overall trend in the overnight models was toward a
    colder and wetter solution. So while probabilities for anything
    above light accumulations have been low, it is expected these will
    increase should these trends persist.

    The probability of significant ice across the CONUS is less than
    10 percent.

    Pereira


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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Wed Oct 30 19:33:12 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 301932
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    332 PM EDT Wed Oct 30 2024

    Valid 00Z Thu Oct 31 2024 - 00Z Sun Nov 03 2024

    ...Northeastern Minnesota to Upper Michigan...
    Days 1-2...

    A vigorous upper level trough entering the Central Plains tonight
    will lead to a strengthening area of low pressure that tracks into
    the Upper Mississippi Valley by Thursday morning. This setup is
    driven heavily by strong synoptic-scale ascent over eastern MN,
    northern WI, and upper MI Thursday morning thanks to robust
    250-500mb upper level divergence. As the storm strengthens Thursday
    morning, dynamic cooling within the column coupled with intense
    vertical velocities just below of, and including some lower
    sections, of a saturated DGZ will support periods of heavy snow
    from east-central MN to the MN Arrowhead, northern WI, and the
    western most communities of MI's Upper Peninsula. Latest WPC
    Snowband Probability Tracker does suggest the potential for 1-2"/hr
    snowfall rates from just north of the Twin Cities metro area to
    more prominently around Duluth, its surrounding communities, and on
    north and east to include the coastal portions of the Arrowhead and
    northwest WI. This event is a fairly fast moving setup with snow
    starting mid-morning in parts of eastern MN, then concluding close
    to sunset. The start and end times across northwest WI and the MI
    Upper Peninsula would be closer to early afternoon for a start time
    and ending around midnight local time.

    Snowfall totals will likely be heavily driven by which areas reside
    beneath the deformation axis, which is still not fully agreed upon
    by guidance across the board. That said, most guidance does show an
    opportunity for heavy snow in areas that would be experiencing
    there first measurable snowfall of the season. Given that is would
    be the first snow, the potential impacts are more amplified for
    residents in these areas. The latest WSSI does show a large Minor
    Impact area that stretches from the northern Twin Cities suburbs to
    as far north as the MN Arrowhead and as far east as the western
    most section of MI's Upper Peninsula. It is northwest WI to the
    east of Duluth that show localized areas of Moderate to even Major
    Impacts. These impacts are driven largely due to a combination of
    the algorithm's Snow Amount and Snow Load components, signifying
    that this is likely to be a heavy, wet snow in areas that could
    result in detrimental impacts to trees branches and possibly power
    lines. The good news is the storm will be racing east Thursday
    night and any lingering snowfall is effectively finished around
    sunrise Friday morning.

    ...Northwest to the Northern Rockies...
    Days 1-3...

    A potent storm system is arriving in the Pacific Northwest today
    that is ushering in the next round of unsettled weather as far east
    as the Northern Rockies and northern Great Basin. Initially, a cold front
    will track through the Pacific Northwest today that begins the process
    of lowering snow levels below 4,000ft by this evening throughout much
    of the Pacific Northwest. NAEFS shows an upper level trough, sporting
    500mb and 700mb heights below the 10th climatological percentile,
    barreling into the Pacific Northwest and southern British Columbia
    early Thursday morning. This upper level feature is also directing
    a 300-400 kg/m/s IVT (above the 90th climatological percentile
    over northern CA) into portions of the Northwest. There is not much
    in the way of a sub-freezing air-mass either in front of, or in
    wake of the upper low. This should keep most heavy snow to
    elevations above 4,000ft in the Cascade Range, Siskiyou, and
    Shasta. This same stream of moisture will reach the northern
    Rockies late tonight and into Thursday where heavy snowfall
    5,000ft is expected in the Blue, Sawtooth, Boise, and Teton
    Mountains.

    The upper low lingers along the Pacific Northwest coast through
    Friday morning, then finally advances inland through the Northwest
    Friday night. A cold front will advance south through northern
    California and help to cause lowering snow levels throughout the
    northern and central Sierra Nevada on Saturday. Periods of snow are
    possible in the higher ridge lines of the northern Great Basin on
    Saturday and as far east as the Tetons and Wasatch Saturday
    afternoon.

    WPC 72-hr PWPF shows high chances (>70%) of snowfall totals >18"
    in the Oregon Cascades above 5,000ft, with some of the tallest
    peaks above 6,000ft having similar high probabilities for snowfall
    totals >30". Farther east, the Blue and Sawtooth Mountains at
    elevations above 6,000ft have moderate-to-high chances (50-70%) for
    snowfall amounts >18". Even portions of the Washington Cascades
    are forecast to see some heavy snow with moderate-to-high chances
    70%) for >12" of snowfall at elevations above 4,000ft. Farther
    south, the Sierra Nevada and Siskiyou sport moderate-to-high odds
    (50-70%) for snowfall >8" on Saturday with additional snowfall
    likely to occur Saturday night. In terms of impacts, the
    Probabilistic WSSI shows Moderate chances (40-60%) for Moderate
    Impacts along the Oregon Cascades and the southern peaks of the
    Washington Cascades. These areas can expect the more treacherous
    travel conditions, particularly where heavy snow falls around pass
    level. Elsewhere, the other mountain ranges listed sport generally low-to-moderate chances (30-50%) for Minor Impacts.


    The probability of significant ice across the CONUS is less than
    10 percent.

    Mullinax





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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Thu Oct 31 18:39:47 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 311839
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    239 PM EDT Thu Oct 31 2024

    Valid 00Z Fri Nov 01 2024 - 00Z Mon Nov 04 2024

    ...U.P. of Michigan...
    Day 1...

    A compact and strengthening surface low will move rapidly
    northeast from northern WI through the U.P. and into southeast
    Canada early on D1. Although this low will be pulling away the
    first 12 hours of the forecast period, a strong comma head driven
    by an elongated axis of mid-level deformation will help dynamically
    cool precipitation on the NW side of the departing to low to result
    in a band of heavy snow pivoting across the U.P. Although the
    strongest ascent is progged to occur before the 00Z Friday (start
    of the forecast period) some residual lift into the DGZ combined
    with some enhanced moisture on northerly flow off of Lake Superior
    will result in moderate snow accumulations, especially in the
    higher terrain of the Huron Mountains where WPC probabilities for
    4+ inches are as high as 10-30%.


    ...Much of the terrain of the West...
    Days 1-3...

    Slow amplification of a mid-level trough will occur through the
    weekend across much of the western CONUS, with the trough both
    deepening and broadening through the forecast period. This
    evolution begins with split flow encroaching onto the Pacific coast characterized by dual jet streaks pushing onshore the Pacific
    Northwest and southern California, respectively. As the trough
    begins to amplify along the Pacific coast, especially by Saturday
    /D2/, the northern stream jet will dig into the Great Basin while
    mid-level energy begins to phase into one larger trough. This
    evolution will then continue into D3, with the upper trough
    beginning to take on a more neutral tilt towards the Four Corners
    by the end of the forecast period.

    The amplification and evolution of the synoptic pattern will help
    to push a surface low southward along the coast, with this feature
    digging into the southern Great Basin by Sunday. A cold front
    accompanying the low will act as a funnel for increasing PW
    reaching as high as +1 sigma, but moisture will otherwise remain
    modest across the West as reflected by near normal IVT/PW according
    to NAEFS ensemble tables. Still, sufficient moisture within the
    region of impressive synoptic lift will result in expanding
    precipitation, with two waves likely through the period.

    The first wave will be D1 across primarily the Pacific NW as a
    weakening surface low pivots towards NW Washington, spreading
    precipitation as far south as northern CA and as far east as the
    Northern Rockies. This will continue in a weakening form into D2 as
    the forcing weakens (dive further south) and moisture remains
    modest. Still, the amplifying upper trough will help cool snow
    levels to 3500-4500 ft on Friday before slowly warming late D1 in
    advance of the next round of WAA/precip. WPC probabilities D1 for
    6+ inches of snow are generally 50-90% in the Cascades of OR and WA
    above 4500 ft, with additional high probabilities continuing into
    the Blue Mountains of OR.

    Then during Saturday and Sunday, snow levels vary within periods
    of WAA and then cooling as the trough amplifies, but will generally
    waver within the 4000-6000 ft range in areas where precipitation
    will occur. Rounds of precipitation will expand eastward through
    the weekend as well, resulting in axes of moderate to heavy snow,
    with the heaviest snow accumulations expected in the higher terrain
    or where favorable upslope occurs. WPC probabilities for more than
    6 inches are high both D2 and D3, focused along the OR portion of
    the Cascades, as well as across the northern WA Cascades, where
    3-day snowfall in excess of 2-3 feet is likely in the higher
    terrain. Additional heavy snow of 1 foot or more is also possible
    across the terrain around Yellowstone NP including the Tetons and
    Wind Rivers, with several inches of snow also likely across the
    Sierra, Uintas, and San Juans.

    With snow levels generally remaining moderately high,
    impacts to the passes appear to be modest, which is reflected by
    low WSSI-P for moderate impacts except at Santiam Pass.

    The probability of significant ice across the CONUS is less than
    10 percent.

    Weiss



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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Fri Nov 1 06:23:59 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 010623
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    223 AM EDT Fri Nov 1 2024

    Valid 12Z Fri Nov 01 2024 - 12Z Mon Nov 04 2024

    ...Mountainous West...
    Days 1-3...

    Active period in the Western CONUS over the next few days
    downstream of a very strong upper ridge (~99th percentile) between
    Alaska and Hawaii. This will help guide several northern stream
    systems into the West Coast and into the Intermountain West this
    weekend into early next week. With the source region in the mid-
    latitudes, moisture anomalies with each system will be modest and
    thus the brunt of the snowfall will be driven by orographic upslope
    into the Cascades initially then into the Rockies thereafter. Snow
    levels will be on the higher side but still low enough at times to
    bring some snow to the higher mountain passes.

    D1 system will have the largest QPF amounts, primarily into the
    WA/OR Cascades, as a cold front comes ashore. D1 probabilities of
    at least 8 inches of snow are >50% above ~5000-6000ft. Into the
    weekend, the lead system will move through the Great Basin with
    light to moderate snow across central Idaho/western Montana and
    into the Tetons southward through the Uintas and Wasatch. WPC
    probabilities for at least 8 inches of snow D2 are low (<40%) in
    these areas but a bit higher into the OR Cascades with the next
    system quickly approaching the coast. By D3, that system will slip
    through the Great Basin and into the central Rockies, with more
    moderate totals possible into northern CO (Medicine Bow). Light
    snow will work its way into the Front Range by the end of the
    period as low pressure deepens over southeastern CO. WPC
    probabilities of at least 8 inches of snow are >50% above 10,000ft
    or so and for at least 4 inches are >50% above 8000ft.

    The probability of significant ice across the CONUS is less than
    10 percent.

    Fracasso






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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Fri Nov 1 19:23:01 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 011922
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    322 PM EDT Fri Nov 1 2024

    Valid 00Z Sat Nov 02 2024 - 00Z Tue Nov 05 2024

    ...Mountainous West...
    Days 1-3...

    A series of upper level disturbances will carve out a longwave
    trough across the western third of the U.S. that will result in
    periods of moderate-to-heavy mountain snow this weekend from the
    Pacific Northwest to the Central Rockies. This afternoon and
    through Saturday, mountain ranges such as the Cascades, northern
    Sierra Nevada, Blue, Sawtooth, Bitterroots, Tetons, Wind River,
    Lewis Range, and as far south as the Wasatch are all likely to see
    measurable snowfall. Given the more supportive orthogonal flow
    pattern into the Oregon Cascades, the Blue Mountains, and the
    Boise/Sawtooth of Idaho, these mountain ranges have the higher odds
    (high chances, or >70%) for snowfall >8" through Saturday
    night. While the initial leading disturbance amplifies the
    longwave trough over the Southwest U.S. Saturday evening, the next
    trailing shortwave trough will arrive in the Pacific Northwest
    bringing additional mountain snow to the Cascades and northern
    Rockies through Sunday morning.

    As the trailing disturbance dives southeast, it will further
    deepen the longwave trough and foster an impressive area of upper
    level divergence over the south-central High Plains. A surface low
    in lee of the Rockies will strengthen over eastern Colorado while
    500mb heights continue to fall across the Four Corners region
    Sunday evening. By Sunday evening, 500mb and 700mb heights along
    the Mexico/Arizona border dip to the 1st climatological percentile
    according to the ECMWF SATs. As mid level moisture begins to wrap
    around the 500mb low over central AZ and central NM Sunday night,
    this should result in periods of heavy snow in parts of the
    Southern Rockies. A little farther north, as high pressure builds
    in over the northern High Plains, easterly upslope flow will
    influence heavier snowfall along the Front Range of the Colorado
    Rockies as well Sunday night and into Monday morning. By Monday
    afternoon, the upper low exits to the east, and snowfall will
    gradually taper off in the Central and Southern Rockies.

    WPC PWPF from late Sunday and into Monday sports moderate-to-high
    chances (50-70%) for snowfall >6" for elevations above 9,000ft in
    the Colorado Rockies. This is also the case along the Sangre de
    Cristo Mountains of northern New Mexico. Most of these mountains
    ranges are showing moderate-to-high chances (50-70%) for Minor
    Impacts according to the WSSI-P late Sunday into Monday. Residents
    along the Palmer Divide of central Colorado and south towards Raton
    Pass should also keep a close eye on this system for Sunday night
    into Monday. This would be the first measurable snowfall of the
    season for parts of these areas, and with low-to-moderate
    probabilities (30-50%) present for snowfall totals >4", even
    lesser snowfall totals could result in travel headaches for
    commuters in these areas Monday morning.


    The probability of significant ice across the CONUS is less than
    10 percent.

    Mullinax



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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sat Nov 2 06:37:53 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 020637
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    237 AM EDT Sat Nov 2 2024

    Valid 12Z Sat Nov 02 2024 - 12Z Tue Nov 05 2024

    ...Mountainous West...
    Days 1-3...

    An active pattern remains for much of the West this period,
    downstream of a strong upper ridge between Alaska and Hawaii. This
    will take a series of systems on a NW to SE path from the PacNW
    through the Great Basin and into the Rockies this weekend into
    early next week. For day 1, ongoing system in the NW will continue
    to bring snow to the Cascades eastward to the northern Rockies and
    southward through the Bitterroots, Tetons, Wind River, into the
    Wasatch. WPC probabilities for at least 8 inches of snow are >50%
    above 5000ft or so in the NW to about 9000ft over the Uintas.

    On day 2, the trough will dig into the Four Corners region and
    support light to modest snow for the CO Rockies, especially above
    10,000ft where WPC probabilities for at least 8 inches of snow are
    50%. Light snow is probable into the I-25 corridor but amounts are
    quite uncertain. Accumulating snow is favored farther south into
    the Palmer Divide. By day 3, that upper trough will continue to
    move slowly through NM with a focus for snowfall over the Sangre de
    Cristos into the Raton Mesa. There, WPC probabilities for at least
    8 inches of snow are moderate (40-70%). Back to the PacNW, the
    next system will move ashore with another surge in moisture to the
    area and significant snow for the WA Cascades. Snow levels will
    rise to 4500ft or so with a decent moisture plume (300-400 kg-m/s
    IVT) then fall behind the front. Higher mountains passes will
    likely be affected with significant accumulations, but lowering
    snow levels will likely affect some lower passes as well. WPC
    probabilities for at least 8 inches of snow are >50% above
    3000-3500ft or so.


    The probability of significant ice across the CONUS is less than
    10 percent.

    Fracasso


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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sat Nov 2 19:20:57 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 021920
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    320 PM EDT Sat Nov 2 2024

    Valid 00Z Sun Nov 03 2024 - 00Z Wed Nov 06 2024

    ...Mountainous West...
    Days 1-3...

    A series of upper level disturbances will carve out a longwave
    trough across Intermountain West this weekend, with another
    imposing shortwave trough hot on its heels that arrives in the
    Pacific Northwest to kickoff the first full week of November.
    Numerous mountain ranges across the West, including but are not
    limited to: Cascades, Blue, Northern Rockies, Tetons, Wind River,
    Uinta, and Wasatch, can expect periods of snow this evening that
    linger into Sunday morning. As a trailing shortwave trough over the
    northern Great Basin dives southeast Sunday morning, 500mb and
    700mb height falls will ensue across the Four Corners states. Snow
    will pick up in intensity along the Wasatch Sunday morning, the
    over the southern Wyoming and central Colorado Rockies Sunday
    afternoon. Snowfall rates will increase along the Front Range of
    the Colorado Rockies Sunday afternoon and evening as low pressure
    strengthens over the eastern Colorado High Plains and a favorable
    combination of low level upsloping northeasterly flow combined with
    strong upper level divergence ahead of the trough sets up over
    central Colorado. This will likely result in not only heavy snow
    as far south as the Sangre de Cristo and Raton Pass, but minor
    snow accumulations along the Palmer Divide and portions of the
    Denver/Boulder metro area Monday morning. Snow will linger in parts
    of the southern Rockies through early afternoon, then come to an
    end by Monday evening. WPC PWPF shows moderate-to-high chances
    (50-70%) for >8" of snowfall in parts of the Wasatch and central
    Rockies above 9,000ft. There are similar probabilities for parts of
    the Sangre De Cristo and Raton Pass through Monday morning.

    In the Pacific Northwest, a brief break in the active pattern
    arrives Sunday night and into early Monday morning, but the next
    northeast Pacific storm system arrives late Monday morning and will
    bring another round of heavy snow to the Washington Cascades. NAEFS
    shows IVT values of 300-400 kg/m/s that are above the 90th
    climatological percentile over much of Washington State. Heavy
    snow will spill over into the Northern Rockies Monday afternoon and
    persist into Tuesday as a storm system in the Canadian Prairies
    keeps moist and upsloping NWlry 700-300mb flow over the Northern
    Rockies. Over the course of the next 72 hours, WPC PWPF above
    5,000ft in the Washington Cascades sports high chances (>70%) for
    snowfall totals >18". Similar high chance probabilities for >12"
    of snowfall over the next 72 hours are present over the Northern
    Rockies, especially in the Lewis Range, the Bitterroots, and Blue
    Mountains at elevations >6,000ft. Treacherous travel conditions
    around some passes in the northern Rockies and the Cascade Range
    are possible. Farther south for elevations >7,000ft the Tetons,
    Wind River Range, and ridge lines in the northern Great Basin sport
    moderate- to-high chances (50-70%) for >8" of snowfall through
    Tuesday afternoon.


    The probability of significant ice across the CONUS is less than
    10 percent.

    Mullinax



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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sun Nov 3 07:05:42 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 030705
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    205 AM EST Sun Nov 3 2024

    Valid 12Z Sun Nov 03 2024 - 12Z Wed Nov 06 2024

    ...Mountainous West...
    Days 1-3...

    Upper troughing over the Great Basin this morning will continue to
    dig into the Four Corners region into tomorrow, promoting broad
    lift over the Wasatch and especially the CO Rockies. WPC D1
    probabilities of at least 8 inches of snow are >50% above 10,000ft
    or so.

    Into D2, upper low will be moving out of NM with lingering snow
    for the San Juans, Raton Mesa, and Jemez Mountains where WPC
    probabilities for an additional 8 inches of snow are moderate
    (40-70%). Concurrently, a shortwave out of the northeastern Pacific
    will push into Washington with a brief surge in moisture aimed at
    the WA Cascades before weakening as the cold front moves inland.
    Snow levels will rise from ~4000 to 6000ft as the core of the WAA
    surges in ahead of the front, then will fall back below 4000ft
    post-FROPA. Moisture should reach into the northern ID mountains
    and into NW MT as well, where WPC probabilities for at least 8
    inches of snow are >50% above 4000-5000ft or so.

    By D3, the system in the NW will continue toward the Rockies with
    upstream vorticity at the nose of a 140kt jet streaming in across
    the PacNW, helping to amplify the pattern over the eastern Pacific
    into western North America. This, in turn, will carve out a broad
    upper trough that will dig into the Four Corners region through the
    end of the period (and then beyond). Broad lift combined with more
    localized upslope will maximize snow over the higher terrain as
    snow levels fall to the valley floors in most areas of the Northern
    Tier. WPC probabilities for at least 8 inches of snow are highest
    70%) over the Little Belt Mountains in MT as well as the Big Snow
    Mountains due to the favorable northerly flow. Lighter snow is
    forecast for the central Idaho ranges, NW MT around Glacier NP,
    southward through western WY and into the CO Rockies.

    The probability of significant ice across the CONUS is less than
    10 percent.

    Fracasso


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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sun Nov 3 19:38:14 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 031938
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    238 PM EST Sun Nov 3 2024

    Valid 00Z Mon Nov 04 2024 - 00Z Thu Nov 07 2024

    ...Mountainous West...
    Days 1-3...

    An anomalous upper level low (NAEFS shows 500mb heights near the
    1st climatological percentile over southwest New Mexico tonight)
    will be the primary cause for periods of heavy snow in the higher
    elevations of the Colorado and northern New Mexico Rockies. Periods
    of snow ill pick up in intensity Monday morning along the Sangre De
    Cristo, including around Raton Pass where treacherous travel
    conditions are possible at pass level. Snow will taper off in these
    areas by Monday afternoon. WPC PWPF shows moderate-to-high chances
    (50-70%) for snowfall >8" along Raton Pass and at elevations
    9,000ft in the Colorado Rockies. In fact, there are moderate
    probabilities (40-60%) for >12" above 10,000ft in central Colorado
    and just west of Raton Pass. The Probabilistic WSSI shows moderate
    chances (40-60%) for Moderate Impacts (hazardous disruptions to
    daily life) in the Wet Mountains of Colorado and along Raton Pass.

    Farther north, a potent shortwave trough over the northeastern
    Pacific will race through Washington State on Monday with a plume
    of Pacific moisture and modest surge in cold air advection
    resulting in snow levels dropping as low as ~4,000ft. Heavy snow
    Monday morning in the Cascades will linger into the afternoon hours
    while the same moisture plume reaches the Northern Rockies Monday
    afternoon, prompting periods of heavy mountain snow in the
    Bitterroots, Lewis Range (including Glacier NP) and as far south as
    the Sawtooth and Tetons. As low pressure strengthens over the
    Canadian Prairies Monday night and into Tuesday morning, NWrly
    flow will support multiple hours of upslope flow into portions of
    the Northern Rockies.

    By Tuesday afternoon, the upper low will begin to plunge south as
    an anti-cyclonic wave break (ridging over the northeast Pacific
    races over southwest Canada and forces the upper low south) leads
    to a southward track in the cold front and another area of low
    pressure forming in southeast Colorado by Tuesday night. This setup
    will lead to periods of snow once again in the Central Rockies,
    including the Palmer Divide and along both the Front Range of
    Colorado and the Sangre De Cristo on Wednesday. WPC PWPF shows
    high chances (>70%) for >8" of snowfall above 9,000ft. Along the
    Palmer Divide and including the Denver/Boulder metro area, there
    are moderate chance (40-60%) for snowfall total >4". The Palmer
    Divide, given the higher elevation compared to Denver's metro area,
    sport low chances (10-30%) for >8" of snow through Wednesday
    evening.


    The probability of significant ice across the CONUS is less than
    10 percent.

    Mullinax



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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Mon Nov 4 07:04:55 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 040704
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    204 AM EST Mon Nov 4 2024

    Valid 12Z Mon Nov 04 2024 - 12Z Thu Nov 07 2024

    ...CO/NM border...
    Day 1...

    Upper low over NM this morning will lift northeastward across the
    TX Panhandle this evening. Snow on the NW side of the low within a
    region of modest PVA and enhanced upslope into the Raton Mesa will
    continue for the first part of D1 before tapering off later this
    evening and overnight. Lighter snow will extend eastward into the
    far western OK Panhandle as rain changes to snow. WPC probabilities
    for at least 8 inches of snow are >50% above 9000-10,000ft over
    portions of central/northern NM and across the CO line.


    ...Northwest and Northern/Central Rockies...
    Days 1-2...

    Next system coming into the PacNW will be the last for at least a
    little bit in what has been quite a busy stretch. Warm front will
    move ashore today bringing in a surge of moisture and rising snow
    levels up to around 4000ft to the north and 6000ft to the south
    over the WA Cascades, but only rising to around 5000ft farther east
    toward the Divide. Strong and favorable upslope flow will maximize
    over the WA Cascades where a few feet of snow will be possible at
    the higher peaks. By late in the evening and overnight into
    Tuesday, snow levels will fall to around 3000ft bringing
    accumulating snow to many of the lower passes across the Cascades.
    WPC probabilities for at least 8 inches of snow are >50% above
    3500ft or so. Upper jet will continue inland and promote moderate
    snow across the northern ID ranges into northwestern Montana. Into
    D2, the mid-level vort will deepen and split, with the northern
    portion closing off along the MT/Canadian border before pivoting
    back southward Tuesday evening over central MT. This will maintain
    modest snow over the central MT terrain (i.e., Little Belt and Big
    Snowy Mountains) on upslope northerly flow. There, WPC
    probabilities for at least 8 inches of snow D2 are >50% above
    4000ft or so. The southern portion of the mid-level trough will dig
    into the Great Basin through early Wednesday, spreading snow
    across UT/CO where several inches are likely, especially into the
    CO Rockies. By the end of D2, an upper low will start to close off
    over the Four Corners region, setting up the next phase of the
    system.


    ...Four Corners...
    Day 3...

    Aforementioned upper low is forecast to be situated over eastern
    UT early Wednesday morning and will likely sink southward through
    the day to a position over eastern AZ by the end of D3. This will
    keep a relatively consistent SW to S flow over northern NM into
    southern CO, which is quite favorable for upslope enhancement over
    the San Juans and into the Sangre de Cristos among other ranges.
    Multiple waves of PVA will rotate around the upper low and across
    the region, favoring moderate to heavy snow at times with a high
    likelihood (>60% chance) of moderate impacts per the
    probabilistic WSSI. WPC probabilities for at least 8 inches of
    snow are >50% above 6000-8000ft and probabilities for at least 4
    inches >50% down to around 5000-7000ft. Colder air filtering into
    northeastern CO will also promote light to perhaps modest snow over
    the I-25 corridor with heavier totals likely into the Palmer
    Divide. Heavy snow is forecast to continue past the end of D3 as
    the system slowly moves through the region. Please see the Winter
    Weather Outlook and the Probabilistic Winter Storm Severity Index
    (WSSI-P) for more information.

    The probability of significant ice across the CONUS is less than
    10 percent.

    Fracasso


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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Mon Nov 4 19:38:03 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 041937
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    237 PM EST Mon Nov 4 2024

    Valid 00Z Tue Nov 05 2024 - 00Z Fri Nov 08 2024

    ...CO/NM border...
    Day 1...

    Upper low over NM this morning is lifting northeastward across the
    TX Panhandle this afternoon and will become a more progressive open
    wave as it enters the High Plains tonight. Snow on the NW side of
    the low within a region of modest PVA and enhanced upslope into the
    Raton Mesa will persist for a little while longer this afternoon
    before tapering off overnight. Light snow will extend eastward
    into the far western OK Panhandle as rain changes to snow but minor accumulations are expected in these areas.

    ...Northwest and Northern/Central Rockies...
    Days 1-2...

    A vigorous shortwave trough racing through the Pacific Northwest
    today is responsible for blanketing the Cascades and tallest peaks
    of the Olympics in heavy snow today. Snow levels will fall to as
    low as 3,000ft this evening and into tonight, allowing to snowfall accumulations to occur across many of the lower passes across the
    Cascades. As the 250-500mb trough moves inland today, the
    diffluent left-exit region of the approaching jet streak will be
    favorably placed of the Northern Rockies and, in turn, helps spawn
    low pressure over the Canadian Prairies this evening. The upper
    level divergence associate with the upper level jet will march east
    into the Northern Rockies tonight, which combined with a surge in
    700mb moisture will support periods of heavy snow along the
    Bitterroots, Lewis Range, and Tetons. Lingering Pacific moisture on
    the backside of the 700mb low near the Montana/Saskatchewan border
    will stick around much of the day Tuesday with periods of heavy
    snow unfolding along the Tetons, Little Belt, Big Snowy, and Big
    Horn Mountains. Snowfall should gradually taper off in these areas
    by Wednesday morning.

    WPC PWPF shows high chances (>70%) for snowfall totals >8" over
    parts of the Bitterroots, Lewis Range, Little Belt, and Big Snowy
    mountains. These ranges, especially >6,000ft, have moderate-to-high
    chances (50-70%) for >12" through Wednesday afternoon. Some of the
    tallest peaks of these ranges could surpass 24" locally. The WSSI
    highlights Moderate Impacts for many of these ranges (above 4,000ft
    in the Cascades, above 6,000ft in the Northern Rockies ranges
    listed) while the peaks of all ranges mentioned sport Major Impact
    potential as a result of this early November snowstorm.

    ...Four Corners...
    Day 3...

    The same upper level feature responsible for heavy snow in the
    northern Rockies will dive south on tuesday through the heart of
    the Intermountain West and into the Four Corners region by early
    Wednesday morning. By Wednesday, the upper level trough will cut
    off into an anomalous upper level low thanks to a staunch anti-
    cyclonic wave break event over the northwestern US and southwest
    Canada. There does remain some uncertainty on whether this upper
    low will feel the influence of a lingering disturbance over the
    Central Plains (GEFS) or be fully cut off from the mean steering
    flow pattern for multiple days (ECMWF EPS). While the exact
    evolution is unclear beyond Day 3, this synoptic scale setup is
    likely to produce the first significant winter storm of the season
    in the Southern Rockies. The stage becomes set initially by a cold
    front diving south to usher in a colder air-mass throughout the
    region. Then, as the upper level low cuts off over the Four Corners
    region Wednesday morning, strong upper level divergence aloft will
    support excellent large scale ascent atop the atmosphere. Next, as
    the upper low late Wednesday into Thursday deepens, the moisture
    flow over the southern High Plains will accelerate, prompting
    southerly IVT values above the 90th climatological percentile (on
    both NAEFS and the ECMWF SATs) to be directed at the southern
    Rockies.

    Look for periods of snow to initially occur along and in wake of
    the cold frontal passage from the Wasatch on east to not just the
    Central Rockies but parts of the central High Plains as well. As
    high pressure builds in to the north, sub-freezing air rushing
    south along the Front Range of the Rockies will provide the
    opportunity for periods of snow within the Denver/Boulder metro
    area Tuesday night and into Wednesday morning. This upslope
    component does provide a good setup for heavy snowfall in parts of
    the San Juans, the Front Range, and the Sangre De Cristo through
    the day Wednesday and into Thursday. The key on Thursday will be
    where the upper low sets up and the extent of the moisture/upslope
    flow into the Southern Rockies. Latest guidance trended a little
    drier over parts of the south-central Colorado Rockies, but the
    prolonged upslope into late Thursday-Friday may still result in
    additional heavy snowfall by the end of the week.

    WPC PWPF for the event through 00Z Fri shows high chances (>70%)
    for snowfall >8" in the San Juans, the Sangre De Cristo, and along
    the Front Range of the Rockies. For >12" probabilities, there are
    high chances (>70%) along the Sangre De Cristo. The Denver metro
    area sports low-to-moderate chances (30-50%) for snowfall >4" with
    the southern suburbs on the higher end of that range. WSSI-P
    moderate probabilities show moderate chances (40-60%) along the
    Sangre De Cristo and along Raton Mesa Wednesday night and into
    Thursday.


    The probability of significant ice across the CONUS is less than
    10 percent.


    Mullinax




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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Tue Nov 5 07:21:57 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 050721
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    221 AM EST Tue Nov 5 2024

    Valid 12Z Tue Nov 05 2024 - 12Z Fri Nov 08 2024


    ...Northern/Central Rockies...
    Days 1-2...

    Vigorous upper trough moving through the NW will start its
    transition to separate systems... the northern entity becoming an
    upper low that will wobble through eastern Montana later today and
    overnight. Broad divergence will favor light snow over much of
    Montana but the eastward then southward movement of the forming
    upper low will turn the flow northerly over central portions of the
    state, which will enhance upslope flow into the Little Belt, Big
    Snowy, and Big Horn Mountains. Snow will fall at a modest to heavy
    rates per the 00Z HREF which shows >1"/hr probs of 50-90%. Lighter
    snow is expected farther south through WY into CO as the southern
    portion of the trough begins to split off and sink toward the Four
    Corners, with some higher totals in the high terrain. Snowfall
    should gradually taper off in most areas by Wednesday morning
    (north) or overnight (south). WPC PWPF shows high chances (>70%)
    for snowfall totals >8" over many of the MT ranges, especially
    6,000ft, through Wednesday afternoon. Some of the tallest peaks of
    these ranges could surpass 24" locally.

    ...Four Corners...
    Day 2-3...

    The southern part of the upper level feature responsible for the
    heavy snow in the northern Rockies will sink southward through
    eastern UT on Wednesday into AZ by early Thursday. After that, it
    should slowly turn eastward into NM, but the guidance remains
    inconsistent in the evolution/track. A cold front will bring in
    colder air to the southern Rockies onto the High Plains as strong
    upper level divergence aloft will support broad ascent over the
    region. Moisture levels will be modest, but IVT on southwest to
    southerly flow is forecast to be near the 90th percentile which
    should act in concert with upslope enhancement to promote moderate
    to heavy snow over the southern Rockies. Trend has been a bit less
    and farther south with the QPF, resulting in a bit less snow for
    northern areas in CO and continued uncertainty in snow amounts over
    NM. Nevertheless, significant snow is still expected in at least
    portions of southern CO into northern NM with this dynamic system.

    The upslope component should favor both the SW/S-facing slopes of
    the San Juans and Sangre de Cristos as well as farther north into
    the Front Range via the cold front. The key on Thursday will be
    where the upper low sets up and the extent of the moisture/upslope
    flow into the Southern Rockies. By Friday morning, the upper low is
    forecast to drift into NM with the brunt of the snowfall over NM.

    WPC PWPF for the event through 12Z Fri shows high chances (>70%)
    for snowfall >8" in the San Juans, the Sangre De Cristo, and into
    parts of the far western High Plains. Highest totals are likely
    over the Sangre De Cristo where 2ft+ is possible (>50% chance).
    Around the Denver metro area, WPC PWPF for >4" of snow are around
    30% but increase to the south (i.e., Palmer Divide) and then
    increase again near/south of Colorado Springs and Pueblo to reach
    70%.


    The probability of significant ice across the CONUS is less than
    10 percent.


    Fracasso


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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Tue Nov 5 20:47:06 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 052046
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    346 PM EST Tue Nov 5 2024

    Valid 00Z Wed Nov 06 2024 - 00Z Sat Nov 09 2024


    ...Montana and Wyoming Mountain Ranges...
    Day 1...

    Vigorous upper trough moving through the northern Rockies today is
    starting its transition to split into two separate systems, with
    the northern entity becoming an upper low that will wobble eastward
    into through the northern Plains overnight. Broad divergence will
    favor light snow over much of Montana but the eastward then
    southward movement of the forming upper low will turn the flow
    northerly over central portions of the state, which will enhance
    upslope flow into the Little Belt, Big Snowy, and Big Horn
    Mountains. Snow will fall at a modest to heavy rates per the 12Z
    HREF which shows >1"/hr probs of 50-90%. Lighter snow is expected
    farther south through WY as the southern portion of the trough
    begins to split off and sink toward the Four Corners, with some
    higher totals in the high terrain. Snowfall should gradually taper
    off in most areas of MT and WY by Wednesday morning. WPC PWPF shows
    high chances (>70%) for snowfall totals >8" over many of the MT
    ranges, especially >6,000ft, through Wednesday afternoon. Some of
    the tallest peaks of these ranges could surpass an additional 15"
    locally.

    ...Central/Southern Rockies and Adjacent High Plains...
    Days 1-3...

    The southern part of the upper level feature responsible for the
    heavy snow in the northern Rockies will sink southward through
    eastern UT on Wednesday into AZ by early Thursday. After that, it
    should slowly turn eastward into NM as a closed upper low and set
    the stage for a potentially significant and long-duration heavy
    snowfall event for parts of the southern Rockies and nearby High
    Plains. The guidance still remains somewhat uncertain on the
    evolution of this system, but has narrowed in on a slower/amplified
    solution with today's 12z runs. A cold front will bring in colder
    air to the southern Rockies and adjacent High Plains as strong
    upper level divergence aloft will support broad ascent over the
    region. An initial area of mesoscale banding associated with this
    cold front, a leeside cyclone, and left exit region of a
    strengthening upper jet over the central High Plains on Wednesday
    may produce a swath of heavy snow from the Palmer Divide to the
    KS/CO border. Hires guidance, including the 12z HREF snowband tool,
    highlight this region where 1-2" snowfall rates could occur.
    Medium probabilities (30-50%) of at least 8" of snow exist across
    parts of east-central Colorado through early Thursday according to
    WPC's PWPF, which is an increase from previous runs.

    More directly related to the upper low forecast to impact NM and
    southern parts of CO between Wednesday night and Friday, moisture
    levels will be modest and IVT on southwest to southerly flow is
    forecast to near the 90th percentile. This should act in concert
    with upslope enhancement to promote moderate to heavy snow over the
    southern Rockies. Trend has been for greater QPF over the High
    Plains of southeast CO and northeast NM, as well as into the
    terrain of northern NM and south-central CO. Some uncertainty
    remains in the ensemble guidance and cluster analysis regarding the
    western extent of heaviest QPF, with a notable westward trend in
    global guidance today in response to higher heights forecast over
    the central United States. However, even more uncertainty exists
    across the High Plains regarding low-level thermals associated
    with this westward trend as the event carries on and warmer air
    advects into the High Plains. Nevertheless, significant snow is
    still expected in at least portions of southern CO into northern NM
    with this dynamic system.

    The upslope component should favor both the SW/S-facing slopes of
    the San Juans and Sangre de Cristos as well as farther north into
    the Front Range via the cold front. The key on Thursday will be
    where the upper low sets up and the extent of the moisture/upslope
    flow into the Southern Rockies. By Friday morning, the upper low is
    forecast to drift into NM with the brunt of the snowfall over NM.

    WPC PWPF for the event through 12Z Fri shows high chances (>70%)
    for snowfall >8" in the San Juans, the Sangre De Cristo, and into
    parts of the far western High Plains (including the Raton Mesa).
    Highest totals are likely over the Sangre De Cristo where 2ft+ is
    possible (>50-70% chance). Around the Denver metro area, WPC PWPF
    for >4" of snow are around 30% but increase to the south (i.e.,
    Palmer Divide) and then increase again near/south of Colorado
    Springs and Pueblo to reach 50-70%.


    The probability of significant ice across the CONUS is less than
    10 percent.


    Snell




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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Wed Nov 6 08:07:43 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 060807
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    307 AM EST Wed Nov 6 2024

    Valid 12Z Wed Nov 06 2024 - 12Z Sat Nov 09 2024


    ...Central/Southern Rockies and Adjacent High Plains...
    Days 1-3...

    Upper low at the base of a larger western CONUS trough lies over
    southeastern UT this morning, and will continue sinking southward
    today into AZ. It will slowly detach from the northern stream and
    cut off as it wobbles southward then eastward into southern NM by
    early Friday. Then, feeling the push of the subtropical jet, it
    will lift northeastward across the northern TX Panhandle and far
    western OK Panhandle to the CO/KS border by early Saturday. The
    slow movement of the upper low combined with a fairly steady
    stretch of moisture as well as upslope enhancement will lead to
    significant snow accumulations in parts of the NM mountains and
    across the CO line along the Sangre de Cristo range. Impacts may be
    major to extreme in some locations.

    For D1, frontal boundary over southeastern CO on the edge of the
    height falls will see modest to locally heavy snow continue this
    morning in an area of surface convergence and beneath bouts of PVA.
    Through the day, as the upper low tucks farther southwest of CO,
    heights should rise and the snow should lessen. Nevertheless,
    snowfall rates of >1"/hr should yield an additional several inches
    near/south of DEN and eastward over the High Plains. There, WPC
    probabilities for at least 8 inches of snow after 12Z are moderate
    (40-70%). Farther south over NM, closer to the stream of moisture
    and vort maxes rotating around the upper low center, snow will
    increase in intensity over much of the NM terrain where snowfall
    just on D1 will likely exceed 8 inches (probabilities >70%) in the
    terrain (e.g., Sangre de Cristos/Raton Mesa/Jemez Mnts).

    By D2, slow movement of the upper low will allow for continued
    snowfall to its east via persistent IVT values near/above the 90th
    percentile. This could result in 1-2ft of snow over the NM terrain
    (WPC probabilities for at least 12 inches are >70% over much of
    northeastern NM) along with areas of blowing/drifting snow eastward
    into the western OK Panhandle. Snow will continue over northern NM
    into southern CO along the Sangre de Cristos and onto the High
    Plains as the upper low sloshes toward the TX/OK Panhandles.
    Moisture source will add in then largely switch to the western
    Gulf, wrapping around the upper low and capitalizing on upslope
    from the northeast through the column. Snow will finally start to
    taper off by the end of the period (early Saturday).

    All told, 3-day WPC probabilities for at least 24 inches of snow
    are >50% above 6000-7000ft over the Sangre de Cristos and Raton
    Mesa, with a large footprint of at least 6 inches over much of
    eastern CO southward into central NM.


    The probability of significant ice across the CONUS is less than
    10 percent.


    Fracasso



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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Wed Nov 6 19:22:51 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 061922
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    222 PM EST Wed Nov 6 2024

    Valid 00Z Thu Nov 07 2024 - 00Z Sun Nov 10 2024


    ...Central/Southern Rockies and Adjacent High Plains...=20
    Days 1-3...

    Upper low at the base of a larger western CONUS trough lies over=20
    the Four Corners this afternoon and will continue sinking=20
    southward tonight into eastern AZ. It will slowly detach from the=20
    northern stream and cut off as it wobbles southward then eastward=20
    into southern NM by early Friday. Then, feeling the push of the=20
    subtropical jet, it will lift northeastward across the northern TX=20
    Panhandle and far western OK Panhandle to the CO/KS border by early
    Saturday. The slow movement of the upper low combined with a=20
    fairly steady stretch of moisture as well as upslope enhancement=20
    will lead to significant snow accumulations in parts of the NM=20
    mountains and across the CO line along the Sangre de Cristo range.=20
    Impacts may be major to extreme in some locations and exaggerated=20
    by the fact that this is the first significant winter storm of the=20
    season for this region.

    For early D1, frontal boundary slowly sinking southward from
    western KS to northeast NM on the edge of the height falls will=20
    continue to promote light to modest snow through this evening over
    northeast CO and border regions of KS and NE in an area of surface
    convergence and beneath bouts of PVA. Through the evening, as the=20
    upper low tucks farther southwest of CO, heights should rise and=20
    the snow should lessen. Nevertheless, snowfall rates near 1"/hr=20
    should yield an additional few inches near/south of DEN and=20
    eastward over the High Plains.=20

    Farther south over NM, closer to the stream of moisture and vort=20
    maxes rotating around the upper low center, snow will increase in=20
    intensity over much of the NM terrain on D1 and last through D2
    with similar intensity before the upper low lifts north and weakens
    by D3. The slow movement of the upper low will allow for continued
    heavy snowfall to its east via persistent IVT values near/above=20
    the 90th percentile. This could result in 1-3ft of snow over the NM
    terrain (WPC probabilities for at least 12 inches are >90% over=20
    much of northeastern NM and southeastern CO) along with areas of=20 blowing/drifting snow eastward into the far western OK Panhandle.=20
    Snow will continue over northern NM into southern CO along the=20
    Sangre de Cristos and onto the High Plains as the upper low sloshes
    toward the TX/OK Panhandles. Moisture source will add in then=20
    largely switch to the western Gulf, wrapping around the upper low=20
    and capitalizing on upslope from the northeast through the column.=20
    Snow will finally start to taper off by the end of the period=20
    (early Saturday).

    The greatest uncertainty remains along the eastern gradient of
    snowfall where low-level warmth creeps into the High Plains and
    leads to a transition toward rain from the KS/CO border to eastern
    NM and the TX/OK Panhandles. A brief period of sleet is possible=20
    as a warm nose aloft ebbs and flows across the High Plains during=20
    the event. Exactly where this rain/snow/mix line occurs is still a
    question, with today's guidance trending westward and a gradually
    warming transition as the storm weakens by Saturday.


    All told, 3-day WPC probabilities for at least 24 inches of snow=20
    are >50% above 6000-7000ft over the Sangre de Cristos and Raton=20
    Mesa, with a large footprint of at least 6 inches over much of=20
    eastern CO southward into central NM. Latest WSSI shows these
    snowfall values as producing widespread Major to Extreme impacts
    across much of central and northern NM as well as south-central
    Colorado.


    The probability of significant ice across the CONUS is less than=20
    10 percent.


    Fracasso/Snell




    ...Winter Storm Key Messages are in effect. Please see current=20
    Key Messages below...

    https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/key_messages/Late= stKeyMessage_1.png__;!!DZ3fjg!8Hc9ZkQo36coF6I3ZSGf-crdXe3E7XBE-MJnNGCMXtpMz= aIb7FEN_4y6X78ba-EfIn6P0aGYap-cKQKWI0jybsvbLsE$=20

    $$

    =3D =3D =3D
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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Thu Nov 7 08:26:10 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 070825
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    325 AM EST Thu Nov 7 2024

    Valid 12Z Thu Nov 07 2024 - 12Z Sun Nov 10 2024


    ...Central/Southern Rockies and Adjacent High Plains...=20
    Days 1-2...

    ...Two phase winter storm to bring heavy snow and major impacts to
    the Southern Rockies...

    The forecast begins with an impressive closed and cutoff low
    sinking slowly southward across the Four Corners region. This low
    is progged to continue to amplify today, reaching as low as -4
    sigma with respect to 500mb heights across AZ, and then sinking as
    far south as Sonora, Mexico before finally rounding through the=20
    base of the longwave trough across the west and beginning to eject=20 northeast. This is a classic position for heavy precipitation into=20
    the Southern Rockies as downstream height falls and robust=20
    divergence combine with the LFQ of an intensifying subtropical jet=20
    streak to produce large scale impressive ascent. This will impinge=20
    into a moistening column as well as both the subtropical jet streak
    and southerly 850-700mb flow surge moisture into the region=20
    leading to PWs that are +1 to +2 sigma today into Friday. This=20
    synoptic lift into the moistening column will combine with=20
    persistent and intensifying moist isentropic lift, especially near=20
    the 300K level where wind speeds will approach 50 kts, pushing=20
    mixing ratios above 6g/kg Thursday aftn.=20

    The result of this evolution will be an expanding precipitation
    shield across NM/CO, with heavy snow the primary precipitation type
    except across far eastern NM and far southeast CO. Evaluation of
    forecast soundings during this time suggests impressive omega
    crossing the DGZ, with a near isothermal layer just beneath it.
    WHile the DGZ seems a bit elevated, the strong ascent and aggregate
    maintenance supported by the sub-DGZ isothermal layer indicates=20
    the likelihood for large dendrites and rapid accumulation.=20
    Additionally, cross-sections indicate a threat for CSI on Thursday,
    indicating the potential for convective snowfall rates as the=20
    isentropic ascent maximizes, and this is reflected by the potential
    for 1-2"/hr snowfall rates in the WPC prototype snowband tool.=20
    Overall, D1 will feature widespread heavy snow across NM and CO,=20
    and WPC probabilities for more than 8 inches are above 80% for the=20
    Sangre de Cristos, Raton Mesa, and surrounding foothills/High=20
    Plains including the I-25 corridor between Pueblo and Santa Fe.=20
    Locally 2-3 feet is possible in the higher terrain leading to=20
    substantial travel impacts. Farther north, WPC probabilities are=20
    70-90% for 4+ inches across the Palmer Divide.

    The second phase of this event will begin on Friday as the core of
    the upper low begins to slowly weaken as it pivots, still slowly,
    northeast into the High Plains of NM by Friday aftn. This will=20
    help spawn surface cyclogenesis across northern Texas, with this=20
    low shifting northward within the broad southerly flow into=20
    Saturday. As this low slowly strengthens, a secondary surge of=20
    moist advection will lift northward, spreading snowfall farther=20
    north once again into CO and maybe even southern WY, while a=20
    pivoting dry slow shuts off precipitation over NM. The=20
    strengthening theta-e advection this time will likely result in an=20 impressive mid-level TROWAL pivoting NW into CO, with accompanying=20
    upslope flow driving heavy snow rates into CO through D2. This will
    lead to some elevated instability, especially on the periphery of=20
    the dry slot, so once again snowfall rates could be intense,=20
    especially where the DGZ deepens (SPC SREF probabilities for >50mb
    of DGZ depth eclipse 70% in eastern CO), so another day of=20
    impactful heavy snow is likely.=20

    The setup also seems to support a pivoting band of heavy snow
    somewhere across eastern/central CO Friday evening. Exactly where
    this sets up is still uncertain, but the synoptic environment
    appears to match the conceptual model for a pivoting band, and the
    high- res models simulated reflectivity all feature something that
    looks like this, but with different placement. Will need to=20
    monitor this closely as this band could result in much heavier snow
    totals and strong snowfall gradients, but at this time, WPC
    probabilities for more than 8 inches are again high (>70%) across
    the Raton Mesa and Sangre de Cristos, leading to event-total
    snowfall of 3-4 feet in the higher terrain. As snow pivots
    farther northward D2, WPC probabilities also indicate a 70% chance
    for more than 6 inches of additional snowfall across the Palmer
    Divide. ALthough the heaviest snow will likely again be in the
    higher terrain, where this band pivots, snow fall rates should
    overcome any terrain features leading to local enhancements in
    snowfall even in lower elevations.

    By late D2 and then into D3, the low occludes to the east, shunting
    the best moisture fetch into the Plains and bringing a slow wane to
    the heavy snow. There is potential that some dynamic cooling could
    still produce pockets of heavy snow, and guidance still features a
    lot of longitudinal spread in the axis of heaviest precipitation,=20
    but in general snow should come to an end, finally, on D3.=20

    The probability of significant ice across the CONUS is less than=20
    10 percent.


    Weiss



    ...Winter Storm Key Messages are in effect. Please see current=20
    Key Messages below...

    https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/key_messages/Late= stKeyMessage_1.png__;!!DZ3fjg!5kQTiRTOdSGJ27wieqc9aX0oy-Vcr76ISF5hEzd5Pl5qZ= mhDAs0UcsvFCDaEK3WZ53MMTJDu_6qvC0OKs23PP0sEgFY$=20

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Thu Nov 7 20:23:02 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 072022
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    322 PM EST Thu Nov 7 2024

    Valid 00Z Fri Nov 08 2024 - 00Z Mon Nov 11 2024


    ...Central/Southern Rockies and Adjacent High Plains...=20
    Days 1-2...

    ...Heavy snow and major impacts continue for the Southern=20
    Rockies and Interstate 25 corridor through Friday...

    Deep low pressure drifting south over eastern AZ this afternoon
    will pivot east over southern NM tonight before swinging northeast
    up the eastern NM/TX Panhandle border Friday then shifts up the
    central Great Plains Friday night/Saturday. Pacific and Gulf of
    Mexico sourced moisture will continue to wrap in ahead of this low
    center and a developing surface trough extending from the southern
    Plains into central CO. Jet dynamics above frontogenesis along with topographical lift will allow renewed heavy precip over the Sangre
    de Cristos and adjacent High Plains by early Friday.=20
    This lift is through the DGZ which should allow large dendrites and
    rapid accumulation. Indeed the 12Z HREF mean 1-hr snowfall product
    features 1-2"/hr snow rates centered on the Raton Mesa 12Z to 22Z=20
    Friday. Day 1 PWPF for additional >12" is around 90% along the=20
    Raton Mesa to near the western OK Panhandle border. Please see
    updated Key Messages linked below.

    Snow shifts north over the eastern slopes and High Plains of CO on
    Friday, while a pivoting dry slow shuts off precipitation over NM.
    The strengthening theta-e advection will result in an impressive=20
    mid-level TROWAL pivoting NW into CO, which along with elevated
    instability, especially on the periphery of the dry slot, and=20
    upslope flow will driving heavy snow rates over central/eastern=20
    CO, especially where the DGZ deepens. The setup also supports a=20
    pivoting band of heavy snow around and perhaps north of the Palmer
    Divide south of Denver Friday evening. Day 1.5 PWPF for >8"
    are 50-80% over the Palmer Divide, but caution is advised with the
    decrease in values in the valley between the Palmer Divide and
    Raton Mesa where banding could easily overcome marginal thermal
    conditions and produce heavy snow in areas of central/eastern CO=20
    regardless of elevation.=20

    As the low occludes and shifts over Neb Friday night/Saturday, the
    moisture moisture fetch is shunted east and thermals farther east
    do not support snow, so the heavy snow threat generally ends in CO.=20


    The probability of significant ice across the CONUS is less than=20
    10 percent.


    Jackson



    ...Winter Storm Key Messages are in effect...

    Southern Rockies and adjacent High Plains: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/key_messages/Late= stKeyMessage_1.png__;!!DZ3fjg!7XDq_NvZyxvJRdYbO0XSOEUih6c7hySGUslchv-cGXbAD= G_ZrGNdmS98kIQX-6hBPZI9vAXf7tXDPjpWb9xPzhhbIzc$=20


    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Fri Nov 8 07:38:03 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 080737
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    237 AM EST Fri Nov 8 2024

    Valid 12Z Fri Nov 08 2024 - 12Z Mon Nov 11 2024


    ...Central/Southern Rockies and Adjacent High Plains...=20
    Days 1-2...

    ...Heavy snow and major impacts continue for the Southern=20
    Rockies and Interstate 25 corridor into Saturday morning...

    Significant winter storm will persist across eastern CO through
    very early Saturday morning before ending. The primary driver of
    this impressive system is an anomalous upper low which will be
    moving across New Mexico this morning before slowly ejecting to the
    northeast and into the Central Plains on Saturday. NAEFS height
    anomalies reach as low as -3 sigma, indicating the strength of this
    feature, and the resultant downstream height falls and divergence=20
    will combine with a modestly coupled jet structure to produce
    impressive large-scale ascent across the Southern/Central Rockies
    and High Plains.

    This evolution today will also drive surface low development over
    Texas, and this wave will lift northward into Saturday. This low
    will be accompanied by enhanced forcing through persistent moist=20
    isentropic lift, especially along the 295K surface where mixing
    ratios climb to 4-6 g/kg, lifting into a robust TROWAL pivoting
    over the region Friday aftn/eve. Additionally, an axis of elevated
    instability is likely beneath the TROWAL and collocated with an=20
    axis of deformation, which suggests intense snowfall rates within a
    pivoting band of snowfall. Omega maxima into the DGZ, although=20
    subjectively elevated, will support heavy snow rates which the WPC=20
    snowband tool indicates will reach 1-2"/hr. It is possible that=20
    some rates may briefly even reach 2-3"/hr as model cross-sections=20
    indicate a narrow corridor of theta-es lapse rates <0C/km
    collocated with EPV<0 suggesting the potential for upright=20
    convection. Regardless, a highly impactful snow is expected again=20
    Friday from far northeast NM into much of eastern CO.=20

    The heaviest accumulations are likely in the higher elevations of=20
    the Raton Mesa, Palmer Divide, and into the Sangre de=20
    Cristos/southern Front Range, but intense ascent should allow for=20
    snow significant snow accumulations even into the High Plains, at
    least until the more intense easterly/WAA develops warming the
    column. There will likely be a thermal gradient near the KS/CO=20
    border which will be the demarcation between primarily snow and=20
    primarily rain, but even all the way to the KS border periods of=20
    snow are possible during heavier snow and dynamic cooling.=20
    WPC probabilities for more than 8 inches of additional snow on D1
    are above 80% across the Raton Mesa and Palmer Divide, as well as
    into the Sangre de Cristos and southern Front Range. Elsewhere,
    probabilities for more than 4 inches are high across much of
    eastern CO except towards the KS border and northeast corner.

    As the low occludes and shifts over Neb Friday night/Saturday, the
    moisture moisture fetch is shunted east and thermals farther east
    do not support snow, so the heavy snow threat generally ends in CO.
    Some lingering snowfall is likely, however, especially in the CO
    Rockies, but additional accumulations will likely be minimal.


    The probability of significant ice across the CONUS is less than=20
    10 percent.


    Weiss


    ...Winter Storm Key Messages are in effect. Please see current=20
    Key Messages below...

    https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/key_messages/Late= stKeyMessage_1.png__;!!DZ3fjg!_Q6n64WBQaITlZWxa2RZrNsgOL99npr9_iRffZWBapcFO= 6sLc-U0XLeUbnnEVhKsaoM6tV108grSUZKyqoS1a-B4kbg$=20

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Fri Nov 8 20:18:31 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 082018
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    318 PM EST Fri Nov 8 2024

    Valid 00Z Sat Nov 09 2024 - 00Z Tue Nov 12 2024


    ...Colorado Rockies and Adjacent High Plains...=20
    Day 1...

    ...Heavy snow and major impacts continue for portions of the=20
    Colorado Rockies and Interstate 25 corridor into Saturday=20
    morning...

    Strong low pressure system causing this major winter storm will
    track north along the CO/KS border tonight, producing final rounds
    of heavy snow east from the Front Range over eastern CO into the
    overnight before diminishing into Saturday morning.=20
    Downstream height falls and divergence will combine with a=20
    modestly coupled jet structure to produce impressive large-scale=20
    ascent across the Southern/Central Rockies and High Plains as well=20
    as a surface low center tracking north over western KS tonight.=20
    This low is accompanied by enhanced forcing through persistent=20
    moist isentropic lift which will continue to bring TROWAL through=20
    eastern CO into the overnight. An axis of elevated instability=20
    beneath the TROWAL, collocated with an axis of deformation, will
    continue to allow 1-2"/hr snowfall rates in the heaviest TROWAL
    bands. This activity will lift from southeast CO through at least
    the Palmer Divide through this evening with bands weakening a bit
    as they track north from the Denver metro to southern WY.=20

    WPC snow probs are mainly terrain based with 30-70% values for >6"
    additional after 00Z across the greater Palmer Divide, the Front
    Range, and right around the Raton Mesa. Near 10% probs are along
    the Cheyenne Ridge in southeast WY. However, the intensity of the
    banding should allow heavy snow to overcome more marginal thermals
    and accumulate in the valleys, so areas around CO Springs and at
    least portions of the Denver metro should see some additional=20
    impactful snow tonight.=20

    As the low occludes and shifts over Neb on Saturday, the moisture=20
    moisture fetch is shunted east and thermals farther east do not=20
    support snow, so the heavy snow threat generally ends with the
    Cheyenne Ridge. The Black Hills mainly stay below the snow level,
    so impactful snow is not expected there, but some flakes should be
    seen on Saturday.


    ...Northwest...
    Day 3...

    A potent upper trough ejecting from a deep Gulf of Alaska low=20
    approaches the Pacific Northwest coast Sunday night and digs down
    to the northern Great Basin on Monday. Snow levels in the moisture
    surge ahead of the trough rise to around 6000ft in western WA and
    7000ft in OR/northern CA before dropping to 4000-5000ft under the
    trough on Monday. Day 3 PWPF for >6" are 30-70% over the length of
    the Cascades. More impactful snow is likely Monday night into
    Tuesday with at least the higher passes in WA seeing accumulating
    snow then.


    The probability of significant ice across the CONUS is less than=20
    10 percent.


    Jackson


    ...Winter Storm Key Messages are in effect...=20

    Southern/Central Rockies and High Plains: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/key_messages/Late= stKeyMessage_1.png__;!!DZ3fjg!9_n9QFVgwaIkhJLdPvVZONqU-53YTaKPIqRb9VEkyRZ5C= hnyEwRZMz3sCk5oLm8fYzvDlr_oZxTuwF5K0RccR2_mGlY$=20

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sat Nov 9 07:36:45 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 090736
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    236 AM EST Sat Nov 9 2024

    Valid 12Z Sat Nov 09 2024 - 12Z Tue Nov 12 2024


    ...Colorado Rockies...
    Day 1...

    The historic winter storm that has brought multiple feet of snow to
    many parts of the Southern Rockies and central High Plains will
    wane quickly Saturday morning as the low becomes vertically stacked
    and occludes, shutting off the primary moisture feed. Despite this
    occurring, the primary upper low will remain intense, and the
    strong deformation axis responsible for the heavy snow banding=20
    overnight will pivot across north-central CO into southeast WY=20
    before slowly eroding through the day. The thermal profile to the=20
    northeast is less conducive for snow, but some dynamic cooling due=20
    to strong ascent could still result in some modest snowfall through
    early Saturday. However, the greatest potential for any additional
    significant accumulations will be across the higher terrain of=20
    north-central CO, including the Park Range where WPC probabilities=20
    for an additional 4+ inches of snow are 50-70%.


    ...Northwest...
    Days 2-3...

    A potent upper trough digging from the Gulf of Alaska will dig
    towards Washington State, but likely come ashore over British
    Columbia Monday night. This will have a two-pronged effect of
    causing broad height falls across the Pacific and Interior
    Northwest (height anomalies -1 sigma according to NAEFS) while also
    causing some pinched broadly cyclonic flow into the Northwest
    CONUS. Together, this will drive a corridor of moderate IVT for
    which CW3E probabilities from the ECENS and GEFS suggest will
    exceed 500 kg/m/s as an AR surges onshore, accompanied by a surface
    cold front advecting eastward. This will result in a stripe of
    heavy precipitation ahead of the cold front, with a secondary wave
    of precipitation following in its wake embedded within the
    confluent mid-level flow.=20

    Snow levels ahead of the front will be generally 6000-7000 ft, so
    the initial precipitation should fall as primarily rain except in
    the highest terrain of the Cascades. However, as snow levels crash
    behind the front and precipitation persists, accumulating snow will
    occur as low as 3500-4000 ft by the end of the period. This will
    result in significant snowfall in the WA/OR Cascades and the
    Olympics, with increasing pass-level impacts possible.
    Additionally, by Tuesday morning /end of D3/ precipitation falling
    as snow is expected to spread as far east as the Northern Rockies
    and areas around Yellowstone NP.=20

    WPC probabilities for more than 4 inches of snow on D2 are confined
    to the far northern WA Cascades and the higher terrain around Mt.
    Rainier where they are above 70%. By D3, snowfall expands along the
    Cascades and as far south as the Sierra, while additionally
    pushing inland to the Northern Rockies. WPC probabilities for more
    than 6 inches D3 are above 70% along the Cascades and near Mt.
    Shasta, where 1-2 feet of snow is likely in the highest terrain.
    Elsewhere, WPC probabilities are as high as 30-50%, highest near
    the Salmon River and Sawtooth Ranges of Idaho. With snow levels
    falling, impactful pass-level snow is also likely, especially at
    some of the higher passes like Washington Pass and Stevens Pass in
    the WA Cascades.



    The probability of significant ice across the CONUS is less than=20
    10 percent.

    Weiss



    ...Winter Storm Key Messages are in effect. Please see current=20
    Key Messages below...

    https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/key_messages/Late= stKeyMessage_1.png__;!!DZ3fjg!8KwIpDU7Aq4kHWDMDoRjDrPoB-8-bPQ57othAXp-L28ct= Ikbt5UkMwqN3a07KCibvl3oE3xVtadhMskPBBbFG9f5adc$=20

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sat Nov 9 19:09:38 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 091909
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    209 PM EST Sat Nov 9 2024

    Valid 00Z Sun Nov 10 2024 - 00Z Wed Nov 13 2024

    ...Western U.S....
    Days 2-3...

    A potent upper trough currently rounding a deep low over the Gulf
    of Alaska will further amplify as it digs south toward the PacNW
    coast Sunday night with the base of the trough crossing northern CA
    on Monday. This sharp trough then shifts east over the
    northern/central Rockies through Tuesday.

    Elevated moisture with a plume of 1-1.25" PW streams into the
    Cascades Sunday night ahead of the axis with snow levels generally
    6000-7000 ft, before dropping to 4000-5000ft under the trough on
    Monday. Moderate precip rates are expected behind the cold front
    Monday into Tuesday as moist onshore flow persists, leading to
    prolonged snow at and above the higher pass levels in WA/OR
    Cascades. Day 2 PWPF for >6" is generally limited to the highest
    Cascades, but Day 3 is above 50% at pass level with a couple feet
    likely for the highest peaks.

    The cold front progresses inland to the northern Rockies Monday
    afternoon with a couple rounds of mountain snow (snow levels drop
    from around 8000ft to 5000ft with the frontal passage) expected
    through Tuesday. Day 3 PWPF for >6" are 40-80% for the Salmon
    River, western Sawtooths, Bitterroots, Tetons, and ranges around
    Glacier NP.

    A band of frontal precip/mountain snow can be expected over
    northern CA late Monday with Day 2.5 PWPF 20-60% for >6" for the
    Trinity Alps, CA Cascades, and northern Sierra Nevada with snow
    levels dropping from 6000ft to 5000ft with the frontal passage.


    The probability of significant ice across the CONUS is less than
    10 percent.

    Jackson


    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sun Nov 10 07:38:44 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 100738
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    238 AM EST Sun Nov 10 2024

    Valid 12Z Sun Nov 10 2024 - 12Z Wed Nov 13 2024

    ...Northwest...
    Days 2-3...

    Dual amplified shortwaves will bring an active period of weather to
    the Pacific and Interior Northwest through mid-week. The first of
    these will dig out of the Gulf of Alaska and approach the British
    Columbia coast Sunday night, before sharpening into a short-
    wavelength but amplified open wave advecting onshore WA/OR Monday
    evening. This feature will then move quickly eastward into the
    Northern Rockies while weakening through Tuesday. Although this
    trough will be of modest amplitude and progressive, height falls,
    divergence and dual jet streaks (one poleward arcing downstream of
    the trough axis, another more zonally oriented upstream) will lead
    to widespread deep layer ascent from the Pacific Northwest eastward
    through the Northern Rockies. At the same time, this trough will
    drive a cold front eastward, surging onshore the WA/OR coasts
    Monday morning before racing into the Northern High Plains by the
    end of the forecast period.

    This synoptic lift will act upon an increasingly moist column noted
    by rapidly rising 1000-500mb RH as warm/moist advection occurs
    within the aforementioned jet streaks, driving IVT to 250-500
    kg/m/s. This will support widespread moderate to heavy
    precipitation, and as snow levels collapse from around 6000 ft
    early to as low as 3500 ft D2, snow will become widespread in the
    terrain of the Olympics, Cascades, Shasta/Trinity region of CA, the
    Sierra, and then into the Northern Rockies. WPC probabilities for
    at least 6 inches of snow are 70+% along the spine of the Cascades
    of WA and OR, with amounts reaching multiple feet likely in the
    highest volcanoes. There is also a 30-50% chance of more than 6
    inches in the Shasta/Trinity region, the northern Sierra, the Blue
    Mountains of OR, and the far Northern Rockies.

    After a brief period of shortwave ridging across the Pacific
    Northwest, a more pronounced impulse digs into the region during D3,
    nearly reaching the coast by the end of the period. This will be
    accompanied by more impressive moist advection with ECENS IVT
    probabilities reaching above 90% for 500 kg/m/s, with several
    members exceeding 750 kg/m/s. The accompanying WAA will surge snow
    levels back to around 5000-6000 ft along the immediate coast, but
    rise only to around 4000 ft across the Cascades. This will support
    more widespread heavy snow, with generally below climo SLRs leading
    to high snow load and greater impacts, especially across the WA
    Cascades. WPC probabilities are above 9)% in the WA Cascades,
    primarily above 5000 ft, with 1-2 feet likely in the higher
    elevations. Some pass level impacts are also expected, especially
    at Washington Pass, with lesser but still potential impacts at
    Stevens Pass.


    The probability of significant ice across the CONUS is less than
    10 percent.

    Weiss


    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sun Nov 10 20:34:31 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 102034
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    334 PM EST Sun Nov 10 2024

    Valid 00Z Mon Nov 11 2024 - 00Z Thu Nov 14 2024

    ...Western U.S...
    Days 1-3...

    Back-to-back sharp troughs bring higher elevation snow to the NW
    quadrant of the CONUS through midweek. The first trough will
    continue to dig south from a parent low over the Gulf of Alaska
    before crossing the PacNW coast (with the base of the trough over
    northern CA) early Monday before ejecting east over the northern
    Rockies through Tuesday. The second trough reaches the PacNW coast
    later Wednesday.


    Although the first trough will be of modest amplitude and
    progressive, height falls, divergence and dual jet streaks (one
    poleward arcing downstream of the trough axis, another more zonally
    oriented upstream) will lead to widespread deep layer ascent from
    the Pacific Northwest eastward through the Northern Rockies. At the
    same time, this trough will drive a cold front eastward, surging
    onshore the WA/OR/northern CA coasts Monday morning before racing
    into the Northern High Plains on Tuesday. This synoptic lift will
    act upon an increasingly moist column noted by rapidly rising
    1000-500mb RH as warm/moist advection occurs within the
    aforementioned jet streaks, driving IVT to 250-500 kg/m/s. This
    will support widespread moderate to heavy precipitation, and as
    snow levels drop from 6000 to 7000 ft tonight to around 4000 ft
    Monday night, snow will become widespread in the terrain of the
    Cascades down to the central Sierra Nevada and then the Northern
    Rockies by Monday evening. Day 1 WPC snow probabilities for >6" are
    50-80% for the higher Cascades and 30-60% for the northern Sierra
    Nevada.

    Low pressure lingering near Haida Gwaii (ahead of the parent low
    exiting the Gulf of Alaska) maintains onshore flow over the PacNW
    coast through Tuesday when the moisture surge ahead of the next
    wave arrives at the coast. So light to moderate precip continues
    over the Cascades to the Northern Rockies, prolonging and
    connecting the main accumulating snow events. Day 2 WPC snow
    probabilities for >6" are categorical above 4500ft in the Cascades
    and 40-70% in the Blue Mtns, Bitterroots, Clearwater, Tetons, and
    ranges just NW of Yellowstone (such as the Gallatin and Ranges).

    The next wave will be accompanied by more impressive moist
    advection with ECENS IVT probabilities reaching above 90% for 500
    kg/m/s, with several members exceeding 750 kg/m/s. The accompanying
    WAA will surge snow levels back to 5000-6000 ft over the Cascades
    Tuesday night. This will support more widespread heavy/wet snow,
    with snow load impact concerns. Day 3 WPC probabilities for >6" are
    categorical for the WA Cascades and 40-70% for the highest OR/CA
    Cascades higher ranges of northeast WA/far northern ID such as the
    Selkirk Mtns.

    Over the three day span, a few feet are likely above about 6000 ft
    in the Cascades and several feet for the highest volcanos.


    The probability of significant ice across the CONUS is less than
    10 percent.


    Jackson

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Mon Nov 11 07:28:43 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 110728
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    228 AM EST Mon Nov 11 2024

    Valid 12Z Mon Nov 11 2024 - 12Z Thu Nov 14 2024

    ...Western U.S...
    Days 1-3...

    Two distinct and anomalous shortwaves will amplify and move
    progressive across the Western CONUS through Thursday, bringing an
    extended period of unsettled weather to the region, with several
    days of moderate to heavy snow expected in the higher terrain.

    The first of these will approach the Pacific Coast Monday morning,
    with downstream SW flow driving robust IVT approaching 500 kg/m/s
    onshore into CA/OR/WA. This IVT will help surge PWs to above climo
    directly ahead of a surface cold front which will be positioned
    beneath the trough axis. As this trough/front advect onshore Monday
    aftn, the overlapping ascent into the moistening column will result
    in heavy precipitation spreading from central CA through the WA
    Cascades, and then pushing east, while weakening due to lessening
    IVT, reaching the Northern Rockies and eastern Great Basin by
    Tuesday morning. Snow levels ahead of this front will be generally
    around 6000 ft during the period of heaviest precipitation, but
    will fall quickly to as low as 3500 ft behind the front. At the
    same time, while the primary forcing mechanisms will shift east,
    continued onshore moist advection in pinched mid-level flow will
    drive persistent moisture onshore, resulting in snow accumulations
    lowering across the Cascades/Olympics. WPC probabilities D1 for
    more than 6 inches of snow are above 70% along the spine of the
    Cascades in OR and WA, with up to 2 feet possible in the highest
    terrain. Lower probabilities exist into the Shasta/Trinity region,
    the northern Sierra, and as far east as the Blue Mountains of OR.

    During D2 /Tuesday and Tuesday night/ the lead trough and
    accompanying cold front continue to push east as far as the Central
    Plains while weakening, while shortwave ridging briefly builds in
    across the Northwest. This suggests that much of D2 will feature
    waning snowfall with lesser accumulations. However, before D2 ends,
    the subsequent trough will approach the Pacific Northwest once
    again. This trough is progged to be deeper, noted by 700-500mb
    height anomalies reaching -2 sigma according to NAEFS, with the
    subsequent downstream warm/moist advection in the mid and upper
    levels driving IVT to as high as 750 kg/m/s, and ECENS
    probabilities suggest even a 30% chance of IVT exceeding that
    value. This WAA will occur within a narrow channel ahead of yet
    another cold front, driving a corridor of heavy precipitation in
    conjunction with snow levels rising once again to 6000-7000 ft.
    This will limit snowfall before D2 ends except in the highest
    terrain of the Olympics and Cascades.

    The trough axis responsible for pushing the front eastward and
    driving the pronounced deep layer ascent across the Northwest will
    struggle to move east as repeated lobes of vorticity rotate down
    from the Gulf of Alaska, resulting in little movement of the trough
    axis and persistent, although weaker, moist advection onshore. This
    suggests that snow levels will only slowly fall, progged to drop
    to 4500-5000 ft by the end of the forecast period, with primarily
    light to moderate precipitation rates from northern CA through the
    Northern Rockies. This will still result in heavy snow
    accumulations at the highest elevations, reflected by WPC
    probabilities for more than 6 inches exceeding 90% in the northern
    WA Cascades, and then expanding east into Selkirk Range, the Blue
    Mountains, and the Sawtooth/Salmon River area. The higher passes
    above 5000 ft will also likely experience significant impacts from
    snow accumulations, but in general most of the passes should be
    below the heavier snow accumulation levels.


    The probability of significant ice across the CONUS is less than
    10 percent.


    Weiss


    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Mon Nov 11 19:06:28 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 111906
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    206 PM EST Mon Nov 11 2024

    Valid 00Z Tue Nov 12 2024 - 00Z Fri Nov 15 2024

    ...Western U.S...
    Days 1-3...

    Two distinct and anomalous shortwaves will amplify and impact the
    Western CONUS through Thursday, bringing an extended period of
    unsettled weather to the region, with several days of moderate to
    heavy snow expected in the higher terrain (mainly above 5000 ft).

    The first of these is currently progressing inland across the
    Pacific Northwest today, with downstream SW flow driving robust IVT
    approaching 500 kg/m/s onshore into central CA. This IVT will help
    surge PWs to above climo directly ahead of a surface cold front
    which will be positioned beneath the trough axis. As this
    trough/front further slide eastward this evening, heavy
    precipitation remains possible in the central/southern Sierra. This
    moisture axis is forecast to weaken due to lessening IVT as it
    slides east, reaching the Northern Rockies and eastern Great Basin
    by Tuesday morning. Snow levels ahead of this front will be
    generally around 6000 ft during the period of heaviest
    precipitation, but will fall quickly to as low as 3500 ft behind
    the front. At the same time, while the primary forcing mechanisms
    will shift east, continued onshore moist advection in pinched mid-
    level flow will drive persistent moisture onshore, resulting in
    snow accumulations lowering across the Cascades/Olympics. WPC
    probabilities D1 (through Tuesday evening) for more than 6 inches
    of snow are above 70% along the spine of the Cascades in OR and WA,
    with up to 2 feet possible in the highest terrain.

    During D2 (Tuesday night and Wednesday) the lead trough and
    accompanying cold front continue to push east as far as the Central
    Plains while weakening, as shortwave ridging briefly builds in
    across the Northwest. This suggests that the first half of D2 will
    feature waning snowfall with lesser accumulations. However, by
    Wednesday, the subsequent trough will approach the Pacific
    Northwest once again. This trough is progged to be deeper, noted by
    700-500mb height anomalies reaching -2 sigma according to NAEFS,
    with the subsequent downstream warm/moist advection in the mid and
    upper levels driving IVT to as high as 750 kg/m/s, and ECENS
    probabilities suggest even a 30% chance of IVT exceeding that
    value. This WAA will occur within a narrow channel ahead of yet
    another cold front, driving a corridor of heavy precipitation in
    conjunction with snow levels rising once again to 6000-7000 ft.
    This will limit the heaviest snowfall on D2 to the highest terrain
    of the Olympics and Cascades.

    The trough axis responsible for pushing the front eastward and
    driving the pronounced deep layer ascent across the Northwest will
    struggle to move substantially east as repeated lobes of vorticity
    rotate down from the Gulf of Alaska, resulting in little movement
    of the trough axis and persistent, although weaker, moist advection
    onshore. This suggests that snow levels will only slowly fall,
    progged to drop to 4500-5000 ft by the end of the forecast period,
    with primarily light to moderate precipitation rates from northern
    CA through the Northern Rockies. This will still result in heavy
    snow accumulations at the highest elevations, reflected by WPC
    probabilities for more than 6 inches exceeding 90% in the northern
    WA Cascades, and then expanding east into Selkirk Range, the Blue
    Mountains, and the Sawtooth/Salmon River area. The higher passes
    above 5000 ft will also likely experience significant impacts from
    snow accumulations, but in general most of the passes should be
    below the heavier snow accumulation levels.


    The probability of significant ice across the CONUS is less than
    10 percent.


    Weiss/Snell





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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Tue Nov 12 08:21:09 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 120820
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    320 AM EST Tue Nov 12 2024

    Valid 12Z Tue Nov 12 2024 - 12Z Fri Nov 15 2024

    ...Western U.S...
    Days 1-3...

    An active period of winter weather continues across the Western
    CONUS this period as dual shortwave trough cross the region.,

    The first of these will be moving from the eastern Great Basin this
    morning into the Central Plains by Wednesday evening, with minimal
    amplitude gain. The combination of the progressive nature of this
    feature with modest PW surge (at least until the Plains when
    thermals support only rain) will somewhat limit snowfall potential
    D1. However, sharp height falls downstream of the short-wavelength
    trough combined with low-level convergence along the accompanying
    cold front and post-frontal upslope flow into terrain features will
    still support rounds of moderate to heavy snow. The greatest
    potential for significant accumulations will be across the Wasatch
    and Colorado Rockies, including the Park Range, where WPC
    probabilities for more than 6 inches are above 70%, and locally up
    to 10 inches is possible, primarily above 5500 ft.

    Brief shortwave ridging blossoms across the Northwest behind this
    first trough, but is quickly replaced by a more impressive impulse
    digging along the Pacific Coast as it drops from the Gulf of
    Alaska. Downstream divergence and accompanying WAA/moist advection
    will begin to spread precipitation back into the Pacific Northwest
    late tonight. Unlike its predecessor, this secondary trough will be
    very slow to move east as it gets repeatedly reinforced just off
    the coast by renewed lobes of vorticity swinging cyclonically
    around it. This will have the two-pronged effect of driving waves
    of ascent and persistent moisture onshore, while also keeping the
    primary trough axis positioned just west of the region until Friday
    when a more pronounced vort max swings through the base and pushes
    the trough onshore CA late in the forecast period.

    Within the most impressive WAA, a narrow channel of IVT exceeding
    750 kg/m/s is likely, focused into the WA/OR and northern CA coast
    late D2 into D2 before weakening with inland extent. This channel
    /AR/ will also provide the highest increase in snow levels,
    reaching as high as 7000 ft. However, dual cold front progged to
    push onshore, one Wednesday morning and another Thursday morning,
    driven east by periodic shortwaves, will cause gradual lowering of
    snow levels to as low as 3000 ft by Friday morning across the
    Cascades, and 4500 ft into the Interior Northwest and northern CA.
    The lower snow levels will be accompanied by weaker forcing and
    more transient moisture however, so heavy pass-level snow is still
    not anticipated at this time.

    Despite that, heavy snow accumulations are likely, especially on D2
    when WPC probabilities for more than 6 inches spike above 90% in
    the Cascades, Shasta/Trinity region, the Okanogan Highlands,
    Selkirk Mountains, and Blue Mountains. Some of these areas could
    receive as much as 2 feet of snow D2, and 6-12 inches is possible
    at some of the elevated passes including Washington Pass. By D3,
    the snow intensity wanes across most of the NW, but an increase in
    WPC probabilities for 6+ inches reaching 30-50% in the Sierra as
    the trough finally pushes onshore into CA.

    The probability of significant ice across the CONUS is less than
    10 percent.


    Weiss



    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Tue Nov 12 19:40:33 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 121940
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    240 PM EST Tue Nov 12 2024

    Valid 00Z Wed Nov 13 2024 - 00Z Sat Nov 16 2024

    ...Western U.S...
    Days 1-3...

    An amplified trough crossing the Rockies will continue to produce
    high elevation snow showers across the northern and central Rockies
    this evening. The greatest potential for significant additional
    accumulations centers over the north-central Colorado ranges,
    including southern portions of the Park Range, where WPC PWPF
    indicates that amounts of 6 inches or more are likely during the
    evening and overnight. Snow should diminish as the upper trough
    shifts east on Wednesday.

    Meanwhile, shortwave ridging over the Northwest will be replaced by
    a broad upper trough associated with a low developing northwest of
    Vancouver Island and energy digging to its south. Apart from the
    northern Cascades, snow levels are expected to remain above 5000 ft
    along much the Northwest ranges, limiting the potential for
    widespread impacts through Wednesday.

    As the leading energy moves east through the northern Rockies
    producing some isolated heavy amounts over the high terrain
    Wednesday night into Thursday, upstream energy will continue to
    amplify the flow along the West Coast, with a defined southern
    stream low/trough developing and moving onshore Thursday night into
    Friday. Lacking a long fetch of deep onshore flow, moisture with
    this system will be limited. Therefore, while at least a few inches
    of snow appears probable for areas in the Sierra above 5000 ft,
    widespread heavy accumulations are unlikely.

    The probability of significant ice across the CONUS is less than
    10 percent.

    Pereira


    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Wed Nov 13 07:51:21 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 130751
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    251 AM EST Wed Nov 13 2024

    Valid 12Z Wed Nov 13 2024 - 12Z Sat Nov 16 2024

    ...Western U.S...
    Days 1-3...

    The weather pattern over the next few days will be driven largely
    by a longwave upper level trough with a pair of upper level
    disturbances tracking into the West Coast. The first storm system
    is already impacting the Pacific Northwest with an IVT up to 750
    kg/m/s (topping the 97.5 climatological percentile) escorting
    anomalous moisture as far south as northern California and as far
    east as the Lewis Range in Montana. Elevations above 5,000ft,
    whether it be in the Cascades, Olympics, northern Sierra Nevada, or
    inland through the Blue, Sawtooth, Bitterroots, and Lewis Range,
    will be favored for witnessing accumulating snowfall that could
    result in treacherous travel conditions. The WSSI does depict some
    localized areas of Minor to Moderate Impacts in the >5,000ft
    elevations of the Olympics, Cascades, Blue, and Shasta Mountains
    today.

    Onshore flow into the Pacific Northwest will keep high elevation
    snow in the forecast through Thursday in the Northwest. By
    Thursday night, the next Pacific storm system will track farther
    south into California with 500mb heights that below the 2.5
    climatological percentile on NAEFS. Heights will be low enough
    Thursday night and into Friday morning that snow levels in the
    Sierra Nevada will be as low as 4,000ft (5,000ft in the San Gabriel
    and San Bernadino of southern California). The heaviest snowfall
    will be observed above 6,000ft in the central Sierra Nevada. WPC
    PWPF shows moderate-to-high chances (50-70%) for snowfall totals
    4" in the central Sierra Nevada between Thursday evening and
    Friday morning. By Friday afternoon, the upper trough will track
    into the heart of the Intermountain West with strong upper level
    ascent over the Northern Rockies. WPC PWPF shows moderate chances
    (40-60%) for snowfall totals >4" in the >7,000ft ranges of the
    Absaroka.

    ...Northern New England...
    Day 3...

    An inverted trough revolving around the northern flank of a
    retrograding storm system in the northwest Atlantic will direct a
    plume of low level moisture back towards northern New England on
    Friday. The air-mass over northern New England (particularly
    Maine) will be sufficiently cold and dry enough for wet-bulb
    temperatures to remain below freezing within the boundary layer.
    Strong easterly mid-level flow with air-mass origins over the
    Atlantic will lead to warm air-advection that causes a >0C nose
    between 850-750mb Friday morning. This is a setup that will likely
    result in periods of sleet/freezing rain over northern Maine and
    possibly as far west as northern New Hampshire. WPC PWPF does show
    low chances (10-30%) for ice accumulations >0.1" in parts of the
    North Woods and Central Highlands of northern Maine. One notable
    location with those potential ice accumulations includes Baxter
    State Park. These icy conditions could result in Minor Impacts
    according to the Probabilistic WSSI with low-moderate chances
    (30-50%) through Friday afternoon. The primary impacts would be icy
    roads in some areas that could lead to slick travel conditions.

    Mullinax


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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Wed Nov 13 20:08:29 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 132008
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    308 PM EST Wed Nov 13 2024

    Valid 00Z Thu Nov 14 2024 - 00Z Sun Nov 17 2024

    ...Western U.S....
    Days 1-3...

    A positively tilted longwave trough will move into the West Coast
    Thursday. The trough will become increasingly elongated as the
    upper level flow along the Canadian border attempts (and well
    eventually succeed) at returning to zonal flow. Meanwhile the
    southwestern side of the trough will slow down to a crawl over
    southern California by Saturday. As the trough elongates, a strong
    jet streak on the west side of the trough will gradually weaken as
    it orients in an unusual northeast to southwesterly flow. Meanwhile
    the jet streak ahead of the trough will gradually strengthen,
    eventually speeding up to peak over 150 kts from the Four Corners
    to the Upper Midwest.

    The cold air associated with the trough will support low snow
    levels over much of the Pacific Northwest, and extending into
    central California by Friday. Meanwhile all of the shortwave energy
    supporting the longwave trough will locally enhance lift with the
    various lows that move into the coast or develop over the Rockies.

    The strongest of these lows won't come anywhere near the U.S., but
    rather will stay over the coast of British Columbia. The associated
    cold frontal precipitation will have a long fetch of Pacific
    moisture with it, which will advect northeastward into the Pacific
    Northwest. Snow has been ongoing in the Washington and Oregon
    Cascades, and will move inland with the longwave trough to put a
    fresh blanket of snow over the mountains of Idaho and Montana,
    primarily in the Day 1/Tonight-Thursday time frame. The heaviest
    snow totals will likely be in the Washington and Oregon Cascades
    going forward, but amounts over a foot are probable for far
    northern Idaho and into the Bitterroots of Montana, as well as the
    Sawtooth of central Idaho. As the parent low north of Vancouver
    Island weakens, so too will the attendant front, which will allow
    for snow rates to diminish by Thursday night.

    Further south, a new low will form over Nevada Thursday night as a
    kink in the jet stream develops as a highly energetic shortwave
    rounds the base of the longwave trough. This will shift the axis of
    heaviest precipitation south into California, Nevada, and
    southeastern Idaho. By this point the heaviest snow totals will be
    into the Sierras of California as storm total snow into Friday
    night will approach a foot for the highest elevations. While truly
    heavy snow will likely only be relegated to the favored
    upslope/west facing slopes of the Cascades on Thursday and the
    Sierras on Friday, snow spreading well inland may still have
    localized impacts as cooler air into the Pacific Northwest allows
    snow levels to drop enough to potentially cause a few inches to
    accumulate in some of the more populated valleys of Nevada and into
    Idaho and over to Yellowstone N.P. by Friday night and lingering
    into Saturday.


    ...Northern Maine...
    Day 2...

    A retrograding upper level and surface low will move westward out
    of the Canadian Maritimes towards Maine Thursday night. The low's
    occluded front will spread precipitation into Maine starting at the
    eastern tip of the state late Thursday night, then overspreading
    much of northern Maine through Friday morning. Since this
    precipitation will move in during the coldest time of day, ground
    temperatures will support a period of frozen precipitation as the
    front moves westward. There is good agreement in the guidance that
    there will be abundant warm air aloft, which will support mostly
    freezing rain with the initial (and likely heaviest) round of
    precipitation. Thus, ice accumulations were nudged upward just a
    bit, though most areas of northern Maine will see less than a tenth
    of an inch of ice accumulation. The freezing rain will change over
    to plain rain with solar heating. The low will stop retrograding
    during the day Friday and gradually pull away, resulting in rain
    shower activity Friday afternoon.

    Wegman



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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Thu Nov 14 08:02:48 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 140802
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    302 AM EST Thu Nov 14 2024

    Valid 12Z Thu Nov 14 2024 - 12Z Sun Nov 17 2024

    ...Western U.S....
    Days 1-3...

    A pair of Pacific storm systems will produce heavy mountain snow
    from the West Coast to the Northern Rockies over the next few days.
    Today, broad scale upper level ascent out ahead of a longwave
    trough off the West Coast will also direct Pacific moisture at the
    Northwest and northern California. Periods of snow will occur for
    many of the Northwest U.S. mountain ranges which include (but are
    not limited to) the Cascades, Siskiyou, northern Sierra Nevada,
    Blue, Sawtooth, Bitterroots, Idaho Panhandle, and northern Montana
    Mountains). As a potent upper level trough approaches California
    Thursday night (500mb heights below the 2.5 climatological
    percentile via NAEFS), snow levels will fall to as low as 4,000ft
    in the Sierra Nevada and as low as 6,000ft in the San Gabriel and
    San Bernadino of southern California. The heaviest snowfall will
    be mainly confined to elevations at/above 6,000ft in the Sierra
    Nevada. By Friday morning, the upper level trough will advance
    through the Great Basin and into the Rockies by Friday afternoon.
    Periods of snow will move through northern Nevada and into the
    northern Rockies with the Tetons, Wind River, and Absaroka ranges
    seeing the heaviest snowfall Friday evening. Snow will also pick up
    in intensity along the Wasatch, Uinta, and Big Horn ranges Friday
    night and into Saturday morning. WPC PWPF shows moderate-high
    chances (50-70%) for >4" of snowfall along the Sierra Nevada above
    6,000ft, the northern Great Basin above 7,000ft, and the Absaroka,
    Tetons, and Wind River ranges above 8,000ft.

    Meanwhile, the Pacific Northwest will see periods of snow gradually
    diminish throughout the day today with a fairly tranquil day
    weather-wise on tap for Friday. By Saturday, the next Pacific
    trough approaches with a stronger IVT (>500 kg/m/s, or above the
    90th climatological percentile via NAEFS) will direct another plume
    of Pacific moisture at the region. Strong synoptic-scale support
    will also be present as 200-500mb winds over western Washington top
    the 90th climatological percentile. As the warm front arrives
    Saturday night, snow levels will rise to as high as 5,500ft in some
    cases, but once the cold front pushes through on Sunday, snow
    levels will crash and result in precipitation changing over to
    heavy snow Sunday afternoon in the Olympics and Cascades. Through
    12Z Sunday, the northern Cascades and the Idaho Panhandle above
    5,000ft sport high chances (>70%) for snowfall >6" with a low
    chance (10-30%) for >12" in the tallest peaks of the northern
    Washington Cascades.

    ...Northern Maine...
    Days 1-2...

    An inverted trough revolving around the northern flank of a
    retrograding storm system in the northwest Atlantic will direct a
    stream of low-level moisture back west towards northern New England
    late Thursday night into Friday. The air-mass over northern New
    England (particularly Maine) will be sufficiently cold and dry
    enough for wet-bulb temperatures within the boundary layer to
    remain below freezing for at least a few hours. Strong easterly
    mid-level flow with air-mass origins over the Atlantic will lead to
    warm-air advection (WAA) that causes a >0C nose between 850-750mb
    Friday morning. This setup will result in periods of sleet/freezing
    rain over northern Maine and possibly into far northern New
    Hampshire. WPC PWPF does depict some spotty areas with low chances
    (10-30%) for ice accumulations >0.1" in portions of the North Woods
    and Central Highlands of northern Maine. One notable location with
    those potential ice accumulations includes Baxter State Park. These
    icy conditions could result in Minor Impacts according to the
    Probabilistic WSSI with low chances (10-30%) through Friday
    afternoon. The primary impacts would be icy roads in some areas
    that could lead to slick travel conditions.

    Mullinax



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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Thu Nov 14 20:27:49 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 142025
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    325 PM EST Thu Nov 14 2024

    Valid 00Z Fri Nov 15 2024 - 00Z Mon Nov 18 2024

    ...Western U.S....
    Days 1-3...

    A pair of Pacific storm systems will produce heavy mountain snow
    from the West Coast to the Northern Rockies over the next few days.
    Broad scale upper level ascent out ahead of a longwave trough off
    the West Coast will also direct Pacific moisture at the Northwest
    and northern California. Periods of snow will occur for many of the
    Northwest U.S. mountain ranges which include (but are not limited
    to) the Cascades, Siskiyou, northern Sierra Nevada, Blue, Sawtooth, Bitterroots, Idaho Panhandle, and northern Montana Mountains). As
    a potent upper level trough approaches California tonight (500mb
    heights below the 2.5 climatological percentile via NAEFS), snow
    levels will fall to as low as 4,000ft in the Sierra Nevada and as
    low as 6,000ft in the San Gabriel and San Bernadino of southern
    California. The heaviest snowfall will be mainly confined to
    elevations at/above 6,000ft in the Sierra Nevada. By Friday
    morning, the upper level trough will advance through the Great
    Basin and into the Rockies by Friday night. Periods of snow will
    move through northern Nevada and into the northern Rockies with the
    Tetons, Wind River, and Absaroka ranges seeing the heaviest
    snowfall Friday evening. Snow will also pick up in intensity along
    the Wasatch, Uinta, and Big Horn ranges Friday night and into
    Saturday morning. WPC PWPF shows moderate-high chances (50-70%) for
    4" of snowfall along the Sierra Nevada above 6,000ft, the
    northern Great Basin above 6,000ft, and the Absaroka, Tetons, and
    Wind River ranges above 8,000ft.

    Meanwhile, the Pacific Northwest will see periods of light snow
    this evening, with a fairly tranquil day weather-wise on tap for
    Friday. By Saturday, the next Pacific trough approaches with a
    stronger IVT (>500 kg/m/s, or above the 90th climatological
    percentile via NAEFS) will direct another plume of Pacific moisture
    at the region. Strong synoptic-scale support will also be present
    as 200-500mb winds over western Washington top the 90th
    climatological percentile. As the warm front arrives Saturday
    night, snow levels will rise to as high as 5,500ft, but once the
    cold front pushes through on Sunday, snow levels will crash and
    result in precipitation changing over to heavy snow Sunday
    afternoon in the Olympics and Cascades. Through 12Z Sunday, the
    northern Cascades and the Idaho Panhandle above 5,000ft sport high
    chances (>70%) for snowfall >6" with a low chance (10-30%) for >12"
    in the tallest peaks of the northern Washington Cascades.

    ...Northern Maine...
    Days 1-2...

    An inverted trough revolving around the northern flank of a
    retrograding storm system in the northwest Atlantic will direct a
    stream of low-level moisture back west towards northern New England
    late tonight into Friday. The air-mass over northern New England
    (particularly Maine) will be sufficiently cold and dry enough for
    wet-bulb temperatures within the boundary layer to remain below
    freezing for at least a few hours. Strong easterly mid-level flow
    with air-mass origins over the Atlantic will lead to warm-air
    advection (WAA) that causes a >0C nose between 850-750mb Friday
    morning. This setup will result in periods of sleet/freezing rain
    over northern Maine and possibly into far northern New Hampshire.
    WPC PWPF does depict some spotty areas with low chances (10-30%)
    for ice accumulations >0.1" in portions of the North Woods and
    Central Highlands of northern Maine. One notable location with
    those potential ice accumulations includes Baxter State Park. These
    icy conditions could result in Minor Impacts according to the
    Probabilistic WSSI with low chances (10-30%) through Friday
    afternoon. The primary impacts would be icy roads in some areas
    that could lead to slick travel conditions.

    Kebede/Mullinax


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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Fri Nov 15 08:11:40 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 150811
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    311 AM EST Fri Nov 15 2024

    Valid 12Z Fri Nov 15 2024 - 12Z Mon Nov 18 2024

    ...Western U.S....
    Days 1-3...

    This morning, an upper level trough will advance through the Great
    Basin and into the Rockies by this evening. Periods of snow
    along the Sierra Nevada and northern Great Basin this morning will
    move into the northern Rockies tonight with the Tetons, Wind
    River, and Absaroka ranges seeing the heaviest snowfall. Snow will
    also pick up in intensity along the Wasatch, Uinta, Big Horn,
    Little Belt, and Big Snowy ranges tonight and into Saturday
    morning. WPC PWPF shows moderate chances (40-60%) for >6" of
    snowfall along the Sierra Nevada above 9,000ft. High probabilities
    70%) for snowfall >8" are forecast along the ridgelines of the
    northern Great Basin above 6,000ft and the Absaroka, Tetons, and
    Little Belt, and Big Snowy ranges above 7,000ft.

    Elsewhere, the Pacific Northwest will witness a fairly tranquil
    day weather-wise today. This changes by Saturday as the next
    Pacific trough approaches with a stronger IVT (>500 kg/m/s, or
    above the 90th climatological percentile via NAEFS) will direct
    another plume of Pacific moisture at the region. Strong synoptic-
    scale support will also be present as 200-500mb winds over western
    Washington top the 90th climatological percentile. As the warm
    front arrives Saturday night, snow levels will rise to as high as
    5,500ft, but once the cold front pushes through on Sunday, snow
    levels will crash and result in precipitation changing over to
    heavy snow Sunday afternoon in the Olympics and Cascades. Heavy
    snow will continue to push inland through the interior Northwest
    Sunday night while persistent upslope flow leads to a prolonged
    stretch of accumulating snowfall above 3,000ft in the Cascades.

    Through this weekend, the northern Cascades and the Idaho
    Panhandle above 5,000ft sport high chances (>70%) for snowfall >12"
    with low-moderate chances (30-50%) for >18" in the tallest peaks.
    In the Oregon Cascades and Blue Mountains, WPC PWPF shows
    moderate-high chances for >12" of snowfall. WSSI-P depicts
    moderate-high chances (50-70%) for Major Impacts in the WA/OR
    Cascades above 4,000ft, which includes some notable passes such as
    Snoqualmie Pass.

    ...Northern Maine...
    Day 1...

    Some light ice accumulations are expected across portions of
    northern Maine this morning. Warm air at mid levels overrunning
    sub-freezing low level temperatures will support periods of
    freezing rain/drizzle, especially from the St. John Valley on south
    through the Southern Aroostook. The primary impacts would be icy
    roads in some areas that could lead to slick travel conditions. WPC
    PWPF shows low-moderate chances for ice accumulations >0.01"
    through this afternoon.


    Mullinax





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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Fri Nov 15 20:17:00 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 152016
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    316 PM EST Fri Nov 15 2024

    Valid 00Z Sat Nov 16 2024 - 00Z Tue Nov 19 2024

    ...Western U.S....
    Days 1-3...

    A large longwave trough over the Western U.S. with very energetic
    jet streaks on both sides of it remains the primary driver of the
    active winter weather across the Pacific Northwest this afternoon.

    A weak low that will be primarily supported by the left exit region
    of the impressive southwesterly jet will cause areas of snow to
    form from the Sierra Nevada and northern Great Basin northeast
    through Yellowstone and into northeastern Montana and northwestern
    North Dakota through Saturday afternoon. The heaviest totals from
    this low will generally be across southwestern Montana where the
    low tracking across eastern Wyoming will be slower moving and
    strengthening. Thus, southwestern Montana will be in the favored
    comma-head region of the low for the longest period of time through
    tonight. Lesser amounts of snow are expected northeast of there
    into northeast Montana and northwestern North Dakota due to the low
    moving faster and having fully matured, however localized banding
    could form within the broader precipitation shield, which could
    result in heavier amounts in the valleys where any bands are the
    most persistent. Meanwhile heavier snow further south and west
    tonight from the Sierras through southeast Idaho will not be quite
    as favored for as long, so most snow totals above 6 inches will be
    relegated to the highest peaks in those regions. Once again,
    localized banding here as well could cause higher snow amounts in
    the valleys.

    The arrival of a second much stronger longwave trough into the
    Pacific Northwest late Saturday night through Monday will be
    characterized by the arrival of much colder air and a full mid-
    latitude Pacific fetch of moisture. As usual with this prolonged
    period of maritime polar air, the Washington Cascades will receive
    by far the most snowfall through Monday, with multi-day totals in
    the northern Washington Cascades potentially reaching into the 4 to
    6 feet range. As multiple energetic shortwaves also move ashore,
    heavy snow will spread south down the Oregon Cascades as well as
    well inland across much of the mountains of Idaho, western Montana,
    and Wyoming. Expect 2 to 3 feet of accumulation into the Oregon
    Cascades and 1 to 2 feet for the Idaho, Montana, and Wyoming
    mountains. The arrival of the renewed round of cold air will also
    send snow levels crashing right to the valley floors inland, while
    west of the Cascades they'll get to 1,000-2,000 ft by Monday.

    Expect Major impacts in the WSSI fields for the Washington Cascades
    and far northern Idaho primarily due to snow amount. Minor impacts
    are expected through Monday for most of Idaho, Montana, and
    Wyoming. Up to a 50% chance of extreme impacts are expected for
    the Washington Cascades from Snoqualmie Pass north starting Sunday
    night. Meanwhile chances for Major impacts have increased above
    90% for that same time period. Over 80% probabilities of Major
    impacts are expected for the Oregon Cascades starting Monday
    morning.

    Wegman







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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sat Nov 16 08:20:35 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 160820
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    320 AM EST Sat Nov 16 2024

    Valid 12Z Sat Nov 16 2024 - 12Z Tue Nov 19 2024

    ...Western U.S....
    Days 1-3...

    As one storm system originally over the Intermountain West last
    night departs (leaving some light-moderate mountain snow over parts
    of the central Rockies in its wake this morning), attention shifts
    to the next Pacific storm system that is set to bring an onslaught
    of heavy snow to the Pacific Northwest and Northern Rockies this
    weekend and into early next week. Precipitation will arrive
    Saturday morning as a warm front approaches from the West. Snow
    levels start out around 3,000ft Saturday morning, but strong warm
    air advection associated with the warm front will cause snow levels
    to rise above 7,000ft in the OR Cascades, while they are more
    focused around 5,000ft in the northern WA Cascades Saturday night.
    This same moisture plume, which is associated with a >500 kg/m/s
    IVT that also happens to be above the 90th climatological
    percentile according to NAEFS, will advect rich low-mid level
    moisture well inland into the northern Rockies Saturday night. By
    Sunday, while moisture advection into the Cascades will not be as
    strong, a cold front passing through on Sunday will cause snow
    levels to plummet to as low as 2,000ft in the WA Cascades and
    2,500ft in the Oregon Cascades by Sunday evening.

    These falling snow levels will also occur inland across the
    Northern Rockies Sunday night and into Monday. NAEFS by 00Z Monday
    shows 500mb heights that are below the 10th climatological
    percentile throughout the northwestern U.S.. By Monday afternoon,
    700mb temperatures are unusually cold across the Pacific NW with
    temps as cold as the 2.5 climatological percentile. This unusually
    cold air-mass is in place at the same time as steady onshore flow
    perpendicular to the Cascades and northern Rockies continues to
    support moderate-heavy snow from the Olympics, Cascades, and
    northern Rockies to as far south as the Salmon Mountains of
    northern California. Heavy snow not only looks to continue through
    Monday night in the Cascades and Olympics, but a much stronger
    Pacific storm system arrives on Tuesday with more heavy snow and
    much stronger winds.

    Through 12Z Tuesday, WPC PWPF shows which chances (>70%) for
    snowfall >18" in the Oregon Cascades, the northern Bitterroots of
    the Idaho Panhandle, and the tallest peaks of the Lewis Range. The
    northern Washington Cascades show high chances (>70%) for over 2
    feet of snowfall with some of the tallest peaks above 7,000ft
    topping 3 feet. Impacts will be the worst in these aforementioned
    areas with Moderate to Major Impacts shown on the WSSI, which
    includes some of the notable passes in the OR/WA Cascades.
    Elsewhere, WPC PWPF shows high chances (>70%) for >12" of snowfall
    in the Blue, Boise, and Sawtooth Mountains. Similar high chance
    probabilities exist in the Tetons for >8" of snowfall. The WSSI
    shows Minor to localized Moderate Impacts in these mountain ranges.

    ...Eastern MT & Western ND...
    Day 1...

    Over the past 24 hours, guidance shows the upper level trough
    tracking through southern Montana tonight to be more potent and
    compact than originally shown. The region remains beneath the
    divergent left-exit region of a 250mb jet streak located over the
    Four Corners region. As the 700mb low tracks through eastern
    Montana this morning, a ribbon of anomalous 700mb moisture aloft
    will wrap around the northern and western flank of the low while
    strong vertical velocities aloft and dynamic cooling allow for
    heavy snow to ensue over northeast Montana. Latest CAMs show
    excellent upward vertical velocities within a highly saturated DGZ
    around 600-550mb. The 00Z HREF Snowband Probability Tracker (SPT)
    does show a swath of snowfall rates that could hover around 2"/hr,
    if not higher in some cases. Residents in these areas can expect
    rapidly accumulating snowfall this morning with US Routes 2 and 85
    to the north and west of Williston likely to feature treacherous
    travel conditions. Slick roads and significantly reduced
    visibilities are expected where the heaviest snowfall occurs. By
    this afternoon, the storm system will be over eastern North Dakota
    and tracking to the northeast. Periods of snow will continue across
    western North Dakota before finally concluding Saturday evening.


    The probability of significant ice across the CONUS is less than
    10 percent.

    Mullinax



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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sat Nov 16 20:35:57 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 162035
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    335 PM EST Sat Nov 16 2024

    Valid 00Z Sun Nov 17 2024 - 00Z Wed Nov 20 2024

    ...Western U.S....
    Days 1-3...

    A sharp trough sweeping southeast from the Gulf of Alaska will
    reach the PacNW coast Sunday morning before crossing the northern
    Rockies through Monday. Deep low pressure develops over the Gulf of
    Alaska Sunday night in the wake of the trough and a reinforcing
    trough around this new low looks to rapidly develop Tuesday west of
    Vancouver island and will go a long ways to maintaining a rather
    active pattern over the Northwest through the next week.

    A rich plume of moisture streaming ahead of the approaching trough
    will quickly raise snow levels tonight above 5,000ft in the north
    WA Cascades and over 8,000ft in the OR Cascades. This robust
    moisture reaches the northern Rockies late tonight with snow levels
    around 5,000ft there through Sunday. Meanwhile, the sharp cold
    front will cross WA/OR through Sunday and cause snow levels to
    plummet to 2,000ft in the WA Cascades and 2,500ft in the Oregon
    Cascades by Sunday evening. Snow levels fall to around 2,000ft in
    the northern Rockies Sunday night. Continued onshore flow under
    this trough and ahead of the next developing system will maintain
    moderate snow rates over this terrain through Monday. Day 1 PWPF
    for >6" snow are categorical for all the WA and higher OR Cascades,
    Blue Mtns of OR and Salmon River Mtns of ID north through the
    Bitterroots. The lower snow levels and more expansive moisture
    brings categorical Day 2 PWPF for >8" along the WA/OR Cascades and
    Northern Rockies down to the Tetons.

    One note about the onshore flow tonight is the moisture overriding
    cold surface conditions over the Columbia Basin tonight into Sunday
    to cause pockets of freezing rain. Day 1 PWPF for >0.1" ice are up
    to 20% in the Columbia Basin.

    A lull from brief ridging Monday night quickly gives way to the
    next surge of Pacific moisture later Tuesday into the PacNW. Snow
    levels will rise on the initial plume of SWly flow and from there
    is quite a bit of uncertainty from a wintry weather perspective
    with the 12Z suite featuring a stalled low just offshore through
    the rest of next week. An active pattern to say the least.


    ...Northern Plains...
    Day 3...

    Low pressure closes off tonight/Sunday south of AZ which tracks
    over west TX into the central High Plains Monday. This portion is
    rather warm and should produce rain where last week had the
    historic heavy snow. This low rapidly shifts up the Plains Monday
    night as a potent low with comma head/snow banding on the NW side
    not developing until over North Dakota later Tuesday. Day 3 PWPF
    for >4" are 10-40% over north-central WY terrain, the Black Hills,
    and much of western/northern ND. A trend to a wetter comma head was
    made today in the forecast, so banding similar to what occurred
    this morning over eastern MT may be at stake a bit farther east on
    Tuesday.


    Jackson


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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sun Nov 17 08:12:46 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 170812
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    312 AM EST Sun Nov 17 2024

    Valid 12Z Sun Nov 17 2024 - 12Z Wed Nov 20 2024

    ...Western U.S....
    Days 1-3...

    A developing active pattern is in its early stages as the first in
    a series of Pacific storm systems revolves beneath the base of a
    longwave trough that will become quasi-stationary in the Gulf of
    Alaska to start the period. Then, as a strong ridge builds over the
    Aleutians mid-week, the longwave trough will dive south into the
    northeast Pacific and direct a steady barrage of rich Pacific
    moisture at the region into the second half of the week. Tonight,
    the warm front associated with the initial surge in Pacific
    moisture is working across the interior Northwest. Meanwhile, a
    cold front will push across western WA/OR Sunday morning that will
    cause snow levels to plummet to as low as 2,000ft in the WA
    Cascades and 2,500ft in the OR Cascades by this afternoon. By
    Sunday evening, some locations on the windward side of the Cascades
    could see snow levels as low as 1,000ft. It is also worth noting
    that there are likely to be some instances of freezing rain today
    with low-moderate probabilities for >0.01" of freezing rain in
    parts of eastern OR and the northern ID Panhandle.

    The falling snow levels will occur well inland across the Northern
    Rockies Sunday night and into Monday. NAEFS shows 500-700mb temps
    and heights that are below the 10th percentile throughout the
    Northwest on Monday. This unusually cold air-mass is in place at
    the same time as persistent onshore flow, courtesy of the longwave
    trough to the north, strikes mountain ranges such as the Cascades
    at an orthogonal angle to maximize the snowfall potential through
    Monday. Following a brief lull Monday night, a rapidly
    strengthening storm system (both the GFS and ECMWF have the low sub
    950mb by Tuesday afternoon!) will direct a stronger atmospheric
    river at the Pacific Northwest with not only exceptional moisture
    advection (>750 kg/m/s IVT on NAEFS would be above the 97.5
    climatological percentile Tuesday afternoon), but intense winds
    along the mountainous terrain. Robust warm air-advection late
    Tuesday and into Tuesday night will lead to snow levels rising to
    above 3,000ft in the WA Cascades and Olympics, around 4,000ft in
    the OR Cascades, and 6,000ft in the northern California ranges by
    Wednesday morning. The concern would be for the potential for a
    heavier/wet snow type to rapidly accumulate, while powerful wind
    gusts potential lead to tree damage and power outages Tuesday
    night and into Wednesday.

    All told, there is no shortage of snow in the forecast for the
    Pacific Northwest and Northern Rockies. Snow is likely to be
    measured in feet along not just the Cascades above 3,000ft, but the
    Olympics, the Salmon/Shasta/Siskiyou of northern California, and
    well inland through the Blue, Sawtooth, Boise, Bitterroot, Tetons,
    and Lewis Mountain Ranges. The latest WSSI shows Moderate to Major
    Impacts in the Cascades and Bitterroots with impacts including not
    just dangerous travel conditions (including notable Cascade
    passes), but the weight of the snow and strong winds by Tuesday
    night could result in tree damage and power outages in some areas.

    ...Northern Plains...
    Day 3...

    Confidence is increasing in a powerful late November cyclone to
    track from the Southern Plains on Monday and race north into the
    Midwest Monday night. Both NAEFS and ECMWF SATs support a highly
    anomalous area of low pressure Monday night, but the ECMWF is
    farther west and closer to the Missouri River than the NAEFS, which
    is located farther east over central Iowa. By Tuesday morning, the
    NAEFS (a GFS/CMC ensemble based tool) shows the storm about to
    cross the Mississippi River in southeast MN while the ECMWF is over
    southwest MN. The primary reason for this is the ECMWF shows a
    slightly slower and stronger 500mb solution than the GFS, albeit
    they are not overly different in the storm evolution.

    Where they differ is that the ECMWF (RGEM as well) phases sooner
    with an upper level disturbance over the northern High Plains and
    is pulled farther west than the GFS. By 21Z Tuesday, both the ECMWF
    and RGEM show a closed 500mb low near Bismarck, while the GFS is
    more elongated and does not close off fully until a few hours later
    near the ND/Canada border. These details are critical in
    determining where the deformation zone (or heaviest snow bands) set
    up; over the Dakotas or more over south-central Canada. For the
    moment, WPC PWPF shows moderate-high probabilities (50-70%) for
    4" of snowfall over north-central ND. It is worth noting that the
    WPC PWPF does show low chances (10-30%) for snowfall >8", and near
    the North Dakota/Canada border, a small 10% chance area for >12" of
    snowfall. Residents in the Dakotas should monitor the forecast
    closely over the next 24-48 hours.

    While exact amounts are unclear, the exceptionally strong storm
    system over Minnesota coupled with high pressure building in over
    the Northern Rockies will make for a very windy setup over the
    Northern Plains. Snow is still expected to fall across much of
    central and western North Dakota and wind gusts of 30-40 mph would
    result in whiteout conditions for areas that, in some cases, would
    experience their first round of accumulating snowfall this season.
    The Probabilistic WSSI (WSSI-P) shows moderate-high chances
    (50-70%) for Minor Impacts across much of central North Dakota with
    the highest probabilities focused in north-central North Dakota.
    The WSSI-P shows Snow Amount and Blowing Snow to be the primary
    impacts in these areas. In summary, while exact amounts remain low
    confidence at this range, the combination of some accumulating snow
    and hazardous visibility reductions due to blowing snow are still
    likely to cause some treacherous travel conditions in these areas
    late Tuesday and into Wednesday morning.


    The probability of significant ice across the CONUS is less than 10
    percent.

    Mullinax





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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sun Nov 17 20:42:44 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 172042
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    342 PM EST Sun Nov 17 2024

    Valid 00Z Mon Nov 18 2024 - 00Z Thu Nov 21 2024

    ...Western U.S....
    Days 1-3...

    Active winter pattern for the Northwest at least through the next
    week.

    A leading wave over the PacNW coast this afternoon will track east
    over the northern Rockies through Monday before rapidly developing
    into a deep low over North Dakota on Tuesday. A deep low currently
    over the Gulf of Alaska is rounded by a powerful shortwave Monday
    night allowing for particularly rapid development to a surface low
    well off Vancouver Island on Tuesday. This low then stalls/becomes
    a gyre off the PacNW coast through at least Friday which will
    result in prolonged moisture-potent onshore flow into the PacNW
    starting later Tuesday.

    The cold front from the leading wave currently crossing the
    Cascades crosses the northern Rockies tonight with low levels
    plummeting by this evening to 2,000ft in the WA Cascades and
    2,500ft in the OR Cascades. These snow levels then gradually drop
    an additional 500ft through Monday with moderate precip rates
    persisting from continued onshore flow.

    Snow levels fall over the northern Rockies from 5000-7000ft now to
    2000-2500ft overnight. The unusually cold air-mass is in place at
    the same time as persistent onshore flow, courtesy of the longwave
    trough to the north, strikes mountain ranges such as the Cascades
    at an orthogonal angle to maximize the snowfall potential through
    Monday. Day 1 PWPF for >6" are categorical for the Cascades above
    about 3000ft and the northern Rockies from the Tetons to the
    Bitterroots above about 4000ft.

    Following a brief lull in minor ridging Monday night, a rapidly
    strengthening storm system (the 12Z GFS/ECMWF both have a sub 950mb
    low by 21Z Tuesday!) will direct a stronger atmospheric river at
    the Pacific Northwest with not only exceptional moisture advection
    750 kg/m/s IVT on NAEFS would be above the 97.5 climatological
    percentile Tuesday afternoon), but intense winds along the
    mountainous terrain. Warm air advection will raise snow levels
    to above 2,500ft in the WA Cascades, around 4,000ft in the OR
    Cascades, and 6,000ft in the northern California ranges by
    Wednesday morning. The concern is for a heavier/wet snow type to
    rapidly accumulate, while powerful wind gusts potential lead to
    tree damage and power outages Tuesday night and Wednesday.

    All told, there is no shortage of snow in the forecast for the
    Pacific Northwest and Northern Rockies. Snow is likely to be
    measured in feet along the Cascades above 3,000ft, the
    Salmon/Shasta/Siskiyou of northern California, and well inland
    through the Blue, Sawtooth, Boise, Bitterroot, Tetons, and Lewis
    Mountain Ranges. The latest WSSI shows Moderate to Major Impacts in
    the Cascades and Bitterroots with impacts including not just
    dangerous travel conditions (including notable Cascade passes), but
    very heavy/wet snow and strong winds by Tuesday night that could
    result in tree damage and power outages in some areas.

    As of now Day 3 PWPF for >6" are categorical in the Shasta/Siskiyou
    of CA (which is the center of the prolonged moisture plume, but
    where topographical lift should keep snow levels from rising too
    far above 4000ft) and the WA Cascades where a burst of snow is
    expected from the arrival of the occluded low.


    ...Northern Plains...
    Days 2/3...

    A powerful late November cyclone will track from the Southern
    Plains tonight to Minnesota Monday night. The 12Z ECMWF is not as
    far east as previous runs and a bit more in line with the 12Z GFS
    in the track north over MN. This exceptionally strong storm system
    tracking over Minnesota coupled with high pressure building in
    over the Northern Rockies will make for a very windy setup over the
    Northern Plains. Snow is expected to fall across much of North
    Dakota and winds of 30-40 mph would result in whiteout conditions
    for areas like central and eastern ND would experience their first
    round of accumulating snowfall this season. The Day 2.5 PWPF for
    6" is 20-70% over much of ND west of the Red River Basin and north
    of I-94.


    The probability of significant ice across the CONUS is less than 10
    percent.


    Jackson


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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Mon Nov 18 08:26:23 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 180826
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    326 AM EST Mon Nov 18 2024

    Valid 12Z Mon Nov 18 2024 - 12Z Thu Nov 21 2024

    ...Western U.S...

    Days 1-3...

    **Multiple days of heavy snow to continue in the mountains of the
    Pacific Northwest through mid-week**

    An anomalously deep 200-500mb mean trough over the Northwest will
    keep snow levels lower than usual as low-mid level westerlies
    deliver a persistent fetch of Pacific moisture into the the
    Olympics, Cascades, and as far inland as the Northern Rockies
    today. Snow levels will be as low as 1,000ft in some parts of the
    northern WA Cascades, but 1,500-2,000ft will be more of the norm
    throughout the remainder of the Northwest. Through Tuesday morning,
    WPC PWPF shows high chances (>70%) for snowfall >6 inches in the
    Olympics, WA/OR Cascades above 3,000ft, the peaks of the Lewis
    Range, and in the Tetons. Expect hazardous travel conditions in
    these areas with roads along complex terrain more difficult to
    navigate.

    The longwave trough parked to the north off the coast of
    British Columbia will dive south Monday night and phase with
    another potent vorticity maximum to produce a powerful sub 950mb
    low off the Pacific Northwest coast Tuesday afternoon. This storm
    system will direct a robust atmospheric river (topping 1,000 kg/m/s
    at its peak, or above the 99.5 climatological percentile per
    NAEFS) at the northern CA and OR coast. This atmospheric river
    will accompany strong warm air advection that will force snow level
    to rise above 2,500ft in the WA Cascades, around 4,000ft in the OR
    Cascades, and 6,000ft in the northern California ranges by
    Wednesday morning. The concern is for a heavier/wet snow type to
    rapidly accumulate, while powerful wind gusts potential associated
    with the storm cause tree damage and power outages Tuesday night
    and Wednesday. This same plume of rich Pacific moisture will spread
    well inland with heavy snow set to occur in the Blue, Boise,
    Sawtooth, northeast Washington, and Bitterroot mountains. While
    snow gradually lessens in the Northern Rockies and Cascades
    Wednesday night, heavy snow will continue in the Shasta and
    northern Sierra Nevada of California. It is noteworthy that snow
    levels will gradually rise across northern California Wednesday
    night, ultimately reaching as high as 8,000ft by early Thursday
    morning.

    In summary, there is no shortage of snow in the forecast for the
    Pacific Northwest, Northern Rockies, and northern California. Snow
    will be measured in feet (1-3ft in most cases) along the Cascades
    above 3,000ft, the Salmon/Shasta/Siskiyou of northern California above
    4,000ft, and well inland through the Blue, Sawtooth, Boise,
    Bitterroot, Tetons, and Lewis Mountain Ranges. The latest WSSI
    still depicts Moderate to Major Impacts in the Cascades, Olympics,
    and Bitterroots with impacts including not just dangerous travel
    conditions (including notable Cascade passes), but very heavy/wet
    snow and strong winds by Tuesday night that could result in tree
    damage and power outages in some areas. The WSSI also now shows
    some instances for Extreme Impacts in the Salmon/Shasta of northern
    California where several feet of heavy/wet snow combined with
    strong winds will exacerbate the potential for power outages and
    tree damage.

    ...Northern Plains...
    Days 2-3...

    Guidance is coming into better agreement on the track of a highly
    anomalous area of low pressure (NAEFS and ECMWF shows MSLP values
    below the 0.5 climatological percentile over MN midday Tuesday). Snow
    is expected to fall across much of northern North Dakota starting
    Tuesday morning with the heaviest snowfall occurring Tuesday
    evening across much of northern North Dakota and even into parts
    of northwest Minnesota. Winds of 30-40 mph would result in whiteout
    conditions for areas like central and eastern ND would also
    experience their first round of accumulating snowfall this season
    in some areas. Snow intensity will gradually diminish through
    Wednesday morning, but blustery winds throughout the Red River of
    the North may result in reduced visibilities that make for
    hazardous travel conditions. WPC's WSSI-P shows moderate chances
    (40-60%) for Moderate Impacts (disruptions to daily life, including
    hazardous driving conditions and some closures) across central
    North Dakota. The highest confidence in those impacts are in north-
    central North Dakota. Tuesday's PWPF for >6" is 40-70% over north-
    central North Dakota to the west of the Red River Basin and north
    of I-94.


    The probability of significant ice across the CONUS is less than 10
    percent.


    Mullinax





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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Mon Nov 18 20:20:36 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 182020
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    320 PM EST Mon Nov 18 2024

    Valid 00Z Tue Nov 19 2024 - 00Z Fri Nov 22 2024

    ...Pacific and Interior Northwest

    Days 1-3...

    ***Impressive and long-lasting atmospheric river event to bring
    heavy snow to the Northwest***

    Broad cyclonic flow across the Northwest will amplify impressively
    as a strong closed low digs off the British Columbia coast and
    drifts southward west of WA/OR through Wednesday. This intense
    cutoff low is progged to create height anomalies that fall below
    anything in the CFSR climatology (in this 3 week period) at both
    500 and 700mb heights. This will drive incredible onshore
    advection of wind and precipitation as an intense surface low
    develops beneath this cutoff and shunts a cold front southeast
    towards the coast. This front is progged to stall as the upper low
    pivots in place through Wednesday before finally beginning to fill
    and retrograde back to the northwest, leaving persistent and
    impressive IVT surging onshore. IVT probabilities from the
    ECENS/GEFS are above 60%, and from the West-WRF above 90% for
    750 kg/m/s lifting onshore near 40N, with plumes suggesting the
    potential for IVT reaching 1000, highest on D2. This impressive and long-lasting IVT surge /AR/ will push multiple rounds of heavy
    precipitation onshore, especially beginning early D2, and notably
    where intense upslope flow will enhance ascent leading to snowfall
    rates of 2-3"/hr at times.

    Snow levels will begin the forecast period quite low, only around
    200 ft east of the Cascades to around 2000 ft in northern CA.
    However, the WAA accompanying the AR will raise snow levels
    steadily D2 and D3, reaching as high as 4000 ft in northern WA and
    the Northern Rockies, and to 8000 ft across northern CA. Despite
    this climb, impactful snow is likely at many passes before a slow
    transition to rain occurs during D3.

    WPC probabilities for 6+ inches D1 are above 70% along the spine of
    the OR Cascades and into the Olympics, with additional low
    probabilities below 40% encompassing parts of the interior
    including the Tetons, Big Horns, Northern Rockies, and even parts
    of the CO Rockies. However, the more significant event is D2-D3
    when WPC probabilities for more than 6 inches each day are above
    90% from the Shasta/Trinity region northward along the OR Cascades
    and into the WA Cascades/Olympics, and then east into the Okanogan
    Highlands and the Salmon River/Sawtooth/Blue Mountains. 2-day
    snowfall will likely reach 1-3 feet in many of these areas, with
    snowfall of 6 or more inches likely at many of the passes as well.


    ...Northern Plains...
    Days 1-2...

    The mid-level pattern across the CONUS begins to sharpen today,
    becoming impressively amplified by mid-week. This begins with a
    500mb shortwave trough over southern Alberta sinking southward
    through Tuesday while deepening into a closed low over North Dakota
    by the end of D1. Throughout D2 this low strengthens further into a
    large gyre spinning over the Upper Midwest in response to repeated
    vorticity lobes shedding through the flow and phasing into the more
    pronounced system. This development will pair with a southward
    advancing jet streak out of Canada and a surface cold front moving
    eastward to result in deepening cyclogenesis across the Upper
    Midwest. Moisture advection reflected by PWs surging to as high as
    +4 sigma Tuesday downstream of this low will begin to pivot
    northwest as a theta-e ridge lifts into a robust TROWAL, especially
    late D1 into D2 across ND, with the greatest theta-e advection
    merging into the DGZ.

    As the TROWAL pivots southward it will interact with modest
    deformation to produce a swath of heavy snow, which despite strong
    winds beneath the DGZ to fracture dendrites, will likely result in
    snowfall rates above 1"/hr at times. These rates combined with
    fluffy SLRs and strong winds will produce significant blowing snow
    impacts, regardless of how much snow accumulates. However, at this
    time, significant snowfall is appearing more certain, noted by WPC probabilities for more than 4 inches reaching 20-30% in NW ND D1,
    and expanding more impressively into eastern ND and far western MN
    D2, peaking above 60%. Locally 6-8" of snow is possible across some
    of the higher terrain surrounding the Red River Valley of the
    North.


    ...Central Appalachians...
    Day 3...

    An expansive closed 500mb low will be positioned over the Upper
    Midwest/Western Great Lakes at the start of D3, resulting in a
    vertically stacked and occluded low pressure. Throughout D3
    /Wednesday night into Thursday/ this closed low will wobble
    eastward as spokes of vorticity maxima rotate cyclonically around
    this feature, tugging it slowly eastward, while also pushing a
    secondary surface low, which is extended from the occluded front,
    across the Mid-Atlantic and towards the Northeast. This low will be
    trailed by dual cold fronts to cause rapid cooling of the column,
    and the resultant post-frontal flow will result in heavy snow
    developing in the upslope regions of the Appalachians, with
    additional enhanced lift occurring in the vicinity of a secondary
    wave dropping south out of Michigan Thursday.

    There is still some uncertainty into the timing of the secondary
    cold frontal passage, and how impressive ascent will be in the
    vicinity of the occluded low dropping into the OH VLY. A faster
    progression or deeper low may result in more widespread moderate
    snow as dynamic cooling can overcome marginal thermals, but a more
    south or west low could reduce upslope potential especially across
    the higher terrain of PA. At this time the greatest threat for
    significant accumulations continues to focus in the high terrain
    of WV, the panhandle of MD, and into SW PA. Here, recent WPC
    probabilities for more than 4 inches of snow are 50-70%, with more
    significant accumulations likely into D4.


    The probability of significant ice across the CONUS is less than 10
    percent.

    Weiss

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Tue Nov 19 08:07:37 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 190807
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    307 AM EST Tue Nov 19 2024

    Valid 12Z Tue Nov 19 2024 - 12Z Fri Nov 22 2024

    ...Pacific and Interior Northwest...
    Days 1-3...

    ***Impressive and long-lasting atmospheric river event to bring
    heavy snow to the Northwest***

    This morning, a large ridge of high pressure building over Alaska
    will help to force the longwave trough that has been parked off the
    British Columbia coast for the last 24 hours southward into the
    heart of the Northwest Pacific. Rounding the base of the longwave
    trough is a potent 500mb vort max that will phase and lead to the
    rapid cyclogenesis of a sub 950mb low off the Pacific Northwest
    coast by Tuesday afternoon. The NAEFS SAT page is littered with
    atmospheric parameters (wind speeds, heights, MSLP, IVT) that are
    approaching or reaching maximum (or minimum) climatological
    percentiles in the CFSR climatology. Perhaps the most notable
    parameters are the IVT (topping 1,000 kg/m/s at its peak off the
    northern California coast) and 850-700mb winds that are above the
    97.5 climatological percentiles Tuesday night into Wednesday
    morning. This same moisture plume will spill over the West Coast
    mountain ranges and into the Northern Rockies

    These two parameters are vital in producing what should be prolific
    snowfall rates in the Olympics, Cascades, Siskiyou, Salmon, and
    Shasta Mountains Tuesday night. WPC's Snowband Probability Tracker
    (SPT) utilizing the HREF shows the potential for 2-3"/hr snowfall
    rates as the heaviest precipitation arrives Tuesday evening with
    some potential for localized 4"/hr rates. Snow levels will begin
    the forecast period quite low; only around 200 ft east of the
    Cascades to around 2000ft in northern CA. However, the exceptional
    WAA accompanying the AR will raise snow levels steadily D2 and D3,
    reaching as high as 4000ft in northern WA and the Northern Rockies,
    and to 8000ft across northern CA. Despite this rise in snow
    levels, hazardous snowfall impacts are likely at many passes before
    p-type changes over to rain in the Olympics and Cascades first
    (both via WAA and dry slotting aloft), then over the northern
    California ranges Wednesday evening. This coincides with both a
    thermodynamic profile that will lead to snowfall being a heavy/wet
    consistency that when paired with strong wind gusts will cause
    stress to the trees and power lines.

    WPC PWPF shows high chances (>70%) for snowfall totals >12 inches
    along the spine of the WA/OR Cascades, as well as the Blue,
    Sawtooth, and Bitterroots Mountains that stretch as far north as
    the Idaho Panhandle. In the Salmon/Siskiyou/Shasta and Olympics,
    WPC PWPF shows high chances (>70%) for >30" with the highest
    elevations seeing anywhere from 3-5 feet in some cases. The impacts
    will be exceptional in northern California where the WSSI shows
    Extreme criteria being met in portions of the
    Salmon/Siskiyou/Shasta. The Snow Amount and Snow Load components
    are the primary drivers in these impacts that are likely to include
    extremely dangerous to impossible driving conditions, as well as
    extensive closures and both tree damage and power outages. Major
    Impacts are highlighted along the spine of the Cascades above
    5,000ft and the Olympics above 3,000ft.


    ...Northern Plains...
    Days 1-2...

    The much anticipated storm system responsible for today's winter
    storm across puritans of the Northern Plains is tracking north
    through the Upper Midwest this morning with a comma-head shaped
    precipitation shield wrapping around the northern and western
    flanks of the storm. As the morning unfolds, temperatures will
    continue to fall across North Dakota and allow for lingering areas
    of rain to changeover to snow later this morning. The heaviest
    period of snow arrives this afternoon and into tonight as the
    TROWAL on the backside of the storm pivots through with a
    deformation axis capable of generating 1-2"/hr snowfall rates
    across north-central North Dakota. On top of the heavy snowfall
    rates, whipping wind gusts topping 40 mph in many cases means
    significant visibility reductions that will lead to whiteout
    conditions Tuesday evening.

    As a complex 500mb evolution unfolds over Minnesota Tuesday night
    and into Wednesday morning, an enormous upper level low gyre will
    still have a saturated ribbon of 700-300mb moisture over the
    Northern Plains that will spill east over the Red River of the
    North and as far south as northeast South Dakota. WPC PWPF does
    show low-to-moderate chances (30-50%) for snowfall totals >6"
    east of the Red River in northwest Minnesota and in northeast South
    Dakota. Periods of snow will persist throughout the day on
    Wednesday but coverage and intensity will gradually dissipate
    throughout the day until the snow finally comes to an end overnight
    Wednesday. When all is said and done, portions of north-central
    North Dakota are likely looking at 6-12" of snowfall with the
    heaviest amounts likely to occur closest to the north-central North Dakota/Canada border. The latest WSSI shows a fairly large
    footprint for Moderate impacts over most of central North Dakota
    and northeast South Dakota, which suggests there are likely to be
    some disruptions to daily life such as hazardous driving conditions
    and potential closures. Minor Impacts are most commonly seen as
    far west as eastern Montana and to the east across the Red River of
    the North.


    ...Northern & Central Appalachians...
    Day 3...

    The aforementioned bowling ball of a 500mb closed low over the
    Midwest on Wednesday will aid in the development of a new wave of
    low pressure tracking over the northern Great Lakes Wednesday
    evening. A strong cold front associated with the storm will push
    through the Central Appalachians Wednesday night that will not only
    lead to much of thermal profiles in the region being sub-freezing,
    but a plume of 850-700mb moisture will reach the Central
    Appalachians by Thursday morning. With 300-700mb mean flow
    generally out of the west, this is a recipe for the first upslope
    snow event of the season for the Central Appalachians. After the
    first lobe of dynamical potential vorticity (PVU) swings through
    the Mid-Atlantic on Thursday (helping to kick-start the upslope
    event), the second PVU lobe will swing through Thursday night. This
    will reinforce the ongoing upslope flow into the Central
    Appalachians, and with this feature the initial low pressure
    system that pushed the strong cold front through Wednesday night,
    will introduce another surge in 850-700mb moisture over the region
    through Friday morning. WPC PWPF shows high chances (>70%) for
    snowfall >4" along the Allegheny Mountains and Laurel Highlands. In
    fact, for elevations >3,000ft in the Allegheny Mountains, WPC PWPF
    shows some moderate-to-high probabilities (50-70%) for >8" through
    early Friday morning with additional snowfall still to come later
    in the day on Friday. The latest WSSI-P shows a large swath of
    moderate-to-high chances (50-70%) for Minor Impacts from the
    Smokey's of North Carolina on north along the central Appalachians
    and into the Laurel Highlands through Friday morning.

    Farther north, similar to the original low pressure development
    evolution over the Great Lakes on Wednesday, another area of low
    pressure will form on the nose of the 2PVU rotating through the
    Mid-Atlantic Thursday afternoon and deepen over Long Island
    Thursday evening. This becomes a highly anomalous closed mid-upper
    level low that is placed at the divergent left-exit region of a
    strong 250mb jet streak over the Southeast. Geopotential heights
    over the Mid-Atlantic (500mb, 700mb, 850mb) are all pegged to be
    below the 1st climatological percentile Thursday night. As the
    storm deepens, strong frontogenetic forcing on the northwest flank
    of the 850mb low will result in a narrow deformation axis that is
    currently forecast to set up somewhere from northern PA on east
    through Upstate NY, northern NJ, and into southern New England by
    Friday morning. This evolution has been present on the EC-AIFS for
    over 24 hours. While boundary layer thermals may be questionable
    away from the deformation axis, this setup favors snowfall at
    elevations above 1,000ft in the Poconos, Catskills, Adirondacks,
    and Berkshires. It is worth noting that there remains some
    different solutions on snowfall totals and which areas see the
    heaviest amounts. Regardless, this would be the first accumulating
    snowfall of the season for these higher elevated areas. Should
    guidance trend toward a more robust deformation zone, some lower elevated/valley locations in the Northeast could receive measurable
    snowfall on Friday. At the moment, the WSSI-P shows moderate
    chances (40-60%) for Minor Impacts (generally hazardous driving
    conditions) in the Catskills, northern Poconos, and the Adirondacks
    through Friday morning.


    The probability of significant ice across the CONUS is less than 10
    percent.

    Mullinax




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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Tue Nov 19 09:43:29 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 190943
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    443 AM EST Tue Nov 19 2024

    Valid 12Z Tue Nov 19 2024 - 12Z Fri Nov 22 2024

    ...Pacific and Interior Northwest...
    Days 1-3...

    ***Impressive and long-lasting atmospheric river event to bring
    heavy snow to the Northwest***

    This morning, a large ridge of high pressure building over Alaska
    will help to force the longwave trough that has been parked off the
    British Columbia coast for the last 24 hours southward into the
    heart of the Northwest Pacific. Rounding the base of the longwave
    trough is a potent 500mb vort max that will phase and lead to the
    rapid cyclogenesis of a sub 950mb low off the Pacific Northwest
    coast by Tuesday afternoon. The NAEFS SAT page is littered with
    atmospheric parameters (wind speeds, heights, MSLP, IVT) that are
    approaching or reaching maximum (or minimum) climatological=20
    percentiles in the CFSR climatology. Perhaps the most notable=20
    parameters are the IVT (topping 1,000 kg/m/s at its peak off the=20
    northern California coast) and 850-700mb winds that are above the=20
    97.5 climatological percentiles Tuesday night into Wednesday=20
    morning. This same moisture plume will spill over the West Coast
    mountain ranges and into the Northern Rockies=20

    These two parameters are vital in producing what should be prolific
    snowfall rates in the Olympics, Cascades, Siskiyou, Salmon, and=20
    Shasta Mountains Tuesday night. WPC's Snowband Probability Tracker=20
    (SPT) utilizing the HREF shows the potential for 2-3"/hr snowfall=20
    rates as the heaviest precipitation arrives Tuesday evening with=20
    some potential for localized 4"/hr rates. Snow levels will begin=20
    the forecast period quite low; only around 200 ft east of the=20
    Cascades to around 2000ft in northern CA. However, the exceptional=20
    WAA accompanying the AR will raise snow levels steadily D2 and D3,=20
    reaching as high as 4000ft in northern WA and the Northern Rockies,
    and to 8000ft across northern CA. Despite this rise in snow=20
    levels, hazardous snowfall impacts are likely at many passes before
    p-type changes over to rain in the Olympics and Cascades first=20
    (both via WAA and dry slotting aloft), then over the northern=20
    California ranges Wednesday evening. This coincides with both a=20 thermodynamic profile that will lead to snowfall being a heavy/wet=20 consistency that when paired with strong wind gusts will cause=20
    stress to the trees and power lines.

    WPC PWPF shows high chances (>70%) for snowfall totals >12 inches
    along the spine of the WA/OR Cascades, as well as the Blue,
    Sawtooth, and Bitterroots Mountains that stretch as far north as
    the Idaho Panhandle. In the Salmon/Siskiyou/Shasta and Olympics,
    WPC PWPF shows high chances (>70%) for >30" with the highest
    elevations seeing anywhere from 3-5 feet in some cases. The impacts
    will be exceptional in northern California where the WSSI shows
    Extreme criteria being met in portions of the
    Salmon/Siskiyou/Shasta. The Snow Amount and Snow Load components
    are the primary drivers in these impacts that are likely to include
    extremely dangerous to impossible driving conditions, as well as
    extensive closures and both tree damage and power outages. Major
    Impacts are highlighted along the spine of the Cascades above
    5,000ft and the Olympics above 3,000ft.=20


    ...Northern Plains...=20
    Days 1-2...

    The much anticipated storm system responsible for today's winter
    storm across puritans of the Northern Plains is tracking north
    through the Upper Midwest this morning with a comma-head shaped
    precipitation shield wrapping around the northern and western=20
    flanks of the storm. As the morning unfolds, temperatures will=20
    continue to fall across North Dakota and allow for lingering areas=20
    of rain to changeover to snow later this morning. The heaviest=20
    period of snow arrives this afternoon and into tonight as the=20
    TROWAL on the backside of the storm pivots through with a
    deformation axis capable of generating 1-2"/hr snowfall rates=20
    across north-central North Dakota. On top of the heavy snowfall=20
    rates, whipping wind gusts topping 40 mph in many cases means=20
    significant visibility reductions that will lead to whiteout=20
    conditions Tuesday evening.=20

    As a complex 500mb evolution unfolds over Minnesota Tuesday night
    and into Wednesday morning, an enormous upper level low gyre will
    still have a saturated ribbon of 700-300mb moisture over the
    Northern Plains that will spill east over the Red River of the
    North and as far south as northeast South Dakota. WPC PWPF does
    show low-to-moderate chances (30-50%) for snowfall totals >6"=20
    east of the Red River in northwest Minnesota and in northeast South
    Dakota. Periods of snow will persist throughout the day on=20
    Wednesday but coverage and intensity will gradually dissipate=20
    throughout the day until the snow finally comes to an end overnight
    Wednesday. When all is said and done, portions of north-central=20
    North Dakota are likely looking at 6-12" of snowfall with the=20
    heaviest amounts likely to occur closest to the north-central North Dakota/Canada border. The latest WSSI shows a fairly large=20
    footprint for Moderate impacts over most of central North Dakota=20
    and northeast South Dakota, which suggests there are likely to be=20
    some disruptions to daily life such as hazardous driving conditions
    and potential closures. Minor Impacts are most commonly seen as=20
    far west as eastern Montana and to the east across the Red River of
    the North.=20


    ...Northern & Central Appalachians...=20
    Day 3...

    The aforementioned bowling ball of a 500mb closed low over the
    Midwest on Wednesday will aid in the development of a new wave of
    low pressure tracking over the northern Great Lakes Wednesday
    evening. A strong cold front associated with the storm will push
    through the Central Appalachians Wednesday night that will not only
    lead to much of thermal profiles in the region being sub-freezing,
    but a plume of 850-700mb moisture will reach the Central
    Appalachians by Thursday morning. With 300-700mb mean flow
    generally out of the west, this is a recipe for the first upslope
    snow event of the season for the Central Appalachians. After the
    first lobe of dynamical potential vorticity (PVU) swings through=20
    the Mid-Atlantic on Thursday (helping to kick-start the upslope=20
    event), the second PVU lobe will swing through Thursday night. This
    will reinforce the ongoing upslope flow into the Central
    Appalachians, and with this feature the initial low pressure=20
    system that pushed the strong cold front through Wednesday night,=20
    will introduce another surge in 850-700mb moisture over the region=20
    through Friday morning. WPC PWPF shows high chances (>70%) for=20
    snowfall >4" along the Allegheny Mountains and Laurel Highlands. In
    fact, for elevations >3,000ft in the Allegheny Mountains, WPC PWPF
    shows some moderate-to-high probabilities (50-70%) for >8" through
    early Friday morning with additional snowfall still to come later=20
    in the day on Friday. The latest WSSI-P shows a large swath of=20 moderate-to-high chances (50-70%) for Minor Impacts from the=20
    Smokey's of North Carolina on north along the central Appalachians
    and into the Laurel Highlands through Friday morning.

    Farther north, similar to the original low pressure development
    evolution over the Great Lakes on Wednesday, another area of low
    pressure will form on the nose of the 2PVU rotating through the
    Mid-Atlantic Thursday afternoon and deepen over Long Island
    Thursday evening. This becomes a highly anomalous closed mid-upper
    level low that is placed at the divergent left-exit region of a
    strong 250mb jet streak over the Southeast. Geopotential heights=20
    over the Mid-Atlantic (500mb, 700mb, 850mb) are all pegged to be=20
    below the 1st climatological percentile Thursday night. As the=20
    storm deepens, strong frontogenetic forcing on the northwest flank=20
    of the 850mb low will result in a narrow deformation axis that is=20
    currently forecast to set up somewhere from northern PA on east=20
    through Upstate NY, northern NJ, and into southern New England by=20
    Friday morning. This evolution has been present on the EC-AIFS for=20
    over 24 hours. While boundary layer thermals may be questionable=20
    away from the deformation axis, this setup favors snowfall at=20
    elevations above 1,000ft in the Poconos, Catskills, Adirondacks,=20
    and Berkshires. It is worth noting that there remains some=20
    different solutions on snowfall totals and which areas see the=20
    heaviest amounts. Regardless, this would be the first accumulating=20
    snowfall of the season for these higher elevated areas. Should=20
    guidance trend toward a more robust deformation zone, some lower=20 elevated/valley locations in the Northeast could receive measurable
    snowfall on Friday. At the moment, the WSSI-P shows moderate=20
    chances (40-60%) for Minor Impacts (generally hazardous driving=20
    conditions) in the Catskills, northern Poconos, and the Adirondacks
    through Friday morning.=20


    The probability of significant ice across the CONUS is less than 10
    percent.

    Mullinax





    ...Winter Storm Key Messages are in effect. Please see current=20
    Key Messages below...

    https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/key_messages/Late= stKeyMessage_1.png__;!!DZ3fjg!4RrhSWahRz1r_qcEovQEgR7t_E3x6t9R6FvM9z-XNQFXs= hTlRmk0rty80qGvhBtAAAMUbPZ7uZRIXMzaLqN6qQ6OtoQ$=20

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Tue Nov 19 19:28:50 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 191926
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    226 PM EST Tue Nov 19 2024

    Valid 00Z Wed Nov 20 2024 - 00Z Sat Nov 23 2024

    ...Pacific and Interior Northwest...
    Days 1-3...

    ***Impressive and long-lasting atmospheric river event to bring
    heavy snow to the Northwest***

    An extremely amplified pattern over the Pacific characterized by an
    intense +4 sigma ridge near the Aleutians will help drive a
    downstream closed low which is progged by NAEFS to drop to as low
    as -6 sigma with respect to 850mb heights off the Washington coast
    to start the period. This intense feature will be accompanied by a
    strong surface low, and although this surface low will generally
    stall and then retrograde back to the north into Friday, the
    accompanying ascent and moisture will surge onshore through the
    period.

    South of this closed low, pinched mid-level flow combined with a
    persistent 130kt Pacific jet streak will cause strong warm and
    moist advection to push onshore. This will create a potent
    atmospheric river /AR/ which both the ECENS and GEFS probabilities
    suggest will exceed 750 kg/m/s IVT. As the parent low retrogrades,
    the associated frontal structure will stall in a NE to SW
    orientation, providing a favorable setup for a long duration of
    impressive IVT pushing onshore, focused into northern CA, but with
    downstream PW anomalies reaching as high as +2 sigma all the way
    into the Great Basin and interior Northwest. This suggests, and is
    agreed upon by nearly all global models and ensembles, that
    persistent and widespread moderate to heavy precipitation will
    occur through the next 48 hours, with dynamic ascent through
    upslope flow enhancing the intensity of precipitation rates.

    Snow levels initially will be low, 1500-3000 ft from north to south
    tonight, suggesting that the heavy precipitation will begin as snow
    in many areas outside of the lowlands, but including the passes.
    Snowfall rates will likely peak around 3"/hr in the Cascades and
    northern CA ranges tonight, which when combined with gusty winds
    will produce treacherous and at times impossible travel. During D2,
    the focus will shift to be more aligned SW to NE within the
    greatest IVT plume from the Shasta/Trinity region of CA through the
    Northern Rockies, but at the same time snow levels will steadily
    climb, reaching above most pass levels by the end of D2, around
    8000 ft in CA and 5000 ft in MT. WPC probabilities D1 are high for
    more than 12 inches in the Shasta/Trinity region of northern CA,
    along the spine of the Cascades, and into the Olympics. Pass level
    impacts are also expected D1. By D2 the highest probabilities shift
    east as snow levels rise, reaching above 70% for 12+ inches in the
    Salmon River/Sawtooth area. In the highest terrain, especially
    around Mt. Shasta, snowfall of 4-6 feet s likely.

    During D3 snow levels continue to rise within the IVT plume, but
    also more broadly as a secondary surface low lifts near the WA
    coast to move onshore British Columbia by the end of the forecast
    period. This will enhance moisture and ascent once again, while at
    the same time a cold front drops southward from Canada into the
    Northern Rockies. Together, this could result in an enhanced swath
    of heavy snow across the Okanogan Highlands eastward to the
    Northern Rockies where both upslope flow and enhanced fgen will
    combine. WPC probabilities D3 are highest along the WA Cascades
    eastward through the Northern Rockies where they reach 50-70% for=20
    an additional 6+ inches.


    ...Northern Plains...=20
    Day 1...

    An impressive closed 500mb low with 500-700mb heights falling below
    the 2.5 percentile according to the NAEFS ensemble tables will be=20
    positioned across ND to start the forecast period. This low will=20
    drift only slowly southeast as the trough continues to amplified in
    response to vorticity lobes swinging cyclonically through the base
    of the trough, resulting in additional deepening of the trough and
    a pull southeast into the Upper Midwest of the primary trough=20
    axis. Beneath this, an occluded surface low will track gradually=20
    eastward across southern Manitoba, dropping into MN by the end of=20
    D1 while filling. Although this won't result in intense synoptic=20
    lift as features will be vertically stacked, impressive mesoscale=20
    ascent will persist to produce heavy snow across the Dakotas and=20
    into Minnesota.

    The evolution of this low will result in persistent theta-e=20
    advection, driving a pronounced TROWAL within the 600-500mb layer=20
    which will rotate cyclonically southward across the Dakotas and=20
    into Minnesota Tuesday night into Wednesday. This TROWAL will=20
    overlap efficiently with an axis of mid-level deformation and=20
    correlated 850-600mb fgen which will drive a narrow corridor of=20
    enhanced ascent into a deepening DGZ (probs for 100mb of depth from
    the SREF exceed 50% Wednesday morning). In general, ascent will be
    waning through D1, but this axis of strong mesoscale lift combined
    with strong winds and a cold column should result in moderate to=20
    at times heavy snow rates exceeding 1"/hr, which combined with the=20
    gusty winds will produce limited visibility and hazardous travel=20
    conditions. Total snowfall may me somewhat moderate, with locally=20
    heavier amounts likely. WPC probabilities for more than 4 inches of
    snow are above 70% from the Turtle Mountains along the ND/Canada=20
    border and then stretching as far south as the Sisseton Hills of=20
    northeast South Dakota.


    ...Ohio Valley, Appalachians, & Northeast...=20
    Days 2-3...

    A complex upper pattern will produce dual interacting surface low
    pressures across the region through Friday. Confidence in placement
    and evolution is lower than typical, but at least some areas are
    likely to receive heavy snowfall beginning Thursday.

    The strong closed low, characterized by widespread 500-700mb height
    anomalies of -2 to -3 sigma according to NAEFS, will encompass much
    of the region from the Great Lakes, Northeast, and Mid-Atlantic,
    with spokes of vorticity periodically rotating through the trough.
    The strongest of these vorticity maxima will shift across the Mid-
    Atlantic to south of New England Thursday aftn, which will drive
    secondary cyclogenesis (the primary low beneath the core of the
    closed low over Michigan). These dual low pressures will then
    pinwheel around each other through Friday producing periods of
    intense ascent within a moistening column to drive rounds of mixed precipitation.

    The challenge through the period is where will the heaviest snow
    accumulate, and, especially outside of higher terrain, how much
    snow can accumulate. The high confidence portion of this forecast
    involves the Central Appalachians where post frontal NW flow will
    produce impressive upslope ascent into a cold column, while at the
    same time the primary low from MI rotates southward to enhance
    ascent locally across that same area. This will result in a 2-day
    period of moderate to heavy snow, and WPC probabilities on D2 reach
    30-50% for 4+ inches, with greater probabilities reaching above=20
    90% for additional snowfall exceeding 4 inches on D3. Total=20
    accumulation may exceed 12 inches in the highest terrain of WV and=20
    the MD Panhandle, with locally as much as 4-6" as far south as the=20
    NC/TN border.

    In other places, the broadly forced ascent results in lower
    confidence forecast but with high risk potential for rounds of=20
    heavy snowfall rates. In the vicinity of both the primary low=20
    dropping from Michigan across the Ohio Valley and into the Central=20 Appalachians, as well as across New England, New York, Pennsylvania
    near the secondary low as it retrogrades, periods of intense=20
    deformation are likely, and in fact several of the global models=20
    indicate rotating plumes of negative theta-e lapse rates which=20
    could support CSI in bands of heavy precipitation. Timing and=20
    placement of any of these more intense bands is quite uncertain,=20
    but with marginal thermal structures in place, it will likely=20
    require these heavier rates to drive dynamic cooling sufficient for
    significant snowfall accumulations. The most likely regions will=20
    be in higher elevations above around 1500 ft including the=20
    Catskills and Poconos, where WPC probabilities have increased to
    50-70% for 6+ inches, and across portions of the Ohio Valley where
    they are 30-50% for 4+ inches.


    The probability of significant ice across the CONUS is less than 10
    percent.

    Weiss



    ...Winter Storm Key Messages are in effect. Please see current=20
    Key Messages below...

    https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/key_messages/Late= stKeyMessage_1.png__;!!DZ3fjg!6x9i5vOfghMBoXUymLE8NedzgOf8ZMj3ZFI5VZnH4SdQ5= RpMmQEoOm2gPWanMC788RS09vg-2qy13FS35HcHYf_YhKo$=20

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Wed Nov 20 08:09:12 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 200808
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    308 AM EST Wed Nov 20 2024

    Valid 12Z Wed Nov 20 2024 - 12Z Sat Nov 23 2024

    ...Pacific and Interior Northwest...
    Days 1-3...

    ***Impressive and long-lasting atmospheric river event continues to
    produce heavy snow in the Northwest***

    The rate of deepening from the storm system off the Pacific
    Northwest coast has been breath-taking to watch. The storm's=20
    atmospheric parameters (geopotential heights, wind speeds, moisture
    advection) are all approaching NAEFS maximum (or in MSLP cases,=20
    minimum) values in its CFSR record. Over the course of the next
    couple days, the powerful storm system will be one in a series of=20
    systems that are embedded within a massive 500mb trough gyre off=20
    the Pacific Northwest coast. This is due to an expansive ridge over
    Alaska that has effectively cut this upper low off from the=20
    mean westerly flow pattern. Even as the current massive cyclone=20
    occludes and gradually weakens Wednesday night, the next rapidly=20 strengthening storm will approach west of California on Thursday=20
    directing yet another anomalous plume of moisture into the Pacific=20
    Northwest and northern California that will persist into Friday.=20
    All this to say that the synoptic scale evolution is favorable to=20
    sustain a prolonged atmospheric river event that will generate=20
    significant impacts across portions of the Pacific Northwest.

    In terms of sensible weather, heavy precipitation will engulf much
    of the Pacific Northwest and spill over into the Northern Rockies.
    Snow levels starting out fairly low overnight will gradually rise
    as strong WAA and a dryslot in the 700-300mb layer works its way
    across western WA by Wednesday afternoon. Farther inland, colder
    air will be harder to scour out in the Columbia Basin and along the
    ridge lines of northeast Washington and the Idaho Panhandle.
    Snowfall rates initially along the Cascades, Olympics, and on south
    to the Shasta/Salmon/Sierra Nevada of northern California will be
    on the order of 2-3"/hr. But as snow levels quickly rise through
    Wednesday evening and into Thursday, most snow levels will be above
    5,000ft in the Cascades and Olympics while the Shasta/Trinity
    mountains see snow levels rise to as high as 8,000ft. The heaviest
    snowfall by Wednesday night is likely to occur in the Blue and=20
    Sawtooth Mountains. As the next storm approaches late Thursday, the
    heaviest snowfall will shift farther north into the northern
    Bitterroots and the Lewis Range through Friday.

    WPC PWPF shows high chances (>70%) for snowfall >12" in the
    Shasta/Trinity of northern California, Olympics, Cascades, Blue,
    Sawtooth, and Lewis Ranges. Portions of the northern Idaho
    Panhandle also show >70% odds for >12" of snowfall. Snow by Friday
    will be primarily confined to the tallest peals of the Pacific
    Northwest, making rain the primary precipitation type for the vast
    majority of the residents impacted by Friday's storm. The WSSI
    maintains Major Impacts in parts of central Washington, the
    Cascades and Olympics, and even Extreme Impacts in the
    Shasta/Trinity of northern California through Wednesday afternoon.
    Only the Shasta/Trinity maintain Major Impacts through Thursday and
    into Friday.

    ...Northern Plains...=20
    Day 1...

    The winter storm that has produced periods of heavy snow throughout
    North Dakota will gradually start to wind down on Wednesday as the
    upper low over northwest Minnesota gradually weakens. However, a
    500mb vort max pivoting around the northwest flank of the low will
    still support modest upper level divergence aloft while a narrow
    ribbon of modest 700-300mb moisture remains parked over central
    North Dakota and eastern South Dakota. This moisture will spill
    over into the Red River of the North and parts of northwest
    Minnesota and keep periods of snow in the forecast there through=20
    Wednesday afternoon. In addition, wind gusts of 30-40 mph will=20
    linger throughout the day, leading to drifting snow on roads and=20
    poor visibilities for motorists. Snow should finally taper off=20
    Wednesday evening as the aforementioned 500mb vort max tracks south
    into southern Minnesota and the plume of mid-level moisture aloft=20
    dries up. WPC PWPF shows moderate chances (40-60%) for an=20
    additional 4"+ in parts of northeast South Dakota and north-central
    North Dakota where the favorable vertical ascent and moisture=20
    profiles aloft are paired with the best 850-700mb frontogenetical=20
    forcing. The WSSI-P still shows moderate chances (40-60%) for Minor
    Impacts due to a combination of Snow Amount and Blowing Snow=20
    criteria over central North Dakota, western Minnesota, and=20
    northeast South Dakota.


    ...Great Lakes, Appalachians, & Northeast...
    Days 2-3...

    A complicated yet highly anomalous upper level closed low will
    spawn the first winter storm of the season for parts of the
    northern Mid-Atlantic. First off, a potent 500mb low over the
    northern most portions of Michigan's Mitten will dive south on
    Thursday and lead to a strong surge in both NW winds off Lake
    Michigan and strong lift aloft ahead of the 500mb low. Periods of moderate-to-heavy snow are possible from the northern Michigan
    Mitten on south to the Michiana region. WPC PWPF shows moderate
    probabilities (40-60%) for snowfall totals topping 4" in the
    Michiana region through Thursday afternoon.=20

    Meanwhile, a new wave of low pressure will form along a triple=20
    point (occluded front/warm front/cold front convergence) somewhere=20
    near the Jersey Shore early Thursday morning. The storm will be=20
    located beneath the divergent left-exit region of a 120kt jet=20
    streak and at the nose of a vigorous 2PVU lobe that will pivot=20
    north towards the Lower Hudson Valley Thursday evening. As the=20
    850mb low deepens Thursday afternoon, rich 850mb theta-e air off=20
    the Atlantic will be drawn west and wrap around the storm's mid=20
    level circulation Thursday evening. Intense 850-700mb WAA will=20
    prompt the development of a robust deformation zone of heavy=20
    precipitation. Given the strong vertical velocities aloft within=20
    the band, precipitation will changeover to all snow and fall at a=20
    heavy clip Thursday night and into Friday morning from north-=20
    central PA on east to the Poconos and Catskills.=20

    Despite the large scale circulation and more guidance coming into
    better agreement on track, a storm like this usually contains an=20
    intense deformation axis that may result in subsidence in areas
    neighboring the band of heavy snow. This can either cut back
    available QPF, or given the marginal thermals in the boundary=20
    layer, cannot sufficiently cool the atmospheric column enough to=20
    keep precipitation as all snow. Still, the signal is growing=20
    stronger for heavy snowfall beneath the deformation zone with=20
    snowfall rates of 1-2"/hr likely. Also, strong NE-E flow should=20
    provide strong orographic lift into portions of the Catskills and=20
    Poconos, making these locations more likely to receive heavy=20
    snowfall. One spoiler would be any dry slot wrapping in from the=20
    east at mid-upper levels that hinders the atmosphere's ability to=20
    produce dendrites. Given these factors, there is still room for=20
    adjustments in the snow forecast. However, with such a favorable=20
    atmospheric setup and strong dynamics at play, this is likely to=20=20
    be the first impactful winter storm of the season for parts of the=20
    northern Mid-Atlantic. WPC PWPF shows moderate-to-high chances=20
    (50-70%) for >8" of snowfall in parts of the Poconos. WSSI-P sports moderate-to-high chances (50-70%) for Minor Impacts throughout=20
    much of northeast PA and the southern tier of NY.

    Farther south, a multi-day upslope flow event is set to occur from
    Thursday and last through Friday night. Thursday's snowfall will=20
    be more light-to-moderate but pick up in intensity on Friday as a
    500mb vort max rotating on the western flank of the large upper low
    brings both an increase in synoptic scale lift, as well as stronger
    850-700mb winds and an increase in moisture at those same levels.
    Snowfall rates on Friday could range between 1-2"/hr at their peak
    with rapid accumulations possible on roads. Areas most heavily
    affected are likely to be the Laurel Highlands, the Allegheny
    Mountains, and into portions of the Potomac Highlands. WPC PWPF=20
    shows high chances (>70%) for >8" of snowfall in these ranges=20
    through Friday night with some moderate-to-high odds (50-70%) for=20
    12" in east-central WV above 2,000ft in elevation.


    The probability of significant ice across the CONUS is less than
    10 percent.

    Mullinax




    ...Winter Storm Key Messages are in effect. Please see current=20
    Key Messages below...

    https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/key_messages/Late= stKeyMessage_1.png__;!!DZ3fjg!-7ngsBVU9SNRkr2tzZUVrFs4dSKOfWBxtmjtY6_-gw6pb= BQsFk_FbuzAaYgLd1e_wiNNkSa0kxeFx589XkJi30Pjqrg$=20

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Wed Nov 20 19:29:39 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 201929
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    229 PM EST Wed Nov 20 2024

    Valid 00Z Thu Nov 21 2024 - 00Z Sun Nov 24 2024

    ...Pacific and Interior Northwest...
    Days 1-3...

    Persistent moisture advection within an intense atmospheric river
    /AR/ will drive widespread precipitation, including high elevation
    snow, across the Northwest into the weekend.

    The period begins with an amplified closed low positioned off the
    British Columbia coast. This low will feature impressive height
    anomalies of -2 to -3 sigma according to NAEFS ensemble tables, but
    will gradually fill as it retrogrades back to the northwest. As
    this occurs, a secondary shortwave pivoting around the base of this
    amplified trough will deepen and pivot eastward, deepening to
    feature renewed impressive height anomalies and an accompanying
    surface low approaching the WA coast by Friday afternoon.

    Downstream of this low, mid-level ridging blossoming across the
    Rockies will result in pinched/gradient flow to enhance wind speeds
    and warm/moist advection onshore, with robust divergence across=20
    the Northwest overlapping with periods of strong jet dynamics to=20
    produce strong ascent across the region. At the surface, a cold=20
    front will be pushed towards the coast, but is expected to stall=20
    just offshore until Friday when the secondary low will finally=20
    advect it eastward. This indicates that the most impressive IVT=20
    plume, for which both GEFS and ECENS feature high probabilities for
    exceeding 750 kg/m/s, will persist into northern CA and push as=20
    far east as the Great Basin and Northern Rockies as noted by PW=20
    anomalies from NAEFS reaching above +1 sigma into Friday. During=20
    this time, however, snow levels will rise dramatically, especially=20
    within the core of the most intense IVT, surging to 4000 ft in the=20
    Northern Rockies and as high as 9000 ft in CA. Although snow levels
    will remain more modest in WA, they will still rise to generally=20
    above pass level in most areas, turning snow to rain across a lot=20
    of the region, and leaving the highest snowfall confined to the=20
    higher peaks. WPC probabilities are above 70% for 6+ inches D1 in=20
    the Shasta/Trinity region, the OR Cascades, and most impressively=20
    from the Blue Mountains through the Salmon River/Sawtooth region.=20
    On D2 this pivots to be focused from the highest terrain of the WA=20
    Cascades (near Mt. Rainier) into the Northern Rockies near Glacier=20
    NP.

    During D3, the pattern begins to evolve as a wave of low pressure
    develops across the interior NW along the advecting, finally,
    baroclinic gradient to the east. This will interact with a cold
    front digging out of Canada to enhance frontogenesis along the
    Canadian border near the Northern Rockies, which will interact with
    an upper level jet streak to push a swath of heavy snowfall from
    eastern OR through eastern MT. Here WPC probabilities are renewed
    above 50% for 6+ inches in the higher terrain, with some low
    probabilities for 4 inches extending into the High Plains of MT
    along the international border. Otherwise, snowfall is expected to
    wane D3 across the West, at least briefly, as the most robust IVT=20
    pivots south and east away from the area, but snowfall will develop
    once again in the Sierra.



    ...Great Lakes, Appalachians, & Northeast...
    Days 1-3...

    Challenging forecast into the weekend across much of the Great
    Lakes, Mid-Atlantic, and Northeast as a complex upper low evolves
    across the region.=20

    The period begins with a sprawling upper low centered over
    Wisconsin forcing a longwave trough across much of the eastern half
    of the CONUS. Vorticity lobes spinning around and within this large
    gyre will cause the upper low center to wobble gradually eastward
    into Friday while deepening to as much as -3 to -4 sigma across the Mid-Atlantic according to NAEFS ensemble tables. Beneath this
    trough, dual surface lows are progged to develop and retrograde in
    response to the amplification of the upper pattern, one pivoting NW
    and then eventually SE into the Ohio Valley, while a secondary low
    develop along the triple point south of New England and rotates NW
    into the Hudson Valley before finally advecting eastward to the
    coast of Maine by Saturday morning. THere remains uncertainty into
    the track and intensity of both of these features, but the general
    trend in guidance has been for locally deeper lows driving more
    intense ascent, with a track a bit farther south/west than previous
    model runs.

    This will result in two areas of heavy snow. The first, and region
    of highest confidence, is across the Central Appalachians,
    beginning Thursday aftn and persisting with rounds of snow until
    Friday night. The onset of snow across this area will be due to
    post-frontal upslope flow which will maintain saturation within the
    deepening DGZ on CAA. This will result in heavy snow, especially
    above around 1500 ft, from the Laurel Highlands southward along the Appalachians and as far south as the Great Smokey Mountains/Blue
    Ridge of NC. As the low from Michigan shifts southward Thursday
    aftn into Thursday evening, it will begin to weaken, but additional
    ascent, especially with any modest deformation on its south side,
    could result in additional areas of heavy snow from Michigan,
    through the Ohio Valley, and then enhance ascent into the
    Appalachians. WPC probabilities across the Ohio Valley are
    generally 10-30% for more than 4 inches, highest near Lake Michigan
    where some enhancement may occur. In the Appalachians, WPC
    probabilities are high on D2, and moderate on D3, for 6+ inches,
    highest in WV where locally close to 2 feet of snow is possible.

    The more challenging aspect of this forecast involves the secondary
    low development progged to occur off of New England Thursday
    afternoon which will then retrograde NW towards Upstate NY before
    moving back off the NJ coast Saturday morning. This low will likely
    deepen in a region of impressive synoptic ascent, and the setup
    supports an intense deformation axis developing on the west side of
    this low as it pivots to the NW Thursday evening into Friday. This
    deformation will overlap with some impressively sloped 925-700mb
    fgen noted in cross sections, driving ascent into the DGZ and into
    areas of conditional instability reflected by pockets of low or=20
    even negative SEPV to support convective snow rates. The forecast=20
    soundings indicate this will be purely a rain/snow event, however,=20
    a potent dry slot will attempt to rotate cyclonically around the=20
    system as well, which could dry out the DGZ and cutoff the snow,=20
    but latest guidance has backed off on the westward extent of this=20
    dry slot, so confidence is increasing that periods of intense=20
    snowfall will rotate across Upstate NY, PA, resulting in heavy snow accumulations above 1500 ft as reflected by WPC probabilities for=20
    more that 4 inches reaching 70% in the Catskills and Poconos, where
    above 1500 ft as much as 8-10" of snow could fall. This snow is=20
    expected to be heavy and wet as well, (low SLR), which could=20
    produce power outages and damage to trees, as reflected by 40%=20
    WSSI-P probabilities for moderate impacts, driven primarily by snow
    load.

    Farther south, as well as in lower elevations, the incoming models
    have become a bit more aggressive with snowfall, but the marginal
    thermal structure suggests precipitation will be generally a mix of
    cold rain and snow, except during periods of more intense rates.
    This creates a very low confidence forecast at lower elevations,
    and this is additionally reflected by high standard deviations in
    the PWPF snowfall. Currently, WPC probabilities for at least 1 inch
    are above 10% across much of PA as far south as the MD border and
    towards I-95 where some snow may occur as far southeast as
    Philadelphia and Baltimore.


    The probability of significant ice across the CONUS is less than
    10 percent.

    Weiss



    ...Winter Storm Key Messages are in effect. Please see current=20
    Key Messages below...

    https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/key_messages/Late= stKeyMessage_1.png__;!!DZ3fjg!49V5vVCr4UzZ5bTI7Oe5sUgS__wpdK841tT49W9jfbovi= exAUew1-M510l3YTo6BKyzHPKjQalzleVKzr-U20VhVayE$=20

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Thu Nov 21 08:29:19 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 210829
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    329 AM EST Thu Nov 21 2024

    Valid 12Z Thu Nov 21 2024 - 12Z Sun Nov 24 2024

    ...Pacific and Interior Northwest...
    Days 1-3...

    The massive closed upper low over the northeast Pacific will
    continue to support a robust atmospheric river into the the West
    Coast and as far east as the Northern Rockies through Friday night.
    On the heels of the historic cyclone that produced a myriad of
    hazards in the Pacific Northwest the past 24-48 hours, another
    potent storm system will strengthen rapidly Thursday night off the
    Pacific Northwest coast. By 06Z Fri, the ECMWF SAT shows an IVT
    topping 1,000 kg/m/s aimed at the northern California coast. While
    this would be a recipe for heavy snow more often than not, but the
    intense WAA over the past 24 hours as all but left snow levels to=20
    mainly above 5,000ft in the Cascades and Olympics, above 6,000ft in
    the Shasta/Trinity mountains, and above 7,000ft in the Sierra=20
    Nevada. Of the West Coast mountain ranges, the Sierra Nevada will
    become the primary focus for heavy snow late Friday and through
    Saturday morning as the atmospheric river trajectory becomes=20
    positioned farther south into the Golden State. The atmospheric
    river finally relents later in the day on Saturday and a lull in
    the active pattern should settle in by Saturday night. WPC PWPF
    shows high chances (>70%) for snowfall >12" for elevations
    7,000ft. In totals, most of the central and southern Sierra Nevada
    7,000ft can expect an additional 1-2ft of snowfall with the=20
    tallest peaks above 9,000ft possibly approaching 3ft of snow.

    Areas with better opportunities for heavy snowfall at lower=20
    elevations are farther north into the Columbia Basin and even east
    of the Northern Rockies in northern Montana where colder=20
    temperatures locked in place by high pressure to the north will=20
    allow for precipitation to fall in the form both snow and freezing=20
    rain. WPC PWPF shows moderate-to-high chances (50-70%) for >4" of=20
    snowfall along the Montana/Canada border through Sunday morning. In
    the mountains, however, snowfall jumps up dramatically with=20
    portions of the Lewis Range, Sawtooth, Boise, and Blue mountains=20
    measuring as much as 1-2 feet of snow with localized amounts=20
    approach 30".=20


    ...Great Lakes & Appalachians...=20
    Days 1-2...

    This morning, a massive upper low over the Great Lakes containing a
    pair of potent 500mb vorticity maxima will be responsible for heavy
    snow in the Central Appalachians and across the northern Mid-
    Atlantic. Periods of lake enhanced snowfall will continue over the
    Michiana area, while the one of the 500mb vort maxima tracking
    south from the northern most portion of Michigan's Mitten aids in a
    band of moderate-to-heavy snow in southeast Wisconsin and across
    the greater Chicagoland metro area.=20

    As the leading 500mb vort max tracks over the Central Appalachians
    Thursday afternoon, the large 500mb low will continue to deep with
    heights at 500mb, 700mb, and 850mb that are near the lowest=20
    observed 06Z Nov 22 heights observed in the CFSR climatological=20
    record (1979-2009). As the upper low tracks east, brisk and moist=20
    westerly 850-700mb winds allows for periods of moderate to heavy=20
    snow to break out along the Laurel Highlands, Allegheny Mountains,=20
    and even as far south as the Smokeys of NC/TN. Snowfall increases=20
    in intensity in the Laurel Highlands and Allegheny Mountains=20
    Friday morning when NW flow not only strengthens but advects a=20
    greater concentration of 850-500mb moisture into the Central=20
    Appalachians. Snowfall rates of 1-2"/hr are possible during the day
    Friday. Snowfall will gradually subside Friday night with only=20
    some very light snow in parts of east-central WV leftover by=20
    Saturday morning. WPC PWPF shows high chances (>70%) for snowfall=20
    12" from the Laurel Highlands on south through east-central WV.=20
    Some guidance shows low chances (10-30%) for snowfall totals >24"=20
    in the highest terrain of east-central WV by the time the event=20
    concludes Saturday morning. The WSSI shows Moderate to Major=20
    Impacts in these areas driven largely due to the sheer amount of=20
    snow in the forecast, as well as a higher Snow Load component given
    the more wet/heavy snow-type expected. This could result in some=20
    localized power outages and tree damage, especially when paired=20
    with 40kt 850 mb winds on Friday. Travel will be hazardous to=20
    impossible in areas with Major Impacts.

    ...Northern Mid-Atlantic...
    Days 1-2...

    ***The first winter storm of the season for the interior Mid-
    Atlantic begins this evening and lingers into the day on Friday**

    In the northern Mid-Atlantic, a dynamic storm system will take
    shape this afternoon as a vigorous 2PVU anomaly working in tandem
    with the left-exit region of a 250-500mb jet streak will strengthen
    low pressure off along the triple point just off the Jersey Shore.
    As this takes shape and an 850mb low consolidates near the NYC
    metro area, a plume of rich 850-700mb moisture off the Atlantic
    will wrap around the northern and western flanks of the storm. At
    the same time, this moisture advection is a byproduct of intense
    WAA at those same levels. As the moisture ascends along an area of
    850-700mb frontogenesis, a comma head of heavy precipitation will=20
    take shape as early as midday today from eastern PA and the=20
    Southern Tier of NY to the Lower Hudson Valley and northern NJ.
    Once precipitation rates increase via increasing vertical=20
    velocities and the cold temperatures above 800mb arrives that=20
    afternoon, the profile will be sufficiently cold enough to produce=20
    heavy snow initially in the Poconos and Catskills Thursday=20
    afternoon, followed by lower elevations across the Southern Tier of
    NY through Thursday night.=20

    Even 24 hours out from the peak of the event, there are still some
    lingering question marks in this setup that will limit the=20
    potential for a more expansive snow storm. The first is the air-
    mass leading up to this storm has been mild and soil temperatures=20
    remain rather warm. The other is these compact and quickly evolving
    storm systems tend to generate a mid- level dry slot. This dry=20
    slot should make its presence known by 06Z Fri with central NY=20
    likely getting influenced by the dry slot first, then possibly as=20
    far west as the Binghamton area Friday morning. While this should=20
    limit the areal coverage of heavy snow in central NY, the=20
    impressive rates along the PA/NY border and on south into the=20
    Poconos will have an expansive areas of wrap around moisture to=20
    work with. In addition, HREF guidance shows up to a 9 hour window=20
    where these areas could see 1-2"/hr snowfall rates late Thursday afternoon
    and into Thursday night. Even with warmer soil temps, while the=20
    first inch or so may melt or compact quickly, eventually these kind
    of rates should win out and quickly cool the surface to freezing.=20
    This would then support rapid accumulations, especially in the=20
    higher terrain of the Poconos. But even some of the Valleys could=20
    see some heavier totals beneath the deformation zone Thursday=20
    night.

    By Friday morning, the wrap around moisture at 700-300mb will
    rotate as far south as the DC/Baltimore metro area. Some latest
    CAMs show an almost squall-line type evolution Friday morning that
    could bring a burst of snow to parts of northern MD and possibly
    into the DC/Baltimore metro areas closer to midday. In PA, moist
    westerly flow beneath this behemoth of a 500mb low (NAEFS show=20
    700mb heights over southeast PA that are near the lowest observed=20
    heights for this time of year in the CFSR database), will keep=20
    periods of snow around until the strong vertical velocities=20
    subside. Accumulations beyond midday Friday will be difficult with=20
    the lone exceptions being the higher terrain of the Poconos and=20
    Catskills. WPC PWPF shows moderate-to-high chances (50-70%) for=20
    snowfall >8" in the Catskills, Poconos for elevations >1,500ft.=20
    Similar probabilities are present for >4" for elevations >1,000ft=20
    in Northeast PA and along the NY/PA border. Note that these totals=20
    and probabilities are tied strongly to elevation, with the one=20
    disclaimer that some lower elevations in northeast PA could=20
    overperform as a result of this deformation band Thursday evening.

    Lastly, there is the potential for the first sight of snow in parts
    of the NYC/Philly/Baltimore/DC metro areas. While most snow in the
    immediate metro areas will be primarily conversational, there are=20 low-to-moderate chances (30-50%) for >1" of snowfall to the west=20
    of these metro centers across northern MD, the Lower Susquehanna=20
    Valley, and into northern NJ.

    ...Northern New England...
    Days 2-3...

    Along the Adirondacks, Green, and White Mountains, the
    aforementioned upper low will draw moist easterly flow northward
    and into these ranges Thursday night and into Friday. Only the
    peaks of these ranges are likely to see measurable snowfall (Mt.
    Washington included) but by Saturday, a new wave of low pressure
    well off the East Coast will send another plume of moisture towards
    northern New England. Uncertainty in amounts is high given the
    spread in guidance, but the WPC PWPF currently shows low-to-
    moderate chances (30-50%) for snowfall totals >4" from the White
    Mountains to the western most border of Maine. Travel conditions
    could be hazardous in some areas at minimum, but dependent upon
    trends in guidance the next 24-36 hours, it is possible for=20
    snowfall to come up in these areas.


    The probability of significant ice across the CONUS is less than
    10 percent.

    Mullinax




    ...Winter Storm Key Messages are in effect. Please see current=20
    Key Messages below...

    https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/key_messages/Late= stKeyMessage_1.png__;!!DZ3fjg!9XYMFtjW_r-Hf4p9-utAYgVfpGciYXvvMQbJruKR24n_F= v10p6NZMnX0PgBG82KKCGykt6BS2DyR4YgcNhQ8m8014GM$=20

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Thu Nov 21 19:01:38 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 211901
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    201 PM EST Thu Nov 21 2024

    Valid 00Z Fri Nov 22 2024 - 00Z Mon Nov 25 2024

    ...Pacific Coast through the Interior Northwest and Great Basin...
    Days 1-3...

    Persistent closed low centered off the Pacific Northwest coast will
    become re-energized by vorticity maxima swinging through the
    associated trough this period. This will result in amplification=20
    of the gyre, noted by an expansive region of 500-700mb height=20
    anomalies reaching below -1 sigma, and approaching -3 sigma in the=20
    core of the trough. Beneath this trough, deepening surface low=20
    pressure will approach the WA coast Saturday, but likely get pulled
    back to the west before landfall in response to secondary=20
    shortwave energy digging to its south. This will result in=20
    persistent onshore and divergent mid-level flow, accompanying=20
    upper level jet energy to spread moisture onshore as a continuation
    of the ongoing atmospheric river (AR) through Saturday. While=20
    probabilities for IVT exceeding 500 kg/m/s wane and pivot southward
    through D2, this will still result in plentiful moisture and=20
    widespread moderate to at times heavy precipitation pushing onshore
    the Pacific Coast into the interior Northwest.

    Snow levels within this AR will be quite high, generally 6000-8000
    ft, except east of the WA Cascades on D1 when they will remain
    entrenched around 4000 ft before rising. This indicates that most
    of the heavy snow will be above pass levels, except in the higher
    Cascade Passes D1, and the Sierra Passes D2. WPC probabilities D1
    are high for more than 6 inches of snow in the WA Cascades, the
    Salmon River Range, and portions of the Northern Rockies near
    Glacier NP. On D2, snowfall is more robust and expansive, with a
    greater than 90% chance of 6 inches again in the Northern Rockies
    and Salmon River/Sawtooth Ranges. More impressively, the Sierra
    will be favorably located to be impinged upon by moisture D2,
    leading to pronounced upslope snow. WPC probabilities are above 80%
    for 12+ inches on D2, with 2 feet possible above 8000 ft.

    By D3, snow levels crash again as a cold front pushes onshore, but
    this is accompanied by reduced moisture advection as the column=20
    begins to dry out. Some moderate snow will persist through onshore
    flow, especially in the Sierra where an additional 6-12 inches is
    possible, but otherwise WPC probabilities for more than 6 inches
    are between 30-50% and focused across the Wasatch, Uintas, and
    ranges of NW WY.


    ...Great Lakes, Appalachians, Northeast...=20
    Days 1-3...

    Impressive upper low over the Great Lakes will feature a complex
    evolution through the weekend resulting in multiple surface low
    pressure and varying areas of heavy snow.

    The first surface low will track south across the Ohio Valley and
    towards the Central Appalachians tonight into Friday. Immediately
    downstream of this feature, a band of moderate to at times heavy
    snow is likely, but the fast progression and marginal thermal
    structure of the antecedent column will limit overall
    accumulations.=20

    The exception to this will be across the Central Appalachians
    especially from the Laurel Highlands southward across WV and as far
    south as the Great Smokey Mtns of TN where prolonged upslope flow=20
    ahead of this wave, combined with the wave itself, and then=20
    secondary upslope flow on Friday night will result in waves of=20
    heavy snowfall. WPC probabilities in this area are high (>70%) on=20
    D1 for more than 8 inches of snow, with probabilities for an=20
    additional 4+ inches on D2 reaching 30-50%. Event total snowfall=20
    could peak around 2 feet in central WV. Otherwise, snowfall at=20
    lower elevations and into the Ohio Valley should be 1-3" or less.

    A second, and likely stronger area of low pressure developing south
    of New England today will retrograde back to the NW while deepening
    as it remains embedded within the large 500mb gyre overhead. As
    this occurs, an impressive plume of low-level moisture will wrap
    northwest into the system, driving rich theta-e advection into a
    TROWAL to support some elevated instability and enhance available
    moisture for heavy precipitation. During this evolution,
    deformation will increase on the W/SW side of the system as it
    becomes exceptionally wrapped, with CAA on the southern side
    leading to improved fgen response beneath this deformation axis.
    This setup will support intense mesoscale ascent and bands of heavy precipitation rotating W/SW as the low retrogrades. Although the
    column will be marginally supportive of accumulating snow outside
    of higher elevations (above about 1500 ft), the intense lift should
    dynamically cool the column and allow efficient snowfall
    accumulation at times even in lower terrain. SLRs for this event
    will likely be below climo due to near freezing temps and warm soils/compaction, but still, rates of 1-2"/hr will promote heavy
    accumulations, especially in the Poconos and Catskills and
    surrounding areas. WPC probabilities D1 are high (>70%) for 8
    inches, with 2-day snowfall potentially reaching above 12" in a few
    spots. This will likely result in dangerous travel and impacts to infrastructure including scattered power outages.

    In the lower elevations of the Mid-Atlantic, WPC probabilities are
    high for more than 2 inches as far west as near BUffalo, NY and
    central PA, but locally higher totals are likely where these bands
    pivot. Additionally, the guidance has become more aggressive
    pinwheeling some snow bands as far SE as the I-95 corridor, so
    while accumulations in the major urban areas from Washington, D.C.
    to New York City are expected to be minimal, if any, these cities
    could see their first "falling" snow of the season Friday
    morning/aftn.

    Along the Adirondacks, Green, and White Mountains, the
    upper low will draw moist easterly flow northward and into these=20
    ranges Friday night through Saturday while yet a third surface low
    develops east of Maine and pivots northwest. Snow levels should be
    high enough that only the highest terrain will receive significant
    snow, but WPC probabilities have increased and now feature a 30-50%
    chance on D2 and D3 of more than 4 inches, primarily in the White
    Mountains of NH and the peaks of northern ME.


    ...Northern Rockies through the Northern Plains...
    Days 2-3...

    A shortwave ejecting through the base of an anomalous trough off
    the Pacific Coast will swing eastward into the Northwest Saturday
    and then begin to amplify into a potent but fast moving impulse
    across the Northern Rockies and into the Northern Plains Sunday.
    This deepening system will drive downstream ascent through height
    falls, PVA, and divergence. At the same time, a zonally oriented
    jet streak will pivot south of the region, placing its favorable
    LFQ atop the High Plains, interacting with increasing baroclinicity=20
    as a front wavers near the international border. The overlap of=20
    synoptic lift with the enhanced mesoscale ascent through fgen will
    result in weak cyclogenesis, leading to an expanding area of
    precipitation falling as snow. The column will be plenty cold for
    wintry precipitation thanks to high pressure from Canada extending
    southward, and as the WAA along the warm front lifts north, it will
    result in an exceptionally deep DGZ to support fluffy aggregate
    dendrites which should accumulate efficiently.=20

    The heaviest snowfall is likely in the terrain near the Northern=20
    Rockies where upslope flow will enhance ascent, and WPC=20
    probabilities support a high risk (>70%) for at least 8 inches near
    Glacier NP both D2 and D3. However, heavy snowfall is also likely=20
    farther east across northern MT and into ND where the most robust
    synoptic ascent will materialize. The guidance has trended a bit
    farther north today, but current WPC probabilities suggest around a
    30% chance for more than 4 inches along the international border as
    far east as central ND through D3.


    The probability of significant ice across the CONUS is less than
    10 percent.

    Weiss



    ...Winter Storm Key Messages are in effect. Please see current=20
    Key Messages below...

    https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/key_messages/Late= stKeyMessage_1.png__;!!DZ3fjg!-bg4qMZApFANi5aI4LOp1gLRAWvjj6xu6mo7ij0oJQkqs= BMxdRDaVjHO-eXmTr0QjBSAl_c55CLD_MAc23HLEFUVE0A$=20

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Fri Nov 22 08:31:32 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 220831
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    331 AM EST Fri Nov 22 2024

    Valid 12Z Fri Nov 22 2024 - 12Z Mon Nov 25 2024

    ...Pacific Coast through the Interior Northwest and Great Basin...
    Days 1-3...

    Persistent closed low centered off the Pacific Northwest coast will
    remain energized by vorticity maxima swinging through the=20
    associated trough this period. This will result in amplification of
    the gyre, noted by an expansive region of 500-700mb height=20
    anomalies reaching below -1 sigma, and approaching -3 sigma in the
    core of the trough. Beneath this trough, deepening surface low=20
    pressure will approach the WA coast today, but likely get pulled=20
    back to the west on Saturday before landfall in response to=20
    secondary shortwave energy digging to its south. This will result=20
    in persistent onshore and divergent mid-level flow, accompanying=20
    upper level jet energy to spread moisture onshore as a continuation
    of the ongoing atmospheric river (AR) across northern CA through=20
    early Saturday. While IVT values exceeding 500 kg/m/s wane and=20
    pivot southward by the end of D1, this will still result in=20
    plentiful moisture and widespread moderate to at times heavy=20
    precipitation pushing onshore the Pacific Coast into the interior=20
    Northwest.

    Snow levels within this AR will be quite high, generally 6000-8000
    ft, except east of the WA Cascades on D1 where they will remain
    entrenched around 4000 ft before rising. This indicates that most
    of the heavy snow will be above pass levels, except in the higher
    Cascade Passes D1, and the Sierra Passes D1-D2. WPC probabilities=20
    D1 are high for more than 6 inches of snow in the northern WA=20
    Cascades, the Salmon River Range, and portions of the Northern=20
    Rockies near Glacier NP. On D2, snowfall is more robust and=20
    expansive, with a greater than 90% chance of 6 inches again in the=20
    Northern Rockies and Salmon River/Sawtooth Ranges. More=20
    impressively, the Sierra will be favorably located to be impinged=20
    upon by moisture by the end of D1, leading to pronounced upslope=20
    snow. WPC probabilities are above 80% for 12+ inches through
    Saturday, with 2 feet possible above 8000 ft.

    By D2 onward, snow levels crash again as a cold front pushes=20
    onshore, but this is accompanied by reduced moisture advection as=20
    the column begins to dry out. Some moderate snow will persist=20
    through onshore flow, especially in the Sierra where an additional=20
    6-12 inches is possible, but otherwise WPC probabilities for more=20
    than 6 inches are between 30-50% and focused across the Wasatch,=20
    Uintas, and ranges of NW WY.


    ...Appalachians and Northeast...
    Days 1-2...

    Impressive upper low over the Northeast will feature a complex=20
    evolution through the weekend resulting in a couple surface lows and
    varying areas of heavy snow.

    The Central Appalachians, especially from the Laurel Highlands=20
    southward across WV and as far south as the Great Smokey Mtns of
    TN/NC, will benefit from prolonged upslope flow on the western=20
    periphery of the upper low resulting in waves of heavy snowfall
    through Saturday. WPC's snowband probability tracker depicts an
    extended period of 1-2"/hr snowfall rates during the D1 period
    across the Allegheny Mtns. WPC probabilities in this area are high
    70%) on D1 for more than 8 inches of snow. Event total snowfall=20
    could peak around 2 feet in central WV.

    The ongoing potent and compact surface low churning near Long
    Island is forecast to loop westward and eventually toward the south
    today over eastern PA as it remains embedded within the large=20
    500mb gyre overhead. As this occurs, an impressive plume of low-=20
    level moisture will continue to wrap northwest into the system,=20
    driving rich theta-e advection into a TROWAL to support some=20
    elevated instability and enhance available moisture for heavy=20
    precipitation early on D1. Increasing deformation is noted on
    current radar trends on the W/SW side of the system as it becomes=20 exceptionally wrapped. This setup will support intense mesoscale=20
    ascent and bands of heavy precipitation rotating W/SW as the low=20 retrogrades. Although the column will be marginally supportive of=20 accumulating snow outside of higher elevations (above about 1500=20
    ft), the intense lift should dynamically cool the column and allow=20
    efficient snowfall accumulation at times even in lower terrain.=20
    SLRs for this event will likely be below climo due to near freezing
    temps and warm soils/compaction, but still, rates of 1-2"/hr will=20
    promote heavy accumulations, especially in the Poconos and=20
    Catskills and surrounding areas early this morning. Most of the=20
    ongoing snowfall is expected to occur before or right around the=20
    start of the D1 period (12z Fri), so WPC probabilities don't=20
    reflect the ongoing event. Nonetheless, the greatest snowfall=20
    amounts are expected in northeast PA and neighboring areas of New
    York and northern NJ, with 2-day snowfall potentially reaching=20
    above 12" in a few highly elevated spots. This will likely result=20
    in dangerous travel and impacts to infrastructure including=20
    scattered power outages.

    In the lower elevations of the Mid-Atlantic, some snow bands could
    pivot as far SE as the I-95 corridor, so while accumulations in=20
    the major urban areas from Washington, D.C. to New York City are=20
    expected to be minimal, if any, these cities could see their first=20
    "falling" snow of the season Friday morning/aftn.

    Along the Adirondacks, Green, and White Mountains, the
    upper low will draw moist easterly flow northward and into these=20
    ranges Friday night through Saturday while another surface low=20
    develops east of Maine and pivots northwest. Snow levels should be=20
    high enough that only the highest terrain will receive significant=20
    snow, but WPC probabilities have increased and now feature a 30-50%
    chance on D2 of more than 4 inches, primarily in the White=20
    Mountains of NH and the peaks of northern ME.


    ...Northern Rockies through the Northern Plains...
    Days 1-2...

    A shortwave ejecting through the base of an anomalous trough off
    the Pacific Coast will swing eastward into the Northwest Saturday
    and then begin to amplify into a potent but fast moving impulse
    across the Northern Rockies and into the Northern Plains Sunday.
    This deepening system will drive downstream ascent through height
    falls, PVA, and divergence. At the same time, a zonally oriented
    jet streak will pivot south of the region, placing its favorable
    LFQ atop the far northern High Plains, interacting with increasing baroclinicity as a front wavers near the international border. The
    overlap of synoptic lift with the enhanced mesoscale ascent=20
    through fgen will result in weak cyclogenesis, leading to an=20
    expanding area of precipitation falling as snow. The column will be
    plenty cold for wintry precipitation thanks to high pressure from=20
    Canada extending southward, and as the WAA along the warm front=20
    lifts north, it will result in an exceptionally deep DGZ to support
    fluffy aggregate dendrites which should accumulate efficiently. The
    biggest question remains whether or not this favorable environment
    and most impactful snowfall will span south over the U.S.-Canada=20
    border.

    The heaviest snowfall is likely in the terrain near the Northern=20
    Rockies where upslope flow will enhance ascent, and WPC=20
    probabilities support a high risk (>70%) for at least 8 inches near
    Glacier NP on D2. However, heavy snowfall is also possible farther
    east across northern MT along the international border D1-D2 where
    the most robust synoptic ascent will materialize. A leading surge
    of modest upper diffluence and WAA may lead to a burst of snow
    today across northwest and northern MT. WPC probabilities for at
    least 2" on D1 are high throughout northern MT. For the main=20
    activity related to the approaching shortwave on D2, the guidance=20
    has continued to trend a bit farther north from central MT eastward
    to ND, with current WPC probabilities suggest around a 30% chance=20
    for more than 4 inches right along the international border as far=20
    east as north- central MT on D2, with higher probabilities for
    heavy snowfall located in southern Alberta and Saskatchewan.


    The probability of significant ice across the CONUS is less than
    10 percent.

    Snell




    ...Winter Storm Key Messages are in effect. Please see current=20
    Key Messages below...

    https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/key_messages/Late= stKeyMessage_1.png__;!!DZ3fjg!5gloX8aufulgyL39TQZXAyrUKdMBibnJvUKTnDVhdF3-J= zlTyRtnVQu2JnIf9OFUWO-L9fS097RmfNEbI9zo2nwMiXM$=20

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Fri Nov 22 20:31:08 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 222030
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    330 PM EST Fri Nov 22 2024

    Valid 00Z Sat Nov 23 2024 - 00Z Tue Nov 26 2024

    ...Pacific Coast through the Interior Northwest and Great Basin...
    Days 1-3...

    Persistent closed low centered off the Pacific Northwest coast
    will remain energized by vorticity maxima swinging through the
    associated trough this period. This will result in amplification of
    the gyre, noted by an expansive region of 500-700mb height
    anomalies reaching below -1 sigma, and approaching -2.5 to -3 sigma
    in the core of the trough. Beneath this trough, surface low
    pressure off the WA coast tonight will continue northward then
    northwestward, resulting in persistent onshore and divergent mid-
    level flow. The accompanying upper level jet energy will help
    spread moisture onshore as a continuation of the ongoing
    atmospheric river (AR) across northern CA D1. While IVT values
    exceeding 500 kg/m/s wane and pivot southward tonight, this will
    still result in plentiful moisture and widespread moderate to at
    times heavy precipitation pushing onshore the Pacific Coast into
    the interior Northwest.

    Snow levels within this AR will be quite high, generally 6000-8000
    ft, except east of the WA Cascades tonight where they will remain
    entrenched around 4000 ft before rising. This indicates that most
    of the heavy snow will be above pass levels, except in the higher
    Cascade Passes D1, and the Sierra Passes D1-D2. WPC probabilities
    D1 are >50% for more than 6 inches of snow in the northern WA
    Cascades, the Salmon River Range, and portions of the Northern
    Rockies near Glacier NP. Into D2, snowfall will be a bit more
    expansive but overall lower in magnitude. Farther south, the Sierra
    will be favorably located to be impinged upon by moisture by
    starting tonight, leading to pronounced upslope snow. WPC
    probabilities are high (>70%) for 12+ inches above 7000ft or so
    into Saturday, with 2 feet possible above 8000 ft.

    For D2-3, snow levels crash again as a cold front pushes onshore,
    but this is accompanied by reduced moisture advection as the column
    begins to dry out until the end of D3. Some moderate snow will
    persist through onshore flow, especially in the Sierra where an
    additional 6-12 inches is possible, but otherwise WPC probabilities
    for more than 6 inches are between 30-50% and focused across the
    Wasatch, Uintas, and ranges of NW WY. By Monday afternoon, the next
    surge of moisture will push into central CA and straight into the
    Sierra where moderate snow amounts will likely continue into D4.


    ...Appalachians and Northeast...
    Days 1-2...

    Stacked/wrapped upper and sfc low over the Northeast will continue
    its counterclockwise loop through Saturday before lifting out
    through Atlantic Canada. Upslope snow into the central Appalachians
    will persist through Saturday evening via NW flow as moisture has
    circulated from the Atlantic up and around southeastern Canada back
    across the lower Great Lakes. WPC probabilities for at least
    another 4 inches of snow D1-2 are >50% above 3000ft or so across
    eastern WV.

    Into New England, trailing vorticity lobe will spur a new surface
    low southeast of Cape Cod tonight that will track northward,
    favoring increased northerly/cooler flow over interior portions of
    Maine southwestward into VT. The column is fairly mild to start
    over New England via SE flow ahead of the initial front, but that
    will change overnight with rain changing to snow as the low
    approaches and deepens. QPF will be focused closer to the coast,
    but light amounts of snow are likely for the interior and
    especially the higher terrain above 2500ft or so (White Mountains
    and northern ME) where WPC probabilities of at least 4 inches are
    40%.


    ...Northern Rockies through the western Northern High Plains...
    Days 1-2...

    A shortwave ejecting through the base of an anomalous trough off
    the Pacific Coast will swing eastward into the Northwest Saturday
    and then begin to amplify into a potent but fast-moving impulse
    across the Northern Rockies and into the Northern Plains Sunday.
    This deepening system will drive downstream ascent through height
    falls, PVA, and divergence. At the same time, a zonally-oriented
    jet streak will pivot south of the region, placing its favorable
    LFQ atop the far northern High Plains, interacting with increasing baroclinicity as a front wavers near the international border. The
    overlap of synoptic lift with the enhanced mesoscale ascent through
    fgen will result in weak cyclogenesis, leading to an expanding
    area of precipitation falling as snow. The column will be plenty
    cold for wintry precipitation thanks to high pressure from Canada
    extending southward. As the WAA along the warm front lifts north,
    an exceptionally deep DGZ will support fluffy aggregate dendrites
    which should accumulate efficiently, but the most favorable
    environment and most impactful snowfall will likely be just north
    of the U.S.-Canada border.

    The heaviest snowfall is likely in the terrain near the Northern
    Rockies where upslope flow will enhance ascent, and WPC
    probabilities support a high risk (>70%) for at least 8 inches near
    Glacier NP. With a drier trend farther east, WPC probabilities for
    at least 4 inches of snow are <40% along the Canadian border.


    The probability of significant ice across the CONUS is less than
    10 percent.


    Fracasso/Snell







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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sat Nov 23 07:55:26 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 230755
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    255 AM EST Sat Nov 23 2024

    Valid 12Z Sat Nov 23 2024 - 12Z Tue Nov 26 2024

    ...Pacific Coast through the Intermountain West and Rockies...
    Days 1-3...

    Strong upper low off the Pacific Northwest finally begins to
    unravel while ejecting shortwaves inland across the West, with
    persistent onshore flow and lowering snow levels leading to
    widespread heavy mountain snowfall.

    The first shortwave ejecting through the base of an anomalous
    trough off the Pacific Coast will swing eastward into the Northwest
    Saturday and then begin to amplify into a potent but fast-moving
    impulse across the Northern Rockies and into the Northern Plains
    Sunday. This deepening system will drive downstream ascent through
    height falls, PVA, and divergence. At the same time, a zonally-
    oriented jet streak will pivot south of the region, placing its
    favorable LFQ atop the far northern High Plains and southern Canada, interacting with increasing baroclinicity as a front wavers near
    the international border. The overlap of synoptic lift with the
    enhanced mesoscale ascent through fgen will result in weak
    cyclogenesis, leading to an expanding area of precipitation falling
    as snow. The column will be plenty cold for wintry precipitation
    thanks to high pressure from Canada extending southward. As the WAA
    along the warm front lifts north, an exceptionally deep DGZ will
    support fluffy aggregate dendrites which should accumulate
    efficiently, but the most favorable environment and most impactful
    snowfall will likely be just north of the U.S.-Canada border. The
    greatest impacts over the U.S. from this system appear to occur
    over the northern Rockies on D1, where upslope flow will enhance
    ascent. WPC probabilities for at least 8 inches of snow are high
    (<70%) across northwest MT and Glacier NP, as well as the Salmon
    River and Clearwater Mts of Idaho.

    The Pacific mountain ranges spanning from the Cascades to the
    Sierra Nevada will see a few separate shortwaves move inland
    before the parent upper low finally pushes eastward on D3. The
    ongoing AR over central CA will come to an end by the start of D1
    and allow for snow levels to fall back to around 4000-5000 ft
    across the Sierra and lower (2500-3000 feet) across the Cascades.
    However, IVT values will also become very weak along the West Coast
    until a resurgence across the Sierra on D3 in response to the
    parent upper lows eastward movement. A few locally enhanced axes
    of moisture are also possible across the Pac NW D2-D3 due to the
    lingering low off the coast. This results in high probabilities
    70%) for at least a foot of total snowfall over the next three
    days across the Sierra Nevada, Shasta Siskiyous of northern
    California, Oregon Cascades, and Olympic Mts. Areas above 5000 feet
    can expect the potential for up to two feet of snow.

    Leftover moisture spilling across the Intermountain West and
    central Rockies could combine with favorable west-east upslope
    enhancement over the Wasatch Mts of Utah and Colorado ranges on D2.
    WPC probabilities for at least 8 inches of snow are low (10-30%).


    ...Northern New England...
    Days 1-2...

    Stacked/wrapped upper and sfc low over the Northeast will complete its counterclockwise loop this morning before a separate sfc low
    develops and lifts north through Atlantic Canada along with the
    larger upper low this weekend. Upslope snow into the central
    Appalachians will persist through this evening via NW flow as
    moisture has circulated from the Atlantic up and around
    southeastern Canada back across the lower Great Lakes. A few
    additional inches of snow are possible in elevations above 3000 ft
    in West Virginia, with marginal surface temperatures limiting the
    potential for heavier amounts.

    Into New England, trailing vorticity lobe will aid this new coastal
    sfc low east of Cape Cod that will track northward into Nova
    Scotia by tonight, favoring increased northerly/cooler flow over
    interior portions of Maine southwestward into VT. The column is
    fairly mild to start over New England via SE flow ahead of the
    initial front, but that will change on D1 with rain changing to
    snow as the low approaches and deepens. QPF will be focused closer
    to the coast, but light amounts of snow are likely for the interior
    and especially the higher terrain above 2500ft or so (White
    Mountains and northern ME) where WPC probabilities of at least 4
    inches are >40%.

    Additionally, lake effect snow showers are possible downwind of
    Lake Ontario D1-D2 due to this persistent west-northwest flow
    around the large low pressure system to the east. Warm boundary
    layer temperatures will limit snowfall accumulations as upper
    ridging quickly builds from the west. In, fact most showers may
    simply fall as rain outside the higher elevations of Upstate New
    York or within some of the locally heavier bands where dynamic
    cooling can lower surface temperatures to near freezing.


    ...Upper Great Lakes...
    Day 3...

    The fast-moving shortwave exiting the northern Plains on Sunday is
    forecast to reach the Upper Great Lakes on Monday while also
    taking on a negative tilt in response to a piece of upper energy
    quickly rounding the southern end of the trough over the Midwest.
    Surface low is expected to then deepen over the Great Lakes by the
    end of D3 with upper diffluence and lake enhancement off Lake
    Superior supporting periods of light to moderate snow over the
    U.P. of Michigan. WPC probabilities for at least 4 inches of snow
    are low (10-30%) for most of this region on D3, with medium
    chances (40-60%) over the Porcupine Mts.


    Snell










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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sat Nov 23 18:44:26 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 231844
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    144 PM EST Sat Nov 23 2024

    Valid 00Z Sun Nov 24 2024 - 00Z Wed Nov 27 2024

    ...Intermountain West and Rockies...
    Day 1

    A developing low in western Montana will form on shortwave energy
    rounding the base of an amorphous longwave trough over the Pacific
    Northwest and western Canada. Residual atmospheric moisture will be
    in place from last week's atmospheric river event. Thus, expect
    areas of heavy snow over many of Idaho, western Montana, and
    western Wyoming's mountains through Sunday. The heaviest rates will
    be largely concentrated in the mountains due to locally forced
    upslope flow. However, as snow levels crash below 4,000 ft, higher
    valleys will also pick up some light snowfall accumulations.
    PWPF values into Glacier N.P. and the Sawtooths of Idaho are over
    90% at the highest elevations for 8 inches or more of snow. For
    Yellowstone and Grand Teton N.P.s the values are over 60%.

    The low will quickly propagate to the Plains as leeside troughing
    and some weakening of the upper level jet bring the largest
    pressure falls into southeast Montana/northeast Wyoming by Sunday
    afternoon. This will quickly end the heavy snow over the
    aforementioned mountains, perhaps as early as Sunday morning. With
    diminishing atmospheric moisture further east, this will end the
    significant snowfall threat by Sunday evening.

    ...Upper Great Lakes...
    Day 2-3

    On Sunday night, energy from two separate disturbances...one an
    upper level low over the Canadian prairies, and the other an
    ejecting shortwave out of California/Nevada...will merge over a
    strong cold front over the northern Plains. The combination of all
    of that upper level energy and the surface front will result in
    cyclogenesis near Lake Michigan on Monday morning. The low will
    allow for heavy snow to develop to the north near Lake Superior,
    especially the U.P. As the low tracks northeast across the L.P.,
    much colder air wrapping around the back side of the low will allow
    for widespread lake-effect snow and snow showers persisting into
    Tuesday for much of the U.P. Expect a widespread 3-6 inches of snow
    over much of the Lake Superior shoreline from the Arrowhead through
    the U.P.

    Wegman


    ...Northern New England...
    Days 1-2...

    Upper low moving northward over Atlantic Canada will continue
    northward as additional height falls cross through the eastern
    Great Lakes into New England overnight, promoting an area of snow
    over far interior Maine into northern NH/VT. WPC probabilities of
    an additional 4 inches of snow are moderate (>40%) over these
    areas, mainly in the higher terrain above 2000ft or so. Light snow
    is also favored over eastern NY (Adirondacks into the Catskills)
    but amounts should be under 4 inches.

    ...Sierra, Wasatch, CO Rockies...
    Days 1-3...

    Troughing off the West Coast will continue into next week, with a
    rather steady stream of moisture into the region. Generally lighter
    snow is forecast for D1 above 6000ft or so (Sierra) with any
    moderate accumulations (>6") limited to above 7000ft where WPC
    probabilities are >40%. By D2, another surge of moisture will aim
    toward the Sierra as PW and IVT values climb above the 95th
    percentile per the NAEFS ESAT. With a favorable WSW flow into the central/southern Sierra, moderate to very heavy snow is likely for
    areas south of Lake Tahoe into D3 as PW/IVT anomalies peak above
    the 99th percentile. Snow levels will rise well above 7000ft to
    9000ft (north to south) but those high elevations may see several
    feet of snow over the two-day period. WPC probabilities for at
    least 24 inches of snow are highest above 8000ft with the highest
    peaks possibly receiving closer to four feet.

    Farther east, 120-140kt upper jet will stream across the Great
    Basin with the axis of moisture focused across southern NV/UT. This
    will set up westerly flow into the Wasatch and then the CO Rockies with moderate snow accumlations D3 as snow levels will be high
    (7500-9000ft). WPC probabilities for at least 8 inches are >50%
    above 10,000ft in the Rockies.

    Fracasso


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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sun Nov 24 08:36:02 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 240835
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    335 AM EST Sun Nov 24 2024

    Valid 12Z Sun Nov 24 2024 - 12Z Wed Nov 27 2024

    ...Northern New England...
    Days 1-2...

    Upper low moving over Atlantic Canada is expected to stall today
    and absorb approaching upper shortwave diving southeastward over
    Ontario. These features combined with strong northwest flow will
    support upslope snow over the higher terrain of far northern New
    England (mainly the White Mts through northern Maine). WPC
    probabilities of an additional 4 inches of additional snow are
    medium (40-70%) over these areas. Light snow is also favored over
    eastern NY (Adirondacks into the Catskills) but amounts should be
    under 4 inches.

    ...Upper Great Lakes...
    Days 1-3

    Tonight, energy from two separate disturbances, one an upper level
    low over the Canadian prairies, and the other an ejecting
    shortwave out of central Great Basin, will merge over a strong
    surface cold front diving southward over the central Plains. An
    area of low pressure will then form and progress northeastward from
    the Midwest to the Great Lakes on D2. The combination of upper
    level energy and upper diffluence beneath the favorable left- exit
    region of a quick moving 250 mb 105 kt jet streak will aid in a
    blossoming precipitation shield from northern MN to northern WI and
    the U.P. of Michigan into Monday morning. As the low tracks
    northeast across the L.P., much colder air wrapping around the back
    side of the low will allow for additional widespread lake-effect
    snow and snow showers persisting into D3 for much of the U.P. WPC
    probabilities for at least 4" of snow are medium (30-60%) across
    the Arrowhead of MN, far northern WI, and the U.P. of Michigan.

    As this low and precipitation moves eastward over the Northeast
    and New England on D3, light freezing rain is possible over
    interior New England as low- level cold air remains locked in
    place as mid- level temperatures rapidly warm above freezing along
    with the precipitation shield. Surface temperatures should also
    eventually rise above freezing given the strong low forecast to
    track north of the region into southern Quebec. Only the northern
    White Mts and far northern Maine could see temperatures remain
    around the freezing mark and the entire column potentially
    remaining cold enough for light snow.

    ...Sierra, Wasatch, CO Rockies...
    Days 1-3...

    Ejecting upper shortwave and surface cold front crossing the
    Intermountain West and central Rockies today will include residual
    moisture from the atmospheric river impacting northern California
    over the last few days and will have the potential to produce a
    burst of snow over the region. Snow levels starting around
    5000-6000ft will fall below 4500-5000ft by the end of D1 and
    behind the cold front, but also as the column gradually dries out.
    WPC probabilities for at least 6 inches of snow are mostly low
    (10-30%) for the Wasatch Mts and CO Rockies, with higher chances
    above 9000ft.

    Troughing off the West Coast will continue during the short range
    period, with a rather steady stream of moisture into the region.
    Generally lighter snow is forecast for D1 above 4000ft or so
    over northern CA and the Cascades WPC probabilities for at least 6
    inches of snow are medium (40-70%) for these ranges and high
    70%) above 6000ft. By D2, the next heavy snow event enters the
    West as another surge of moisture will aim toward the Sierra with
    PW and IVT values climbing above the 95th percentile per the NAEFS
    ESAT. With a favorable WSW flow into the central/southern Sierra,
    moderate to very heavy snow is likely for areas south of Lake Tahoe
    into D3 as PW/IVT anomalies peak above the 99th percentile. Snow
    levels will rise well above 7000ft to 9000ft (north to south) but
    those high elevations may see several feet of snow over the two-day
    period. WPC probabilities for at least 24 inches of snow are
    highest above 8000ft with the highest peaks possibly receiving
    closer to four feet.

    Farther east, 120-140kt upper jet will stream across the Great
    Basin with the axis of moisture focused across southern NV/UT. This
    will set up favorable westerly flow into the Wasatch and then the
    CO Rockies with moderate-to-heavy snow accumulations on D3 as snow
    levels increase (7500-9000ft). The extended duration of elevated
    moisture and favorable westerly flow could lead to higher
    elevations receiving multiple feet of snowfall by the end of the
    event on Thursday. Currently, WPC probabilities for at least 12
    inches are >50% above 9000ft in the CO Rockies and Wasatch MTs
    through Wednesday morning.


    Snell



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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sun Nov 24 19:25:29 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 241925
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    225 PM EST Sun Nov 24 2024

    Valid 00Z Mon Nov 25 2024 - 00Z Thu Nov 28 2024

    ...Upper Great Lakes to New England...
    Days 1-2...

    The merger of 2 areas of upper level energy, one an upper level
    low over the Canadian Prairies and the other a shortwave ejecting
    out of the Colorado Rockies, will work to greatly increase the lift
    over the Upper Great Lakes on Monday. A 100 kt jet streak will
    support the upper level low extending southeastward, further
    increasing the lift in the region. A strong surface cold front will
    act to increase surface forcing for the development of a low near
    the Missouri/Illinois/Iowa tripoint, tracking northeast to near
    Chicago and across Michigan and into eastern Ontario by Tuesday.
    With the added forcing to the north of the low, the comma-head
    region of the low will be near Lake Superior...from the Arrowhead
    of Minnesota to the U.P. of Michigan. Periods of heavy snow are
    likely in this region, with support from the lake due to cold air
    advection over the relatively warm lake resulting in localized lake
    enhancement over the U.P., particularly in favored upslope areas
    such as the Porcupine and Huron Mountains.

    Into New England, which will be on the cold frontal/warm side of
    the low as it moves into Canada Tuesday, some of the colder valleys
    could see a brief period of freezing rain where the cold air
    currently in place remains trapped. PWPF for ice >0.10 inches are
    about 20-40% over far interior/NW Maine and northern NH.

    ...Pacific Northwest...
    Days 1-2...

    Upper low off the coast will finally move inland over SW OR and
    weaken on Tuesday, with onshore flow ahead of it for D1 over the
    Cascades where several inches of snow are likely. Snow levels are
    around 3000-4000ft from north to south (WA to OR) and will rise
    briefly tomorrow before falling again as QPF wanes and finally
    moves away from the area by the end of D2.


    ...Sierra Nevada...
    Days 1-3...

    Persistent WSW flow will continue for the next few days as waves
    of moisture flow across the central and especially southern Sierra,
    bringing significant heavy, wet snow to higher elevations.
    Moisture will start to impact the Sierra tonight and early Monday
    and quickly become heavier tomorrow afternoon and peak into Tuesday
    as PW/IVT approach record levels for this time of year per the
    NAEFS ESAT and CFSR period. 700mb 0C line will lie W-E from central
    CA eastward to the UT/AZ border, suggesting high snow levels and
    generally a heavy/wet snow for many areas (and likely lower SLR
    values). NBM shows snow levels around 7500ft (north) to perhaps
    10,000ft (south) coinciding with the heaviest QPF. With >2-3"
    liquid, even at <10:1 ratios, multiple feet of snow are likely in
    the highest elevations. Snow levels will drop as QPF starts to
    decrease into D3 once the shortwave to the north moves out of the
    Great Basin. For the three-day period, WPC probabilities for at
    least 12 inches of snow are high (>70%) above ~7000-8000ft.

    ...Wasatch, CO Rockies...
    Days 2-3...

    Several rounds of forcing in the upper levels will impact the
    region through Wednesday. A zonal 140 kt upper level jet will
    impinge over UT and CO on Tuesday, taking advantage of ample
    amounts of atmospheric moisture advecting into CA from continued
    onshore flow from the Pacific. Once the zonal jet shifts eastward,
    a strong shortwave trough will approach the area on Wednesday,
    resulting in much heavier snow across the Wasatch and CO Rockies.
    The shortwave will be supported by a separate 120 kt zonal jet
    over the Southwest. Thus, multiple days of very favorable forcing
    and continued moisture advection from the Pacific will result in
    a broad 2 to 4 feet of snow over many of the higher elevations.
    Meanwhile where temperatures can remain below freezing,
    accumulations could approach a foot through Wednesday in the
    neighboring valleys.

    The probability of significant ice >0.25 inches across the CONUS
    is less than 10 percent.

    Wegman/Fracasso

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Mon Nov 25 07:44:01 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 250743
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    243 AM EST Mon Nov 25 2024

    Valid 12Z Mon Nov 25 2024 - 12Z Thu Nov 28 2024

    ...Upper Great Lakes to New England...
    Days 1-2...

    Negatively tilted trough over the Upper Midwest along with a closed
    low churning over south-central Canada will slide east today and
    work to provide ample lift over the Upper Great Lakes during the D1
    period. Additionally, broad upper diffluence within the left exit
    region of a zonally oriented upper jet into the central Plains will
    help create the widespread precipitation shield from northern MN
    and WI into the U.P. of MI. Meanwhile, a sure low is expected to
    deepen as it crosses the Great Lakes and enters southern Ontario on
    Tuesday morning with the added forcing to the north of the low. Periods
    of heavy snow with rates up to around 1"/hr are possible associated
    from this low pressure system between northern WI to the U.P. from
    late this afternoon through the evening hours per the 00z HREF
    SPT. Lake -enhanced snowbands are also likely as cold west-
    northwest flow follows in the wake of the low before precipitation
    turns strictly lake-effect on D2. WPC probabilities are high (>70%)
    across the U.P. of Michigan and medium (40-60%) across the MN
    Arrowhead.

    Into New England, which will be dealing with WAA and the passage of
    an occluded front as the low moves into Canada Tuesday, will see some
    of the colder valleys remain below freezing for a period of time
    and allow for light icing. This is most likely to occur near the
    White MTs of northern New England, including parts of VT, NH, and
    ME. PWPF for ice >0.10 inches are about 20-40%.


    ...Pacific Northwest...
    Day 1...

    Upper low off the coast will finally move inland over SW OR and
    weaken on Tuesday, with onshore flow ahead of it for D1 over the
    Cascades where several inches of snow are likely. Snow levels are
    around 3000-4000ft from north to south (WA to OR) and will fall by
    D2 but as QPF wanes and finally moves away from the area. WPC
    probabilities are most notable across the Cascades and Blue Mts in
    OR, as well as the northern CA ranges.


    ...Sierra Nevada...
    Days 1-2...

    Persistent WSW flow will continue for the next few days as waves
    of anomalous moisture flow across the central and especially
    southern Sierra, bringing significant heavy, wet snow to higher
    elevations. Precipitation is beginning to move onshore this morning
    and quickly become heavier today before peaking early Tuesday as
    PW/IVT approach record levels for this time of year per the NAEFS
    ESAT and CFSR period. 700mb 0C line will lie W-E from central CA
    eastward to near UT/AZ border, suggesting high snow levels and
    generally a heavy/wet snow for many areas (and likely lower SLR
    values). NBM shows snow levels around 7500ft (north) to perhaps
    10,000ft (south) coinciding with the heaviest QPF. With >2-3"
    liquid, even at <10:1 ratios, multiple feet of snow are likely in
    the highest elevations along with snowfall rates up to 2-3"/hr.
    Snow levels will drop as QPF starts to decrease towards the end of
    D2 once the shortwave to the north moves out of the Great Basin.
    For the two- day period, WPC probabilities for at least 18 inches
    of snow are high (>70%) above ~8000ft.


    ...Wasatch, CO Rockies...
    Days 1-3...

    Several rounds of forcing in the upper levels and a potent 140 kt
    upper jet initially over UT and CO will impact the region through
    Wednesday and produce widespread heavy mountain snowfall. This
    strong upper flow will also take advantage of ample amounts of
    atmospheric moisture advecting into CA from continued onshore flow
    from the Pacific. IVT values are expected to reach all-time highs
    from southern UT/northern AZ to the Four Corners per NAEFS
    climatological percentiles. Once the zonal jet shifts eastward, a
    strong shortwave trough will approach the area on Wednesday,
    resulting in much heavier snow across the Wasatch and CO Rockies.
    Snow may also bleed over into the CO Front Range as the core of the
    upper jet sinks south, as well as better upslope components on the
    east-facing slopes of the Sangre de Cristo and Sawatch range. Snow
    levels are expected to start out at the beginning of D2 in the
    6000ft-8000ft range (higher south) and rise slightly on D2 before
    falling rapidly below 5000 ft on Day, but while precipitation also
    weakens. In total, multiple days of very favorable forcing and
    continued moisture advection from the Pacific will result in a
    broad 2 to 3 feet of snow over many of the higher elevations of UT
    and CO. WPC probabilities are high (>70%) for at least 24 inches of
    snow during the three day period for elevations in UT and CO above
    10,000ft, with low probabilities (10-30%) of 4 inches of snow
    across the CO Front Range on D3.

    The probability of significant ice >0.25 inches across the CONUS
    is less than 10 percent.

    Snell




    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Mon Nov 25 19:22:15 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 251921
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    221 PM EST Mon Nov 25 2024

    Valid 12Z Mon Nov 25 2024 - 12Z Thu Nov 28 2024

    ...Upper Great Lakes to New England...
    Days 1-2...

    A negatively tilted trough traversing the Great Lakes this evening
    and through Tuesday will generate sufficient upper level diffluence
    atop the atmosphere to support a shield of precipitation overt the
    Great Lakes. In association with this upper trough, a decaying
    frontal system will become an open surface trough tonight that
    stretches from the northern most portion of Michigan's Mitten on
    north and west into southern Canada. As the initial round of low
    level WAA concludes this afternoon (which could support some
    moderate-to-heavy snow in parts of Michigan's U.P.), winds will
    shift as a dying occluded front tracks east. With high pressure=20
    building in over the Canadian Prairies and low pressure heading=20
    east into southern Ontario early Tuesday morning, cyclonic flow=20
    over Lake Superior will increase along with weak low-level CAA,=20
    resulting in periods of snow along the Michigan U.P. and in the=20
    northern most portions of Michigan's Mitten. Snowfall rates at=20
    their peak could range between 1-2"/hr this afternoon and again
    Tuesday morning as CAA increases over the Porcupines and Huron
    Mountains. Snow rates should taper off to lighter levels by tuesday
    evening. WPC PWPF sports moderate-to-high chances (50-70%) for
    snowfall totals >6" in the Porcupine and Huron Mountains, while
    the eastern half of the Michigan U.P. have similar probabilities
    for >4" of snow. Lighter amounts are possible in the northern most
    parts of Michigan's Mitten. The WSSI generally shows Minor Impact
    potential in these areas, which indicate some slick roadways could
    result in hazardous travel conditions for some affected areas.

    Farther east, the surface low tracking into southern Ontario and
    divergent upper level flow over the Northeast will work with modest
    low-levels to allow for precipitation to fall in the form of a n
    icy wintry mix. This is due to some sub-freezing low-level
    temperatures being trapped over some parts of interior New England
    Tuesday morning. WPC PWPF shows low chances (10-30%) for >0.1" of
    ice accumulation in parts of the Adirondacks, Green, and White
    Mountains.


    ...Sierra Nevada...
    Days 1-2...

    An atmospheric river is preparing to deliver a rich plume of
    Pacific moisture into the Sierra Nevada that will result in heavy
    mountain snow starting today and lasting through Tuesday evening.
    NAEFS shows IVT values topping 500 kg/m/s that by 00Z this evening are
    topping observed values in the CFSR climatology over portions of
    southern California. Portions of the central
    Sierra Nevada can expect heavy snowfall above 7,000ft while the
    southern Sierra Nevada witness heavy snowfall above 8,000ft. Given
    the generally higher snow levels (some of which will occasionally=20
    be as high as 8,500ft in the southern Sierra Nevada) it will be=20
    elevations above 9,000ft that see the more prolific snowfall rates=20
    (3-4"/hr rates in some cases according to the HREF guidance on=20
    WPC's Snowband Probability Tracker for an impressive 24 hour=20
    stretch). These higher snow levels are also indicative of a=20
    heavy/wet snow with lower SLRs, suggesting not only will there be=20 significant snowfall amounts but there will also be significant=20
    snow load component that the Sierra Nevada will contend with. Add=20
    in unusually strong 700-500mb winds (>90th climatological=20
    percentile on NAEFS) and there could be added stress to some trees=20
    and above ground power lines that result in tree damage and power=20
    outages.

    WPC PWPF shows for elevations >9,000ft have high chances (>70%) for
    snowfall totals >30" in the Sierra Nevada. In fact, snowfall could
    range between 3-7ft by the time the atmospheric river shuts off
    Tuesday night. The WSSI does show Extreme Impacts >9,000ft with the Snow
    Amount and Snow Load components being the primary drivers in the
    impacts for this event. Given these Extreme Impacts, there could be
    some significant disruption to those living at such high elevations
    with tree damage and power outages possible.


    ...Wasatch, CO Rockies...
    Days 1-3...

    The same atmospheric river responsible for the copious amounts of
    heavy snowfall over the Sierra Nevada will direct highly anomalous
    Pacific moisture into the Wasatch and Central Rockies. NAEFS=20
    between 12Z Tuesday - 12Z Wednesday shows 500-700mb mean specific=20
    humidity (g/kg) values topping the 97.5 climatological percentile,
    signifying that the mid-levels where the DGZ are more commonly=20
    located will be well saturated. Winds will also be quite strong=20
    with westerly 200mb, 500mb, and 700mb winds all topping the 90th=20 climatological percentile. Strong upslope ascent into some of these
    ranges will be coupled with exceptional synoptic-scale lift atop=20
    the atmosphere, resulting in heavy snowfall in the Wasatch and=20
    Uinta above 7,000ft and the Central Rockies above 8,000ft. Snow=20
    will be measured in feet in these ranges with localized amounts=20
    surpassing 4 feet in the tallest peaks of the Wasatch and Colorado=20
    Rockies. The WSSI shows swaths of Moderate to Major Impacts in=20
    these ranges, with the latter signifying the potential for=20
    considerable disruptions to daily life. Widespread closures and=20
    disruptions to infrastructure are also anticipated in areas=20
    expecting Major Impacts. Some accumulating snow is possible along=20
    the Palmer Divide late Tuesday night and into Wednesday, then=20
    along the Sangre De Cristo Wednesday into Wednesday night. These=20
    areas have moderate-to-high chances for >6" of snowfall through=20
    Wednesday night.=20

    ...Northeast...
    Day 3...

    Plenty of uncertainty remains in the track of a storm system that
    will make for a damp and dreary Thanksgiving along the East Coast.
    The ECMWF camp of guidance has favored a more amplified solution
    that takes the storm across southeast PA Thursday morning and a
    swath of heavy snow would occur as far west as northern Ohio to
    across the interior Northeast during the day on Thanksgiving. The
    12Z CMC has trended closer to the 12Z ECMWF reflection, while the
    GFS is more suppressed and not as far north with the precipitation
    shield. WPC PWPF, which takes into account various ensemble
    members out through Thanksgiving evening, shows low-to-moderate
    chances (30-50%) for snowfall >4" in the Adirondacks, Green, and
    White Mountains. The Adirondacks in particular sport low chances=20
    (10-30%) for >8" of snowfall with additional heavy snow possible
    through Thanksgiving night. The WSSI-P does show low-to-moderate
    chances (30-50%) for Minor Impacts from as far south as the
    Catskills and northern Allegheny's of PA to the Green/White
    Mountains of interior New England. Residents in these areas should
    closely monitor the forecast over the next few days as this still
    has the potential to be a disruptive event across portions of the
    interior Northeast from Thanksgiving into Friday.=20


    The probability of significant ice >0.25 inches across the CONUS=20
    is less than 10 percent.

    Mullinax



    ...Winter Storm Key Messages are in effect. Please see current=20
    Key Messages below...

    https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/key_messages/Late= stKeyMessage_1.png__;!!DZ3fjg!7AM6YE-TnX7gziAvAVQ83Puc_oPiYQf-994zzO-t6gO-N= oabr9_fQB7P5kG3Yuj5JPYQxUFP5e5G4ml2JlPJ4EG8akw$=20



    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Tue Nov 26 08:35:25 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 260835
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    335 AM EST Tue Nov 26 2024

    Valid 12Z Tue Nov 26 2024 - 12Z Fri Nov 29 2024

    ...Upper Great Lakes and Interior Northeast...=20
    Days 1 and 3...

    A negatively tilted trough over the Great Lakes will lift over New
    England today. Warm air advection ahead of the surface triple point
    that tracks east over southern NY this morning will continue to
    cause freezing rain to fall in sheltered valleys mainly around the
    White Mtns after 12Z where Day 1 PWPF for >0.1" ice is around 20%.
    Otherwise cyclonic flow over the Lakes behind the system will
    continue to allow LES off WNWly flow to spread over northern MI=20
    and the Tug Hill east of Lake Ontario where Day 1 PWPF for >4" snow
    is 10-50% in preferred snow belts with upwards of 6" in the
    Superior coastal sections of the eastern U.P.=20

    A reinforcing northern stream trough amplifies as it crosses the=20
    Midwest Wednesday night, taking on a negative tilt as it lifts over
    New England Thursday, promoting rapid surface cyclogenesis over=20
    the northern Mid-Atlantic and New England coasts through Thursday=20
    night. Arctic-sourced air shifting in with this trough will=20
    reinvigorate LES of Lakes Superior and Michigan where Day 3 PWPF=20
    for >4" are 20-60% over typical U.P. and northern L.P. snow belts=20
    in WNWly flow.=20

    Deformational snow banding is expected to develop late Wednesday
    over/just south of the eastern Great Lakes and intensify late
    Wednesday night through Thursday in a narrow corridor of the
    interior Northeast north and behind the rapidly developing coastal
    low. Day 3 PWPF for >4" are rather focused on terrain with 30-60%
    probs over the Tug Hill, Adirondacks, Greens, Whites, and far
    northern Maine. However, given the expectation for banding, heavy
    snow is likely in at least a narrow swath northeast from far NWrn
    PA through interior New England regardless of elevation. Details on
    the location and intensity of this band will further increase as it
    enters the finer resolution model timeframes. Those with Interior
    Northeast interests over Thanksgiving should closely monitor this
    snow forecast as it should be a disruptive event across portions=20
    of the interior Northeast from Thanksgiving into Friday. The
    Arctic-sourced cold and subsequent LES off the Great Lakes through
    the weekend is the subject of the Key Messages which are linked
    below.=20


    ...Southern Sierra Nevada, central Nevada and Utah ranges...=20
    Day 1...

    An atmospheric river will continue to deliver a relatively narrow
    axis of rich Pacific moisture over the southern Sierra Nevada east
    through the southern Wasatch through this evening above snow levels
    around 8500ft. The 00Z HREF continues to indicate particularly=20
    heavy 2-3" snowfall rates will occur today on the highest southern=20
    Sierra Nevada and more like 1-2" for the central Nevada and=20
    central/southern Utah ranges into this evening. Snow levels drop=20
    to 5000ft overnight as the rates drop off after a positively-tilted
    northern stream trough axis passes. Day 1 PWPF for >12" are=20
    categorical over the highest central Utah terrain and 1-3'=20
    additional is expected over the highest southern Sierra Nevada.=20

    This should result in significant disruption to those in such high
    elevations with tree damage and power outages possible.


    ...CO Rockies...=20
    Days 1-2...

    The atmospheric river responsible for the copious amounts of heavy
    snowfall over the Sierra Nevada will direct highly anomalous=20
    Pacific moisture into the southern Rockies into Wednesday. Strong=20
    upslope ascent in the southern CO ranges will be coupled with=20
    potent right entrance region jet dynamics results in heavy=20
    snowfall above 7000ft in northern CO and 8500ft in southern CO=20
    today with levels dropping to around 5000ft late tonight in the
    north and 6000ft Wednesday morning in the south as rates taper=20
    off. Prolonged rates of 1-2" per hour are forecast by the 00Z HREF=20
    today and tonight over most western slopes of the CO Rockies with
    maxima in ranges such as the San Juans and Sawatch where Day 1 PWPF
    for >12" are categorical. The WSSI shows swaths of Moderate to=20
    Major Impacts for most CO ranges. Widespread closures and=20
    disruptions to infrastructure are also anticipated in areas=20
    expecting Major Impacts.=20

    Moderate snow is likely along eastern CO slopes and the Palmer
    Divide Wednesday as lee-side cyclogenesis occurs over southeast CO
    before dipping into the TX Panhandle. Day 2 PWPF for >4" is
    generally 20-50% immediately east of the southern Front=20
    Range and Sangre de Cristos including the I-25 corridor.=20


    Jackson



    ...Winter Storm Key Messages are in effect for the northern Plains
    and Great Lakes...=20

    https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/key_messages/Late= stKeyMessage_1.png__;!!DZ3fjg!5PFGUr-MONZQnsk-OBQXtFxnBIqdRROZQh2QFNpjjCY8q= ZTYJN3NNIc67bTf5DV1zLDXUBZdfOjjX426uuUVxBs3Ifs$=20

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Tue Nov 26 19:27:28 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 261927
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    227 PM EST Tue Nov 26 2024

    Valid 00Z Wed Nov 27 2024 - 00Z Sat Nov 30 2024

    ...Ohio Valley through the Interior Northeast...=20
    Days 1-3...

    Two areas of low pressure will bring rounds of wintry
    precipitation to the region during this Thanksgiving week.

    The first wave of low pressure will be moving off the coast of
    Maine to start the period, extended from an occluded low positioned
    near James Bay. This low will remain progressive to the east as a
    weakening shortwave shedding around a larger closed low north of
    the Great Lakes moves into the Canadian Maritimes. A ribbon of
    modest PW advection will occur downstream of this impulse and
    rotate cyclonically into New England, leading to a swath of
    precipitation moving across the region, which will fall as snow
    only in the higher terrain of NH and ME due to a relatively warm
    column. Some modest snowfall is likely as the accompanying WAA
    drives periods of heavy snow rates around 1"/hr before the column
    dries out from the west and precipitation ends Wednesday morning.
    WPC probabilities for an additional 2+ inches of snow are modest,
    and confined to the higher terrain of Maine.

    A more significant area of low pressure will then begin to take
    shape across the Ohio Valley/Midwest as a shortwave pivots through
    the broad cyclonic flow across the east. This shortwave will
    maintain a positive tilt as it shifts from the Midwest Wednesday
    aftn to off the coast of Maine by Thursday night. Although it will
    remain progressive, the accompanying ascent will intensify through
    Thursday as a downstream jet streak intensifies to 130kts and
    becomes modestly coupled as it pivots poleward across the Mid-
    Atlantic. This synoptic ascent impinging upon a surface baroclinic
    gradient (enhanced by downstream WAA) will drive cyclogenesis in
    the TN VLY, and this low will deepen as it moves progressively into
    the Mid-Atlantic and then near Cape Cod Thursday night before
    exiting to the Canadian Maritimes.

    There still remains considerable spread in the placement and
    intensity of this low which is reflected by cluster analysis. The
    GFS/GEFS continues to be on the weaker/shallow end with its 500mb
    heights leading to more of a sliding and weaker low, while the
    EC/ECENS and some Canadian members are stronger resulting in a
    deeper and somewhat slower low. The trends have been for a slightly
    more northward/deeper low, with the exception of the GFS/NAM, and=20
    a solution near the CMCE appears reasonable based on DESI variable=20
    IQRs. While the exact track and intensity will be critical as=20
    moisture shifts northward on robust theta-e advection into a column
    that is marginally supportive of snow outside of terrain, it is=20
    probable that heavy snow will occur well inland from I-95 on=20
    Thursday.=20

    This is most likely within what could be a potent band on
    the N/NW side of this low, with the evolution fitting the=20
    conceptual model of a laterally-quasi-stationary band moving from=20
    IN Wednesday night through northern PA and then across central New
    England into central ME. Persistent WAA into the system results in
    some increasingly sloped fgen, especially in the 700-500mb layer,=20
    which will effectively intersect the DGZ, furthering support for=20
    this band. These types of bands can produce sharp snowfall=20
    gradients, and the intensity can dynamically cool the column=20
    sufficiently to overcome near-freezing surface temps to cause=20
    impactful, low SLR snowfall. At this time, confidence in a band is=20 increasing, although placement remains very uncertain, and the snow
    footprint remains very much in question. Regardless, at this time
    WPC probabilities on Thanksgiving /D2/ and into Friday are 50-70%
    for more than 4 inches across the Adirondacks, Greens, Whites, and
    much of northern ME. Locally as much as 8" of snow is possible as
    reflected by WSE plumes. Additionally, where this band occurs,
    local modest accumulations of an inch or two are possible as far SW
    as IN/OH as shown by WPC probabilities for 1"+ reaching 10-30%.


    ..Great Lakes...
    Day 3...

    ***Significant and long lasting Lake Effect Snow event becoming
    more likely beginning Friday***

    Although periods of light to moderate lake effect snow (LES) in=20
    the typical N/NW band areas is possible D1 and D2, the significant=20
    event begins D3. WPC probabilities D1 (near the Tug Hill Plateau)
    and D2 (western and central U.P.) are generally 10-30% for 4+
    inches.

    Then, on D3, a closed mid-level low positioned near James Bay late
    Thursday will retrograde to the west and then pivot almost in=20
    place while deepening Friday. This will result in amplification of=20
    the eastern CONUS trough, leading to persistent cyclonic NW flow=20
    across the Great Lakes. This will create enhanced CAA, with 80mb=20
    temps falling from -3C (east) and -10C (northwest) to as low as -8C
    and -15C, respectively, by the end of D3. This cold air will be=20
    moving across very warm waters, with GLERL noting 0% ice cover and=20
    lake- surface temperatures around +8C in Lake Superior to +15C over
    Lake Erie. This will produce extreme sfc-850mb temperature=20
    gradients with super-adiabatic lapse rates and lake-induced=20
    instability that is already progged to approach 1000 J/kg in the=20
    recent NAM. A shortwave moving across the Lakes D3 will help=20
    enhance the CAA to produce the onset of what is very likely to=20
    become a prolonged and significant LES event, with multiple=20
    shortwaves and somewhat variable wind trajectories leading to=20
    widespread heavy LES into the medium range. While initially, the=20
    immediate coast of the lakes may be too warm for all snow except=20
    during the most intense rates, eventually the entire column should=20
    cool to support heavy snow even to the lakeshore. For D3, WPC
    probabilities are high (>50%) for 6+ inches in the U.P., near
    Traverse City, MI, in the Tug Hill, and most impressively along the
    Chautauqua Ridge. Locally 12"+ of snow is possible on D3, with=20
    much more to come through the weekend.

    The arctic-sourced cold and subsequent LES off the Great Lakes=20
    through the weekend is the subject of the Key Messages which are=20
    linked below.=20


    ...Great Basin through the Southern Rockies...
    Days 1-2...

    A positively tilted trough dropping along the OR coast this morning
    will begin to fill as it ejects into the Great Basin at the start
    of the forecast period /00Z this evening/. This feature will weaken
    rapidly during D1 as it becomes embedded in what is generally broad
    zonal flow across the CONUS, becoming just a weak ripple in the
    flow by Wednesday evening over the Southern Rockies. Despite the
    loss of amplification, pinched flow to its south and downstream
    will continue to advect significant moisture eastward within a=20
    narrow atmospheric river characterized by IVT reaching above the
    99.5 percentile within the CFSR database through the Four Corners
    region. As the trough fills, the accompanying IVT surge also
    weakens, but moisture will remain sufficient to produce heavy
    precipitation from the Great Basin through the CO Rockies and
    Sangre de Cristos into Thursday.

    As this weakening trough pivots east, it will interact with a broad
    baroclinic zone resulting in waves of low pressure moving through=20
    the region. Additionally, the associated temperature gradients and
    eastward advance of the weakening upper jet will drive elongated
    axes of mid-level fgen to enhance ascent, which could produce
    stripes of embedded heavier precipitation within otherwise modest
    precipitation rates. The most likely areas to experience heavy snow
    from this event will be in the higher terrain where westerly flow
    will upslope favorably to drive pronounced lift, including across
    the Wasatch, Uintas, San Juans, Sangre de Cristos, and CO Rockies
    where WPC probabilities for 8+ inches of snow D1 exceed 90%,
    primarily above 5000-6000 ft. Locally, more than 2 feet is possible
    in the highest terrain, especially in the San Juans and portions of
    the CO Rockies. However, where any bands can occur to produce=20
    heavier snowfall rates, light accumulations into elevated valleys=20
    are also possible.

    East of the Continental Divide, there is uncertainty as to how much
    moisture can wring out and reach atop the Front Range. However,=20
    lee cyclogenesis progged to occur Wednesday should surge a cold=20
    front south across the High Plains. This will provide some=20
    additional upslope ascent while concurrently deepening the DGZ and=20
    enhancing fgen east of the terrain. This will yield at least some=20
    snow along the I-25 urban corridor south of Denver, with the most=20 significant accumulations likely in the higher terrain of the=20
    Palmer Divide and Raton Mesa. This is reflected by WPC
    moderate probabilities (10-50%) for 4+ inches of snow on Wednesday.



    The probability of significant ice across the CONUS is less than
    10 percent.=20


    Weiss



    ...Winter Storm Key Messages are in effect. Please see current=20
    Key Messages below...

    https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/key_messages/Late= stKeyMessage_1.png__;!!DZ3fjg!-fe4Cg834AjZY8Y5fPVP2qmMKcE9SFTxY4VwFVaWQKT4i= 1UElMydh5-z1GtLs2N_HiOMskxlpKAtw8baEN-3wBuQdjw$=20

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Wed Nov 27 08:42:07 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 270841
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    341 AM EST Wed Nov 27 2024

    Valid 12Z Wed Nov 27 2024 - 12Z Sat Nov 30 2024

    ...Midwest through Northeast...=20
    Days 1-2...

    The base of a positively-tilted northern stream trough is over
    northern NV early this morning and shift east to the central Plains
    today, over the Midwest tonight, then turn up the Northeastern
    Seaboard Thursday. Lee-side surface low over the southern High=20
    Plains will shift to the Mid-South today, then rapidly develop over
    the Mid-Atlantic tonight all the way through the New England coast
    Thursday night. Although it will remain progressive, the=20
    accompanying ascent will intensify through Thursday as a downstream
    SWly jet streak intensifies to 130kt and becomes coupled over the
    Mid-Atlantic to the trailing southern stream jet. This synoptic=20
    ascent impinging upon a surface baroclinic gradient (enhanced by=20
    downstream WAA) will drive cyclogenesis with the surface low
    reaching 990mb over the Gulf of Maine Thursday evening.=20

    With the 00Z suite tonight, confidence has increased with a bit
    more southerly track than prior runs with the 00Z ECM in better
    alignment with the consensus (previously it was farther north/west). Increasingly potent snow banding begins this evening over central
    IL/IN with cyclogenesis and nocturnal effects aiding moderate to
    briefly heavy snow development late tonight over north-central=20
    OH/northern PA. The greatest threat looks to develop Thursday=20
    morning with a laterally-quasi-stationary band moving from=20=20
    northern PA and central Upstate NY and then Thursday afternoon over
    the Greens and Whites of VT/NH into Maine. Persistent WAA into the
    system results in some increasingly sloped fgen, especially in the
    700-500mb layer, which will intersect the DGZ, furthering support=20
    for heavy snow banding. These types of bands can produce sharp=20
    snowfall gradients, and the intensity can dynamically cool the=20
    column sufficiently to overcome near-freezing surface temps to=20
    cause impactful, low SLR snowfall in spite of terrain.

    Day 2 PWPF (12Z Thur to 12Z Fri) snow probs for >6" are 10-30% over
    the Catskills and southern Adirondacks and around 50% for the
    Greens and Whites and well into interior Maine. However, these
    probabilities rely heavily on the 12Z ECENS which were farther
    north than the 00Z deterministic consensus and use p-type methods
    that are highly biased toward terrain and cannot handle dynamic
    cooling in bands, so the threat is better realized in the winter
    storm watches which are raised for eastern NY and central New
    England.=20

    The extent of banding in eastern Maine remains an area of
    uncertainty with some 60hr CAMs (like the RRFS) indicating decent
    banding nearly to the coast. This will need to continue to be
    monitored today as more CAMs come into view.=20


    ..Great Lakes...
    Days 2/3...

    ***Long lasting Lake Effect Snow event Friday into next week***

    A closed mid-level low lingering over James Bay Thursday into
    Sunday in the wake of the aforementioned coastal low over the=20
    Northeast Thursday will result in amplification of the eastern=20
    CONUS trough. This creates persistent cyclonic WNW flow across the
    Great Lakes with enhanced CAA and some saturation in the DGZ above
    the warm lakes making for a potent/prolonged LES event. Lake-=20
    induced instability, progged to approach 1000 J/kg, will aid=20
    intense snow rates. Day 2 probs for >6" are limited to the U.P.=20
    with mainly WNWly flow off Lake Superior. Day 3 probs for >6"=20
    expand to the northern L.P. and become categorical with single=20
    banding expecting east of Lakes Erie and Ontario. This flow then
    persists through Saturday night before flow veers more northerly,
    shifting the snow bands south.=20

    The arctic-sourced cold and subsequent LES off the Great Lakes=20
    through the weekend is the subject of the Key Messages which are=20
    linked below.=20


    ...Southern Rockies...=20
    Day 1...

    Additional heavy snow falls over southern CO and northern NM
    Rockies today until the shortwave trough axis crosses the southern
    Rockies this afternoon. Day 1 snow probs for >8" additional after=20
    12Z are 20-30% for portions of the San Juans and Sangre de Cristos.


    Lee-side surface cyclogenesis over the southern High Plains will
    aid snowfall east of the Continental Divide today. Day 1 snow probs
    for >2" are 47-70% for the I-25 corridor from the Palmer Divide
    down to the Raton Mesa.=20


    The probability of significant ice across the CONUS is less than
    10 percent.=20


    Jackson



    ...Winter Storm Key Messages are in effect for northern Plains and
    Great Lakes...

    https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/key_messages/Late= stKeyMessage_1.png__;!!DZ3fjg!9WHTInuTodfZQ4pcXGYxGj82raKd7mTxSM8tFx365sh9Q= JJzAihsaSrvPOLedb-777ptmrhKI8yf6bg1hSsnEgLh7CM$=20

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Wed Nov 27 18:34:54 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 271834
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    134 PM EST Wed Nov 27 2024

    Valid 00Z Thu Nov 28 2024 - 00Z Sun Dec 01 2024

    ...Ohio Valley through New England...=20
    Days 1-2...

    Challenging forecast continues for the Thanksgiving holiday as a
    strengthening low pressure moves from the Ohio Valley to coastal
    Maine. The system begins to organize beneath a sharpening shortwave
    tracking across the lower Ohio Valley very late tonight into
    Thursday morning. This feature will deepen subtly as it moves east,
    but remain positively tilted as it moves across southern New
    England (SNE) Thursday afternoon and then into the Canadian=20
    Maritimes by Friday morning. Beneath this feature, a surface low=20
    will develop in response to the accompanying PVA/height falls,=20
    aided by the increasingly diffluent LFQ of a poleward arcing jet=20
    streak rotating around the base of the parent trough. This forcing=20
    acting upon an elevated baroclinic gradient with attendant WAA=20
    downstream of the developing low will help the wave to strengthen,=20 especially the latter half of Thursday as it moves across SNE and
    into the Gulf of Maine. The guidance, which has been very variable
    in its solutions, have trended farther north since overnight, and
    while the ECMWF continues to be the northern/strong outlier, the
    other models are trending towards a stronger and more northward
    solution.

    The track of this low is crucial for both the snowfall footprint
    and snowfall amounts. The antecedent airmass downstream of the
    system is marginally supportive for snowfall, with wet-bulb
    temperatures at or above freezing in many areas outside of terrain.
    This indicates that outside of the higher elevations, generally
    above 1500 ft, it will require dynamic cooling to overcome this
    column and result in accumulating snow. However, this is likely as
    the guidance still suggests (and the environment conceptually
    supports) an intensifying quasi-laterally-stationary band of
    precipitation tracking SW to NW north of the surface low. This will
    be driven by a narrow but sharply sloped axis of 700-600mb fgen
    intersecting the deepening DGZ, concurrent with increasing theta-e
    advection from the E/SE. With a stronger low forecast, this band
    should be intense, and can support 1-2"/hr snowfall rates despite
    what should be a heavy wet (low SLR) snowfall. The low SLR,=20
    combined with above-freezing wet-bulb temps, snow falling during
    daylight hours, and the progressive nature of the system should
    limit significant snowfall in many areas.

    However, where this band advects, a swath of at least moderate=20
    snowfall accumulations are likely, although the narrowness of it=20
    will likely limit the probabilistic guidance from capturing its=20
    true potential. This results in WPC probabilities that continue to=20
    be highest in the higher elevations from the Catskills, through the
    Adirondacks and Greens, and into the Whites, and much of northern=20
    ME, where they are 50-70% for 4+ inches, with storm total snowfall
    as much as 10" possible in a few of the highest locations.=20
    Otherwise, snowfall should be limited to less than 4 inches, but=20
    locally higher amounts, even in valley locations, are likely=20
    beneath this band, and an inch or two is possible as far southwest
    as Indiana and Ohio.


    ..Great Lakes...
    Days 2-3...

    *** Long duration and widespread heavy Lake Effect Snow event=20
    begins Friday ***

    A closed 500mb low centered near James Bay will spin almost in
    place into Saturday as a longwave trough amplifies across the
    eastern CONUS. This low will push height anomalies within the
    500-700mb layer to below -1 sigma across the eastern CONUS,
    reflective of the intensity of this early season arctic airmass. As
    the core of this gyre spins in place, vorticity lobes will
    periodically shed around it, crossing the Great Lakes, providing
    surges of CAA and locally enhanced ascent. The result of this will
    be several days of lake effect snow (LES) in the favored NW snow=20
    belts.

    850mb temps to begin D2 are progged to be generally -5 to -6C in
    the east, and as cold as -11C across Lake Superior. Through Friday
    and Saturday, periodic surges in CAA will cool these temps even
    further, producing impressively steep lapse rates and high
    inversion levels thanks to lake surface temperatures that are as
    warm as +8C in Lake Superior and +15C over Lake Erie according to
    GLERL. This will create lake-induced instability that at times will
    exceed 1000 J/kg, supporting bands of heavy LES with rates that
    will likely eclipse 2"/hr at times. While some variation in wind
    speeds and direction, especially during passes of shortwaves aloft,
    will cause some wavering in the position of these bands, in
    general, at least through the end of D3, the heaviest snow should=20
    be relatively persistent along the south shore of Lake Superior,=20
    near Traverse City, MI, along the Chautauqua Ridge, and towards=20
    the Tug Hill Plateau. In these areas, WPC probabilities for more=20
    than 6 inches are high (>70%) both Friday and Saturday, with 2-4=20
    feet of snow possible in the most long-lasting and intense bands=20
    through the end of the forecast period.

    The arctic-sourced cold and subsequent LES off the Great Lakes=20
    through the weekend is the subject of the Key Messages which are=20
    linked below.=20


    ...Central Plains to Mid-Mississippi Valley...
    Day 3...

    A fast moving clipper type low will skirt around the periphery of a
    longwave trough embedded across the eastern CONUS, bringing a
    stripe of snow from Nebraska through the Bootheel of Missouri. This
    clipper will be driven buy a sharp shortwave digging southeast
    while amplifying, working in tandem with the LFQ of a modest jet
    streak following in its wake, and moving along a baroclinic
    gradient left in place by a cold front. Weak WAA downstream of this
    low will produce a period of 280-285K isentropic ascent Friday=20
    night through Saturday, coincident with a deepening of the DGZ to
    support a swath of heavy snow. The timing of the heaviest snow is
    likely to be very early Saturday morning through the afternoon
    which could additionally limit accumulation potential (already
    somewhat muted due to progressive nature of generally weak ascent),
    but WPC probabilities for 1+ inches are 30-50%, with locally 3+"
    possible. Although this snowfall is minor, it will occur after a
    period of cold air so it should efficiently accumulate and could
    produce hazardous travel conditions.


    The probability of significant ice across the CONUS is less than
    10 percent.=20


    Weiss



    ...Winter Storm Key Messages are in effect. Please see current=20
    Key Messages below...

    https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/key_messages/Late= stKeyMessage_1.png__;!!DZ3fjg!96uaeNmX1a0PZE766Pgqyk5N1qziM4MjcxWGJggfSV6nK= kWhgIeDbS-cIzkbTkQI6kTPnN-qmki_wuv4oaIqRq4BBto$=20

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Thu Nov 28 08:48:00 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 280847
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    347 AM EST Thu Nov 28 2024

    Valid 12Z Thu Nov 28 2024 - 12Z Sun Dec 01 2024

    ...New York/Northern New England...=20
    Day 1...

    *** Powerful Nor'easter in the Northeast through this evening ***

    Low pressure rapidly developing over the south-central Appalachians
    will track northeast to the New England coast today before lifting=20
    into the Canadian Maritimes tonight. Front-end and=20
    deformation/TROWAL banding will allow heavy snow bands to pivot=20
    over areas from northern PA through eastern NY and northern New=20
    England. Intensity increases today with snowfall rates exceeding=20
    1"/hr (per 00Z HREF) expected in banding from the Catskills to the=20 Adirondacks (including the Mohawk Valley in between) by later this=20
    morning expanding over the Greens and Whites of VT/NH into interior
    Maine this afternoon. Rates of 2"/hr should be limited to the=20
    higher terrain, but multiple hours of heavy snow accumulation can=20
    be expected in a cooling environment that overcomes diurnal trends=20
    to affect valleys and ridges alike. These bands spread over much of
    interior Maine this evening and persist into the overnight before=20
    lifting north of Maine before daybreak Friday.

    Day 1 PWPF for >6" are 40-80% for a swath from the Catskills
    through northern Maine (with an gap over much of the Hudson Valley)
    and over a foot is likely in the highest terrain and portions of=20
    interior Maine. WSSI is only moderate for these areas for both snow
    amount and load. However, given the propensity for banded snow
    ahead and around the north side of rapidly developing lows to
    overachieve, great caution should be taken with travel in this=20
    swath, particularly over terrain.



    ..Great Lakes...
    Days 2-3...

    *** Heavy Lake Effect Snow event tonight through Monday ***

    A mid-level low will remain stalled near James Bay into Saturday=20
    as a succession of shortwave troughs/vort lobes crosses the Great
    Lakes. Reinforcing troughs then push over the eastern CONUS into
    Tuesday, prolonging a potent LES case. Surges of cold air over the
    still warm lakes will result in heavy LES with persistent NWly flow
    over the upper Lakes and WNWly to Wly flow over the eastern/lower=20
    Lakes.

    Multi-bands can be expected off Superior/Michigan and with single
    bands developing over Erie/Ontario tonight. Heavy LES with rates=20
    that will likely eclipse 2"/hr at times. Expect 2-4 feet of snow=20
    through Saturday night in the most long-lasting and intense bands=20
    over favored portions of the southern Superior shore, along much of
    the eastern Erie shore south of Buffalo, and just north of the Tug
    Hill/near Watertown, NY. Flow looks to veer to NWly on Sunday,=20
    pushing the bands over Erie/Ontario farther south and bringing
    relief to areas experiencing the worst of this case.

    The arctic-sourced cold and LES off the Great Lakes through the=20
    weekend is the subject of the Key Messages which are linked below.=20


    ...Central Plains to Mid-Mississippi Valley...
    Day 3...

    Clipper will amplify over the central Plains Friday night and bring
    banded snow to the lower Missouri Valley Saturday, southern=20
    IL/much of KY Saturday night, and southern WV Sunday. Decent
    baroclinicity and cold profiles with some saturation in the DGZ
    should result in moderate to potentially briefly heavy rates of
    fluffy snow. Day 3 PWPF for >2" is around 20% in north-central
    portions of MO and over southern WV. Given the banding potential
    greater snow totals are possible, so stay tuned for updates.


    The probability of significant ice across the CONUS is less than
    10 percent.=20


    Jackson



    ...Winter Storm Key Messages are in effect for the Northern Plains
    and Great Lakes...

    https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/key_messages/Late= stKeyMessage_1.png__;!!DZ3fjg!_NcTtyASwFF4Fd7CKMQ1lysqrKRxrAMC7_5MC8ySY0m80= Pf8tEUi89lXfppGldK2lB05OZnVJytliriZ3VoIsQUj-_0$=20

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Thu Nov 28 19:19:00 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 281918
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    218 PM EST Thu Nov 28 2024

    Valid 00Z Fri Nov 29 2024 - 00Z Mon Dec 02 2024

    ...Northern New England...=20
    Day 1...

    Strengthening coastal low will continue to advect northeast along
    the coast of Maine before ejecting into the Canadian Maritimes
    Friday morning. As this low tracks northeast, it will continue
    impressive warm and moist advection onshore into Maine, with the
    accompanying theta-e ridge pivoting back into VT/NH, at least early
    on D1, before gradually drying out and shifting exclusively into
    Maine. By Friday morning, enough dry air should work into the
    column behind the departing system to bring an end to the snowfall.

    The column will remain marginally conducive for snow with forecast
    wet-bulb temperatures right around 0C. However, impressive ascent
    both through synoptic and mesoscale forcing, will force banded
    structures to overcome the modest temperatures, resulting in heavy
    snowfall rates which will dynamically cool the column. The WPC
    prototype snowband tool continues to indicate that translating
    bands of 2"/hr snows are likely across Maine, which will rapidly
    accumulate despite low SLRs (a heavy and wet snow). The most
    uncertainty is near the coast where temps will be above freezing,
    but at least some mixing is possible during the heaviest
    precipitation rates. Still, the greatest accumulations are likely
    across portions of central and northern Maine, especially in the
    higher terrain, where WPC probabilities for more than 6 inches of
    snow are above 70%, and locally as much as 10" is possible. Since
    this snow could be heavy and wet, hazardous travel and impacts to infrastructure, including power outages, are likely.


    ..Great Lakes...
    Days 1-3...

    *** Heavy Lake Effect Snow event tonight into Tuesday ***

    The impressive mid-level closed low stalled near James Bay will
    meander nearly in place through Saturday before finally drifting
    southeast towards northern New England by the end of the forecast
    period. Even during this transition, broad but amplified troughing
    will persist across the eastern CONUS, with spokes of vorticity
    repeatedly cycling through the flow and crossing the Great Lakes.
    The primary adjustment to the flow regime through the weekend will
    be a shift to more northerly winds vs W/NW as the core of the low
    moves eastward, and while this will cause a shift in the placement
    of the primary snow bands, intense lake effect snow (LES) will
    continue for many days.

    850mb temps crashing during periods of CAA behind vorticity maxes
    will create 850-sfc temperature gradients that are as much as +20C
    or more at times due to lake temps that are well above normal of
    +8C to +15C. This will result in impressive lake-induced
    instability of more than 1000 J/kg and inversion levels peaking
    above 10,000 ft. With impressive ascent off the lakes, this will
    result in widespread LES bands, with multi-bands likely off Lake
    Superior and Lake Michigan, and potential intense single bands=20
    shifting off of Lakes Erie and Ontario, especially D1-D2 when an
    upstream connection is also likely. Some of these bands may=20
    additionally contain lightning and thunder, especially east of=20
    Lakes Erie and Ontario, producing snowfall rates of 2-3"/hr at=20
    times. The heaviest snow accumulations are likely east of these two
    lakes, where WPC probabilities for more than 12 inches are high
    (50-90%) both D1 and D2. Downstream of the other lakes, WPC
    probabilities for 12+ inches D1 are moderate (30-50%) along the
    southern Lake Superior shore and near Traverse City, with lighter
    accumulations likely on D2.=20

    During D3 the mid-level pattern finally begins to shift leading to
    a more pronounced northerly flow across the Lakes causing the bands
    to pivot more S/SE than Friday or Saturday. While this will bring a
    break to some areas, it will likely lead to enhanced LES across new
    areas, including potentially along the eastern shore of Lake
    Michigan and pivoting more towards the southern shore of Lake Erie
    and south of the Tug Hill (eventually approaching the Finger Lakes
    region D4) off of Ontario. Rates will still be impressive however,
    and these bands will only slowly pivot, so WPC probabilities D3
    remain elevated for 12+ inches (30-50%) near the Chautauqua Ridge
    and Tug Hill Plateau, with lower probabilities of 10-30% for the
    central U.P. Locally, 2-4 feet is likely in the more persistent
    bands, with locally as much as 5 feet possible in the most intense
    snowfall.

    The arctic-sourced cold and LES off the Great Lakes through the=20
    weekend is the subject of the Key Messages which are linked below.=20


    ...Central Plains to Mid-Mississippi Valley...
    Day 2...

    Fast moving clipper-type low will dig southeast around the=20
    periphery of a large-scale longwave trough over the east to produce
    a swath of moderate to heavy snow. This clipper low will be driven
    by a sharp shortwave and accompanying vorticity maxima which will=20
    swing out of the Central Plains Saturday and move progressively to=20
    the east through Sunday morning. Although the amplitude of this=20
    feature will be modest, it will be favorably placed in conjunction=20
    with the LFQ of a trailing jet streak, with downstream 285K=20
    isentropic ascent surging moisture and precipitation out ahead of=20
    it. Additionally, a residual baroclinic zone will lay across the=20
    region behind a front, providing focus for the surface wave to=20
    strengthen, albiet modestly. The overlap of the accompanying fgen=20
    with the isentropic ascent and synoptic lift should result in an=20
    expanding swath of precipitation, falling as moderate snow in most=20
    areas. The system is progressive, but antecedent cold conditions=20
    and moderate snowfall rates should accumulate efficiently, and=20
    while there remains some latitudinal spread in the axis of heaviest
    snowfall, and the guidance has backed off on the QPF just a bit
    today, WPC probabilities remain moderate (around 30%) for 2+
    inches, highest in the vicinity of St. Louis, MO.


    The probability of significant ice across the CONUS is less than
    10 percent.=20


    Weiss


    ...Winter Storm Key Messages are in effect. Please see current=20
    Key Messages below...

    https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/key_messages/Late= stKeyMessage_1.png__;!!DZ3fjg!-w52YNNrCToIJOh6eEC6BnRRkiVkxTJUhW3V2sBN0ZqNG= gt1g3FvgESoJmxV8AuhP73M-1A98eEblm16n3OXA5R6jK0$=20

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Fri Nov 29 08:24:47 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 290824
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    324 AM EST Fri Nov 29 2024

    Valid 12Z Fri Nov 29 2024 - 12Z Mon Dec 02 2024

    ..Great Lakes...
    Days 1-3...

    *** Heavy Lake Effect Snow event through Monday ***

    Mid-level low remains stalled over James Bay into Saturday before will
    meander nearly in place through Saturday before drifting southeast
    to northern New England through Sunday night. Shortwave troughs
    cycle around this low and over the Great Lakes through this time
    with the subsequent long-wave trough axis swinging through the
    Great Lakes on Sunday. WNWly flow prevails across the Great Lakes
    through Saturday night with intense lake effect snow (LES) bands
    until then before veering flow to the NW spreads across the lakes=20
    through Sunday.=20

    Cold air advection will create 850-sfc temperature gradients that=20
    are as much as +20C or more at times due to lake temps that are=20
    well above normal. This will result in lake-induced instability of
    more than 1000 J/kg and inversion levels peaking above 10,000 ft.=20
    With impressive ascent off the lakes, expect multi-bands off Lake=20
    Superior and Lake Michigan, and intense single bands shifting off=20
    of Lakes Erie and Ontario. Some of these bands may additionally=20
    contain lightning and rates of 2-3"/hr, especially east of Lakes=20
    Erie and Ontario generally just south from Buffalo and around
    Watertown, NY. The heaviest snow accumulations are likely east of=20
    these eastern lakes, where 24hr WPC probabilities for more than=20
    12" are high (50-90%) through Saturday night. On the preferred=20
    snow belts in WNWly flow on southern shore of Lake Superior and in=20
    the northern higher lands of the L.P. Day 1 WPC probabilities for=20
    12" are moderate (30-50%) and moderate for >6" for Day 2.

    The veering flow on Sunday likely disrupts the intensity of the
    banding as they pivot south. Day 3 PWPF for >6" are generally
    around 40% for single areas of the U.P. and northern L.P. and
    50-70% for the southeast Lake Erie shore and the Tug Hill.

    The arctic-sourced cold and LES off the Great Lakes through the=20
    weekend is the subject of the Key Messages linked below.=20


    ...Missouri to West Virginia...=20
    Day 2...

    Clipper-type trough currently approaching Vancouver Island will=20
    shift southeast around a large- scale longwave trough centered
    north of the Great Lakes to produce a swath of moderate to heavy=20
    snow over the lower Missouri Valley Saturday morning to the south-
    central Appalachians Saturday night. Although the amplitude of=20
    this feature will be modest, it will be favorably placed in=20
    conjunction with the left exit region of a WNWly jet streak. A=20
    residual baroclinic zone be in place from a stalled front,=20
    providing focus for the surface trough to strengthen, albiet=20
    modestly. The overlap of the accompanying fgen with the isentropic=20
    ascent and synoptic lift should result in an expanding swath of=20 precipitation over central Missouri Saturday morning, falling as=20
    moderate snow in the better bands. The wave is progressive, but=20
    antecedent cold conditions and moderate snowfall rates should=20
    accumulate efficiently. Day 2 PWPF for >2" is 30% in a west-to-east
    swath over St. Louis and around 50% in southern WV.=20


    The probability of significant ice across the CONUS is less than
    10 percent.=20


    Jackson



    ...Winter Storm Key Messages are in effect... https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/key_messages/Late= stKeyMessage_1.png__;!!DZ3fjg!8SEYFeLDhDP1rQJKQLdLmJUrrDEOgTh0sxQPtYjaKySuz= QpRjia3scgPKxGhzRhoBbey33y4EXEYMjr5BkE5TKljfWI$=20

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Fri Nov 29 19:34:53 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 291934
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    234 PM EST Fri Nov 29 2024

    Valid 00Z Sat Nov 30 2024 - 00Z Tue Dec 03 2024

    ..Great Lakes...
    Days 1-3...

    *** Heavy Lake Effect Snow event into Tuesday ***

    Mid-level low remains stalled over James Bay into Saturday before=20
    drifting southeast to northern New England Sunday night and then
    offshore into the Atlantic just beyond this forecast period
    /Tuesday morning/. Repeated shortwave troughs and accompanying
    vorticity lobes shedding around this low and over the Great Lakes=20
    will provide periodic enhancement to the flow and accompanying CAA,
    resulting in rounds of heavy lake effect snow (LES). Through D1 and
    into D2, WNWly flow prevails across the Great Lakes driving=20
    intense lake effect snow bands in the favored belts across the
    U.P., NW lower peninsula, and then east of Lakes Erie and Ontario.
    Extremely intense single bands east of the latter two lakes are
    likely, aided by upstream moisture connection off of Lakes Superior
    and Huron, with strong multi-bands expected elsewhere. As the flow
    begins to shift to a more N/NW direction Sunday night and Monday,

    This setup is primed for intense and widespread LES. Lake surface
    temperatures of +8C to +15C (GLERL) are well above normal after a
    warm fall, so with 850mb temps crashing to as low as -12C to -15C,
    lake-850m temperature gradients will reach +20C or more. This will
    drive lake-induced instability exceeding 1000 J/kg, and inversion
    levels above 10,000 ft. Combine that with low-level convergence
    along the lakes, and bands will easily produce 2-3"/hr rates,
    especially downstream of Lakes Erie and Ontario where lighting and
    thunder is also likely. Where these bands persists, snow will
    accumulate exceptionally quickly, producing near impossible travel,
    reflected by corridors of extreme impacts in the WSSI. The most
    intense snowfall is likely D1 and D2, with heavy but less intense,
    and more variable snow, dropping south with the wind shifts by D3.

    WPC probabilities on D1 and D2 are high (>70%) for 12+ inches
    downwind of Lakes Ontario and Erie, and high (>70%) for 8+ inches
    along the other lake shores during the same time period. It is
    likely that some places will receive several feet of snow during
    this window, with the highest amounts of 3-4 feet expected near
    Watertown, NY and the Tug Hill Plateau, and along portions of the
    Chautauqua Ridge and surrounding neighborhoods. D3, the intensity
    wanes slightly as the winds back more to the north, but heavy snow
    is again likely with WPC probabilities for more than 8 inches
    reaching as high as 50-70% east of Lake Erie, and 30-50% for 6+
    inches elsewhere. Storm total snowfall of 5-6 feet is possible
    during the next 3 days.

    The arctic-sourced cold and LES off the Great Lakes through the=20
    weekend is the subject of the Key Messages linked below.=20


    ...Missouri to West Virginia...=20
    Days 1-2...

    A positively tilted but potent shortwave will traverse through the
    broad cyclonic flow encompassing the base of a longwave trough over
    the eastern CONUS to produce a stripe of moderate to heavy snow
    from Missouri to the Central Appalachians. This shortwave will
    combine with modest upper diffluence along a residual baroclinic
    boundary to drive weak cyclogenesis as a clipper-type low crosses
    the region. This low is likely to move from Missouri Saturday aftn
    to WV by Sunday morning, with accompanying downstream moisture
    advection and isentropic ascent producing a swath of moderate
    snowfall. The presence of the upper jet streak responsible for the
    upper diffluence and warm/isentropic ascent will drive some
    enhanced fgen which could produce briefly heavier snow rates at
    times as ascent favorably intersects the DGZ. However, overall
    modest available moisture and the progressive nature of the forcing
    should limit accumulations in most areas.=20

    The heaviest snowfall is likely in the vicinity of St. Louis, MO=20
    where conditional instability and greater DGZ depth overlap, with=20
    a secondary max expected in the higher terrain of WV due to higher=20
    SLRs and favorable upslope flow persisting after the low passes.=20
    With cold air preceding this system, any snow should efficiently=20
    accumulate leading to periods of hazardous travel during the=20
    heaviest snow. WPC probabilities are 10-30% for 4+ inches on D1=20
    near St. Louis, and peak above 50% in the WV Appalachians on D2.

    The probability of significant ice across the CONUS is less than
    10 percent.=20


    Weiss



    ...Winter Storm Key Messages are in effect. Please see current=20
    Key Messages below...

    https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/key_messages/Late= stKeyMessage_1.png__;!!DZ3fjg!6sq7zvzGkogktUKTk1Ckd16KekKCyx8eHDqZdXesWSlxB= 70nYz5EfBVzVt3lBNEoA41p40dEsC6YjnXbDttWCak5A8w$=20

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sat Nov 30 08:42:41 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 300842
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    342 AM EST Sat Nov 30 2024

    Valid 12Z Sat Nov 30 2024 - 12Z Tue Dec 03 2024

    ..Great Lakes...
    Days 1-3...

    *** Heavy Lake-Effect Snow event into Tuesday ***

    Broad cyclonic flow from the upper levels to the surface will
    continue across eastern Canada and across the Great Lakes through
    Tuesday. North to northwesterly flow across the Upper Lakes becomes
    more westerly as the flow moves over the lower lakes. Lake SSTs are
    well above average for this time of year, with GLERL reporting
    water temperatures of anywhere from +8 to +15 degrees Celsius (46
    to 59F). Meanwhile, air temperatures of the Arctic air mass moving
    over the warm lakes is forecast to remain -10 Celsius or colder at
    850 mb for the next several days. The difference in temperature is
    much greater than the standard rule of thumb threshold of 13
    Celsius...with the warmest lake temperatures at or double the
    minimum threshold. This means that there is plentiful instability
    to sustained continued lake-effect into next week. The sometimes
    extreme instability will support cellular convection embedded
    within well-formed lake-effect bands and may include thundersnow.

    The cyclonic flow and continued moisture influx will also favor
    broad atmospheric lift irrespective of the lakes. This favorable
    atmosphere will maximize each lake's ability to continue
    producing heavy lake-effect snow. The general northwesterly flow
    will also allow for the upper lakes to feed the lake-effect off the
    lower lakes. This will be a large contributor to the prodigious
    snow totals forecast southeast of the lower lakes. Lake Superior
    and Georgian Bay (part of Lake Huron) will feed into Lake Ontario's
    lake band, while the bulk of Lake Huron will feed into Lake Erie's
    lake-effect bands. Lake Erie will be increasingly dependent on=20
    Lake Huron's support as the winds shift more northwesterly and=20
    become more perpendicular to the long axis of the lake. Upslope=20
    into the terrain of far northwest Pennsylvania and far western NY=20
    for Lake Erie's bands and into the Tug Hill east of Lake Ontario=20
    will locally further enhance the lift and ability of the bands to=20
    produce incredibly heavy snowfall.

    Storm total snowfall could approach 6 feet east of Lake Ontario and
    2-4 feet southeast of Lake Erie. Off of the upper lakes, the
    broader geography of the larger lakes makes single band formation
    much more difficult, so multiple smaller bands of less heavy snow
    are likely to impact portions of the U.P. and the northwestern
    lower peninsula. Snowfall amounts over a foot are expected. PWPF
    values show a 40-50% chance of 30 inches or more of snow in and
    around Watertown through Sunday afternoon, and a 20-30% chance of
    30 inches or more of snow for portions of northern Chautauqua
    County, NY along I-90 southwest of Buffalo.

    The latest Winter Storm Severity Index values show extreme impacts
    are expected through Monday in the Watertown, NY area east of Lake
    Ontario and along the I-90 corridor from the Buffalo southtowns
    through Ashtabula, OH, including through Erie, PA southeast of Lake
    Erie. Travel will remain extremely dangerous to near impossible
    with numerous road closures.=20

    The ongoing lake-effect snow is a subject of the Key Message=20
    linked below.



    ...Missouri to West Virginia...=20
    Days 1-2...

    A weak disturbance tracking with the jet around the broad trough in
    the eastern U.S. will intensify as it approaches the base of the
    trough. It will pick up some moisture as it moves along a strong
    front. A very weak clipper low will develop, likely causing a
    narrow area of snow in the form of a few bands from Missouri east
    up the Ohio Valley and into the central Appalachians. Much of the
    guidance suggests there will be two separate areas where the snow
    is likely to be heaviest...one from Missouri across a portion of
    southern Illinois and into southwest Indiana, and a second into
    West Virginia. A local maximum of moisture from Missouri into
    Indiana will combine with the weak surface development and upper
    level jet streak and shortwave to produce the thin corridor of
    potentially heavier snow for a period of a few hours. Meanwhile
    into West Virginia upslope into the Appalachians will be the
    primary forcing allowing the development of briefly heavy snow.




    The probability of significant ice across the CONUS is less than
    10 percent.=20


    Wegman




    ...Winter Storm Key Messages are in effect. Please see current=20
    Key Messages below...

    https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/key_messages/Late= stKeyMessage_1.png__;!!DZ3fjg!5rOq8qVd9j0pfm29VFP85eZNTtbRR3tGLJ7nxiJW4MQ4o= S4OuhTaZnWU1hMfbLL17ZsOREW8TZm4sHmefumVByEhn9E$=20

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sat Nov 30 19:23:37 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 301923
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    223 PM EST Sat Nov 30 2024

    Valid 00Z Sun Dec 01 2024 - 00Z Wed Dec 04 2024

    ..Great Lakes...
    Days 1-3...

    *** Heavy Lake-Effect Snow event into early Tuesday ***

    Broad cyclonic flow from the upper levels to the surface will=20
    continue across eastern Canada and across the Great Lakes through=20
    Tuesday when the trough will finally start to move out of the=20
    Northeast. With Great Lake SSTs well above average for this time of
    year (+8C to +14C per GLERL) and 850mb temps around -10C, the=20
    sfc-850 delta-T will remain ~20C which supports strong/intense=20 uplift/instability. The sometimes extreme instability will support=20
    cellular convection embedded within well-formed lake-effect bands=20
    and may include thundersnow.

    The cyclonic flow and continued moisture influx will also favor=20
    broad atmospheric lift irrespective of the lakes. This favorable=20
    atmosphere will maximize each lake's ability to continue producing=20
    heavy lake-effect snow. The general northwesterly flow will also=20
    allow for the upper lakes to feed the lake-effect off the lower=20
    lakes. This will be a large contributor to the prodigious snow=20
    totals forecast southeast of the lower lakes. Lake Superior and=20
    Georgian Bay (part of Lake Huron) will feed into Lake Ontario's=20
    lake band, while the bulk of Lake Huron will feed into Lake Erie's=20 lake-effect bands. Lake Erie will be increasingly dependent on Lake
    Huron's support as the winds shift more northwesterly and become=20
    more perpendicular to the long axis of the lake. Upslope into the=20
    terrain of far northwest Pennsylvania and far western NY for Lake=20
    Erie's bands and into the Tug Hill east of Lake Ontario will=20
    locally further enhance the lift and ability of the bands to=20
    produce incredibly heavy snowfall -- at times exceeding several=20
    inches per hour.

    Storm total snowfall could approach 6 feet east of Lake Ontario=20
    and 3-4 feet southeast of Lake Erie. Off of the upper lakes, the=20
    broader geography of the larger lakes makes single band formation=20
    much more difficult, so multiple smaller bands of moderate to=20
    occasionally heavy snow are likely to impact portions of the U.P.=20
    and the northwestern lower peninsula. Snowfall amounts over a foot=20
    are expected in the eastern U.P. and far western U.P. as well as=20
    east of Traverse City. WPC probabilities of at least an additional=20
    18 inches of snow are high (>70%) near Watertown-Fort Drum through=20
    Sunday afternoon. Over southwestern NY, WPC probabilities for at=20
    least an additional foot of snow are high (>70%) just south of=20
    Buffalo along I-90.

    The latest Winter Storm Severity Index values show extreme impacts
    through Monday in the Watertown, NY area east of Lake Ontario and=20
    along the I-90 corridor from the Buffalo southtowns through=20
    Ashtabula, OH, including through Erie, PA southeast of Lake Erie.=20
    Travel will remain extremely dangerous to near impossible with=20
    numerous road closures.=20

    By Tuesday, the upper trough will finally start to shift eastward=20
    with its axis moving east of 70W by the afternoon, helping to=20
    slowly diminish the lake effect snowfall. Upstream, another weak=20
    disturbance will move out of southern Canada into the northern=20
    Plains/Upper Midwest with light snow spreading across northern MN.=20
    Amounts look fairly light at this time, and WPC probabilities for=20
    at least 4 inches of snow are around 10% through 00Z Wednesday=20
    right along the Canadian border.

    The ongoing lake-effect snow is a subject of the Key Message=20
    linked below.



    ...Southern IN/northern KY to West Virginia...=20
    Day 1...

    Broad upper troughing over the eastern CONUS will carry a weak=20
    disturbance out of the MS Valley this evening and across TN tonight
    as it slowly weakens. Attendant surface front and weak area of low
    pressure will promote a light west-to-east axis of snowfall along=20
    the I-64 corridor east of MO tonight. Recent guidance has trended=20
    just a tick south and lighter with QPF (thus snowfall), and WPC=20 probabilities for at least 2 inches are low (10-40%) mostly over=20
    southern IN and somewhat across northern KY. Farther east, upslope=20
    into the central Appalachians will be the main driver for heavier=20
    amounts and WPC probabilities for at least 4 inches of snow are=20
    70% above 1500ft or so.=20


    The probability of significant ice across the CONUS is less than=20
    10 percent.=20


    Fracasso/Wegman


    ...Winter Storm Key Messages are in effect. Please see current=20
    Key Messages below...

    https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/key_messages/Late= stKeyMessage_1.png__;!!DZ3fjg!9oslp7Gz5btZZ6TW0FkEUMLCGx5PGPlDZm90ljG7WgmXO= twhkXQCAaerv_Fbq5QHI3thZNmfl9dYUI00cYDgbZbManA$=20

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sun Dec 1 08:12:41 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 010812
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    312 AM EST Sun Dec 1 2024

    Valid 12Z Sun Dec 01 2024 - 12Z Wed Dec 04 2024

    ..Great Lakes...
    Days 1-3...

    *** Heavy Lake-Effect Snow event into early Wednesday ***

    Cyclonic flow underneath a longwave trough anchored over the
    eastern half of North America will continue to funnel Arctic air
    southeastward across all of the Great Lakes into the workweek.
    Periodic disturbances in the northwesterly flow will occasionally
    shift the lake-effect snowbands off their predominant northwest to
    southeast orientation, giving some of the hardest hit areas a break
    for a time. GLERL modeled lake surface temperatures range from
    44F/7C in western Lake Superior to 52F/11C in portions of eastern=20
    Lake Erie and southern Lakes Michigan and Ontario. Meanwhile, 850
    mb temperatures average around -10C for much of the period until
    considerable warm advection kicks over lower Michigan Tuesday
    night. Thus, lake-to 850 mb temperature differences remain at least
    15C apart, and in many cases are different by more than 20C. This
    well exceeds the minimum threshold for lake-effect of 13C.
    Instability will therefore remain well in range for the lake-effect
    bands to sustain themselves well into the upcoming workweek.

    Despite continued advection of cold air, the atmosphere remains
    quite moist across the Great Lakes, with even the smaller upper
    lakes such as Lake Nipigon (north of Lake Superior) contributing
    moisture in the form of lake-effect clouds to the overall
    atmosphere. The aforementioned periodic disturbances will further
    increase the moisture available for lake-effect through the week.
    Further, the above normal lake surface temperatures will further
    add moisture to the atmosphere. Thus, lack of moisture also will
    not inhibit lake-effect formation.

    Therefore, the dominant factors which will adjust lake-effect band
    strength and orientation will be the passage of a couple clippers
    and a low through the period. The clippers will locally enhance the
    lake-effect downwind of the lakes, while causing lighter snow
    outside of the lake-effect areas. The flow will remain largely northwesterly...more northerly over Lake Superior, and more
    westerly towards Lake Ontario. Mesolows and wind shifts will adjust
    the lake-effect band position, while locally enhancing snowfall
    rates. A polar high will track west of the Great Lakes which will
    reinforce the cold air and shift the flow more northerly Monday
    night into Tuesday. Once that high shifts east into the Virginias,
    return southwesterly flow and warm advection will push the lake-
    effect bands northeastward towards Buffalo and Watertown off of
    Erie and Ontario respectively. The bands should weaken some by
    Tuesday due to the weakening flow and diminishing lake-surface to
    850 mb temperature difference. However, it's unlikely that even
    the increasingly unfavorable environment will be able to kill off
    the lake-effect entirely as lake-effect bands tend to be resilient
    and maintain themselves well after the surrounding atmosphere
    becomes less favorable.

    Expect an additional 1-2 feet of snow for portions of the U.P. and
    northwestern L.P. of Michigan through Tuesday night, with 2-3 feet
    forecast between Erie and Buffalo and around Watertown. WPC 72-hour
    PWPF has a 30-40% chance of at least 2 feet of snow for northern
    Chautauqua County, NY and a 40-50% chance of at least 2 feet of=20
    snow for southern Jefferson County, NY through Tuesday afternoon.
    Meanwhile the WSSI shows extreme impacts continue for some of the
    Buffalo south towns right along the Lake Erie shoreline as well as
    for the Thousand Islands region around Watertown through Tuesday
    evening.

    The ongoing lake-effect snow is the subject of the Key Message=20
    linked below.



    ...Southern IN/northern KY to West Virginia...=20
    Day 1...

    A very weak surface low (1020 mb) is moving up the Ohio Valley this
    morning. Narrow bands of heavier snow are weakening on radar=20
    across southern Indiana, meanwhile light snow shower activity=20
    is spreading eastward from there into the mountains of West=20
    Virginia. The Appalachians will absorb nearly all of the moisture=20
    with this system through this morning. Thus, the primary threat for
    brief periods of moderate snow will be into the mountains of West=20
    Virginia as upslope support will locally increase snowfall=20
    intensity. WSSI values suggest minor impacts in southeastern West=20
    Virginia. WPC PWPF shows a 60-70% chance of 2 inches of snow or=20
    more for much of southern West Virginia, though chances for 4=20
    inches or more decrease to 10-20%.


    ...Upper Midwest/Upper Great Lakes...
    Day 3...

    A more substantial clipper low will move across the Canadian
    Prairies on Day 3/Tuesday. Associated snow will break out well
    ahead of the low along a strong warm front into northern Minnesota
    Tuesday morning, spreading southeastward across much of Michigan
    and the Upper Great Lakes through Tuesday night. Since this clipper
    will have better forcing to work with as compared to the current
    clipper disturbance over the Ohio Valley, expect a better chance of
    stationary or nearly stationary heavy snow bands to set up along
    the front in the aforementioned areas. Further, with conditions
    still favorable for lake-effect, expect lake-enhancement southeast
    of the lakes in the favored areas of the U.P. and northwestern L.P.
    The trailing cold front behind the low will reinforce the cold air
    along the Canadian border with North Dakota and Minnesota. The
    heaviest snow associated with the clipper will move over the
    western U.P. and northeastern Wisconsin into Tuesday night.



    The probability of significant ice across the CONUS is less than=20
    10 percent.=20


    Wegman



    ...Winter Storm Key Messages are in effect. Please see current=20
    Key Messages below...

    https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/key_messages/Late= stKeyMessage_1.png__;!!DZ3fjg!8tCGNLsaGr7grrcxCi358uc2JalLKD50QXW7SegpjwAQ3= T84C2XYggf0YHt2vNb9VFkaORGGsnIcOovezxrIIAjYP6A$=20

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sun Dec 1 19:17:49 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 011917
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    217 PM EST Sun Dec 1 2024

    Valid 00Z Mon Dec 02 2024 - 00Z Thu Dec 05 2024

    ..Great Lakes...
    Days 1-3...

    *** Heavy Lake-Effect Snow continues through Tuesday ***

    Amplified longwave trough spinning across the eastern CONUS and
    centered near James Bay will slowly shift eastward Monday, with a=20
    final shortwave digging through the trough and across the Mid-=20
    Atlantic on Tuesday. This evolution will maintain lake effect snow=20
    (LES) across the region, but with bands gradually but inexorably
    shifting more to the S/SW rather than the W/NW which has plagued
    the Lakes the past few days. While this will continue CAA across
    the still very-warm lakes leading to bands of intense LES, the
    shifting direction will bring a reprieve to some of the hardest hit
    areas, while also resulting in generally less intense snow rates
    with less than ideal fetch direction.=20

    The exception to this will likely be along the Chautauqua Ridge SE
    of Lake Erie which has been crushed with snow the past few days,
    and late D1 into D2 will experience a resurgence as a nearly ideal
    upstream moisture connection to Lake Huron occurs. The other region
    that will see more intense LES, especially early D2 /Monday night
    into Tuesday/ will be south of Lake Michigan as the northerly fetch
    drives a robust and single band of LES into northern IN. These two
    areas will likely receive the heaviest additional snow, reflected
    by WPC probabilities exceeding 70% for 6+ inches both D1 (east of=20
    Lake Erie) and into D2 in far SW MI and northern IN (and continue
    east of Lake Erie). Locally 1-2 additional feet are possible.

    Downstream of the other lakes, including the U.P., western L.P.,
    and down into the Finger Lakes region of NY, ***WPC probs...***
    before shortwave ridging builds in across the region bringing an
    end, at least briefly, to most LES as WAA develops. Some light LES
    is likely early D3 during the wind shift, especially near Buffalo,
    NY and Watertown, NY, but only modest additional LES accumulations
    are expected.

    The ongoing lake-effect snow is the subject of the Key Message=20
    linked below.


    ...Upper Midwest/Upper Great Lakes...
    Day 3...

    A potent shortwave digging out of northern Saskatchewan will race
    southeast within the amplified trough plaguing much of the eastern
    CONUS. As this shortwave dives towards the Northern Plains, it will
    begin to amplify, pushing 500-700mb heights to as low as -2 sigma
    according to NAEFS, while concurrently enhancing downstream
    divergence as it interacts with modest shortwave ridging to the
    east. During this evolution, an impressive upper jet streak /up to
    160kts/ will dig southward as well, with the favorable LFQ driving
    enhanced deep layer lift to produce cyclogenesis near Lake Superior
    Wednesday morning. This low will then deepen as it tracks
    progressively to the east, with the accompanying WAA driving a
    swath of precipitation from the Upper Midwest through the eastern
    Great Lakes.

    The warm and moist advection downstream of this low will surge PWs
    to nearly +1 sigma, and the column will be sufficiently cold that
    most of the precip will occur as snow. There remains some
    uncertainty amongst the various global models as to how far south
    the heavy snow will spread, but with impressive WAA (winds up to
    50 kts at 800mb) deepening the isothermal layer beneath the DGZ,
    and favorable fgen driving ascent, periods of moderate to heavy=20
    snow are becoming more likely from northern MN through Upstate NY=20
    on Wednesday. WPC probabilities for 4+ inches are generally around
    30% from the Arrowhead of MN through far western Upstate NY, with
    locally higher probabilities reaching 70% across the eastern U.P.
    and in some of the favored lake-enhanced areas near Traverse City,
    MI and downwind of Lake Ontario.


    The probability of significant ice across the CONUS is less than=20
    10 percent.=20

    Weiss



    ...Winter Storm Key Messages are in effect. Please see current=20
    Key Messages below...

    https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/key_messages/Late= stKeyMessage_1.png__;!!DZ3fjg!42ECxC3hxrtu1vSOUXxFlIbpSRTo41SMiHNvkisY7ZTqK= 4SRNSLIsqcNqRiw5k-2oRPkJDABqunsWjDb9mjEcx10HN8$=20

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Mon Dec 2 08:59:11 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 020859
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    359 AM EST Mon Dec 2 2024

    Valid 12Z Mon Dec 02 2024 - 12Z Thu Dec 05 2024

    ..Great Lakes...
    Day 1...

    *** Heavy Lake-Effect Snow continues through tonight in Michigan,=20
    through Tuesday for eastern Great Lakes ***

    Reinforcing shortwave trough axis is over central MN early this
    morning and will continue to round the longwave trough axis over
    the interior Northeast by crossing the Midwest today and track near
    the VA/NC line tonight before moving offshore.

    Michigan Lake Effect...
    Flow over Lakes Superior and Michigan will remain veer more NNWly
    today behind the shortwave trough axis and maintain heavy snow over
    the eastern U.P. and along the western shore of the L.P. into far
    northern IN. Day 1 PWPF for >6" is 40-70% around Grand Traverse Bay
    and far SW MI to the IN border.

    Eastern Lake Effect...
    Flow over the eastern Great Lakes continues to veer NWly with the
    trough passage this morning. This means that while the single band
    that had been pushing into the eastern shore of Lake Erie on Wly=20
    flow will be disrupted, the NWly flow will continue to produce
    heavy LES over the Chautauqua Ridge from fetch over Lake Huron and
    then over Lake Erie. Day 1 PWPF is 60-90% over that portion of
    extreme western NY with probabilities dropping off toward Erie PA.
    Banding off Lake Ontario is expected to continue for the Syracuse=20
    area today with an additional 6" possible.

    Day 2...
    High pressure currently centered near NW ND will shift down the=20
    Mid- Mississippi Valley Tuesday with a more amplified ridge=20
    extending north over the Great Lakes. Behind this ridge axis, flow=20
    over Lakes Michigan and Superior quickly shifts to the SW which=20
    ends the LES bands from overnight. However, as this new fetch=20
    saturates, warm air advection induced snow develops across the U.P.
    tonight, particularly as a surface low ahead of the next wave=20
    approaches Lake Superior from the NW late tonight and pivots east=20
    Wednesday. The air remains cold enough for SWly flow driven lake=20
    enhanced snow into the far eastern U.P. Day 2 PWPF for >6" is=20
    limited to the Keweenaw Peninsula and near the Mackinac Strait.=20

    The ridge axis does not shift over the eastern Great Lakes until
    Tuesday night, so LES will continue and essentially shift back
    toward a single-band appearance on SWly flow, though the warm air
    advection makes for a wetter snow than recent days. Day 2 PWPF is
    40-60% around the Chautauqua Ridge with low probs for >4" for the
    south towns of Buffalo.

    The ongoing lake-effect snow is the subject of the Key Message=20
    linked below.


    Day 3...
    The low over Ontario further develops and sends a strong cold front
    over the Great Lakes Wednesday into Thursday. 850mb temps quickly
    drop into the DGZ behind the front, so LES resumes with a vengeance
    on NWly flow through the day over Michigan and that night/Thursday
    morning for the eastern Great Lakes. Day 3 PWPF >6" is 30-70% for
    NWly snow belts across the northern U.P. and the northern L.P.
    Marginal thermals for snow and warm air advection limit eastern=20
    Great Lakes snow Wednesday, but quickly shifts snowy overnight. Day
    3 PWPF for >6" is around 20% off Lake Erie and prolonged moderate
    snow over the Tug Hill makes for 40-60% probs there.

    LES looks to continue over the eastern Great Lakes on the NWly flow
    into Friday.


    ...New England...
    Day 3...

    The upper low tracks across northern Lake Huron Wednesday night
    with strong warm air advection and increasing precip into an
    initially cold airmass over New England allowing moderate to
    locally heavy snow over the terrain of the Greens/Whites/and much
    of Maine. Day 3 PWPF for >6" 30-60% for these areas. The low
    crosses Maine on Thursday when there is a greater snow threat for
    interior New England.


    ...Southern Appalachians...
    Day 1...

    A clipper-type trough currently over central MN shifts to eastern
    TN by this evening. Upslope flow enhances precip which is cold
    enough for snow and SLRs around 17:1 to produce 30-60% probs for
    4" snow tonight for mainly the western slopes of the Great Smokey
    Mtns.


    The probability of significant ice across the CONUS is less than=20
    10 percent.=20


    Jackson



    ...Winter Storm Key Messages are in effect. Please see current=20
    Key Messages below...

    https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/key_messages/Late= stKeyMessage_1.png__;!!DZ3fjg!6mlUvEYLnDGZKxJC8x-0qzzTQax-r1oBBa2zwNozy-l6F= NaeZONk0RBOjTBN96kMyea9yqDBo4XYc-6xzbExYVPpHQU$=20

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Mon Dec 2 19:45:39 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 021945
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    245 PM EST Mon Dec 2 2024

    Valid 00Z Tue Dec 03 2024 - 00Z Fri Dec 06 2024

    ..Great Lakes...
    Day 1...

    Reinforcing shortwave trough axis over the Ohio Valley this
    afternoon will continue to round the longwave trough axis over the
    Northeast by tracking near the VA/NC line tonight before moving
    offshore. Flow will continue to be NNWly over the Lakes tonight
    before shifting more westerly on Tuesday ahead of the next
    approaching shortwave.

    Michigan Lake Effect...
    NNWly 850mb flow up to 20 kts over Lakes Superior and Michigan
    will continue to support locally heavy snow over the eastern U.P.
    and along the western shore of the L.P. into far northern IN. Day 1
    PWPF for >4" is 40-70% around Grand Traverse Bay and far SW MI to
    the IN border.

    Eastern Lake Effect...
    NWly flow will continue to produce heavy LES over the Chautauqua
    Ridge from fetch over Lake Huron and then over Lake Erie. Day 1
    PWPF for at least 6" is 60-80% over that portion of extreme western
    NY with probabilities dropping off toward Erie PA. Banding off
    Lake Ontario is also expected to continue for the Syracuse area
    into tonight with an additional 4" possible.

    Day 2...
    High pressure currently centered over ND will shift down the Mid-
    Mississippi Valley Tuesday with a more amplified ridge extending
    north over the Great Lakes. Behind this ridge axis, flow over Lakes
    Michigan and Superior quickly shifts to the SW which ends the LES
    bands from overnight. However, as this new fetch saturates, warm
    air advection induced snow develops across the U.P. Tuesday night,
    particularly as a surface low ahead of the next wave approaches
    Lake Superior from the NW late early D2 and pivots east Wednesday.
    The air remains cold enough for SWly flow driven lake enhanced
    snow into the far eastern U.P. Day 2 PWPF for >6" is high (>70%)
    for the far eastern U.P. and medium (40-60%) for the Keweenaw
    Peninsula.


    The ridge axis does not shift over the eastern Great Lakes until
    early Wednesday morning, so LES will continue and essentially
    shift back toward a single- band appearance on SWly flow, though
    the warm air advection makes for a wetter snow than recent days.
    Day 2 PWPF for >4" is 20-50% around the Chautauqua Ridge with low
    probs for the south towns of Buffalo. Higher probs (50-70%) are
    found near the Tug Hill Plateau.


    Day 3...
    The low over Ontario further develops and sends a strong cold front
    over the Great Lakes Wednesday into Thursday. 850mb temps quickly
    drop into the DGZ behind the front, so LES resumes with a vengeance
    on NWly flow through the day over Michigan and that night/Thursday
    morning for the eastern Great Lakes. Snow-liquid ratios would
    normally rise to around 20:1 or higher, but very strong 850mb winds
    of 40-55 kts could fracture dendrites and lead to areas of blowing
    snow. Day 2-3 PWPF >6" is >80% for NWly snow belts across the
    northern U.P. and the northern L.P. Marginal thermals for snow and
    warm air advection limit eastern Great Lakes snow Wednesday, but
    quickly shifts snowy overnight. Day 3 PWPF for >6" is around 60-80%
    off Lake Erie and prolonged moderate snow over the Tug Hill makes
    for >90% probs there.

    Additionally, snow squalls are likely along and just behind a
    strong cold front crossing the Upper Great Lakes on Wednesday and
    into the L.P. of Michigan by Wednesday night as 3-6 km AGL lapse
    rates rise to around 7 C/km underneath the arctic airmass.This
    could lead to intense multi- band convective squalls enhanced by
    flow off Lake Superior and Lake Michigan Wednesday evening.
    Potential also exists for snow squalls across the northern Mid-
    Atlantic and Northeast by Thursday, but timing and mode is more
    uncertain. Either way, gusty winds with maximum values exceeding 40
    mph are likely to be widespread and persistent between the
    northern Plains and central Apps/Northeast, which could lead to
    lowering visibility where snow is falling and where fresh snow
    cover exists.

    LES looks to continue over the eastern Great Lakes on the NWly
    flow into Friday.


    ...New England...
    Day 3...

    The upper low tracks across northern Lake Huron Wednesday night
    with strong warm air advection and increasing precip into an
    initially cold airmass over New England allowing moderate to
    locally heavy snow over the terrain of the Greens/Whites/and much
    of Maine. The low crosses ME on Thursday when there is a greater
    snow threat for interior New England. Day 3 PWPF for >6" 30-60% for
    the higher terrain of VT/NH, with a corridor of 60-80% extending
    from the central highlands to northern portions of ME. The low
    crosses ME on Thursday when there is a greater snow threat for
    interior New England.


    ...Southern Appalachians...
    Day 1...

    A clipper-type trough currently over the Ohio Valley shifts to
    eastern TN by this evening. Upslope flow enhances precip which is
    cold enough for snow and SLRs around 17-18:1 to produce 30-60%
    probs for >4" snow tonight for mainly the western slopes of the
    Great Smokey Mtns. Enough lift directly beneath the shortwave
    could also lead to minor snowfall accumulations (<1") Tuesday
    morning across central NC/SC.


    The probability of significant ice across the CONUS is less than
    10 percent.


    Snell/Jackson






    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Tue Dec 3 08:59:40 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 030859
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    359 AM EST Tue Dec 3 2024

    Valid 12Z Tue Dec 03 2024 - 12Z Fri Dec 06 2024

    ...Michigan...
    Days 1-3...

    LES from NNWly flow continues through mid-morning over the eastern
    U.P. and down the western shore of the L.P. Localized additional
    amounts of 4" are possible between 12Z and 18Z in far SW MI given
    the orientation of the flow into that area as well as the current
    radar coverage for the strong banding shifting down Lake Michigan.

    Surface ridging ahead of the next wave spreads over MI today
    shifting flow to the SW and bringing a reprieve to snow this
    afternoon to the state. However, the SWly flow quickly saturates
    and warm air advection snow begins over the U.P. this evening as
    the moisture plume from the next low shifts in. Lake Michigan
    enhancement to this snow will really kick in overnight with
    heavy/repeating snow north from Grand Traverse Bay and over the
    southern shore of the eastern U.P. which continues into Wednesday
    morning. Day 1.5 probabilities for >12" snow are around 60% north
    of Petoskey and across the Mackinac Straits.

    A strong cold front from the low tracking north of the Great Lakes
    sweeps across MI Wednesday afternoon with a quick return to LES
    banding. Potent cold air advection over the Lakes brings heavy
    bands to NW flow prone snow belts into Thursday. Particularly
    strong winds can be expected given the pressure gradient between
    the 990mb low and the 1037mb high over the Dakotas, so impacts will
    be enhanced by the wind. Day 2 PWPF for >6" is 50-80% over the U.P.
    north shore and the NW sector of the L.P. with potential prolonged
    banding southeast from Grand Traverse Bay with a Superior and Lake
    Michigan fetch contributing given the NW flow turning NNWly. LES
    slowly decays and the wind gradiently quickly drops off on
    Thursday.


    Eastern Great Lakes and Northeast...
    Day 1...

    NWly flow will continue to produce heavy LES over the Chautauqua
    Ridge from fetch over Lake Huron and then over Lake Erie through
    much of today before it diminishes/pivots east as flow shifts SWly
    behind a ridge axis that moves through. An additional 3-6" can be
    expected today over the Chautauqua Ridge area. This afternoon the
    SWly flow will bring snow, possibly banded, to around Buffalo and
    the easten shore of Lake Ontario that persists into the overnight;
    Day 1 PWPF for >4" are 20-40%.


    Days 2/3...

    SWly flow ahead of a developing clipper-type low tracking north of
    the Great Lakes saturates over the interior Northeast, increasing
    coverage and intensity of snow on Wednesday that continues to
    expand and shift north over New England through the overnight. The
    Mohawk Valley/southern Adirondacks are favored for heavier snow
    Wednesday afternoon where the combination of topographic lift and
    antecedant cold air overlap. Higher terrain of the Greens and
    Whites get snow in this time, but the greater coverage is expected
    over central Maine, generally inland from Bangor Wednesday night.
    Day 2 PWPF for >6" is 50-80% over the Mohawk Valley as well as in
    central Maine. The WAA based precip spreads across the rest of
    Maine Thursday morning with a rain/snow line developing interior
    from the Maine coast with a quick transition to heavy snow
    on the cold side.

    The strong cold front crossing Michigan on Wednesday crosses the
    eastern Great Lakes late Wednesday night with a quick onset back to
    heavy snow again on NWly flow off eastern Erie starting before
    sunrise Thursday with aided fetch from Lake Huron. A decent banding
    situation arrises from Lake Ontario over the Tug Hill down the
    Mohawk Valley, possibly overlapping well with the snow from
    Wednesday.Day 2.5 PWPF for >8" is unfortunately 60-90% from Erie Co
    PA to the South Towns of Buffalo. These bands may extend decently
    far inland given the rather strong winds from the 990mb low moving
    into southern Quebec and the 1035mb high over South Dakota Thursday
    morning.

    The low quickly exits to the Canadian Maritimes Thursday with
    guidance wanting to end most of the heavier banding Thursday night.
    Guidance is usually too quick to cut off LES banding, but at least
    in this case the surface high tracking over the Ohio Valley on
    Friday should cause disruption to the bands. Day 3 PWPF for >8" is
    90% over Erie Co PA and around 30% over northern Maine where the
    surface low tracks and for upslope flow over the northern Greens
    and Adirondacks.


    The probability of significant ice across the CONUS is less than
    10 percent.


    Jackson


    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Tue Dec 3 19:39:24 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 031939
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    239 PM EST Tue Dec 3 2024

    Valid 12Z Tue Dec 03 2024 - 12Z Fri Dec 06 2024

    ...Michigan...
    Days 1-3...

    Periods of snow across the state of Michigan will come in two
    different ways over the next few days. The first will come via warm
    air advection (WAA) thanks to a warm front traversing the northern
    Great Lakes this evening. 290k isentropic ascent will act a steady
    source of vertical ascent with the antecedent air-mass=20
    sufficiently cold enough to support snow within the boundary layer
    tonight and into Wednesday morning. WPC PWPF does depict high=20
    chances (>70%) for snowfall totals >4" along the tip of the=20
    Michigan Mitten, along the southern coast of Michigan's U.P. south=20
    of Sault Ste Marie, and along the Keweenaw Peninsula through midday
    Wednesday.

    By Wednesday morning, the next Arctic intrusion plunges south
    through the Upper Midwest and across Lake Superior. As strong cold
    air advection (CAA) ensues, delta Ts in the surface-850mb layer
    grow to as high as 40F over western Lake Superior and modest
    instability for multi-band lake effect bands to tap into. Similar
    highly unstable profiles are expected over Lake Michigan with heavy
    lake effect streamers expected from the tip of Michigan's Mitten to
    as far south as southwest Michigan starting Wednesday night. In
    fact, the strong CAA working in tandem with strong upper level
    divergence at the nose of a powerful 500mb jet streak (winds
    exceeding values near or above those observed in the CFSR
    climatology over northern Iowa) could support intense snow squalls
    across southern Michigan Wednesday evening. The more intense lake=20
    effect snow bands should average 1-2"/hr snowfall rates with some=20
    instances of >3"/hr snowfall rates at times Wednesday night.=20

    Brisk and cold NWrly flow over warm waters of Lakes Superior and=20
    Ontario will continue through Thursday night along the western and=20
    northern shores of Michigan's Mitten while snow gradually begins to
    taper off by Friday morning. WPC PWPF shows moderate-to-high=20
    chances (50-70%) for snowfall >12" along the Keweenaw Peninsula,=20
    the Huron Mountains, portions of the eastern U.P. of Michigan, and=20
    the northwestern tier of Michigan's Mitten through Friday morning.

    ...Eastern Great Lakes and Northeast...=20
    Days 2-3...=20

    The types of snowfall across these regions over the next 48-72
    hours will transpire in four phases: WAA/Synoptic scale, lake-=20
    effect, snow squalls, and mountain snow.=20

    1. WAA/synoptic scale: To start, this pattern is driven by an=20
    amplifying and strong upper low tracking over the northern Great=20
    Lakes Wednesday evening. By 12Z Thursday, NAEFS shows 700mb and=20
    500mb heights that are near the lowest observed heights at 12Z for
    this time of year in the CFSR climatology over Pennsylvania. In=20
    addition, while temperatures have moderated in the past 24 hours or
    so, the boundary layer remains sufficiently cold enough to support
    snow as WAA increases on Wednesday, especially in the higher=20
    elevations of the Berkshires, Green, and White Mountains. Excellent
    290K isentropic ascent via SWrly flow and upper level divergence=20
    beneath the left-exit region of a 250mb jet streak will support=20
    periods of snow beginning over the Adirondacks Wednesday afternoon=20
    and then across the rest of the northern Appalachians Wednesday=20
    night. By Thursday morning, a secondary low looks to form along the
    triple point near the Maine coastline. Additional snowfall is=20
    possible as an inverted trough on the backside of the coastal low=20
    pivots over the region Thursday afternoon. Cyclonic flow will allow
    for upslope snow to persist through Thursday night in the northern
    Appalachians before tapering off by midday Friday. WPC PWPF shows=20
    high chances (>70%) for snowfall amounts >8" in portions of the=20
    Adirondacks, Green, and White Mountains, as well as portions of=20
    northern Maine. Localized amounts topping 12" in these mountain=20
    ranges are possible.=20

    2. Lake-Effect: In wake of the exceptional LES event that has
    unfolded downwind of Lakes Erie and Ontario, yet another round of
    heavy snow is on tap starting Wednesday night and lasting through
    the end of the work-week. The cold front passes through Wednesday
    night with surface-850mb winds over Lake Erie changing from a
    250-260 wind direction between 03-06Z to 280-290 after 09Z. A=20
    similar wind shift occurs over Lake Ontario Thursday morning. Delta
    Ts between the surface and 850mb will range between 32-38F over=20
    the open waters of Lakes Erie and Ontario, and modest instability=20
    will be at any lake effect band's disposal. By Thursday afternoon,
    winds shift more to pure NWrly flow. This should allow for more=20
    multi-banded segments off Lake Ontario, while some CAMs are=20
    hinting at longer single banded solutions emanating from Lake Huron
    that could reach into northwest Pennsylvania. Lake-effect snow=20
    should linger through Thursday night and begin to taper off later=20
    in the day on Friday as the pressure gradient weakens and winds=20
    over the Lakes decrease. Latest WPC PWPF shows high chances (>70%)
    for snowfall above 12" in northwest Pennsylvania, far western NY=20
    south of Buffalo, and along the Tug Hill Plateau. The Tug Hill in
    particular could be hit quite hard from the combination of WAA at
    the onset, then the lake-effect on the backside of the storm on
    Thursday. WPC PWPF shows low chances (10-30%) for snowfall >24" in
    the highest terrain of the Tug Hill through Friday. Regionally, these
    snowfall amounts combined with whipping wind gusts topping 40 mph=20
    will likely result in significant blowing/drifting of not just the=20
    snow from this event, but also residual snowpack from heavy snow=20
    that accumulated over the past 4-5 days.

    3. Snow Squalls/Mountain Snow: This strong cold front, which based
    on some guidance shows cross-section FGEN plots extending as far=20
    up as 500mb, will coincide well with the left-exit region of a=20
    robust 500mb jet streak. By late Wednesday afternoon, steepening=20
    lapse rates and moistening low-mid level soundings over both=20
    central southern Michigan will support snow squalls that transpire=20
    across the southern tiers of the state. As the front pushes east,=20
    the thermal gradient will not be as tight as it could've been had=20
    this cold frontal passage occurred during the daytime hours. That=20
    said, the aforementioned deep 500-700mb heights and strong=20
    synoptic-scale forcing will provide sufficient enough lift along,=20
    along with the strong 850-700mb FGEN to foster potent snow squalls=20
    Wednesday evening over Ohio and western Pennsylvania. These=20
    squalls are likely to traverse the northern Mid-Atlantic (central=20
    PA on south to potentially northern MD and northern VA) in the=20
    early morning hours on Thursday. Boundary layer temperatures are=20
    more questionable along the I-95 corridor, but fast moving squalls=20
    producing brief bursts of snow could occur in parts of the Piedmont
    regions of northern VA and northern MD.=20

    4. Mountain Snow: Farther south, strengthening low level=20
    westerlies will flow orthogonally to the SW-NE spine of the Central Appalachians. Strong vertical ascent not only via synoptic scale=20
    and FGEN methods but also through orographic lift should prompt=20
    bursts of heavy snow Wednesday night with rapidly increasing SLRs.=20
    To make impacts worse, 850mb winds over the Central Appalachians=20
    (including the Laurel and Potomac Highlands) will be in excess of=20
    50 kts, suggesting the strong winds will likely lead to not only=20
    substantial blowing/drifting of snow, but potential blizzard=20
    conditions that could even cause power outages in some areas. WPC=20
    PWPF shows moderate-to-high chances (50-70%) for >4" of snowfall in
    the central Appalachians of east- central WV, especially above=20
    3,000ft.


    The probability of significant ice across the CONUS is less than=20
    10 percent.=20

    Mullinax


    ...Winter Storm Key Messages are in effect. Please see current=20
    Key Messages below...

    https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/key_messages/Late= stKeyMessage_1.png__;!!DZ3fjg!9hzyLjVZY9PhSi8VOVHuU4_jhOGuf0gZBksUiZHV5-Q7a= mMXf1ptRBLx1BGIaxeMaZLzO1cQ2wjLRfnlH5ZTbpowwk4$=20


    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Wed Dec 4 09:02:19 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 040902
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    402 AM EST Wed Dec 4 2024

    Valid 12Z Wed Dec 04 2024 - 12Z Sat Dec 07 2024

    ...Michigan...
    Days 1-2...

    A strong cold front from a rapidly developing low is currently=20
    over northern MN and will plunge southeast across MI today. SW=20
    flow ahead of the front will continue to bring heavy lake enhanced=20
    snow (LES) off northern Lake Michigan rest of this morning. Along=20
    the cold front, expect snow squalls which are rather rare for MI -=20
    they'll produce sudden heavy snow with particularly strong wind=20
    gusts which are a danger to travelers. Behind the cold front,=20
    strong cold air advection (CAA) and modest instability set off=20
    multi lake effect bands over the U.P. later this afternoon and over
    the western shore later this evening. The more intense lake effect
    snow bands should average 1-2"/hr snowfall rates tonight=20
    (continuing through Thursday morning over portions of the western=20
    shore) per the 00Z HREF. More isolated LES banding occurs into
    Thursday night as the pressure gradient rapidly tapers off.


    ...Eastern Great Lakes and Northeast...=20
    Days 1-3...=20

    The types of snowfall from the eastern Great Lakes through the
    Northeast Thursday are WAA/Synoptic scale, lake-effect, snow=20
    squalls, and upslope mountain snow. The LES and mountain snows then
    persist into Saturday.

    1. WAA/synoptic scale: This pattern is driven by a powerful/=20
    amplifying shortwave trough currently over Manitoba that closes=20
    into a deep mid-level low over MI this evening before reopening=20
    into a negatively- tilted trough over New England Thursday=20
    afternoon. strong upper low tracking over the northern Great Lakes=20
    Wednesday evening. By 12Z Thursday, NAEFS shows 700mb and 500mb=20
    heights that are near the lowest observed heights at 12Z for this=20
    time of year in the CFSR climatology over Pennsylvania indicating
    how deep this cold-core low is.=20
    Moisture with some Gulf of Mexico origin lifts northeast ahead of
    this developing low and saturates over the eastern Great
    Lakes/interior Northeast this afternoon, expanding over New=20
    England tonight. While temperatures have moderated across the=20
    Northeast in the past day, the boundary layer remains sufficiently=20
    cold enough to support snow as WAA increases today, especially in=20
    the higher elevations of the Berkshires, Green, and White=20
    Mountains. Expect moderate snow to begin over the southern=20
    Adirondacks this afternoon and then across the rest of the northern Appalachians this evening. By Thursday morning, the surface low=20
    will translate to the northern New England coast. Additional=20
    snowfall is expected along an inverted trough on the backside of=20
    the coastal low as it lifts north into New Brunswick Thursday=20
    afternoon. Cyclonic flow will allow for upslope snow to persist=20
    through Thursday night in the northern Appalachians before tapering
    off Friday morning. WPC PWPF continues to show high chances (>70%)
    for snowfall amounts >8" in the southern Adirondacks and Greens,=20
    then along the White Mountains up through central and northern=20
    Maine. Localized amounts topping 12" are likely in the higher=20
    portions of these mountain ranges.


    2. Lake-Effect Snow (LES): In wake of the exceptional LES event=20
    that occurred downwind of Lakes Erie and Ontario over the past=20
    week, yet another round of heavy LES is on tap starting Wednesday=20
    night and lasting through Thursday night, then another round Friday
    night. The cold front passes Lakes Erie and Ontario late tonight with surface-850mb winds quickly changing to the west behind the=20
    front and then northwesterly Thursday afternoon. Expect more=20
    multi-banded segments off Lake Ontario, with CAMs agreeing on=20
    longer single banded solutions emanating from Lake Huron and over
    Erie Co PA and possibly the hard hit Chautauqua Ridge in far
    western NY that could reach into central PA. Lake- effect snow=20
    should linger through Thursday night and begin to taper off later=20
    in the day on Friday as the pressure gradient weakens and winds=20
    over the Lakes decrease. However, flow backing to westerly Friday
    night should allow some single band formation off both lakes.=20
    Latest Day 1.5 WPC PWPF shows high chances (>70%) for snowfall=20
    above 12" in northwest Pennsylvania, more like 50% for the
    Chautauqua Ridge, as well as along the Tug Hill Plateau with more
    like 50% for the southern Adirondacks which is after the WAA snow
    through this evening. WPC PWPF continues to show around 20%
    probabilities for >24" in the highest terrain of the Tug Hill=20
    through Thursday night. Regionally, these snowfall amounts=20
    combined with whipping wind gusts topping 40 mph will likely result
    in significant blowing/drifting of not just the snow from this=20
    event, but also residual snowpack from heavy snow that accumulated=20
    over the past 4-5 days.

    3. Snow Squalls/Mountain Snow: This strong and deep cold front will
    coincide well with the left-exit region of a 100kt jet streak. By=20
    late this afternoon, steepening lapse rates and moistening low-mid
    level soundings over both central southern Michigan will support=20
    snow squalls that transpire across much of the state. As the front
    pushes east, the particularly deep 500-700mb heights and strong=20 synoptic-scale forcing will provide sufficient enough lift along,=20
    along with the strong 850-700mb FGEN to foster potent snow squalls=20
    late tonight over Ohio, West Virgina, western Pennsylvania and the
    central Appalachians. These squalls are likely to traverse the=20
    northern Mid-Atlantic (central PA on south to potentially northern=20
    MD and northern VA) in the early morning hours on Thursday.=20
    Boundary layer temperatures are more questionable along the I-95=20
    corridor, but fast moving squalls producing brief bursts of snow=20
    should occur in parts of the Piedmont regions of northern VA and=20
    northern MD. Day 1.5 PWPF for >0.1" has a curious maximum over the
    northern VA Piedmont.

    4. Upslope Mountain Snow: Farther south, strengthening low level=20
    westerlies will flow orthogonally to the SW-NE spine of the Central Appalachians. Strong vertical ascent not only via synoptic scale=20
    and FGEN methods but also through orographic lift should prompt=20
    bursts of heavy snow to continue after the frontal squalls late=20
    tonight into Thursday with rapidly increasing SLRs. To make impacts
    worse, 850mb winds over the Central Appalachians (including the=20
    Laurel and Potomac Highlands) will be in excess of 50 kts, with the
    strong winds leading to not only substantial blowing/drifting of=20
    snow, but potential blizzard conditions that could even cause power
    outages in some areas. WPC PWPF shows moderate-to-high chances=20
    (50-80%) for >4" of snowfall in the central Appalachians of east-=20
    central WV, especially above 3,000ft.


    The probability of significant ice across the CONUS is less than=20
    10 percent.=20


    Jackson/Mullinax



    ...Winter Storm Key Messages are in effect...

    https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/key_messages/Late= stKeyMessage_1.png__;!!DZ3fjg!9iLsV9gzQedZza1365VtJXAHl9PCxbu2zFC-skqULrPtf= KBFiBse9XTzo0v17hXhRRtGyDZnIEvoJPt1Zupo33Gsm-w$=20

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Wed Dec 4 19:53:44 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 041953
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    253 PM EST Wed Dec 4 2024

    Valid 12Z Wed Dec 04 2024 - 12Z Sat Dec 07 2024

    ...Michigan...
    Days 1-2...

    The Arctic front associated with a deepening area of low pressure
    tracking to the north of the Great Lakes today is moving through
    the Upper Midwest this morning and will soon be the catalyst for
    yet another lake-effect snow (LES) event across much of the
    Michigan U.P. and for both northern and western communities of=20
    Michigan's Mitten. At the onset today, a series of potent snow=20
    showers along the Arctic front will race south and east as NWrly=20
    winds begin to kick-start the lake-effect snow machine from the=20
    Porcupine Mountains to the Hurons. These squalls will work their
    way through the southern part of the state this afternoon and
    evening with the favorable combination of strong frontogenetical=20
    support at low levels and a robust 500mb jet streak (exceeding=20
    observed 500mb winds for this time of year in the CFSR database 00Z
    this evening) fostering a favorable setup for sustaining potent
    snow squalls through this evening. Meanwhile, cold air advection=20
    (CAA) over the warm waters of Lakes Superior and Michigan will=20
    cause surface-850mb delta Ts to range between 34-40F. These steep=20
    lapse rates combined with well saturated low-level profiles will=20
    support multi-banded lake-effect streamers that produce 1-2"/hr=20
    snowfall rates through tonight and into Thursday. Some hi-res CAMs=20
    suggest the potential for a dominant single band streamer that=20
    could produce heavy snow in southwest Michigan and into the=20
    Michiana area bordering IN/MI.=20

    LES should wind down Thursday night and taper off across much of
    Michigan by Friday afternoon. WPC PWPF depicts high chances (>70%)
    for snowfall totals >8" for much of the Michigan U.P. and in the
    northwest part of the Mitten. Some localized areas could approach
    18" in the hardest hit spots. There are low-to-moderate chances
    (30-50%) for snowfall >8" where the single lake-effect band sets up
    in southwest Michigan. The WSSI shows primarily Moderate Impacts
    for most of these aforementioned regions, although some localized
    Major Impacts (considerable impacts such as dangerous to impossible
    driving conditions) are possible in parts of the Michigan U.P. and
    northwest portion on Michigan's Mitten.


    ...Eastern Great Lakes and Northeast...=20
    Days 1-3...=20

    The types of snowfall from the eastern Great Lakes through the
    Northeast Thursday are WAA/Synoptic scale, lake-effect, snow=20
    squalls, and upslope mountain snow. The LES and mountain snow are
    forecast to persist into Saturday.

    1. WAA/synoptic scale: This pattern is driven by a powerful mid-
    upper level low over MI this evening before reopening into a=20 negatively-tilted trough over New England late Thursday. By 12Z=20
    Thursday, NAEFS shows 700mb and 500mb heights that are near the=20
    lowest observed heights at 12Z for this time of year in the CFSR=20
    climatology over Pennsylvania, indicating how anomalously deep=20
    this cold-core low becomes. Moisture will stream northeast and
    boundary layer temperatures look to remain sufficiently cold=20
    enough to support snow as WAA this evening, especially in the=20
    higher elevations of the Berkshires, Green, and White Mountains.=20
    Expect moderate snow to begin over the southern Adirondacks this=20
    afternoon and then across the rest of the northern Appalachians=20
    this evening. Heavy snow will then envelope much of northern Maine
    overnight. By Thursday morning, the surface low will track east
    closer to Caribou, Maine with additional snowfall expected along=20
    an inverted trough on the backside of the storm. Cyclonic flow=20
    will allow for upslope snow to persist through Thursday night in=20
    the northern Appalachians before tapering off Friday morning. WPC=20
    PWPF continues to show high chances (>70%) for snowfall amounts >8"
    in the southern Adirondacks and Greens, then along the White=20
    Mountains up through central and northern Maine. Localized amounts=20
    topping 12" are likely in the higher portions of these mountain=20
    ranges.


    2. Lake-Effect Snow (LES): In wake of the exceptional LES event=20
    that occurred downwind of Lakes Erie and Ontario over the past=20
    week, yet another round of heavy LES is on tap starting tonight=20
    and lasting through Thursday night, then another round Friday=20
    night. The cold front passes Lakes Erie and Ontario late tonight=20
    with surface-850mb winds quickly changing to the west behind the=20
    front and then northwesterly Thursday afternoon. Expect mostly=20
    multi- banded segments off Lake Ontario, with CAMs agreeing on=20
    longer single banded solutions emanating from Lake Huron and over=20
    Erie Co PA. This band could not only bring heavy snow to the hard=20
    hit Chautauqua Ridge in far western NY, but potentially into=20
    central PA as well. Lake-effect snow should linger through Thursday
    night and begin to taper off later in the day on Friday as winds=20
    weaken over the Lakes. However, winds backing to westerly flow=20
    Friday night should allow some single band formation off both=20
    lakes. Latest Day WPC PWPF shows high chances (>70%) for snowfall=20
    above 18" in northwest Pennsylvania along the Chautauqua Ridge,=20
    where there are also low chances (10-30%) for snowfall above 24"=20
    through Friday night. Along the Tug Hill Plateau with more like 50%
    for the southern Adirondacks which is after the WAA snow through=20
    this evening. WPC PWPF shows moderate chances (40-60%)=20
    probabilities for >24" in the highest terrain of the Tug Hill=20
    through Thursday night. Regionally, these snowfall amounts combined
    with whipping wind gusts topping 40 mph will likely result in=20
    significant blowing/drifting of not just the snow from this event,=20
    but also residual snowpack from heavy snow that accumulated over=20
    the past 4-5 days.

    3. Snow Squalls/Mountain Snow: This strong cold front, which
    according to some cross-section guidance shows FGEN that extend as
    far up in the atmosphere as 500mb, will coincide beneath the left-
    exit region of a 100kt 500mb jet streak. By 00Z tonight, 500mb=20
    winds over Iowa are topping the maximum observed winds for this=20
    time of year in the CFSR climatology. As the Arctic front pushes=20
    south and east, the thermal gradient will not be as strong as it=20
    could've been had the frontal passage occurred during the daytime=20
    hours. That said, the aforementioned deep 500-700mb height=20
    anomalies and strong synoptic-scale forcing will provide sufficient
    lift, along with ample 850-700mb FGEN to foster formidable snow=20
    squalls this evening from southern Michigan and northern IN on east
    through the Upper Ohio Valley and into the northern Mid- Atlantic=20
    overnight. These squalls are likely to traverse the Delaware Valley
    on south to potentially northern MD and northern VA in the early=20
    Thursday morning. Boundary layer temperatures are more questionable
    along the I-95 corridor, but fast moving squalls producing brief=20
    bursts of snow should occur in parts of the Piedmont regions of=20
    northern VA and northern MD. Day 1.5 PWPF for >0.1" has a curious=20
    maximum over the northern VA Piedmont. Remember there are no safe=20
    places on a highway during a snow squall as visibility drops=20
    significantly and roads can become snow covered quickly, making it=20
    hard to see on the road and slow down when necessary.=20

    4. Upslope Mountain Snow: Farther south, strengthening low level=20
    westerlies will flow orthogonally to the SW-NE spine of the Central Appalachians. Strong vertical ascent not only via synoptic scale=20
    and FGEN methods but also through orographic lift should prompt=20
    bursts of heavy snow to continue after the frontal squalls late=20
    tonight into Thursday with rapidly increasing SLRs. To make impacts
    worse, 850mb winds over the Central Appalachians (including the=20
    Laurel and Potomac Highlands) will be in excess of 50 kts, with the
    strong winds leading to not only substantial blowing/drifting of=20
    snow, but potential blizzard conditions that could even cause power
    outages in some areas. WPC PWPF shows high chances (>70%) for >4"=20
    of snowfall in the central Appalachians with parts of the Laurel
    Highlands (far southwest PA, western Garrett County, MD, and south
    of Garrett County in eastern WV) sporting moderate chances=20
    (40-60%) for snowfall >8" through Friday evening.

    ...Washington Cascades...
    Day 3...

    The Pacific Northwest sees the return of some wintry weather on
    Saturday as a Pacific storm system brings high elevation snow
    4,000ft) to the region. Some moisture spilling over into the
    Columbia Basin could also have boundary layer temps that are sub-
    freezing on Saturday. Some minor ice accumulations are possible
    within the Columbia Basin on Saturday, as are locally heavy=20
    snowfall totals through Saturday night in the higher terrain
    5,000ft) of the Cascades and Olympics through Saturday afternoon.
    WPC PWPF shows low-to-moderate (30-50%) chances for >4" above
    5,000ft through Saturday afternoon with potentially more high
    elevation snowfall to come in the early onset of the medium range
    period.=20


    The probability of significant ice across the CONUS is less than=20
    10 percent.=20


    Mullinax




    ...Winter Storm Key Messages are in effect. Please see current=20
    Key Messages below...

    https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/key_messages/Late= stKeyMessage_1.png__;!!DZ3fjg!-g1dxd4MpbdveXRjoRobaYfVXKYpEeZGu6OhPHsQBcBhj= ar9wEuNlo9ll3np0NWfCiGFyPHc5dJUsSWB98MOSTIMXyI$=20

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Thu Dec 5 06:30:11 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 050629
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    129 AM EST Thu Dec 5 2024

    Valid 12Z Thu Dec 05 2024 - 12Z Sun Dec 08 2024

    ...Eastern Great Lakes and Northeast...=20
    Days 1-3...=20

    Strong low pressure moving through Quebec this morning will=20
    continue eastward, with WAA-driven snow over northern New England.=20
    500mb heights/wind are near the CFSR reanalysis min/max=20
    (respectively) with this potent system. The associated cold front,=20 responsible for numerous snow squalls yesterday afternoon and=20
    overnight, will help feed moisture into northern/interior Maine=20
    where sub-freezing temperatures will support all snow this morning.
    Low pressure will quickly translate into Atlantic Canada early=20
    this afternoon, with the FROPA turning winds around to the=20
    northwest and helping to enhance orographic lift across much of the
    Northeast into the central Appalachians. Strong pressure gradient=20
    will also maintain windy conditions with blowing/drifting snow over
    the interior and near-blizzard/blizzard conditions in the higher=20
    elevations (esp WV). Lake-effect snow, already in progress over MI,
    will redevelop/strengthen over the eastern Great Lakes by this=20
    afternoon on NW flow with some double (Lake) dip increase in=20
    moisture. CAM guidance continues to depict some rather robust=20
    single bands off some of the lakes with a far reach inland of at=20
    least lighter snow. Winds will eventually back and lighten by=20
    tomorrow with less coverage/intensity overall but still some more=20
    potent bands possible. A trailing shortwave out of Canada will=20
    swing through the Lakes late Friday, again enhancing some lake-=20
    effect snows across MI into NY and NW PA.=20

    WPC probabilities for at least 12 inches of additional snow after=20
    12Z Thu are highest (>50%) east of Lake Erie (NW PA into SW NY) and
    southeast of Lake Ontario (between ART and SYR). Moderate snow=20
    8") is likely over the higher terrain of the Adirondacks into the
    Green and White Mountains due to upslope flow. In addition, the=20
    eastern U.P. of Michigan and the western side of Lower Michigan=20
    show moderate (40-70%) and low (10-40%) probabilities,=20
    respectively, of at least another 8 inches of snow through=20
    Saturday.=20

    Lastly, with the progression of the cold front this morning, the=20
    threat of snow squalls remains for parts of the northern Mid-=20
    Atlantic into New England. This may produce a quick drop in=20
    visibility coincident with gusty winds and slippery travel.=20


    ...Pacific Northwest/Northern Rockies...=20
    Day 3...

    Upper low in the northeastern Pacific will stream eastward along=20
    50N into British Columbia, bringing in a surge of moisture to the=20
    Cascades then into the northern Rockies on Saturday. Snow levels=20
    will be on the higher side, about 8000ft at precip onset, but will=20
    lower to around 5000-6000ft Saturday afternoon as the front moves=20
    in, and falling farther to around 3500ft as the precipitation=20
    lightens into Sunday morning. Snow will likely affect the higher=20
    passes, where the probability of at least 6 inches is >50% above=20
    4000ft or so. East of the Cascades, some icing and/or a wintry mix=20
    of sleet/freezing rain will be possible as colder surface=20
    temperatures are overrun by mild air aloft. Into the northern=20
    Rockies, moisture will get wrung out over the higher terrain with=20
    several inches likely (>50% chance of 6 inches) on the higher=20
    mountain ridges.=20


    The probability of significant ice >0.25" across the CONUS is less
    than 10 percent.=20


    Fracasso



    ...Winter Storm Key Messages are in effect. Please see current=20
    Key Messages below...

    https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/key_messages/Late= stKeyMessage_1.png__;!!DZ3fjg!_SE21lAdIfWr2_E8riMb_I83_oj2-e2RtStvv7M3CA5zx= aP-iR8mkCa83hFy0rm25LoL5Zg-zgN9lFM2TYGyrW9ETZs$=20

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Thu Dec 5 19:42:43 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 051942
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    242 PM EST Thu Dec 5 2024

    Valid 00Z Fri Dec 06 2024 - 00Z Mon Dec 09 2024

    ...Great Lakes and Northeast...
    Days 1-3...

    Through the remainder of Thursday afternoon and into Friday, the
    main story will be the ongoing lake-effect snow that will unfold
    across parts the Great Lakes and even parts of the interior
    Northeast down wind of Lakes Erie and Ontario. Through this
    afternoon and evening, geopotential heights and temperatures at=20
    850mb, 700mb, and 500mb all will all be below the 2.5=20
    climatological percentile according to NAEFS. Combined with=20
    daytime heating, look for occasionally potent snow showers (maybe=20
    a squall or two) to be possible across New England. Meanwhile,=20
    brisk cyclonic flow over the warm Great Lakes will keep LES=20
    streamers in the forecast this afternoon and through tonight over=20
    the eastern half of Michigan's U.P. and along the western half of=20
    Michigan's Mitten. Farther east, strong NWrly flow paired with low-
    level convergence will support some single-banded LES streamers=20
    originating off Huron that poses a heavy snow threat in northwest=20
    PA and far northeast OH. Lingering LES snow is also expected in=20
    central NY as LES lingers tonight off of Lake Ontario.

    By Friday, a 500mb vort max approaching from western Ontario allows
    for some upper level divergence aloft that is also supported by the
    northern Great Lakes position beneath the diffluent left-exit
    region of a 125kt 250mb jet streak. Subtle low-level WAA is also
    likely that will prompt the development of a stationary front that
    acts as a trigger for additional snowfall through Saturday. This
    upper level disturbance will revitalize the westerlies across Lakes
    Erie and Ontario, resulting in the redevelopment of steady single
    banded LES streamers that could produce 1-2"/hr snowfall rates
    Friday evening and linger through Saturday morning. All told
    through 12Z Saturday, much of Erie County, PA and south of Buffalo
    in western NY (including along the I-90 corridor) have high=20
    chances (>70%) for snowfall totals topping 18" with some localized=20
    areas surpassing 24". This is also the case east of Lake Ontario=20
    to the south of Watertown and along the Tug Hill. WSSI shows
    Moderate to Major impacts in these areas, indicating the potential
    for dangerous to even impossible travel conditions tonight and=20
    into Saturday.

    Meanwhile, the next in a series of upper level disturbances will=20
    spawn a wave of low pressure that will track along the=20
    aforementioned stalled frontal boundary Saturday afternoon to the=20
    north of Lake Superior. This storm system will have strong=20
    850-700mb WAA and isentropic ascent to work with, resulting in a=20
    shield of snow from central NY on east through much of New England=20
    by Sunday. WPC PWPF between 00Z Sunday - 00Z Monday shows low=20
    chances (10-30%) for snowfall totals >4" in the peaks of the Adirondacks, Green, and White Mountains.


    ...Pacific Northwest/Northern Rockies...=20
    Day 3...

    An upper low in the northeastern Pacific heading into British
    Columbia will direct two shortwave troughs into the Pacific
    Northwest this weekend. Snow levels will initially be as high as
    8,000ft Saturday morning, but fall to as low as 3,000ft by=20
    Saturday night as a cold front pushes through the region. An=20
    influx of Pacific moisture will push through Saturday afternoon in=20
    the Pacific Northwest, then into the Northern Rockies by Saturday=20
    night where a progressive precipitation shield will lead to some=20
    minor snowfall accumulations. This same moisture plume will overrun
    boundary layer temperatures that are sub-freezing, while mid-level
    temperatures are above freezing. This setup likely leads to some
    sleet/freezing rain mix in parts of the Columbia Basin where cold
    air is harder to erode.

    The next shortwave trough approaches from the northwest Saturday
    night but this time with a better source of cold air in place=20
    thanks to the previous cold frontal passage. Snow levels will
    generally be around 3,000ft, allowing for those above 3,000ft in
    the Cascades and Olympics to receive steady rounds of snow through
    Sunday afternoon. Most snowfall in the Northern Rockies will be on
    the minor side, although some totals topping 6" in the Lewis Range
    are possible through Sunday. WPC PWPF shows high chances (>70%) for
    snowfall topping 8" at elevations above 4,000ft, suggesting some
    travel disruptions are possible at pass level in the Cascades this
    weekend. Note however that the heaviest snowfall is likely to be
    confined to elevations above 5,000ft in the Cascades. WPC PWPF=20
    also shows moderate-to-high chances (50-70%) for snowfall >4" in=20
    parts of the Bitterroots and Lewis Range that could result in some=20
    locally treacherous road conditions above 5,000ft this weekend.=20
    Lastly, there are low chances (10-40%) for minor ice accumulations
    0.1" accretion) in localized parts of the Columbia Basin on=20
    Saturday that could result in slick travel for motorists.


    The probability of significant ice >0.25" across the CONUS is less
    than 10 percent.=20

    Mullinax




    ...Winter Storm Key Messages are in effect. Please see current=20
    Key Messages below...

    https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/key_messages/Late= stKeyMessage_1.png__;!!DZ3fjg!7V1mjkJK88QCrkBHnSbkVhtzIgwzqw0UDfdzj-Xkr__CP= pQTyLTRkWQ26VUhqXuRiFMDQeKmJIAJUGSVDsOKcaI7LiI$=20

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Fri Dec 6 07:19:04 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 060718
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    218 AM EST Fri Dec 6 2024

    Valid 12Z Fri Dec 06 2024 - 12Z Mon Dec 09 2024

    ...Great Lakes and Northeast...
    Days 1-2...

    Departing area of low pressure over Atlantic Canada and modest
    high pressure over the Mid-MS Valley will maintain cyclonic flow
    across the Great Lakes, especially off Lakes Erie/Ontario, for the
    next day or two. A shortwave within the broad trough over the
    region will help back the flow enough to instigate another strong
    single band off Ontario into the Tug Hill between Watertown and
    Syracuse this afternoon/evening and overnight. Robust snowfall
    rates of 1-3"/hr (per the HREF) will help deposit another 12-18"+
    of snow over favored areas before waning on Saturday. Downwind of
    Lake Erie, multi-band streamers will result in a larger area of
    light to moderate snow with WPC probabilities of at least another
    6" of snow >50% from Erie, PA northeastward to the Chautauqua Ridge
    in NY.

    Another shortwave rounding the base of the longwave trough will
    slip through the Great Lakes late Sat into early Sun with generally
    light snow for the U.P., northern Lower MI, into NYS and northern
    New England. WPC probabilities for at least 4 inches of snow are
    generally low (10-40%) except for areas with lake enhancement and
    parts of the Adirondacks, Green, and White Mountains where
    probabilities are moderate (40-70%).


    ...Pacific Northwest/Northern Rockies...
    Days 2-3...

    An upper low currently south of the Gulf of Alaska will move
    eastward over the next day or so, aimed toward British Columbia.
    Ahead of it, a plume of moisture will be directed into the Pacific
    Northwest starting early Saturday. Snow levels will start quite
    high (around 8000-9000ft at precip onset very early Saturday) but
    fall to around pass level (~4000ft) late Saturday into the
    overnight hours. East of the crest, cold air in place at the
    surface with overrunning WAA-driven precip supports a wintry mix of snow/sleet/freezing rain for eastern WA. Some icing is possible,
    from a few hundredths to around a tenth of an inch.

    A second surge in moisture will occur on Sunday associated with
    the parent upper low as it opens up across the region. With snow
    levels already around pass level, snow should accumulate on Sunday
    with WPC probabilities for at least 6 inches of snow >50% above
    about 3500ft or so.

    Farther east, moisture will spread across northeastern OR and into
    the northern Rockies from late Saturday through the end of the
    period early Monday. Snow levels will lower through time, and
    nearly all areas except the lowest valleys will change from rain to
    snow. WPC probabilities for at least 8 inches of snow days 2-3 are
    50% above about 5000ft or so, mostly in the Lewis Range and
    across northern ID, the Blue Mountains, and into northwestern WY.


    ...Northern Minnesota and northeastern North Dakota...
    Day 3...

    Eastern extension of the northern Rockies system will manifest
    itself as another upper low forming by Sunday over southern
    Saskatchewan. That will move east-southeastward into early Monday
    with WAA-driven precipitation to its east from northeastern ND
    eastward across northern MN. Ptype will be an issue with milder air
    overtopping the colder boundary layer, especially where precip
    arrives near/after sunset Sunday. NBM ptype uncertainty maximizes
    between all 4 types in a zone along the U.S.-Canadian border though
    the majority of probabilities are either rain or snow. Still,
    cannot rule out some light icing but will have time to narrow the
    forecast with time. WPC probabilities for at least 4 inches of snow
    are moderate (40-70%) over northern MN.


    The probability of significant ice >0.25" across the CONUS is less
    than 10 percent.

    Fracasso


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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Fri Dec 6 19:36:41 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 061936
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    236 PM EST Fri Dec 6 2024

    Valid 12Z Fri Dec 06 2024 - 12Z Mon Dec 09 2024

    ...Great Lakes and Northeast...
    Days 1-2...

    Lake-effect snow (LES) bands will continue throughout portions
    of the northern and eastern Great Lakes today as high pressure to
    the south and a large area of low pressure over Atlantic Canada act
    to sustain cyclonic flow over the Lakes. By this evening, LES snow
    in northern Michigan and the Michigan U.P. will taper off while
    LES bands will become reinvigorated down-wind of Lakes Erie and
    Ontario. This is due to an approaching shortwave trough that both
    backs and accelerates westerly low-level winds over these Lakes
    overnight. These bands will pack a punch as 1-3"/hr snowfall rates
    are likely in these single bands that are expected to produce
    another 12-18" (locally up to 24" possible) from the eastern shores
    of Lake Ontario on east to the I-81 corridor between Watertown and
    Syracuse and finally to the Tug Hill. Farther south, it will be
    areas along I-80 in northwest PA and ENE along the Chautauqua Ride
    that could receive 8-12" of snow with localized amounts
    approaching 18". LES snow bands should gradually taper off
    Saturday morning as WAA and WSWrly winds pick up.

    While these LES bands diminish, another strong system will race
    east across southern Canadian Provinces Saturday morning with
    sufficient 850-700mb WAA along the storm's warm front leading to a
    progressive shield of snow moving east across the northern Great
    Lakes. By Saturday evening, the warm front advances through the
    Northeast with periods of snow enveloping parts of central and
    northern NY to start, then into northern New England Saturday night
    and into Sunday morning. The storm is rather progressive and a dry
    slot will quickly dry out the column by late Sunday morning.
    However, some minor accumulations are possible, especially in the
    Adirondacks, Green, and White Mountains. WPC PWPF shows moderate
    chances (40-60%) for snowfall totals topping 4" in these
    mountains. One area to monitor is Downeast Maine, for if the storm
    can quickly wrap around a comma-head of precipitation Sunday
    afternoon, there could be localized snowfall totals that approach
    4" in some spots. The WSSI-P does show similar moderate
    probabilities (40-60%) for Minor Impacts in Downeast Maine on
    Sunday.


    ...Pacific Northwest/Northern Rockies...
    Days 1-3...

    An upper low in the northeast Pacific heading into British Columbia
    will direct two shortwave troughs into the Pacific Northwest this
    weekend. Snow levels will initially start out between
    8,000-9,000ft Saturday morning, but plummet to as low as 3,000ft by
    early Sunday morning. This will result in rain being the primary
    precip type a the onset Saturday, but as the cold front moves
    through and snow level drop, passes should see the changeover to
    snow occur Saturday night. East of the Cascades, lingering sub-
    freezing temperatures within the boundary layer will be trapped in
    the Columbia Basin as WAA and overrunning moisture aloft provide a
    favorable setup for an icy wintry mix in central and northeastern
    Washington on Saturday. Some minor icing accumulations are possible
    with areas west of I-97 in northern Washington having the better
    odds for ice accumulations up to a tenth of an inch. Slick travel
    conditions are possible in these areas on Saturday.

    The second shortwave trough makes its way through the Pacific
    Northwest Saturday night and into Sunday. Unlike the first event,
    snow levels are now hovering at or just below pass level, making
    this event the more concerning for potential travel impacts. The
    good news is it is a quick moving system and snow should taper off
    by Sunday night as high pressure builds in by the start of next
    week. WPC PWPF does show moderate-ot-high probabilities (50-70%)
    for >6" of snow for the duration of this weekend event in the
    Snoqualmie Pass, while there are high chances (>70%) for snowfall
    totals >12" at elevations above 5,000ft in the Cascades and
    Olympics.

    These atmospheric disturbances will push their respective plumes
    of moisture east into the Northern Rockies as well, with the
    heaviest snow ensuing Saturday night and into Sunday as snow levels
    decrease, SLRs increase, and northerly low level winds aid in
    upslope enhancement for snowfall rates. For northern Idaho snowfall
    totals of 6-12" are possible above 5,000ft in the Bitterroots. The
    6,000ft elevations of the Lewis Range, Blue, and Bitterroot
    Mountains in central Idaho will be favored for similar totals.
    Lastly, parts of the higher terrain of the Little Belt Mountains in
    central Montana, the Absaroka in southern Montana, and the Tetons
    of western Wyoming could also see 6-12" of snow, particularly above
    7,000ft.

    ...Northern Minnesota and northeastern North Dakota...
    Days 2-3...

    The first upper level shortwave trough that brought snow to parts
    of the Pacific Northwest mountain ranges will spawn low pressure
    over the Canadian Prairies Sunday morning. As its warm front moves
    east, WAA across the Northern Plains will result in a shield of
    precipitation that passes over a sub-freezing boundary layer.
    While precipitation may start out as snow through as the
    atmospheric column cools to a sub-freezing wet-bulb temperature
    profile, the strong WAA will cause low level temps (850-750mb) to
    rise above freezing and thus cause snow to change over to a
    sleet/freezing rain mix from the Red River of the North on east
    into northern Minnesota. It should be noted that this can still
    change, for by Sunday night, the primary occluded low tracking
    through southern Saskatchewan and Manitoba will weaken as a new low
    forms along the triple point in the Upper Mississippi Valley.
    Should this low form sooner and or track farther south, it could
    mean snow occurs for a longer duration across northern Minnesota
    either due to the storm track, or a deeper low Sunday night that
    allows for a more defined deformation axis on its northern flank.
    These solutions are depicted in some members of the WPC super
    ensemble and are largely why WPC PWPF shows moderate chances
    (40-60%) for snowfall greater than 4" along the northern Minnesota
    border and into the northern most section of Minnesota's
    Arrowhead. Residents in North Dakota and northern Minnesota should
    follow the forecast closely in the coming days as the forecast
    comes into better focus over the next 24-36 hours.


    The probability of significant ice >0.25" across the CONUS is less
    than 10 percent.

    Mullinax



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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sat Dec 7 07:27:34 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 070727
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    227 AM EST Sat Dec 7 2024

    Valid 12Z Sat Dec 07 2024 - 12Z Tue Dec 10 2024

    ...Great Lakes and Northeast...
    Day 1...

    Shortwave on the southwest side of the expansive eastern North
    American trough will zip quickly across the Great Lakes and
    into/through the Northeast later today. With a surface low track
    through southern Ontario, WAA-driven snow will spread across the
    Northeast and end early Sunday. With a general westerly wind
    component, upslope into N-S terrain (e.g., the Green and White
    Mountains) will promote moderate amounts of snow with lighter
    amounts in lower elevations. Some additional lake enhancement is
    also likely off Lake Ontario into the Tug Hill. Quick movement of
    the system should limit amounts, and WPC probabilities for at least
    4 inches of snow are highest (>50%) north of I-90 in NY (Tug
    Hill/Adirondacks) and into the Green and White Mountains. By later
    Saturday night into early Sunday, as the system departs, could see
    some late enhancement over eastern Maine where WPC probs for 4
    inches are also near 50%.


    ...Pacific Northwest/Northern Rockies...
    Days 1-3...

    An upper low in the northeast Pacific heading into British
    Columbia will direct two shortwave troughs into the Pacific
    Northwest this weekend. Snow levels will initially start out
    between 8,000-9,000ft this morning, but plummet to as low as
    3,000ft by early Sunday morning. Rain at most locations will change
    to snow at Stevens/Snoqualmie Passes as the first wave of
    precipitation wanes. East of the Cascades, lingering sub-freezing
    temperatures within the boundary layer will be trapped in the
    Columbia Basin as WAA and overrunning moisture aloft provide a
    favorable setup for an icy wintry mix in central and northeastern
    Washington today and even into parts of southeastern
    OR/southwestern ID tonight. Some minor icing accumulations are
    possible up to about a tenth of an inch.

    The second shortwave trough makes its way through the Pacific
    Northwest tonight and into Sunday. Lower snow levels support
    moderate snow at pass level (esp Stevens) with this second wave of
    moisture. WPC probabilities for at least 8 inches of snow are
    highest above about 3500ft.

    These atmospheric disturbances will push their respective plumes
    of moisture east into the Northern Rockies as well, with the
    heaviest snow tonight and into Sunday as snow levels decrease, SLRs
    increase, and northerly low level winds aid in upslope enhancement
    for snowfall rates. Highest probabilities for >6" snow are over
    the terrain including the Bitterroots, Lewis Range, Blue Mountains,
    and into the Little Belt Mountains in central Montana, the
    Absarokas in southern Montana, and the Tetons of western Wyoming.


    ...Northern Minnesota and northeastern North Dakota...
    Days 2-3...

    The first upper level shortwave trough that brought snow to parts
    of the Pacific Northwest mountain ranges will spawn low pressure
    over the Canadian Prairies Sunday morning. As its warm front moves
    east, WAA across the Northern Plains will result in a shield of
    precipitation that passes over a sub-freezing boundary layer. While precipitation may start out as snow along the Canadian border,
    mid/low-level WAA may promote an area of freezing rain for portions
    of eastern ND into MN late tonight into early Sunday. Depending on
    the evolution of the main low along the Canadian border and other
    frontal waviness over the Corn Belt moving up toward the MN
    Arrowhead, snow could be maximized over northeastern MN from north
    of Duluth to the border. WPC probabilities for at least 4 inches of
    snow are >50% from around the Northwest Angle southeastward to
    Embarrass and points northeast.


    ...CO Rockies/Sangre de Cristos...
    Day 3...

    Height falls associated with the second wave through the Pacific
    Northwest will push through the central Rockies, spreading light
    snow across the region on Monday into early Tuesday. Quick movement
    and general lack of moisture will limit snowfall, with WPC
    probabilities of at least 4 inches >30% limited to the Sangre de
    Cristos in CO and just into NM.


    The probability of significant ice >0.25" across the CONUS is less
    than 10 percent.

    Fracasso/Mullinax






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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sat Dec 7 19:34:02 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 071933
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    233 PM EST Sat Dec 7 2024

    Valid 12Z Sat Dec 07 2024 - 12Z Tue Dec 10 2024

    ...Northeast...
    Day 1 & Day 3...

    Some additional lake enhancement is possible for a few more hours
    downwind of Lake Ontario into the Tug Hill through mid-afternoon.
    A storm system passing through the northern Great Lakes will track
    quickly through southern Ontario tonight and into the Northeast by
    early Sunday morning. With WAA and isentropic ascent being the
    primary sources of lift, along with a progressive plume of
    850-700mb moisture, snow will spread across the Northeast this
    afternoon and conclude by Sunday morning as the storm heads for
    Nova Scotia. The warm nose aloft caused by the low-level WAA may
    lead to light ice accumulations in parts of the the interior
    Northeast tonight and into Sunday morning. With the mean wind flow
    more out of the west, upslope into N-S terrain (the Green and White
    Mountains most notably) will promote moderate amounts of snow with
    lighter amounts in lower elevations (coastal and valleys). This
    storm progressive nature will limit amounts, as evident by WPC
    probabilities for at least 4 inches of snow are highest (>70%)
    north of I-90 in NY (Tug Hill/Adirondacks) and into the Green and
    White Mountains. It is in these higher elevations (above 2,000ft)
    where WPC probabilities have moderate chances (40-60%) for snowfall
    totals above 6 inches. Note that Downeast Maine could also see
    some minor snow accumulations as WPC probs depict moderate chances
    (40-60%) for above 4 inches of snowfall through midday Sunday.

    The next winter storm to affect the region comes in the form of low
    pressure tracking through the Southeast that is accompanied by a
    Gulf of Mexico moisture plume. Weak high pressure is located over
    Quebec that will aid in the development of a cold-air-damming
    signature as 850-700mb WAA out of the Southeast and subsequent
    isentropic glide leads to snow being the primary precipitation type
    over New England at the onset Monday afternoon. However, as WAA
    increases, the burgeoning >0C warm nose aloft will force p-types to
    change to a wintry mix in parts of central New England. This too
    will be a progressive storm system, so snowfall totals are not
    expected to be overly heavy. That said, WPC PWPF shows low chances
    (10-30%) for minor snowfall accumulations of 2 inches or more in
    parts of northern Maine on south to the Green and White Mountains.
    These areas could also see minor ice accumulations Monday night
    into Tuesday morning as well that could result in slick travel
    conditions in parts of northern New England on Tuesday morning.


    ...Pacific Northwest/Northern Rockies...
    Days 1-2...

    The first of two shortwave troughs approaching the Pacific
    Northwest is producing periods of high elevation mountain snow at
    the moment, but snow levels will plummet to as low as 3,000ft later
    tonight. Rain will change to snow at Stevens/Snoqualmie Passes
    later this afternoon but snowfall rates should gradually diminish
    at pass level by this evening. East of the Cascades, lingering
    sub-freezing temperatures within the boundary layer are initially
    trapped in the Columbia Basin as WAA and overrunning moisture aloft
    provide a favorable setup for an icy wintry mix in central and
    northeastern Washington today and even into parts of southeastern OR/southwestern ID through this evening. Some minor icing
    accumulations are possible up to about a tenth of an inch.

    The second shortwave trough arrives tonight with periods of
    mountain snow lingering into Sunday. Lower snow levels, compared
    to the start of the first shortwave trough's approach on Saturday,
    support moderate snow at pass level (especially Stevens Pass) with
    this second wave of moisture. WPC probabilities sport high chances
    70%) for at least 8 inches of snow above about 3,500ft while the
    more remote areas above 5,000ft likely receive over 12" of
    snowfall through Sunday evening. Snow should taper off by Sunday
    afternoon as high pressure builds in from the West, thus allowing
    for a more tranquil start to the work-week in the Pacific
    Northwest.

    Both atmospheric disturbances will push their respective plumes of
    moisture east into the Northern Rockies with the heaviest snow
    tonight and into Sunday as snow levels decrease, SLRs increase, and
    northerly low level winds aid in upslope enhancement for snowfall
    rates. Highest probabilities for >8" of snow are over the higher terrain including the Bitterroots, Lewis Range, Blue Mountains, and into
    the Little Belt Mountains in central Montana, the Absarokas in
    southern Montana, and the Tetons of western Wyoming.


    ...Northern Minnesota and northeastern North Dakota...
    Days 1-2...

    The first upper level shortwave trough that brought snow to parts
    of the Pacific Northwest mountain ranges on Saturday will spawn
    low pressure in the Canadian Prairies Saturday night. As its warm
    front moves east, WAA across the Northern Plains will produce a
    shield of precipitation that passes over a sub-freezing boundary
    layer. While precipitation may start out as snow along the Canadian
    border, mid/low-level WAA may promote an area of freezing rain for
    portions of eastern North Dakota into Minnesota late tonight into
    early Sunday. WPC probabilities do show some low chance
    probabilities (10-30%) for >0.1" of ice accumulations in parts of
    the Red River of the North and north-central Minnesota early Sunday
    morning. In terms of snowfall, latest guidance supports the
    heaviest snow occurring with the initial WAA over northern
    Minnesota, and more specifically in the Minnesota Arrowhead. WPC
    probabilities for at least 4 inches of snow are >50% from far
    northeast North Dakota to much of northern Minnesota. The Minnesota
    Arrowhead has moderate-to-high chances (50-70%) for >6" of
    snowfall through Sunday evening. The WSSI-P shows moderate
    probabilities (40-60%) for Minor Impacts (or winter driving
    conditions that suggests some hazardous travel conditions) in far
    northern Minnesota.


    ...CO Rockies/Sangre de Cristos...
    Days 2-3...

    Height falls associated with an elongated 500mb vorticity max and
    a plume of residual Pacific moisture connected with the second
    wave through the Pacific Northwest will push through the central
    Rockies on Monday. High pressure building in from the north in wake
    of a cold frontal passage Monday morning will result in some weak
    upslope flow into Colorado's Front Range during the day. This
    upslope component will extend as far south as the Sangre De Cristo
    in northern New Mexico by Monday night. Periods of light-to-
    moderate snow across the region on will ensue Monday into early
    Tuesday. The progressive movement of the upper level disturbance
    combined with the aforementioned atmospheric moisture plume being
    gradually drying out through Tuesday morning will limit snowfall
    totals. WPC probabilities show moderate probabilities (40-60%) of
    at least 4 inches mainly limited to Sangre de Cristos in southern
    Colorado and northern New Mexico, which does include the Raton
    Mesa. The highest and more remote elevations could see localized
    amounts approach 8" by the time the snow comes to an end Tuesday
    morning.


    The probability of significant ice >0.25" across the CONUS is less
    than 10 percent.

    Mullinax




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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sun Dec 8 08:12:25 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 080812
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    312 AM EST Sun Dec 8 2024

    Valid 12Z Sun Dec 08 2024 - 12Z Wed Dec 11 2024

    ...Northeast...
    Day 1...

    Quick-moving system crossing from Ontario into Quebec before 12Z
    will continue eastward across northern Maine this morning and early
    afternoon before moving into Atlantic Canada. Light snow is
    forecast after 12Z this morning for the Adirondacks and northern
    New England, with a bit higher amounts over eastern Maine where
    snow will eventually taper off later this afternoon. WPC
    probabilities for at least 4 inches of snow today after 12Z are
    20-40% over far eastern Maine.

    Day 2...

    The next winter storm to affect the region comes from a
    combination of a shortwave over the Ohio Valley and a northern
    stream upper low over southern Canada, both acting in concert to
    coax a moisture plume northward from the Gulf of Mexico on WAA. A
    mix of some freezing rain on the southern side (northeast PA
    northward through NYS and also over parts of western New England)
    and snow on the northern side (north of I-90) may cause some minor
    impacts on Monday. WPC probabilities for at least 4 inches of snow
    are not higher than 10 percent, but are moderate (40-70%) for at
    least 2 inches over northern NH into western ME.

    Day 3... Yet another system will start to affect the Northeast as
    the pattern becomes more amplified in the East. Through 12Z Thu,
    strong WAA should scour out most of the cold air over the region,
    but interior Maine may see some light icing very early Wednesday
    with much more precipitation into D4.


    ...Pacific Northwest/Northern Rockies...
    Days 1-2...

    Second part of the two-part system will affect the NW today,
    pushing moisture into a much colder environment. Moderate to heavy
    snow at the higher passes may continue to cause moderate impacts
    this morning before the snow starts to taper off from west to east
    this afternoon. WPC probabilities depict high chances (>70%) for at
    least 8 inches of snow above about 3,500ft while the more remote
    areas above 5,000ft likely receive an additional 12"+ of snowfall.

    Moisture will continue east of the Cascades across to the Rockies
    as the cold front has moved well past the Divide. WPC probabilities
    for >8" of snow are over the higher terrain including the
    Bitterroots, Lewis Range, Blue Mountains, and into the Little Belt
    Mountains in central Montana, the Absarokas in southern Montana,
    and the Tetons of western Wyoming. Snow will continue into D2
    farther east over the Black Hills where probabilities of at least 4
    inches reach 60-90%.


    ...Northern Minnesota and northeastern North Dakota...
    Day 1...

    Low pressure over southern Saskatchewan this morning will move ESE
    toward northern ND/MN this evening and overnight, lifting its warm
    front through the region. While precipitation may start out as
    snow along the Canadian border, mid/low-level WAA may promote an
    area of freezing rain for portions of eastern North Dakota into
    Minnesota this morning, with several hundredths of an inch of ice
    possible after 12Z. Closer to the Canadian border, a colder column
    supports light to modest snowfall, with the heaviest snow occurring
    with the initial WAA over northern Minnesota (esp the Arrowhead,
    which will be enhanced by easterly flow off Lake Superior). WPC
    probabilities for at least 4 inches of snow are >50% across much of
    the northern part of MN, with higher probabilities over the
    Arrowhead (>80%). There, probabilities for at least 8 inches of
    snow are moderate (40-70%).


    ...CO Rockies/Sangre de Cristos...
    Day 2...

    Height falls at the southwest side of a large positively-tilted
    longwave trough over the middle of North America will swing through
    the central Rockies on Monday, brining with it a plume of residual
    Pacific moisture. High pressure building in from the north in the
    wake of a cold frontal passage Monday morning will result in some
    weak upslope flow into Colorado's Front Range during the day. This
    upslope component will extend as far south as the Sangre de Cristos
    in northern New Mexico by Monday night. Periods of light-to-
    moderate snow across the region are expected as the system moves
    quickly through the region and heights build in by Tuesday. WPC
    probabilities show >50% probabilities for at least 4 inches mainly
    limited to the Sangre de Cristos in southern Colorado and northern
    New Mexico, which does include the Raton Mesa. The highest and more
    remote elevations could see localized amounts approach 8" by the
    time the snow comes to an end Tuesday morning.


    The probability of significant ice >0.25" across the CONUS is less
    than 10 percent.


    Fracasso/Mullinax







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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sun Dec 8 19:59:05 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 081958
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    258 PM EST Sun Dec 8 2024

    Valid 00Z Mon Dec 09 2024 - 00Z Thu Dec 12 2024

    ...Northeast...
    Days 1-3...

    As the snow today in parts of the Northeast winds down, focus
    shifts to the next wintry setup that to affect the region beginning
    midday Monday, peaking in intensity Monday evening, and concluding
    Tuesday morning. An upper level disturbance in the Ohio Valley
    will direct a plume of rich Gulf of Mexico moisture towards the
    region Monday afternoon. NAEFS shows IVT values of 300-400 kg/m/s
    approaching the Northeast at 18Z. These IVT values are above the
    90th climatological percentile according to NAEFS, highlighting the
    anomalous nature of this moisture plume and advection. Meanwhile,
    a storm system in the northern Great Lakes will work in tandem with
    the Ohio Valley disturbance to produce brisk 700-300mb WSWrly
    winds aloft. There is weak high pressure located over Quebec that
    will help to lock in some low-level cold air and allow for
    precipitation to fall in the form of snow Monday afternoon over
    northern New England. However, the strong WSW flow aloft will force
    a >0C warm nose to ensue at low levels and cause precipitation to
    transition to an icy wintry mix for most areas.

    By Monday evening, a weak coastal low near the tip of Long Island
    that will then track towards the Massachusetts Capes. This low is
    expected to introduce additional low-level moisture into Maine late
    Monday night and into Tuesday. This could make for a more prolonged
    period of snow or icy wintry mix, with the latter increasingly
    more likely early Tuesday morning due to the dryslot aloft making
    it increasingly difficult to favor dendrites. By the time the
    storm departs for Nova Scotia around midday and precipitation
    tapers off, snowfall amounts will generally range in the 1-3" range
    for the Adirondacks, Green and White Mountains above 2,000ft.
    Minor ice accumulations (generally topping out around 0.1") are
    likely in many of these mountain ranges, as well as near the Maine
    coast and as far south as the Poconos and Catskills.

    By Wednesday morning a far more amplified jet stream pattern will
    bring about the next chance for measurable snow, but there remains
    a good deal of uncertainty in its evolution. NAEFS and ECMWF are in
    good agreement on an anomalous upper level trough over the
    Mississippi Valley 12Z Wednesday, but depth/tilt of the primary
    500mb shortwave at the base of the upper level trough differs by
    guidance members. The ECMWF ENS is a bit deeper with this southern
    disturbance while the GEFS is stronger with the upper low
    traversing southern Canada. This can have implications on the
    transition from rain to snow throughout the Northeast and how
    quickly rain can changeover to snow in the central Appalachians.
    There are some aspects ensembles do agree upon; a lack of
    sufficiently colder air (albeith enough to where parts of northern
    Maine could witness up to a tenth of an inch of ice), a storm
    track over the I-95 corridor, and lower SLRs that would support a
    heavy/wet snow type. WPC PWPF does show the potential for some ice accumulations This kind of setup typically favors the Appalachians
    for potential heavy snowfall, but when this transition to snow
    occurs will be key in determining amounts and impacts in subsequent
    forecast cycles.


    ...Northern Rockies & Northern High Plains...
    Day 1...

    Snow will taper off later this evening in the Olympics and Cascades
    as the upper level trough responsible for the disruptive snowfall
    amounts heads east. Pacific moisture associated with the upper
    trough will continue east of the Cascades across to the Rockies as
    the cold front advances through the High Plains and Central
    Rockies. WPC probabilities show moderate-to-high chances (50-70%) for
    snowfall >4" of snow are over the higher terrain including the
    Bitterroots, Lewis Range, Blue Mountains, and into the Little Belt
    and Big Snowy Mountains in central Montana, the Absarokas in
    southern Montana, and the Big Horns in northern Wyoming.

    As a storm system tracks east along the US/Canada border, a
    deformation band of snow will pivot over eastern Montana and
    western North Dakota this evening. The storm's progressive movement
    and strong winds fracturing dendrites will put a cap on snowfall
    totals, but those same winds are likely to cause blizzard
    conditions in parts of eastern Montana. The WSSI does suggest
    Moderate Impacts that are primarily driven by wind gusts that could
    approach 55 mph, leading to whiteout conditions and snow drifts.
    Strong NWrly winds also favor upsloping flow into the Black Hills
    where WPC PWPF shows moderate-to-high chances for snow totals >4"
    above 6,000ft. The strong upper level ascent and steep lapse rates
    could support possible snow squalls tonight and into Monday
    morning as well across the western Dakotas. Snow should taper off
    throughout the region by Monday afternoon.


    ...Northern Minnesota and northeastern North Dakota...
    Day 1...

    Low pressure over southern Saskatchewan will move toward northern
    ND/MN tonight, lifting its warm front through the region and acting
    as the primary source of lift for precipitation throughout the
    region. While precipitation will start out as snow along the
    Canadian border, persistent mid/low-level WAA may cause snow to
    changeover to freezing rain for portions of eastern North Dakota
    and north-central Minnesota this morning, with several hundredths
    of an inch of ice possible in parts of north-central Minnesota and
    as far east as northern Wisconsin. The heaviest snow is set to
    occur along the Minnesota Arrowhead where the initial snowfall via
    WAA aloft will stay snow the longest, and snowfall rates tonight
    will be enhanced by easterly flow off Lake Superior. WPC
    probabilities for at least 6 inches of snow are >50% along the
    northern coast of the Minnesota Arrowhead. In fact, the very tip of
    the Arrowhead sports moderate chances (40-60%) for snowfall totals
    over 12" through Monday afternoon.


    ...CO Rockies/Sangre de Cristos...
    Days 1-2...

    Height falls at the southwest side of a large positively-tilted
    longwave trough over the Heartland will swing through the central
    Rockies on Monday, bringing with it a plume of residual Pacific
    moisture. High pressure building in from the north in the wake of a
    cold frontal passage Monday morning will result in modest upslope
    flow into Colorado's Front Range during the day. This upslope
    component will extend as far south as the Sangre de Cristos in
    northern New Mexico by Monday night. Periods of snow across the
    region are expected as the system moves quickly through the region
    and heights build in by Tuesday. WPC probabilities have increased
    over the past 24 hours withj high chance probabilities (>70%) for
    snowfall >4" that now stretchs from parts of the Palmer Divide all
    the way to Raton Pass. The highest and more remote elevations could
    see localized amounts approach 8" by the time the snow comes to an
    end Tuesday morning, and this does include the Raton Pass where
    snow could cause hazardous travel conditions.

    ...Great Lakes...
    Day 3...

    As a robust 500mb low dives south Wednesday morning, an Arctic
    front and blusterly NWrly winds will race over the Great Lakes
    starting Wednesday morning over Lake Superior, then over Lake
    Michigan by Wednesday evening. NAEFS and ECMWF SATs agree that
    850mb temps rushing over Lake Superior and Michigan will be below
    the 10th climatological percentile. The sharp contrast between the
    Lakes water temperatures and frigid low-level temperatures advected
    by brisk NW winds will kick-start the lake-effect snow (LES)
    machine into high gear yet again by Wednesday night. This same cold
    air-mass will race over the eastern Great Lakes Wednesday night
    and lead to more heavy snowfall into Thursday. For the scope of
    this discussion (ending 00Z Thurs), WPC PWPF shows high chance
    probabilities (>70%) for snowfall totals >6" along the northern
    coasts of the Michigan U.P. and along the western coast of
    Michigan's Mitten. Look for some snowfall rates within the more
    robust bands to top >2"/hr Wednesday night in these areas.


    The probability of significant ice >0.25" across the CONUS is less
    than 10 percent.


    Mullinax





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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sun Dec 8 20:00:22 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 082000
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    300 PM EST Sun Dec 8 2024

    Valid 00Z Mon Dec 09 2024 - 00Z Thu Dec 12 2024

    ...Northeast...
    Days 1-3...

    As the snow today in parts of the Northeast winds down, focus
    shifts to the next wintry setup that to affect the region beginning
    midday Monday, peaking in intensity Monday evening, and concluding
    Tuesday morning. An upper level disturbance in the Ohio Valley
    will direct a plume of rich Gulf of Mexico moisture towards the
    region Monday afternoon. NAEFS shows IVT values of 300-400 kg/m/s
    approaching the Northeast at 18Z. These IVT values are above the
    90th climatological percentile according to NAEFS, highlighting the
    anomalous nature of this moisture plume and advection. Meanwhile,
    a storm system in the northern Great Lakes will work in tandem with
    the Ohio Valley disturbance to produce brisk 700-300mb WSWrly
    winds aloft. There is weak high pressure located over Quebec that
    will help to lock in some low-level cold air and allow for
    precipitation to fall in the form of snow Monday afternoon over
    northern New England. However, the strong WSW flow aloft will force
    a >0C warm nose to ensue at low levels and cause precipitation to
    transition to an icy wintry mix for most areas.

    By Monday evening, a weak coastal low near the tip of Long Island
    that will then track towards the Massachusetts Capes. This low is
    expected to introduce additional low-level moisture into Maine late
    Monday night and into Tuesday. This could make for a more prolonged
    period of snow or icy wintry mix, with the latter increasingly
    more likely early Tuesday morning due to the dryslot aloft making
    it increasingly difficult to favor dendrites. By the time the
    storm departs for Nova Scotia around midday and precipitation
    tapers off, snowfall amounts will generally range in the 1-3" range
    for the Adirondacks, Green and White Mountains above 2,000ft.
    Minor ice accumulations (generally topping out around 0.1") are
    likely in many of these mountain ranges, as well as near the Maine
    coast and as far south as the Poconos and Catskills.

    By Wednesday morning a far more amplified jet stream pattern will
    bring about the next chance for measurable snow, but there remains
    a good deal of uncertainty in its evolution. NAEFS and ECMWF are in
    good agreement on an anomalous upper level trough over the
    Mississippi Valley 12Z Wednesday, but depth/tilt of the primary
    500mb shortwave at the base of the upper level trough differs by
    guidance members. The ECMWF ENS is a bit deeper with this southern
    disturbance while the GEFS is stronger with the upper low
    traversing southern Canada. This can have implications on the
    transition from rain to snow throughout the Northeast and how
    quickly rain can changeover to snow in the central Appalachians.
    There are some aspects ensembles do agree upon; a lack of
    sufficiently colder air (albeit enough to where parts of northern
    Maine could witness up to a tenth of an inch of ice), a storm track
    over the I-95 corridor, and lower SLRs that would support a
    heavy/wet snow type. WPC PWPF does show the potential for some ice accumulations This kind of setup typically favors the Appalachians
    for potential heavy snowfall, but when this transition to snow
    occurs will be key in determining amounts and impacts in subsequent
    forecast cycles.


    ...Northern Rockies & Northern High Plains...
    Day 1...

    Snow will taper off later this evening in the Olympics and Cascades
    as the upper level trough responsible for the disruptive snowfall
    amounts heads east. Pacific moisture associated with the upper
    trough will continue east of the Cascades across to the Rockies as
    the cold front advances through the High Plains and Central
    Rockies. WPC probabilities show moderate-to-high chances (50-70%) for
    snowfall >4" of snow are over the higher terrain including the
    Bitterroots, Lewis Range, Blue Mountains, and into the Little Belt
    and Big Snowy Mountains in central Montana, the Absarokas in
    southern Montana, and the Big Horns in northern Wyoming.

    As a storm system tracks east along the US/Canada border, a
    deformation band of snow will pivot over eastern Montana and
    western North Dakota this evening. The storm's progressive movement
    and strong winds fracturing dendrites will put a cap on snowfall
    totals, but those same winds are likely to cause blizzard
    conditions in parts of eastern Montana. The WSSI does suggest
    Moderate Impacts that are primarily driven by wind gusts that could
    approach 55 mph, leading to whiteout conditions and snow drifts.
    Strong NWrly winds also favor upsloping flow into the Black Hills
    where WPC PWPF shows moderate-to-high chances for snow totals >4"
    above 6,000ft. The strong upper level ascent and steep lapse rates
    could support possible snow squalls tonight and into Monday
    morning as well across the western Dakotas. Snow should taper off
    throughout the region by Monday afternoon.


    ...Northern Minnesota and northeastern North Dakota...
    Day 1...

    Low pressure over southern Saskatchewan will move toward northern
    ND/MN tonight, lifting its warm front through the region and acting
    as the primary source of lift for precipitation throughout the
    region. While precipitation will start out as snow along the
    Canadian border, persistent mid/low-level WAA may cause snow to
    changeover to freezing rain for portions of eastern North Dakota
    and north-central Minnesota this morning, with several hundredths
    of an inch of ice possible in parts of north-central Minnesota and
    as far east as northern Wisconsin. The heaviest snow is set to
    occur along the Minnesota Arrowhead where the initial snowfall via
    WAA aloft will stay snow the longest, and snowfall rates tonight
    will be enhanced by easterly flow off Lake Superior. WPC
    probabilities for at least 6 inches of snow are >50% along the
    northern coast of the Minnesota Arrowhead. In fact, the very tip of
    the Arrowhead sports moderate chances (40-60%) for snowfall totals
    over 12" through Monday afternoon.


    ...CO Rockies/Sangre de Cristos...
    Days 1-2...

    Height falls at the southwest side of a large positively-tilted
    longwave trough over the Heartland will swing through the central
    Rockies on Monday, bringing with it a plume of residual Pacific
    moisture. High pressure building in from the north in the wake of a
    cold frontal passage Monday morning will result in modest upslope
    flow into Colorado's Front Range during the day. This upslope
    component will extend as far south as the Sangre de Cristos in
    northern New Mexico by Monday night. Periods of snow across the
    region are expected as the system moves quickly through the region
    and heights build in by Tuesday. WPC probabilities have increased
    over the past 24 hours with high chance probabilities (>70%) for
    snowfall >4" that now stretches from parts of the Palmer Divide
    all the way to Raton Pass. The highest and more remote elevations
    could see localized amounts approach 8" by the time the snow comes
    to an end Tuesday morning, and this does include the Raton Pass
    where snow could cause hazardous travel conditions.

    ...Great Lakes...
    Day 3...

    As a robust 500mb low dives south Wednesday morning, an Arctic
    front and blustery NWrly winds will race over the Great Lakes
    starting Wednesday morning over Lake Superior, then over Lake
    Michigan by Wednesday evening. NAEFS and ECMWF SATs agree that
    850mb temps rushing over Lake Superior and Michigan will be below
    the 10th climatological percentile. The sharp contrast between the
    Lakes water temperatures and frigid low-level temperatures advected
    by brisk NW winds will kick-start the lake-effect snow (LES)
    machine into high gear yet again by Wednesday night. This same cold
    air-mass will race over the eastern Great Lakes Wednesday night
    and lead to more heavy snowfall into Thursday. For the scope of
    this discussion (ending 00Z Thurs), WPC PWPF shows high chance
    probabilities (>70%) for snowfall totals >6" along the northern
    coasts of the Michigan U.P. and along the western coast of
    Michigan's Mitten. Look for some snowfall rates within the more
    robust bands to top >2"/hr Wednesday night in these areas.


    The probability of significant ice >0.25" across the CONUS is less
    than 10 percent.


    Mullinax








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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Mon Dec 9 07:41:53 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 090741
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    241 AM EST Mon Dec 9 2024

    Valid 12Z Mon Dec 09 2024 - 12Z Thu Dec 12 2024

    ...CO Rockies/Sangre de Cristos...
    Day 1...

    Height falls moving out of the Great Basin this morning will
    continue southeastward behind a cold front that has pushed into the
    central Rockies. High pressure over the northern Rockies and
    nosing down the High Plains will promote some modest upslope flow
    into Colorado's Front Range during the day today. This upslope
    component will extend as far south as the Sangre de Cristos in
    northern New Mexico by tonight. Periods of snow across the region
    are expected as the system moves quickly through the region and
    heights build in by Tuesday. WPC probabilities are high (>70%) for
    at least 4 inches of snow around the Palmer Divide southward to
    Raton Pass. The highest and more remote elevations could see
    localized amounts around 8-10" by the time the snow comes to an end
    Tuesday morning. Lighter amounts are expected through the I-25
    corridor but could be heavier around Raton Pass.

    ...Northeast...
    Days 1-2...

    Shortwave moving through the Ohio Valley this morning will help
    bring in another surge of moisture coincident with an advancing
    warm front. Sub-freezing air mass largely resides north of I-90,
    along with some higher elevations through the Catskills, this
    morning. As the warm front approaches I-80 this afternoon, an area
    of low pressure will form over southeastern New England, helping to
    maintain some northerly flow over northern New England. However,
    with broad SW to S flow between 850-700mb, warm nose will help
    support areas of freezing rain over eastern NYS into New England
    today, then into Maine D2. Around a tenth of an inch of icing is
    expected D1-2, but WPC probabilities for at least 0.25" are 10-20%
    over western Maine (into the Kennebec Valley). Snowfall may be
    limited with time due to the marginal thermal profile and lack of
    cold enough temperatures in the production zone for dendrites as
    the warm front attempts to push through. A few inches will be
    possible toward precip onset, focusing over the Green/White
    Mountains into Maine where WPC probabilities for at least 4 inches
    are 40-80%.


    Day 3...

    By D3 (Wed-early Thu), upper pattern becomes much more amplified
    upstream as a vigorous system lifts northeastward out of the
    Southeast. Digging upper low into MN will raise heights over the
    East Coast with milder temperatures above freezing ahead of the
    front. On the backside of the front, colder air will filter in atop
    a lagging precip shield, supporting a rain-to-snow transition
    initially over the eastern TN Valley and central/southern
    Appalachians first (Wed afternoon), then eventually into NYS Wed
    evening and overnight into early Thu. WPC probabilities for at
    least 4 inches of snow through 12Z Thu are low to moderate
    (10-40/40-70%) over the central Appalachians (eastern WV) and into
    parts of central NYS into the Adirondacks which will be quicker to
    change over from rain to snow. Additionally, as the low deepens
    quite smartly into Canada, cyclonic flow will wrap across Lakes
    Erie/Ontario as 850mb temps crash to -10 to -15C on westerly flow.
    This will support single banded lake snows by early Thursday,
    continuing beyond this forecast period.


    ...Upper Great Lakes...
    Days 2-3...

    Upstream anticyclonic wave breaking over northwestern Canada will
    support a digging and deep upper low moving into the Great Lakes on
    Wednesday. An arctic front will switch winds to northwesterly as
    much colder air is dragged into the region (850mb temps -15 to
    -25C) which will kick-start the lake-effect snow (LES) machine into
    high gear toward the end of D3 and continuing beyond this forecast
    period. WPC probabilities of at least 4 inches of snow are high
    70%) over much of the northern shore of the Michigan U.P. and
    along the western coast of Michigan's Mitten. For at least 8
    inches of snow, the highest probabilities lie over northwestern
    Lower Michigan. Snowfall rates of 1-2"/hr are likely in more
    intense bands.


    Fracasso


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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Mon Dec 9 19:55:56 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 091955
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    255 PM EST Mon Dec 9 2024

    Valid 12Z Mon Dec 09 2024 - 12Z Thu Dec 12 2024

    ...CO Rockies/Sangre de Cristos...
    Day 1...

    The upper level disturbance responsible for the ongoing snowfall
    throughout the region will linger through this afternoon and into
    the evening hours. High pressure to the north aiding in modest
    NErly upslope flow at low levels will also help to generate low-
    level ascent into parts of the Front Range and on south along the
    Sangre De Cristo. Latest Doppler Radar showed a potent snow band
    diving south along an area of strong 700mb FGEN that is producing
    1-3" of snowfall south of Castle Rock. This band has caused
    hazardous travel conditions along I-25 as it tracks south through
    central Colorado. This band will work through the Pueblo area soon
    and then head for the Raton Mesa this evening. WPC probabilities
    are high (>70%) for at least 4 inches of snow around the Palmer
    Divide southward to Raton Pass. The highest and more remote
    elevations could see localized amounts around 8-10" by the time the
    snow concludes Tuesday morning. Lighter amounts are expected
    through the I-25 corridor but could be heavier around Raton Pass.
    The WSSI does depict Minor Impacts along I-25 from Pueblo on south to
    Raton, NM, suggesting winter driving conditions are expected and
    caution should be exercised while driving.


    ...Northeast...
    Days 1-2...

    A shortwave trough approaching the Mid-Atlantic is working in
    tandem with a warm front to advect Gulf of Mexico moisture into the
    Northeast. These atmospheric features are providing sources of
    lift aloft to create a slug of precipitation that will fall in the
    form of a wintry mix over the Northeast. In terms of snowfall,
    sub-freezing temperatures through the depth of the atmospheric
    columns will hold on the longest from the White mountains on north
    and east through Maine this evening. These areas will ultimately
    succumb to the burgeoning >0C warm nose at low-levels and
    transition to an icy wintry mix later tonight. With high pressure
    wedged between two areas of low pressure (one in Ontario and
    another near the Massachusetts Capes) early Tuesday morning, cold
    air damming (CAD) will remain entrenched over Maine and allow for a
    combination of wintry mix and freezing drizzle to persist through
    Tuesday night. WPC probabilities show moderate-to-high chances
    (10-30%) for ice accumulations >0.1" in parts of the Adirondacks,
    Green, and White Mountains. Most areas in northern New England
    could see anywhere from a glaze to as much as 0.1" of ice through
    Tuesday afternoon. In terms of snowfall, only the peaks of the
    White Mountains sport at least low chances (10-30%) for >4" of
    snowfall while minor amounts are possible in lower Maine.


    ...Central Appalachians...
    Days 2-3...

    As a sharp 500mb trough takes on a negative tilt on Wednesday,
    strong divergence and height falls will result in falling snow
    levels Wednesday afternoon. Periods of rain will transition over to
    snow in the central Appalachians from the Laurel Highlands on south
    to the central Appalachians of West Virginia at the same time low
    level winds shifting out of the northwest support upslope
    enhancement. Snow will be heaviest through early Thursday morning
    at elevations at/above 2,000ft before tapering off later in the day
    Thursday. WPC probabilities show moderate-to-high chances (40-70%)
    for snowfall totals >4" from the Laurel Highlands and western
    Garrett County, MD on south into east-central WV. Elevations above
    3,000ft are on the higher side of those listed >4" probabilities
    with low chances (10-30%) for localized amounts >6" through
    Thursday morning.


    ...Northern Plains...
    Day 2...

    The leading edge of the encroaching Arctic air-mass will track into
    the Northern Plains on Tuesday. Surface-based warming out in front
    of the Arctic front and strong CAA aloft is allowing for lapse
    rates in the 500-700mb layer to be >7.5C/km in some cases. There
    will also be just enough low-level moisture for snow squalls to
    develop. These squalls could form as far north and west as eastern
    Montana and western North Dakota Tuesday morning then race south
    and west into South Dakota Tuesday afternoon and the Missouri
    Valley by Tuesday evening. Squalls could even continue to track
    into parts of Iowa, northern Kansas, and northern Missouri Tuesday
    night. Snow amounts will be light, but these squalls can lead to
    rapid reductions and visibility. Blowing and drifting snow are
    possible, along with accumulating snow on roadways where road
    temperatures drop below freezing.


    ...Great Lakes...
    Days 2-3...

    The jet stream pattern over North America becomes highly amplified
    as an expansive ridge along the west coast of North America helps
    direct a highly anomalous upper level trough into the Upper
    Midwest Wednesday evening. NAEFS shows 500mb heights over Wisconsin
    that are below the 1st climatological percentile while the mean
    250-500mb trough axis is negatively titled over the Great Lakes
    Wednesday night. An arctic front linked to this potent upper
    trough will back winds to northwesterly as bitter cold air advances
    into the region (850mb temps -15 to -25C). This will reinvigorate the lake-effect snow (LES) machine Wednesday evening and into the
    second half of the work-week. WPC probabilities of at least 12
    inches of snow are high (>70%) northwest Michigan, from Erie
    County, PA on northeast along I-90 into the southern Buffalo metro
    area, and in the Tug Hill. Snowfall rates of 1-2"/hr (surpassing
    3"/hr at times) are likely in the more intense bands. The WSSI-P
    is showing moderate chance probabilities (40-60%) for Moderate
    Impacts (disruptions to daily life; closures, hazardous driving
    conditions, some detrimental impacts to infrastructure) between
    Erie and the southern Buffalo suburbs on Thursday.


    Mullinax





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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Tue Dec 10 07:59:29 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 100759
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    259 AM EST Tue Dec 10 2024

    Valid 12Z Tue Dec 10 2024 - 12Z Fri Dec 13 2024

    ...Northeast...
    Day 1...

    Broad SW flow in the mid-levels to the south/southeast of a
    shortwave nearing James Bay will override a nose of high pressure
    from Atlantic Canada, maintaining sub-freezing low-levels across
    much of central/northern New England this morning. Wavy frontal
    boundary will try to lift northward into the colder air, but will
    be slow to succeed until tomorrow (Wed). As precipitation moves
    into the region overnight tonight into Wednesday morning, freezing
    rain will be likely over much of central/northern New England,
    especially in areas with a little elevation. On Wednesday, southerly/southeasterly flow will eventually win out at the low
    levels, turning all areas over to plain rain. Ice accumulations of
    a tenth or two of an inch are likely over parts of the Green and
    White Mountains and into western Maine where the cold air may hold
    on the longest. WPC probabilities for at least a tenth of an inch
    of ice are >50%. Though the probabilities of at least 0.25" are
    low, this may be underdone as the models are sometimes too quick to
    have the cold air retreat.


    ...Central Appalachians...
    Day 2...

    The southern part of the system affecting the Northeast tonight
    into Wednesday will be the evolution of an increasingly negatively-
    tilted and deep upper trough over the eastern 1/3 of the CONUS.
    Frontal boundary will clear past the Appalachians tonight, allowing
    colder air to push in behind it and change rain to snow over the
    Cumberland Plateau and points eastward. Upslope enhancement into
    the central Appalachians will promote more modest snow totals, and
    WPC probabilities for at least 4 inches of snow are >30% over
    eastern WV northward through the western MD Panhandle (Garrett Co)
    into the Laurel Highlands in PA.


    ...Northern Plains...
    Day 1...

    The leading edge of the encroaching Arctic air-mass will track
    into the Northern Plains today. Surface-based warming out in front
    of the Arctic front and strong CAA aloft will allow for lapse rates
    in the 500-700mb layer to be >7.5C/km in some cases, with just
    enough low-level moisture for some snow squalls to develop. These
    squalls could form as far north and west as eastern Montana and
    western North Dakota this morning then race southward and eastward
    into South Dakota this afternoon and the Missouri Valley by this
    evening. Squalls could even continue to track into parts of Iowa,
    northern Kansas, and northern Missouri tonight as the snow squall
    parameter exceeds 1 in much of the CAM and even global guidance.
    Though snow amounts will be light, squalls can lead to rapid
    reductions in visibility with accumulating snow on roadways where
    road temperatures drop below freezing and create icy hazards.


    ...Great Lakes/Northeast...
    Days 1-3...

    Upper pattern will become increasingly amplified over the East as
    ridging into the West weakens but builds quite smartly over the
    northern Atlantic. This will help strengthen the jet to ~170kts out
    of the southwest across the TN/OH Valley overnight tonight as
    arctic air moves in from the northwest. Lake effect snow will pick
    up in earnest starting this evening and overnight across the U.P.
    of Michigan and then into the western side of Lower Michigan as
    height falls rush through (500mb heights below the 1st percentile
    per the CFSR) as the trough axis becomes quite negatively-titled
    into the Southeast/Mid-Atlantic. 850mb temperatures will plunge to
    -15C to -25C tomorrow with plenty of Lake-to-850 DeltaT. Snow will
    continue through the period as winds slowly back from NW to WNW or
    W as the upper center passes by. Into the Northeast, once the
    front clears the area and temperatures fall below freezing area-
    wide, snow will increase off Lakes Erie/Ontario, the latter of
    which will support a strong single band into the Tug Hill Plateau
    with lighter snow pretty far inland. Snow off Lake Erie may also
    be a single banded aimed just into the BUF southtowns. Snow will
    continue across all the Great Lakes through the end of this period
    (12Z Fri) but will continue beyond then.

    Through 12Z Fri, WPC probabilities of at least 12 inches of snow are
    high (>70%) across the favored lake belts on NW flow over the U.P.
    and northwest Michigan; between Erie, PA and Buffalo, NY (esp the
    southtowns but perhaps into the southern Buffalo area); and in the
    Tug Hill. Snowfall rates of 1-2"/hr (surpassing 3"/hr at times) are
    likely in the more intense bands.


    ...WA/OR Cascades...
    Day 3...

    Incoming shortwave or upper low will move into NorCal/Southwestern
    OR Thursday, spreading some precipitation into the Cascades
    southward into the Sierra. Snow levels will be around 3000ft to the
    north and 5000ft to the south with QPF totals generally up to
    0.50" or so. WPC probabilities for at least 6 inches of snow are
    highest in the WA/OR Cascades.

    Fracasso



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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Tue Dec 10 20:19:04 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 102018
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    318 PM EST Tue Dec 10 2024

    Valid 00Z Wed Dec 11 2024 - 00Z Sat Dec 14 2024

    ...Northeast...
    Day 1...

    Broad southwest flow ahead of an upper low dropping south through
    Manitoba and a southern stream shortwave moving across the central
    and southern Plains will override a ridge of high pressure from
    Atlantic Canada, keeping sub-freezing temperatures in place at the
    surface across much of central and northern New England. A wavy
    frontal boundary will attempt to lift northward into the cold air,
    but will be slow to make significant progress until tomorrow
    (Wednesday). As precipitation moves into the region tonight and
    tomorrow morning, freezing rain is expected to spread across
    portions of central and northern New England, especially in areas
    of higher elevation. As the day progresses, southerly to
    southwesterly flow will prevail, changing precipitation to rain.
    Ice accumulations of 0.05-0.10 inch, with locally heavier amounts,
    are expected in the mountains of northern New England, especially
    from the White Mountains eastward into northern Maine. WPC
    probabilities for 0.10 inch or more have come down, however
    probabilities for accumulating ice (0.01 inch) remain above 70
    percent across this area.

    ...Central Appalachians...
    Days 1-2...

    The southern part of the system affecting the Northeast tonight
    will evolve into a deep, negatively-tilted trough over the eastern
    CONUS on Wednesday. As the associated frontal boundary moves east
    of the Appalachians, colder air will fill in behind it, changing
    rain to snow from the Cumberland Plateau to areas north and east.
    Upslope enhancement in the central Appalachians will support modest
    snow totals, with WPC probabilities of greater than 30 percent for accumulations of 4 inches or more largely confined to eastern West
    Virginia.

    ...Great Lakes/Northeast...
    Days 1-3...

    Driven by falling 500mb heights and a negatively-tilted trough,
    lake effect snow will develop overnight and intensify on Wednesday
    across the Upper Peninsula of Michigan and into western portions
    of Lower Michigan. 850mb temperatures will drop to -15C and -25C,
    supporting significant lake-to-850 DeltaTs. Snow will continue
    through Thursday as winds gradually turn from the northwest to
    west-northwest, as the upper low dropping south through central
    Canada pivots and moves east of the Great Lakes.

    In the Northeast, once the front clears the region and temperatures
    drop below freezing, snow will increase downwind of lakes Erie and
    Ontario. Models continue to advertise intense, single-bands
    targeting both the Tug Hill and the Buffalo Southtowns beginning
    late Wednesday and continuing through Thursday. Some snow is
    expected to continue into early Friday, but wane by late in the day
    as a surface ridge builds over the region.

    Through 00Z Saturday, WPC probabilities for at least 12 inches of
    snow are greater than 70 percent across the favored lake-effect
    snow belts of Upper Michigan, northwestern Lower Michigan, the
    I-90 corridor from Erie to the Buffalo Southtowns, and the Tug Hill
    Plateau. For some of these areas, especially those in New York,
    WPC probabilities indicate that localized heavier amounts of 2 feet
    or more can be expected.

    ...Cascades/Sierra Nevada...
    Days 2/3...

    A mid-to-upper level shortwave/compact low will drop southeast
    from the eastern Pacific and move onshore on Thursday. This will
    spread precipitation from the Cascades south into the Sierra. Snow
    levels will be around 3000ft to the north and 5000ft to the south,
    with some decreases with the passage of the shortwave. Some
    additional decreases are expected Thursday night before rebounding
    late in the period as a ridge begins to build and precipitation
    returns ahead of a low/trough amplifying over the eastern Pacific.
    Through 00Z Saturday, WPC probabilities for snow totals of 8
    inches or more are highest over the Oregon Cascades into the
    Shasta-Cascade region and the northern Sierra Nevada.

    Pereira/Fracasso

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Wed Dec 11 07:11:08 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 110710
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    210 AM EST Wed Dec 11 2024

    Valid 12Z Wed Dec 11 2024 - 12Z Sat Dec 14 2024


    ...Central Appalachians...
    Day 1...

    The southern part of the system affecting the Northeast tonight
    will evolve into a deep, negatively-tilted trough over the eastern
    CONUS on Wednesday. As the associated frontal boundary moves east
    of the Appalachians, colder air will fill in behind it, changing
    rain to snow from the Cumberland Plateau to areas north and east.
    Upslope enhancement in the central Appalachians will support modest
    snow totals, with WPC probabilities of greater than 30 percent for accumulations of 4 inches or more largely confined to eastern West
    Virginia but also northward into the Laurel Highlands.


    ...Great Lakes/Northeast...
    Days 1-3...

    Driven by falling 500mb heights and a negatively-tilted trough,
    lake effect snow will intensify today across the Upper Peninsula of
    Michigan and into western portions of Lower Michigan. 850mb
    temperatures will drop to -15C and -25C (below the 5th percentile),
    supporting significant lake-to-850 DeltaTs. Snow will continue
    through Thursday while winds gradually turn from the northwest to
    west- northwest, as the upper low dropping south through central
    Canada pivots and moves east of the Great Lakes.

    In the Northeast, once the front clears the region and
    temperatures drop below freezing, snow will increase downwind of
    lakes Erie and Ontario. Models continue to advertise intense,
    single-bands targeting both the Tug Hill and the Buffalo Southtowns
    beginning later today and continuing through Thursday. Snow will
    gradually wind down from west to east across the Great Lakes
    starting late Thu/early Fri before finally ending early Saturday
    over NY as a surface ridge builds over the region.

    For the event (next 72 hours), WPC probabilities for at least 12
    inches of snow are greater than 70 percent across the favored lake-
    effect snow belts of Upper Michigan, northwestern Lower Michigan,
    the I-90 corridor from Erie to the Buffalo Southtowns, and the Tug
    Hill Plateau. For some of these areas, especially those in New
    York, WPC probabilities indicate that localized heavier amounts of
    2 feet or more can be expected. Hazardous conditions can be
    expected in the more intense bands where snowfall rates may exceed
    2 inches per hour on Thursday per the 00Z HREF.

    ...Cascades/Sierra Nevada...
    Days 1-3...

    After a recent quiet period, the pattern will become more active
    in the West over the next few days. A shortwave/compact upper low
    will move ashore on Thursday, with some precipitation out ahead of
    it today/tonight over the OR Cascades and the northern CA ranges.
    Snow levels will be around 3000ft to the north and 5000ft to the
    south, decreasing with the passage of the shortwave. Some
    additional decreases are expected Thursday night before rebounding
    late in the period as a ridge begins to build and precipitation
    returns ahead of a low/trough amplifying over the eastern Pacific.
    That system will have a little more moisture and amplitude,
    focusing the precipitation northward into the WA Cascades by
    Friday. Greatest impacts will be at the mountain passes throughout
    the region from the WA Cascades southward into the norther Sierra.
    WPC probabilities for 3-day snow totals of 12 inches or more are
    highest over the Oregon Cascades into the Shasta-Siskiyous/Trinity
    region and the northern Sierra Nevada.

    ...Corn Belt...
    Day 3...

    Upper low exiting the Rockies on Friday will start to tap limited
    moisture out of the Gulf, eventually promoting an area of WAA-
    driven precipitation across the Corn Belt. Cold air mass in place
    beneath a warming ~850mb layer will favor an area of mixed
    precipitation (sleet/freezing rain) just south of some light snow
    on the northern side where the column remains below freezing.
    Amounts may be light, but any freezing rain could be hazardous. WPC probabilities for at least 0.1" of ice accumulation are 10-30%
    over IA through 12Z Saturday.


    The probability of significant icing greater than 0.25 inches is
    less than 10 percent across the CONUS this period.

    Fracasso/Pereira




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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Wed Dec 11 20:00:12 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 111959
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    259 PM EST Wed Dec 11 2024

    Valid 00Z Thu Dec 12 2024 - 00Z Sun Dec 15 2024


    ...Great Lakes/Northeast/Central Appalachians...
    Days 1-2...

    Deep negatively-tilted trough as low as 510 dam (below the 1st
    percentile) diving over the Great Lakes along with very cold
    temperatures will continue to produce heavy lake-effect snow over
    the Upper Peninsula of Michigan and into western portions of Lower
    Michigan through Thursday. The eastern lakes (Erie and Ontario)
    will also develop significant lake-effect snowbands tonight through
    Thursday as the trough nears the region and a developing surface
    low along a strong cold front swings across northern New England.
    Models highlight intense, single snowbands targeting the Tug Hill
    and Buffalo Southtowns. Pronounced lake-850 DeltaTs are anticipated
    from -15C to -25C 850mb temperatures (below the 5th percentile
    across lakes Erie and Michigan), with the lakes remaining ice-free
    and surface water temperatures between 5C and 9C. Snow will
    continue through Thursday while winds gradually turn from the
    northwest to the west-northwest as the upper low swings eastward
    over the Great Lakes and into southeast Canada. Snow will linger a
    bit longer downwind of the eastern Lakes into early Friday until a
    potent surface high moves directly overhead.

    Total lake-effect snowfall probabilities from WPC over the next 48
    hours are highest over the favored snowbelts of Upper Michigan,
    northwestern Lower Michigan, the I-90 corridor from Erie to the
    Buffalo Southtowns, and the Tug Hill Plateau. Chances for at least
    12 inches of snow are high (>80%) in these areas. For some regions,
    especially eastern New York and into Erie, PA, the potential exists
    for over 2 feet of snow and snowfall rates over 2 inches per hour.
    This would create hazardous to potentially impossible driving
    conditions.

    For the Northeast and central Appalachians, cold air infiltrating
    behind an intense moisture plume riding up the East Coast tonight
    will allow for a brief changeover to snow throughout interior
    locations. The heaviest snow (up to 4 inches) is expected early in
    the D1 period across the central Appalachians due to favorable
    upslope flow into Thursday, with a few inches possible in the
    higher terrain of northern New England.

    ...Cascades/Sierra Nevada...
    Days 1-3...

    After a recent quiet period, the pattern will become more active
    in the West over the next few days. A shortwave/compact upper low
    will move ashore on Thursday, with some precipitation out ahead of
    it tonight over the OR Cascades and the northern CA ranges. Snow
    levels will be around 3000ft to the north and 5000ft to the south,
    decreasing with the passage of the shortwave. Some additional
    decreases are expected Thursday night before rebounding by Friday
    night as a ridge begins to build and precipitation returns ahead
    of a low/trough amplifying over the eastern Pacific. That system
    will have a little more moisture and amplitude, focusing a broader
    area of precipitation northward from the northern CA ranges into
    the WA Cascades by Friday, with the heaviest precipitation expected
    over northern CA Fri-Sat associated with an Atmospheric River. IVT
    values are expected to peak around 700 kg/m*s over northern CA,
    which will drive snow levels above 4500ft (over 5500ft in the
    Sierra). Greatest impacts will be at the mountain passes throughout
    the region from the WA Cascades southward into the norther Sierra.
    WPC probabilities for 3-day snow totals of 12 inches or more are
    highest over the Oregon Cascades into the Shasta-Siskiyous/Trinity
    region and the northern Sierra Nevada, with the northern CA
    potential seeing the greatest impacts from high elevation heavy wet
    snowfall.

    ...Corn Belt...
    Day 3...

    Upper low exiting the Rockies on Friday will start to tap limited
    moisture out of the Gulf, eventually promoting an area of WAA-
    driven precipitation across the Corn Belt. Cold air mass in place
    beneath a warming ~850mb layer will favor an area of mixed
    precipitation (sleet/freezing rain) just south of some light snow
    on the northern side where the column remains below freezing.
    Amounts may be light, but any freezing rain could be hazardous. WPC probabilities for at least 0.1" of ice accumulation are 20-50%
    over IA through Saturday night.


    The probability of significant icing greater than 0.25 inches is
    less than 10 percent across the CONUS this period.

    Snell






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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Thu Dec 12 08:07:06 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 120806
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    306 AM EST Thu Dec 12 2024

    Valid 12Z Thu Dec 12 2024 - 12Z Sun Dec 15 2024


    ...Great Lakes..
    Days 1-2...

    The core of an anomalous upper low (-2 sigma at 500mb according to
    NAEFS with a 510dm center) will begin to fill and drift eastward
    across southern Canada on D1, with the primary mid-level trough
    axis pivoting into New England by 00Z Saturday. This will be
    replaced by brief shortwave ridging downstream of a potent trough
    digging across the Central Plains. Until that happens, however, the
    environment will remain favorable for another round of widespread
    and heavy lake-effect snow (LES) in the W/NW snow belts.

    At the start of the forecast period, 850mb temps will be generally
    -15C to -20C, and continue to plunge to -18C to -23C by 00Z Friday
    before slow warming begins. This CAA supplying the cold air will
    move across Great Lakes water temperatures that are still warm,
    generally +5 to +9C, supporting deltaT that is well above
    threshold for heavy LES, and will drive lake-induced equilibrium
    levels 10,000 - 15,000 ft, which will be well above the -10C
    isotherm suggesting potential lightning in the heavier bands. This
    will support snowfall rates of 1-2"/hr in many of the bands, with
    locally 3-4"/hr possible downstream of Lakes Erie and Ontario.
    Combined with the cold temperatures and gusty winds, significant
    travel impacts are expected within LES.

    The heaviest LES is likely D1 before a slow ease of CAA (and onset
    of subtle WAA) wanes LES from west to east during D2, but not
    before multiple feet of snow occur in the more persistent and
    intense banding. WPC probabilities D1 are high (>70%) for more than
    8 inches in the eastern U.P., near Traverse Bay, along the
    Chautauqua Ridge, and into the Tug Hill Plateau, with high
    probabilities continuing on D2 only in the Tug Hill.


    ...Pacific Coast and Interior Northwest...
    Days 1-3...

    Two waves of precipitation will spread onshore the West Coast and
    then inland through the forecast period bringing widespread snow
    to the higher elevations.

    The first wave of moisture will be ongoing to start the period as a
    slowly filling closed low drops into northern CA with 500mb height
    anomalies falling below -1 sigma according to NAEFS. Height falls
    combined with the LFQ of an accompanying upper level jet streak
    will drive ascent onshore, leading to locally heavy snow, primarily
    confined to the Sierra Nevada. The strongest forcing is transient
    and pushes south of the area halfway through D1, but at least a
    short duration of 1"/hr snow rates is likely across the Sierra,
    generally above 5000 ft. During D1, WPC probabilities for more than
    6 inches of snow are above 70% in the Sierra, but probabilities for
    more than 12 inches are only 10-30%.

    A more significant system will then approach the coast from the
    Pacific Friday into Saturday, leading to a more substantial
    precipitation event after only a brief break Thursday night into
    Friday. This system will again be driven by a pronounced closed low
    offshore, opening into a potent trough as it shifts across CA/OR
    late Saturday, reaching the Great Basin by the end of the forecast
    period. Once again, downstream divergence, warm/moist advection,
    and robust jet energy will combine to drive ascent. However, this
    second system will be more broad, reflected by 500mb height
    anomalies below -1 sigma across much of the Pacific Coast, combined
    with modestly coupled jet streaks to push a strong surface low into
    British Columbia and a second wave across CA. This overall more
    impressive system is reflected as well by GEFS and ECENS
    probabilities for 500 kg/m/s IVT lifting onshore exceeding 60%.

    Snow levels across the West with this second system will generally
    remain around 4000-5000 ft, with a narrow corridor exceeding 6000
    ft in the strongest IVT/WAA. However strong ascent into an
    environment with a deep layer of lapse rates stronger than moist-
    adiabatic could lower snow levels beyond forecasts, and the NBM
    25th percentile may be more representative, which reaches as low as
    3000-4000 ft during the heaviest precipitation, and falls even
    lower as precip begins to shift eastward. This suggests the
    potential for more widespread pass-level impacts, reflected by
    WSSI-P above 70% for moderate impacts due primarily to snow load
    and snow rate in the Sierra and Shasta/Trinity region. Lesser, but
    still notable impacts, are possible as far north as the WA
    Cascades.

    WPC probabilities for more than 8 inches of snow on D2 are high
    70%) but confined to the Shasta/Trinity region of northern CA and
    the highest peak of the WA/OR Cascades. By D3, high WPC
    probabilities for more than 8 inches spread across the length of
    the Sierra and into the Sawtooth/Salmon River Ranges, while also
    continuing near Mt. Shasta.


    ...Central Plains into the Upper Midwest...
    Days 2-3...

    A closed 500mb low emerging from the Central Rockies will track
    eastward while deepening and pulling south in response to a potent
    vorticity lobe rotating around its base. The trend in the global
    guidance has been for this feature to be a little weaker and
    farther south, and while this will likely result in more
    interaction with a stationary front/modest low-level baroclinic
    zone, the resultant downstream moisture advection may be somewhat
    muted. Still, as this advects east into Missouri by Saturday
    evening, it will combine with strengthening fgen in response to
    surging WAA to drive moisture northward reflected by a narrow
    channel of +1 sigma PWs on the NAEFS tables, while also helping to
    create a surface low moving across the Central Plains and the Upper
    Midwest by the end of the forecast period.

    Downstream of this low, a sprawling high pressure centered over the Mid-Atlantic states will gradually retreat to the east. This will
    allow confluent flow to merge into the Corn Belt and then Upper
    Midwest, with overrunning WAA leading to a period of mixed
    precipitation including sleet and freezing rain, with snow farther
    north. Even where precipitation is snow, it may begin as a period
    of ZR/IP due to antecedent low RH within the DGZ (no ice growth)
    noted in regional soundings.

    There remains considerable spread in the latitudinal gain of warm
    air, but with the high retreating steadily and WAA increasing,
    solutions with a farther north depiction of accumulating snow and
    ice seem more reasonable, and this could result in hazardous
    accretions of freezing rain, and modest snowfall as well. Current
    WPC probabilities for more than 4 inches of snow are less than 10%
    with this system, but the probability for at least 0.1 inches of
    ice are 10-30% D2 in central IA, increasing to 50-70% D3 when
    locally as much as 0.2 inches is possible.

    Weiss


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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Thu Dec 12 20:40:48 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 122040
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    340 PM EST Thu Dec 12 2024

    Valid 00Z Fri Dec 13 2024 - 00Z Mon Dec 16 2024


    ...Great Lakes..
    Day 1...

    Surface high centered over central MN this afternoon will amplify
    and shift east over southern WI tonight and then to Lake Erie
    through Friday. Flow veers north from Wly and weakens as the high
    approaches which will cutoff the ideal LES conditions continuing
    over the Great Lakes. Banding in MI and off Lake Erie diminishes
    quickly after midnight tonight with Day 1 PWPF for >6" 40% or less
    in the typical Wly flow snow belts.
    However, potent single band LES persists through Friday morning
    for the Tug Hill area east of Lake Ontario. Day 1 PWPF for >12"
    here is around 70% with max additional around 18".


    ...Western U.S...

    An initial wave over CA/NV tonight weakens by Friday with a longer
    wave approaching the PacNW coast Friday night before sweeping over
    the northern Rockies through Sunday with heavy mountain snows
    expected.

    California...
    Days 1-2...

    A reinforcing trough currently over the southern OR Coast shifts
    south behind the main trough axis currently extending down the
    Sierra Nevada. This brings additional heavy snow to the northern
    Sierra Nevada 00Z-06Z tonight with snow levels around 4000ft. Snow
    rates above the snow level will top 1"/hr until dropping off
    quickly after 06Z per the 12Z HREF. Day 1 PWPF for >6" over the northern/central Sierra are 50-80%.

    At atmospheric river ahead of the next system arrives into the far
    northern CA coast midday Friday with snow levels quickly rising
    over 5000ft on the Trinity Alps/Klamath/Siskiyou. Heights begin to
    fall with the approaching trough Friday night with snow levels
    decreasing to 4000ft by 12Z Saturday under the trough axis. A
    potent plume of moisture surges over the length of the Sierra
    Nevada on Saturday which produces a multi-hour bout of heavy snow.
    Ridging then builds in a quickly ends heavy snow by Saturday
    evening. Day 2 PWPF for >12" is 50-80% for the length of the Sierra
    Crest along with the CA Cascades.

    Pacific Northwest through Northern Rockies...
    Days 2-3...

    Moisture streams over the PacNW coast later Friday with moderate to
    locally heavy snow above the 4000ft snow levels in the WA Cascades
    and 5000ft in the OR Cascades. These snow levels drop about 1000ft
    under the trough axis on Saturday. Day 2 PWPF for >8" are 40-80%
    for the higher Cascades.

    The moisture surge reaches the northern Rockies Friday night with
    heavy snow focusing mainly over central ID terrain through Saturday
    with snow levels 4000-5000ft. Day 2.5 PWPF for >8" are 50-90% over
    the Sawtooth and southern Salmon River Mtns as well as the Blues in
    OR.

    As the trough crosses the northern Rockies Saturday night into
    Sunday, the terrain from Yellowstone to the Wasatch sees heavy
    snow with the Day 3 PWPF for >8" is 50-80% with snow levels
    dropping from 6000ft to 5000ft through the event.



    ...Central Plains into the Upper Midwest...
    Day 2...

    A trough currently over the Sierra Nevada amplifies as it shifts
    east of the CO Rockies Friday night, closing over KS. Gulf-sourced
    moisture will stream over cold ground over eastern Neb/IA to
    produce a wintry mix late Friday into Saturday before shifting ENE
    to MI through Sunday. The combination of warm air advection over
    areas that had been under a cold 1040mb high makes for a notable
    freezing rain threat with a modest snow/sleet threat. Day 2 PWPF
    for >0.1" ice are above 20% from northeast Neb across IA into
    southern MN, as well as the Driftless region of southwest WI with a
    large area over 60% in central and eastern IA.


    ...Central Appalachians...
    Day 3...

    Cold air in the wake of the aforementioned 1040mb high lingers over
    the central Appalachians on Sunday with freezing rain threats. Day
    3 PWPF for >0.1" ice are 20-30% in the Potomac Highlands of MD/WV
    into the Laurels of southwest PA.


    Jackson





    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Fri Dec 13 08:13:31 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 130813
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    313 AM EST Fri Dec 13 2024

    Valid 12Z Fri Dec 13 2024 - 12Z Mon Dec 16 2024


    ...Great Lakes..
    Day 1...

    Residual heavy lake-effect snow (LES) will persist through the
    first half of Friday, especially east of Lake Ontario into the Tug
    Hill Plateau, before increasing SW flow downstream of a shortwave
    moving through the middle of the country causes WAA and shuts off
    LES by the end of D1. Before that occurs, the environment remains
    favorable for 2+"/hr snow rates, primarily downstream of Lake
    Ontario, before intensity wanes and LES ends later in the day.
    Despite a generally short duration of continuing heavy LES, WPC
    probabilities for more than 6 inches are high (>70%) downstream of
    Lake Ontario, with locally up to 12 inches possible.


    ...Western U.S...

    A closed low over the eastern Pacific will amplify and shed
    periodic vorticity lobes towards the Pacific Coast of the United
    States and Canada. Each of these will combine with increased
    moisture to cause widespread winter weather across the region.

    California...
    Days 1-2...

    One of these shortwaves will intensify into a pronounced trough,
    taking on a negative tilt as it shifts into central CA Saturday
    aftn /early D2/. This will act in tandem with modestly coupled jet
    streaks to drive ascent, while impressive moist advection surges
    IVT to 500-750 kg/m/s according to both GEFS and ECENS
    probabilities. Snow levels will rise to around 5000 ft within the
    core of this IVT, highest in the Trinity/Shasta/Siskiyou region,
    but still support heavy snow in the higher terrain, with
    accumulations aided by nearly ideal upslope flow. Although the
    heaviest snowfall, which will likely feature rates above 1"/hr will
    occur within the warmer snow levels/higher IVT, even as snow levels
    fall behind the primary trough axis moderate to heavy snow will
    persist through D2 before waning. Additionally, heavy snow through
    synoptic and impressive upslope flow will extend along the length
    of the Sierra, bringing substantial impacts to many of the Crest
    Passes. WPC probabilities for more than 12 inches of snow is
    extremely high (>90%) in the Shasta/Trinity region and the northern
    Sierra D1, continuing above 70% D2 while extending down the length
    of the Sierra. Local snowfall maxima of more than 4 feet are likely
    in the highest terrain.


    Pacific Northwest through Northern Rockies...
    Days 1-2...

    Farther north, a stronger closed mid-level low will push into
    British Columbia as it remains embedded in the downstream southerly
    flow ahead of the larger scale trough axis. This will drive
    persistent moist advection into the Pacific Northwest D1 into D2,
    with this moisture then merging with the aforementioned shortwave
    ejecting from CA to drive widespread heavy precipitation into the
    Northern and Central Rockies. Snow levels will fluctuate through
    the period, but generally remain around 4000-5000 ft. However,
    strong ascent and ample moisture could result in locally lower snow
    levels through cold-air dragging on intense snowfall rates,
    especially in regions of intense upslope ascent or modest elevated
    instability.

    WPC probabilities for more than 6 inches of snow are high (>80%)
    along the WA/OR Cascades, the Olympics, and into the Salmon
    River/Sawtooth region on D1, with the highest probabilities
    focusing across parts of ID and into the Tetons D2, while
    remaining, albeit more modestly, in the Cascades. By D3 the highest
    WPC probabilities for more than 6 inches of snowfall drop
    considerably to 30-50%, focused almost exclusively in the Tetons.
    Storm total snowfall of 20-30 inches likely in the higher terrain
    of many of these ranges. With snow levels ranging between around
    4000-5000 ft, some of the higher passes could experience
    considerable impacts as well.


    ...Central Plains into the Upper Midwest...
    Days 1-2...

    A trough ejecting from the Central Rockies Friday night will
    amplify into a closed low over the Central Plains as it digs E/SE
    through Saturday, and then lifts northeast towards the Great Lakes
    on Sunday. Height falls downstream of this deepening trough will
    combine with weak but coupled jet streaks aloft and a residual
    low-level baroclinic gradient to drive surface cyclogenesis in the
    lee of the Rockies Friday night. As this low moves progressively to
    the east, it will draw increased moisture northward from the Gulf
    of Mexico, channeling an axis of PW anomalies as high as +2 sigma
    into MO/IA Saturday. This moisture has steadily shown an increased
    trend with recent model runs, likely in response to a subtly deeper
    upper low.

    As this feature moves east and deepens, it will interact with a
    retreating but sprawling surface high (max pressure around
    1050mb!). This will leave an environment that is cold enough for
    wintry precipitation, but as the WAA intensifies, the high will
    lose its favorable position for cold advection leading to a column
    that will become overwhelmed by the WAA and warm with time.
    Additionally, it will take some time for the DGZ to saturate as the
    antecedent air is quite dry, so this setup continues to look more
    favorable for IP (and mostly ZR), with just some snow on the
    northern side. However, the stronger low could also result in some
    more intense deformation to the north of the surface low, leading
    to at least some modest snowfall accumulations in MN/WI.

    Despite that, the primary hazard appears to be freezing rain, and
    WPC probabilities have increased for significant accretion, with
    locally damaging icing now possible as reflected by max
    probabilities reaching around 30% for > 0.25" of ice, highest
    across central IA.


    ...Central Appalachians...
    Day 3...

    The same high pressure retreating eastward from the Upper Midwest
    (above) will push into New England and then favorable wedge down
    the coast in a Cold Air Damming (CAD) setup east of the
    Appalachians. As moisture from a low pressure moving into the Great
    Lakes shifts eastward, it will encounter cold air, especially in
    the higher elevations, supportive of wintry precipitation. However,
    the robust WAA driving the expanding precipitation shield is
    likely to overrun the cold air, leading to a corridor of
    significant freezing rain, with only light snow accompanying. WPC
    probabilities for more than 0.1" of freezing rain have increased to
    as high as 50-70% across the higher terrain from eastern WV,
    through the western Panhandle of MD, and into the Laurel Highlands
    of PA.

    Weiss



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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Fri Dec 13 21:06:38 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 132106
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    406 PM EST Fri Dec 13 2024

    Valid 00Z Sat Dec 14 2024 - 00Z Tue Dec 17 2024


    ...Lake Ontario...
    Day 1...

    Lingering single band in westerly flow over Lake Ontario will
    persist into this evening for the Tug Hill area before diminishing
    around midnight. A few more inches are likely after 00Z.


    ...Western U.S...

    A powerful shortwave trough rounding a low centered west of WA
    will shift over the CA coast early Saturday before tracking over
    the northern Rockies through Sunday. The next plume of moisture
    arrives Sunday night into the PacNW Coast ahead of a weakening low
    off Vancouver Island. A less potent onshore flow then expands over
    the Northwest through Monday.

    California...
    Day 1...

    A moderately strong atmospheric river will continue to stream in
    over far northern California tonight before a potent and digging
    vort lobe crosses the SF Bay area around 15Z Saturday. This sharp
    trough will provide an intense focus for lift and orthogonal flow
    to the Sierra Nevada on Saturday with a quick end Saturday evening
    behind the trough axis. Snow levels linger around 5000ft over the
    CA Cascades and Sierra Nevada through tonight before rising perhaps
    500ft just ahead of the wave Saturday. Heavy snow through synoptic
    and upslope flow will extend along the length of the Sierra with
    high rates persisting longest over the northern half. Per 12Z HREF,
    hourly rates exceeding 1"/hr resume around 08Z for the northern
    Sierra where they persist until about 22Z with the southern Sierra
    seeing heavy rates from about 18Z to 00Z. Max rates exceed 2"/hr
    for a few hours as the max precip works its way south down the High
    Sierra 14Z to 22Z. The additional snowfall maxima for Day 1 alone
    is around 36" in the highest western slopes of the northern and
    central Sierra.


    Pacific Northwest through Northern Rockies...
    Days 1-2...

    Farther north, the closed mid-level low pushes ENE over Vancouver
    Island late tonight. Persistent moist advection into the Pacific
    Northwest occurs through Saturday night as an additional
    reinforcing shortwave trough swings through on Sunday driving
    widespread heavy precipitation into the Northern Rockies through
    Sunday. Snow levels will fluctuate through the period, but
    generally remain around 4000-5000 ft. However, strong ascent and
    convection could result in locally lower snow levels during heavier
    activity. This configuration of back-to-back waves consolidating
    over the NW focuses the inland heavy precip on central ID terrain.

    Day 1.5 WPC probabilities for >8" are moderately high (50-80%)
    along the WA/OR Cascades and the Olympics and high (>80%) over the ,
    Salmon River/Sawtooths in ID along with the Wallowa Mtns in
    northeast OR. This then expands to western WY down to the Wasatch
    where Day 3 snow probs for >8" are 50-80%, highest in the Tetons.
    Expect considerable impacts in the passes here.

    ...Pacific Northwest...
    Day 3...

    The next wave has an initial burst along the Cascades early Monday
    with snow levels around 2500ft in WA and 3500ft in OR. However, the
    weakening low and diminishing moisture influx means more moderate
    rates through the rest of Monday as snow levels slowly rise. Day 3
    snow probs for >8" are 30-60% for the Cascades above those snow
    levels.



    ...Central Plains into the Upper Midwest...
    Days 1-2...

    A trough currently ejecting from the Central Rockies will amplify
    into a deep low over KS tonight before shifting over northern IN
    through Sunday. Height falls downstream of this developing low
    will combine with weak but coupled jet streaks aloft and a residual
    low-level baroclinic gradient to drive surface cyclogenesis over KS
    by this evening. As this low progresses ENE, increased Gulf
    moisture will be drawn north and around the low and over the I-80
    corridor around IA which has been under and Arctic airmass the past
    couple days, resulting in a wintry mix. Despite the fairly strong
    warm air advection, the plain rain line looks to only modestly work
    northward through Saturday night as precip continues over the
    Upper Midwest. It will take some time for the DGZ to saturate as
    the antecedent air is quite dry, so this setup is better for
    freezing drizzle turning into freezing rain/sleet, and snow on the
    northern end. Day 1 ice probs for >0.25" are 20-40% over both
    western and eastern IA with coverage of >0.1" ice extending from
    eastern Neb to just beyond the northern and eastern IA borders.


    ...Central Appalachians...
    Days 2/3...

    The same high pressure retreating eastward from the Upper Midwest
    will drift over New England Saturday through Sunday, allowing a
    strong Cold Air Damming (CAD) wedge to setup east of the
    Appalachians over the Mid-Atlantic. Moisture from low pressure
    moving into the Great Lakes shifts eastward over the central Apps
    Saturday night. Air will initially be cold enough for snow,
    especially in the higher elevations, before the robust WAA brings a
    wintry mix that lingers over terrain and preferred higher central
    App valleys into or through Sunday night. WPC probabilities for
    0.1" of freezing rain are highest 12Z Sun-12Z Mon (Day 2.5) with
    70-80% over the Laurels of PA down into the MD Panhandle with >20%
    probs extending from north-central PA through southern WV.


    ...Northern Plains...
    Days 2/3...

    The potent trough axis crossing SF Bay early Saturday lifts ENE
    over the northern Rockies early Sunday with further development
    over ND on Sunday. Overrunning flow ahead of the wave brings a
    light freezing rain threat to northeastern MT Saturday night into
    Sunday morning with the Day 2 ice probs for >0.1" 20-60%. Snow
    bands then develop north of the low with Day 3 snow probs for >4"
    around 20% for the north-central border of ND.


    Jackson


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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sat Dec 14 08:17:31 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 140817
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    317 AM EST Sat Dec 14 2024

    Valid 12Z Sat Dec 14 2024 - 12Z Tue Dec 17 2024


    ...Western U.S...

    An active period will bring widespread winter weather to much of
    the West through early next week.

    A large trough just offshore the Pacific Coast to start the period
    will shed two distinct compact vort maxima/shortwaves onshore on
    D1. One of these will pivot northward into British Columbia, while
    the second one ejects into central CA. Although the northern
    impulse is a bit deeper relative to the CFSR climatology (500mb
    heights below the bottom 2.5 percentile according to NAEFS), the
    greater moisture/IVT will pivot into CA associated with the
    southern system as the northern moisture channel lifts into Canada. Additionally, there will be a modestly coupled jet streak
    downstream of the primary trough axis and in the vicinity of this
    southern impulse, helping to enhance ascent to spread more
    widespread moisture northeast. On D1, this will cause widespread
    heavy snow from the Sierra and Shasta/Trinity region eastward into
    the Salmon River/Sawtooth Ranges, Blue Mountains, and as far east
    as the Tetons and Big Horns, WPC probabilities are high (>70%) for
    above 12 inches in the CA ranges and into ID thanks to higher
    moisture, strong synoptic lift, and impressive upslope flow driving
    snowfall rates of 2+"/hr at times. 1-2 feet of snow is possible D1
    across these areas.

    More modest snowfall across the WA/OR Cascades and Olympics where
    both ascent and moisture are more limited. Still, WPC probabilities
    in the Cascades and Olympics are moderate to high (50-90%) for
    more than 8 inches. Snow levels D1 will climb briefly to as high as
    5000-6000 ft in the core of the max IVT/WAA/moisture plume, but
    will fall gradually most of the day to as low as 2000 ft in the
    Cascades and 3500 ft elsewhere. This will allow at least modest
    accumulations below pass levels, but most of the accumulating snow
    is likely during the period of higher snow levels.

    On D2, the pattern evolves quickly as a narrow but amplified
    longwave ridge builds over the Pacific Coast, forced between the
    departing trough now moving into the northern High Plains and a
    renewed closed low back over the Pacific Ocean. This will force a
    respite in precipitation across the coast and into the Great Basin,
    but wintry precipitation will continue into the Northern Rockies,
    but in a slowly waning fashion. Snow levels will continue to fall
    steadily D2, reaching below 1000 ft in the Northern Rockies, which
    coincident with continuing (but easing) snow will result in heavy
    snow accumulations across the NW WY ranges, with some light
    accumulations down into most of the valleys. WPC probabilities D2
    are moderate (50-70%) for an additional 6+ inches, highest in the
    Tetons.

    Late D2 and then more substantially into D3, the large closed low
    west of WA/OR will spin two distinct vorticity maxima/shortwaves
    onshore, leading to increasing waves of precipitation spilling
    eastward once again. With this next impulse, snow levels will
    initially be low, only around 1500 ft, with modest rising
    occurring in the axis of greatest IVT. Despite IVT progged to
    remain only around 250 kg/m/s, this will lift snow levels to around
    3500 ft west of the Cascades in WA/OR, and then potentially as
    high as 4500 ft later D3 with the second wave. With impressive
    ascent increasing, and upslope flow amplifying into the terrain,
    heavy snowfall will result, and WPC probabilities D3 are moderate
    (50-70%) for 6+ inches from the Shasta/Trinity region northward
    along the Cascades.

    Moisture spilling east into the interior Northwest will encounter
    some trapped cold air and modest easterly flow ahead of the
    accompanying WAA/IVT, such that some light freezing rain could
    result on the eastern side of the Cascades. Potentially more
    impressively, the accompanying WAA and associated fgen could result
    in heavier snow rates farther east which could reach the valley
    floors of interior WA and OR. Confidence is low this far out, but
    WPC probabilities do indicate at least a low chance for 1" of snow
    across much of WA east of the Cascades, with heavier snow likely
    moving back into the Salmon River/Sawtooth Ranges before the end of
    the period.


    ...Central Plains into the Upper Midwest...
    Day 1...

    A mixed snow, sleet, and freezing rain event will be ongoing to
    start the forecast period as a wave of low pressure moves steadily
    from Kansas into the western Great Lakes. This low will be driven
    by a compact but potent closed low moving over-top the surface
    low, with downstream warm and moist advection expanding the
    precipitation shield northeast through the region. As this
    vertically stacked system moves east, it will run into some cold
    and dry antecedent air as an expansive high pressure gradually
    retreats towards New England. As WAA intensifies, it will push a
    warm nose above 0C, while surface wet-bulb temperatures will remain
    below freezing. The guidance has narrowed the corridor of
    significant freezing rain, and despite what could be moderate
    precip rates (supported by soundings) and a lack of dry advection
    to offset latent heat release of freezing (and to prevent
    substantial warming), there is high confidence in a stripe of
    significant ice accretion, especially in eastern and central IA.
    Here, WPC probabilities are moderate (50-70%) for an additional
    0.1+ inches of ice, leading to local event totals exceeding 0.25".


    ...Central Appalachians...
    Days 1-2...

    Sprawling high pressure with impressive central pressure
    approaching 1050mb will gradually pivot east through New England
    during the weekend. While this feature will retreat, it will extend
    down the coast east of the Appalachians as a cold-air damming
    scenario, at least initially reinforced by mid-level confluence
    ahead of an approaching shortwave. This impulse will lift from the
    Corn Belt late Saturday to off the New England coast, with the
    associated moisture and ascent producing a swath of precipitation
    extending from the Southern Appalachians through southern New
    England. The WAA overrunning the cold surface layer will likely
    result in an axis of moderate to heavy freezing rain in the higher
    elevations from southern WV through the MD Panhandle and into the
    Laurel Highlands where WPC probabilities for more than 0.1 inches
    of ice reach as high as 70%, and locally in excess of 0.25" is
    possible near the MD Panhandle and into the southern Laurel
    Highlands which is where the greatest duration of freezing rain is
    expected. Surrounding this, light freezing rain could result in
    accumulating ice exceeding 0.01 inches as far south as the northern
    escarpment of SC, and as far north as some of the higher terrain of
    Upstate NY.

    While the most significant winter impacts are likely due to
    freezing rain, many areas from PA through MA will experience
    precipitation at least starting a snow with some light
    accumulations likely in the higher elevations of the Poconos,
    Catskills, and Upstate NY/western New England. At this time
    however, WPC probabilities are only 50-70% for 2+ inches in these
    areas. In places that receive mostly rain, a brief mix of snow and
    sleet is possible during precipitation onset even as far southeast
    as the I-95 corridor, but no accumulation is expected.


    ...Northern Plains...
    Days 2-3...

    Vorticity maxima leftover from a weakening shortwave will lift
    northeast from the Great Basin, with secondary intensification of
    this feature likely over eastern MT Sunday. The guidance has
    continued to trend a bit deeper and farther south with this
    secondary development, suggesting a higher potential for some
    moderate to heavy precipitation from MT into ND.

    As the lead shortwave weakens and pushes northeast, some leading
    WAA will expand light precipitation into the northern High Plains.
    Forecast soundings suggest considerable dry air to overcome, but
    as this occurs it will cause some wet-bulb effects to keep temps
    below freezing and an axis of light freezing rain is likely from
    eastern MT into western ND Saturday night into Sunday morning.
    Accumulations are likely to be modest, however, as reflected by WPC probabilities for 0.1+" of ice peaking around 30% in eastern MT on
    D2. Still, any freezing rain can cause hazardous travel
    conditions.

    Thereafter, the secondary impulse deepens into a closed low which
    should cause some enhanced deformation to the north and west of the
    system. This deformation acting upon some higher theta-e air
    wrapping cyclonically around the low (emerging from intensifying
    290K isentropic ascent downstream) will support some banded snow
    rotating through ND and then into MN Sunday night and Monday. At
    this time total snowfall is still expected to be light however,
    with WPC probabilities for 2+ inches of snow reaching just around
    50% from eastern ND into northern MN.


    Weiss


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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sat Dec 14 20:05:58 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 142005
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    305 PM EST Sat Dec 14 2024

    Valid 00Z Sun Dec 15 2024 - 00Z Wed Dec 18 2024


    ...Western U.S...
    Days 1-3...

    A trio of storm systems will make for an active stretch of wintry
    weather to much of the West through early next week.

    An elongated 500mb trough tracking through the Northwest will
    direct the IVT responsible for the heavy snow in the Sierra Nevada
    today into the northern Rockies this evening. According to NAEFS,
    the IVT is ~100-200 kg/m/s in parts of the Intermountain West by
    00Z this evening, which is above the 90th climatological percentile
    from Southern CA to as far north and east as Wyoming. As snow
    winds down in the Sierra Nevada by tonight, this moisture source
    will work in tandem with broad diffluent flow at 250-500mb aloft to
    support periods of snow across the northern Rockies through Sunday
    afternoon. Farther west, persistent onshore flow will result in
    more mountain snow in the Olympics and Cascades before high
    pressure builds briefly Sunday afternoon. Through 00Z Monday, WPC
    PWPF shows moderate-to-high probabilities (50-70%) for snowfall
    totals >6" in the WA/OR Cascades at/above 5,000ft. The Tetons and
    Big Horns have the best odds (high chances, or >70%) for snowfall
    totals >8" with the tallest peaks of the Tetons likely receiving
    between 1-2 feet of snow. It is worth mentioning that portions of
    the Absaroka, Little Belt, and Big Snowy Mountains in Montana also
    have moderate-to-high chances (50-70%) for snowfall totals >6". The
    WSSI shows Moderate Impacts in parts of the Tetons and Big Horns
    through Sunday afternoon.

    By Sunday night, the brief reprieve in the Pacific Northwest ends
    as yet another Pacific storm system approaches the region. This is
    due to a shortwave trough breaking off from its parent upper low
    located in the northeast Pacific. Mountains snow from the Olympics
    and Cascades on south to the Siskiyou and Trinity/Shasta begin
    early Monday morning, peaking around late morning in intensity, and
    snowfall rates diminishing to a degree by Monday afternoon. The
    upper low will then make its way towards the region Monday night,
    albeit weakening on approach. Still, a healthy plume of 850-700mb
    moisture will allow for more heavy mountains snow in the Cascades
    through Tuesday morning before snow levels rise above 5,000ft
    Tuesday afternoon. The WSSI-P shows moderate probabilities
    (40-60%) for Minor Impacts for most elevations below 4,000ft
    through the duration of this multi-day event. The Oregon Cascades
    will likely pick up anywhere between 1-3 feet of snow through
    Tuesday afternoon.

    These pair of disturbances will track east into the Northern
    Rockies as well. The first arrives Monday afternoon as the
    divergent left-exit region of a 250mb jet streak moves over head,
    helping to maximize upper level ascent. In fact, with both Pacific
    systems will help to co-locate that divergent left-exit region of
    the 250mb jet streak through Tuesday afternoon. With sufficient
    Pacific moisture aloft and some additional upslope enhancement as
    well, this will be a snowy Monday and Tuesday from the Blue
    Mountains on east through the Boise, Sawtooth, Bitterroots, Lewis
    Range, Absaroka, and Teton Mountains. The Blue, Sawtooth, and
    Tetons are the most likely mountain ranges to see snowfall totals
    of 1-2 feet with localized amounts topping 2 feet through Tuesday
    afternoon.

    ...Central Plains into the Upper Midwest...
    Day 1...

    An icy wintry mix on the northern flank of a closed 500mb low will
    track through portions of the Midwest this afternoon and into the
    Great Lakes tonight. Modest 850mb WAA and 290K isentropic glide via
    southerly low level flow will overrun a boundary layer air-mass
    that contains wet-bulb temperatures at or below freezing. While
    some minor snow accumulations are possible in east-central
    Wisconsin, this setup favors sleet/freezing rain the most. Once the
    worst of the ice concludes over eastern Iowa this evening, freezing
    rain will be most problematic tonight in Michigan where surface
    temperatures are coldest thanks to residual snow pack, particularly
    in western Michigan following recent lake-effect snow. WPC
    probabilities show low-to-moderate chances (30-50%) in parts of
    western and northern Michigan through Sunday morning. A light
    wintry mix is expected to linger across the northern half of
    Michigan's Mitten through midday Sunday before finally concluding
    Sunday evening. West-central Michigan does feature Minor Impact
    potential on the WSSI due to Ice Accumulation tonight and into
    Sunday morning.

    ...Central Appalachians...
    Days 1-2...

    The same closed low responsible for the icy conditions in the Great
    Lakes will direct its plume of low-mid level moisture at the Mid-
    Atlantic tonight and into Sunday. The Northeast and Mid-Atlantic
    are both witnessing a record-breaking dome of high pressure
    overhead today and into tonight that is anchoring a sub-freezing
    air-mass through Sunday. Accumulating freezing rain is possible as
    early as this evening in the Smokeys and Blue Ridge where easterly
    low-level winds direct Atlantic moisture into these ranges, while simultaneously fostering upslope enhancement of precipitation
    rates. By Sunday morning, the plume of moisture arrives in the
    Central Appalachians most areas starting off as snow, but as the
    burgeoning 850-750mb warm nose arrives, should force snow to
    changeover to an icy mix of sleet/freezing rain from parts of
    western PA on east through the Laurel Highlands and Allegheny
    Mountains Sunday afternoon. Freezing Rain will be common as far
    south as the Potomac Highlands and even parts of the Blue Ridge in
    northern Virginia. How long freezing rain lingers is dependent
    upon how long cold-air damming can remain wedged into the nooks and
    crannies of the valleys of the Mid-Atlantic and Northeast. Periods
    of snow are likely farther north in New York State and interior
    New England while ice is possible from the Susquehanna and Delaware
    Valleys to parts of the Hudson Valley Sunday night. This could
    make for an icy Monday AM commute for portions of northern NJ,
    southern NY (excluding NYC) and southern New England.

    Latest WPC probabilities suggest low-to-moderate chances (30-50%)
    for ice accumulations >0.25" in parts of western MD and into the
    Laurel Highlands. It is likely that an expansive swath of minor
    ice accumulations envelope much of the interior portions of he
    Mid-Atlantic with the Central Appalachians most favored for
    hazardous ice. From the Smokeys of NC on north along the Blue Ridge
    and into the Alleghenys, WPC probabilities show moderate-to-high
    chances (50-70%) for >0.1" of ice. It is worth noting that WPC
    probabilities for >0.01" of ice are high (>70%) from the Catoctins
    and Parr's Ridge of northern MD through southeast PA and into
    northern NJ. While unlikely to cause significant problems, these
    accumulations could still result in slick travel conditions for
    these areas Sunday night.


    ...Northern Plains...
    Days 1-3...

    The upper level shortwave trough responsible for the excessive
    rainfall and heavy snow across northern California will race
    through the Intermountain West tonight and into the Northern
    Plains Sunday morning. Low pressure tracking east through eastern
    Montana will see weak WAA at low-levels overrun a sub-freezing air-
    mass that results in minor ice accumulations in northeast Montana
    and far western Montana. As the storm tracks east through North
    Dakota Sunday afternoon and into northern Minnesota by early Monday
    morning, the storm will strengthen and snow will wrap around the
    western flank of the storm system. Snowfall rates may be generally
    light, but a tightening of the pressure gradient will cause
    blustery winds to take shape by Monday morning. The WSSI-P shows low-to-moderate chances (20-40%) for Minor Impacts along the
    ND/northwest MN border along Canada due to a combination of Snow
    Amount and Blowing Snow through Monday morning.

    As this system departs, a quick moving wave of light snow may track
    across South Dakota and into southern Minnesota on Tuesday. WPC
    probabilities are not impressed with probabilities >10% for
    snowfall totals >4" at the moment, but this setup will have some
    banded precip potential along the northern flank of a warm front
    and the region's location beneath the divergent left-exit quadrant
    of an approaching 250mb jet streak. These setups have been known
    to produce quick 1-3" swath of snowfall that could result in
    locally hazardous travel conditions, so this will be monitored in
    subsequent forecast cycles.


    Mullinax



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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sun Dec 15 07:27:26 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 150727
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    227 AM EST Sun Dec 15 2024

    Valid 12Z Sun Dec 15 2024 - 12Z Wed Dec 18 2024


    ...Pacific Northwest through the Northern Rockies...
    Days 1-3...

    An active period of weather will bring periods of of heavy snow to
    much of the region through the middle of next week.

    The period begins with a broad longwave mid-level trough centered
    over the Rockies. Within this trough, a modest shortwave impulse
    and accompanying vorticity maxima will be shedding northeast into
    the Northern Rockies, interacting with modest downstream moisture
    reflected by near-normal PWs according to NAEFS. This will spread a
    swath of precipitation across ID/WY/MT the first half of D1 before
    an approaching shortwave ridge brings an end to the precipitation.
    Most of this precipitation will be light, with the exception likely
    in the vicinity of NW WY/Tetons where upslope flow and some
    enhanced fgen will drive heavier rates and greater snowfall
    accumulations. WPC probabilities D1 for more than 8 inches of snow
    are high, above 70%, in the Tetons and adjacent Absarokas to the
    north.

    Behind this first shortwave, the aforementioned shortwave ridging
    will cause a brief respite to precipitation in the Pacific
    Northwest, but this will come to an end by the start of D2 as
    another amplified closed low drifts eastward across the Pacific
    Ocean. Downstream of this low, mid-level divergence will approach
    the coast Monday morning, with periodic PVA through shedding
    vorticity lobes helping to enhance ascent. The downstream SW/WAA
    ahead of this feature will surge moisture back onshore as well,
    reflected by IVT approaching the 97th percentile as both GEFS and
    ECENS probabilities for IVT of 500 kg/m/s reach 20-30%. This will
    spread heavier precipitation back onshore the Pacific Northwest,
    with snow falling above generally 3000 ft in the Cascades, and
    spilling into the interior Northwest where snow levels will be even
    lower, around 1500 ft. This will result in moderate to heavy snow
    from the Shasta/Siskiyou/Klamath region of CA northward along the
    Cascades and as far inland as the Blue Mountains and Salmon River
    range. Across these areas, WPC probabilities are moderate to high
    (50-70%) for at least 8 inches of snow, and locally more than 12
    inches is likely (>70%) in the highest terrain of the OR Cascades
    and near Mt. Shasta.

    During D3, a warm front just offshore will lift northward, and the
    accompanying precipitation will follow on enhanced WAA lifting
    across OR/ID/WA. The intensity of this precipitation should
    generally be lighter in the snow areas than on D2, but additional
    accumulations exceeding 6 inches are possible (30-50%), highest in
    the WA Cascades.


    ...Central Appalachians...
    Day 1...

    Weakening surface low pressure moving across the OH VLY will spread
    downstream moisture northward into the Central Appalachians and
    Mid-Atlantic States. This moisture will surge northward on
    intensifying 295K isentropic ascent, lifting atop a retreating but
    still expansive high pressure centered over New England and its
    resultant wedge east of the Appalachians. As the high retreats and
    the surface low weakens while moving eastward, low-level flow will
    veer to become primarily S/SE, not ideal for locking in any low-
    level cold air. This suggests that while precipitation will begin
    wintry (snow/sleet/freezing rain) in most areas from the highest
    elevations of SC northward, it will quickly turn to rain outside of
    the higher terrain. Even in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeast as far
    southeast as the I-95 corridor, precipitation may start as a brief
    period of sleet or snow before turning to rain. This will limit
    wintry accumulation in many areas.

    However, in the higher terrain of WV, through the MD Panhandle, and
    into the Laurel Highlands, a prolonged period of freezing rain is
    likely, which will accrete to moderate to substantial ice amounts
    through Sunday night. Some modest conditional instability reflected
    by theta-e lapse rates around 0C/km will support at times briefly
    heavy rain rates, somewhat limiting the accretion potential
    (especially without any dry-bulbing affects), but prolonged
    duration of freezing rain has still bumped WPC probabilities to
    moderate (30-50%) for 0.25" centered near the MD Panhandle, with
    high probabilities (>70%) for at least 0.01" stretched from NC
    northward along the Appalachians into Upstate NY.


    ...Northern Plains...
    Days 1-2...

    A wave of low pressure moving from MT through MN Sunday into Monday
    will deepen in response to a mid-level shortwave closing off
    overhead, collocated with the LFQ of a modest but poleward arcing
    jet streak. As this low slowly intensifies, the downstream plume of rich theta-e air spreading northward from the Gulf of Mexico will begin
    to wrap cyclonically around the low, potentially supporting modest
    TROWAL development pivoting into far northern ND and northern MN
    Sunday night. The leading WAA ahead of this developing low will
    likely result in some modest freezing rain across far western ND
    and eastern MT early D1 due to lack of saturation within the DGZ,
    but WPC probabilities on D1 are above 70% for at least some icing,
    with a narrow channel of 10-30% near the ND/MT border for 0.1
    inches.

    More impressive is likely to be the snowfall on the northern edge
    of this system as it progresses east, with snow becoming more
    intense Monday from eastern ND through northern MN. Here, elevated
    instability beneath the TROWAL combined with modest deformation
    could result in banded snow structures, offsetting otherwise modest
    omega present within the column. There is still some uncertainty
    into how much snow may result as precipitation expands and
    intensifies Monday, but WPC probabilities have increased and are
    50-70% from northern ND across into northern MN for 2+ inches, and
    the WSE plumes do suggest at least a low-end potential for 4-5
    inches in some areas. Regardless of the intensity and amounts of
    snow, hazardous travel is likely as fluffy SLR snow combines with
    gusty winds to cause snow covered roads with restricted visibility,
    but WSSI-P for moderate impacts remains quite low for this area
    suggesting primarily minor impacts.


    Weiss


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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sun Dec 15 20:01:58 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 152001
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    301 PM EST Sun Dec 15 2024

    Valid 00Z Mon Dec 16 2024 - 00Z Thu Dec 19 2024


    ...Pacific Northwest through the Northern Rockies...
    Days 1-3...

    As the first storm system that brought periods of heavy snow to the
    mountainous terrain of the Pacific Northwest and Northern Rockies
    winds down this afternoon, the next frontal system associated with
    a shortwave trough will track towards the region tonight. As the
    warm front approaches, a slug of 850-700mb moisture will slam into
    the Pacific Northwest coast that leads to periods of mountain snow
    in the usual suspects (Olympics, Cascades, Siskiyou,
    Trinity/Shasta) tonight and into Monday morning. This is no slouch
    of a moisture stream either, as evident by an IVT surpassing 500
    kg/m/s just off the West Coast that is above the 90th
    climatological percentile per NAEFS.

    This moisture will spill over into the interior Northwest and
    eventually the Northern Rockies by Monday afternoon, thanks to
    aforementioned IVT that by Monday morning is above the 97.5
    climatological percentile as it takes aim at northern California.
    In fact, 500mb mean specific humidity levels are also above the
    90th climatological percentile by 00Z Tuesday across northern UT
    and into the Tetons of WY. The region also lies beneath the
    divergent left-exit region of a >120kt 250mb jet streak Monday
    evening. Add in westerly 700-500mb winds that are 40-50 kts and
    this is a good setup for upslope enhanced snowfall rates in N-S
    oriented ranges (such as the Boise, Sawtooth, and Teton Mountains).
    Westerlies advecting Pacific moisture into the northern Rockies
    will keep snow in the forecast through Tuesday afternoon. By the
    time snow concludes Tuesday night the Blue, Boise, Sawtooth, and
    Teton Mountains are likely to see anywhere from 10-20 inches of
    snow with totals approaching 30" in the peaks of the Tetons.

    Meanwhile, the Pacific Northwest will remain mired in the same
    moist westerly flow Monday night and into Tuesday as the initial
    upper low opens up and tracks over head Monday night. As it heads
    east on Tuesday, upper level ridging and WAA aloft ensues ahead of
    the next approaching PAcific shortwave trough. The warm front
    lifting north through the region Tuesday afternoon will coincide
    with the arrival of strong high pressure over southwest Canada.
    Sub-freezing air racing south into the Columbia Basin will make for
    a classic overrunning setup that gives rise to an icy wintry mix
    Tuesday afternoon and linger into Tuesday night. While WAA
    increases on Wednesday ahead of the next PAcific shortwave trough,
    snow levels will rise to the point where even elevations >6,000ft
    will struggle to support snow. However, frozen precipitation may
    linger along the northern Washington/Canada border. WSSI-P shows
    low chance probabilities for Minor Impacts in parts of the Columbia
    Basin due to ice Tuesday night and into Wednesday morning. Over
    this prolonged stretch of heavy snow, the Cascade Range and
    Olympics above 4,000ft are likely to see 12 inches at least with
    the elevations above 5,000ft seeing as much as 2 feet of snow. This
    includes elevations farther east concluding the Blue Mountains,
    the Bitterroots in northern Idaho, and the Lewis Range in western
    Montana. even the Salmon/Trinity/Shasta Mountains of northern
    California above 5,000ft could pick up as much as a foot of snow.


    ...Central Appalachians...
    Day 1...

    An icy wintry mix has enveloped much of the northern Mid-Atlantic
    as a potent upper low tracking across the Lower Great Lakes is
    producing WAA at low-mid levels. This WAA and plume of moisture
    aloft is overrunning a sub-freezing air-mass anchored by
    exceptionally strong high pressure to the northeast. The upper
    trough will weaken as it heads northeast this evening with
    generally minor snowfall accumulations (1-3", locally up to 4") in
    northern PA on east through the Poconos and Catskills tonight. The
    freezing rain/sleet mix remains the most problematic when it comes
    to hazardous travel from the central Appalachians this afternoon, to
    portions of the Lehigh Valley, Delaware Valley, and through the
    Tri-State region north of NYC tonight and into Monday morning. This
    could make for a slick morning commute in parts of the Tri-State
    area. Most additional ice accumulations will be <0.1" with the
    Laurel Highlands featuring the better chances (30-50%) for
    additional ice accumulations >0.1" through tonight. The WSSI does
    show Minor Impacts in parts of central PA, the Catskills, and
    northern NJ with lingering Moderate Impacts from the Laurel
    Highlands on south through Garrett County, MD and the Appalachians
    of West Virginia.


    ...Northeast & eastern Great Lakes...
    Day 3...

    There remains a fair amount of spread in solutions for the next
    developing wave of low pressure set to track through the Ohio
    Valley on Wednesday and towards the Northeast by Wednesday
    evening. While track and intensity of the storm are unclear, areas
    from northeast OH and northwest PA through the northern
    Appalachians are currently favored for some measurable snowfall
    that may lead to hazardous travel impacts Wednesday night. The
    latest WPC probabilistic guidance shows low chances (10-30%) for
    snowfall >4" in the Adirondacks through Wednesday evening. Guidance
    trends will be closely monitored in subsequent forecasts as it does
    have the potential to be a disruptive winter storm for residents in
    the interior Northeast.


    ...Northern Plains...
    Day 1...

    Low pressure in North Dakota will continue to produce minor
    snowfall accumulations through northern North Dakota and into
    northern Minnesota tonight. As the storm strengthens overnight,
    gusty winds will promote some blowing and drifting snow, but
    outside of some reductions to visibility, impacts should be very
    minor for these regions through Monday. WPC probabilities show
    low-to-moderate chances (30-50%) for >2" of snowfall through Monday
    afternoon in far northern North Dakota and northwest Minnesota.


    Mullinax





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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Mon Dec 16 08:31:01 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 160830
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    330 AM EST Mon Dec 16 2024

    Valid 12Z Mon Dec 16 2024 - 12Z Thu Dec 19 2024


    ...Pacific Northwest through the Northern Rockies...
    Days 1-3...

    An active period of weather continues across the West as a trough
    persists offshore shedding impulses and accompanying IVT onto the
    coast. Despite this, the general trends will be for bulging
    thicknesses across the West with increasingly quiet weather
    forecast through the period.

    On D1, a strung out vorticity lobe accompanying a shortwave trough
    will lift northeast towards the WA coast, driving a frontal system
    eastward towards the shore. As this feature moves to the east, it
    will weaken and elongate, but still push increasing moisture into
    the region within confluent mid-level flow. The highest
    accompanying IVT will move across CA and into the Great Basin, but
    a broader surge of elevated PWs will shift into most of the Pacific
    and interior Northwest, resulting in a shield of precipitation
    lifting across the area. Snow levels west of the Cascade crest will
    rise to around 4000 ft, but remain much lower to the east,
    especially across interior WA state at just 1500-2500 ft, but then
    rise again to around 3000 ft in the Northern Rockies. Where the
    best overlap of synoptic lift (through height falls, downstream
    divergence, and upper level diffluence) and upslope flow combine,
    likely in the Shasta/Siskiyou region, the OR Cascades, and as far
    east as the Salmon Rivers and Tetons. In these ranges and above the aforementioned snow levels, WPC probabilities D1 for more than 8
    inches are generally 70-90%, with locally as much as 2 feet
    possible.

    As this first wave sheds inland, it will be quickly followed by
    another, more impressive surge of IVT (GEFS and ECENS probabilities
    for >500 kg/m/s as high as 80%). This secondary plume will traverse
    more quickly north as a low-level trough axis and following warm-
    front extending from another approaching shortwave pushes from
    northern CA into WA state. This surge will drive snow levels
    rapidly upward, reaching as high as 8000 ft by the end of D2 west
    of the Cascades, but even 5000-7000 ft as far east as the northern
    Rockies and the Great Basin. This will cause a rapid decrease in
    snow coverage while SLRs also fall to become much heavier (also
    reflected by increasing snow load probabilities in the WSSI-P). WPC probabilities D2 are highest in the WA Cascades and Northern
    Rockies where they reach 70-90% for an additional 6+ inches, with
    lighter additional accumulations expected across the Salmon Rivers,
    Sawtooth, and Tetons.

    During D3 most of the ascent and accompanying moisture shifts
    eastward into the High Plains, bringing a brief reprieve to
    snowfall in the Northwest. However, early in the period /Wednesday
    morning/ some light snow is likely in the higher terrain of the WA
    Cascades, Okanogan Highlands, and Northern Rockies, where WPC
    probabilities are moderate (50-70%) for 4+ inches of additional
    snowfall. Potentially more problematic early D3 will be the threat
    of some freezing rain along and east of the Cascades, including
    some of the passes. The deterministic icing amounts from the
    guidance are quite low, as are WPC probabilities for even 0.01
    inches of ice (just 10-30%), but any light icing could be
    problematic for the Wednesday morning commute.


    ...Northern Plains into the Upper Midwest...
    Day 2...

    A modest mid-level impulse will traverse southeast from the
    Northern Rockies to the Western Great Lakes Tuesday, producing
    sharp but temporally short height falls, combined with increasing
    LFQ diffluence as a jet streak pivots across the region. The trends
    in the guidance have been for this jet streak to be more intense
    and more strongly poleward arcing, while also being a bit
    displaced to the south. Although moisture downstream of this
    shortwave will be modest, it will likely be effectively wrung out
    as fgen intensifies directly into the deepening DGZ, supporting
    snowfall rates in a narrow channel that may exceed 1"/hr. The
    system is progressive, but the briefly heavy snow should cause some
    moderate accumulations and modest impacts. WPC probabilities are
    currently less than 10% for 4+ inches (but 50-70% for 2+ inches),
    but it is possible some higher snowfall will occur with this band.


    ...Northeast & Eastern Great Lakes...
    Day 3...

    Guidance starting to converge on a solution which will bring a
    progressive but impactful winter storm to the interior Northeast
    Wednesday night and Thursday. Dual shortwaves, one lifting out of
    the Missouri Valley Wednesday, and a second northern stream impulse
    diving across the Great Lakes may interact or phase near 12Z
    Thursday (end of D3) over Upstate New York. This will occur along
    an eastward racing cold front, with downstream and intensifying
    warm advection spreading moisture northward as an expanding
    precipitation shield from the eastern OH VLY into New England.
    It appears through the OH VLY and Mid-Atlantic, most of the
    precipitation will be rain as the column dries before cold air can
    catch the moisture.

    However, across interior PA, NY, and northern New England, the
    risk for heavy snow is increasing as the two shortwaves phase and
    produce secondary cyclogenesis off the coast. At this time there
    continues to be considerable timing and spatial spread of this
    secondary low, leading to wide fluctuations in snowfall potential.
    However, the setup should result in a pronounced band of heavy snow
    through WAA/Fgen, resulting in an axis of heavy accumulations.
    Where this is going to occur, and with what intensity, remains very
    uncertain as reflected by DESI LREF plumes and very low WSSI-P
    probabilities for moderate impacts. However, current WPC
    probabilities have increased, and feature a 50-70% chance of at
    least 4 inches of snow, greatest across the high terrain of the
    Adirondacks, Greens, and Whites.


    ...Northern Plains...
    Day 3...

    Zonal flow across Western Canada will become suppressed in response
    to a sharpening shortwave which will amplify as it digs east of the
    Northern Rockies and reaches the Dakotas before the end of the
    forecast period. This shortwave is progged to remain progressive,
    but should deepen substantially and will work in tandem with a
    digging jet streak to drive pronounced ascent Wednesday night into
    eastern MT and the Dakotas. This synoptic lift moving atop a
    baroclinic gradient along a weak front will help launch
    cyclogenesis, and a strong clipper type low is likely to dive into
    the region D3. Impressive WAA downstream of this feature will help
    deepen the DGZ (SREF probabilities for > 50mb of depth increase to
    70%), which should work together with the ageostrophic response to
    the jet streak to produce a band of impressive fgen. The column is
    quite cold at this time and the best fgen may reside above the
    DGZ, but a band of heavy snow is becoming more likely Wednesday
    night. A lot of details will still need to be ironed out, but
    current WPC probabilities are moderate (50-70%) for 4+ inches of
    snow across northern ND, with additional moderate to heavy snow
    likely to continue downstream through D4.


    Weiss



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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Mon Dec 16 19:54:22 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 161953
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    253 PM EST Mon Dec 16 2024

    Valid 00Z Tue Dec 17 2024 - 00Z Fri Dec 20 2024


    ...Pacific Northwest through the Northern Rockies...
    Days 1-3...

    20Z Update: Current forecast remains on track across the Western
    CONUS with increasing snowfall coverage expanding towards the
    interior west as modest jet coupling with the approach of the next
    Pacific jet will punch through the PAC NW with the nose of the jet
    likely encroaching the Tetons late this evening. Strong mid-level
    diffluence and correlated positive vorticity advection in
    association with the shortwave trough ejection correlate highly to
    an enhanced region of ascent focused downstream of the Cascades
    with the best opportunity for significant snowfall likely over the
    Tetons and adjacent terrain. Previous WPC probs of 70-90+% for >8"
    still have merit with little deviation from the previous forecast
    as run-to-run continuity remains high suggesting a positive
    handling by the current NWP suite of the evolving mid and longwave
    pattern west of the Rockies.

    Kleebauer

    ..Previous Discussion..

    An active period of weather continues across the West as a trough
    persists offshore shedding impulses and accompanying IVT onto the
    coast. Despite this, the general trends will be for bulging
    thicknesses across the West with increasingly quiet weather
    forecast through the period.

    On D1, a strung out vorticity lobe accompanying a shortwave trough
    will lift northeast towards the WA coast, driving a frontal system
    eastward towards the shore. As this feature moves to the east, it
    will weaken and elongate, but still push increasing moisture into
    the region within confluent mid-level flow. The highest
    accompanying IVT will move across CA and into the Great Basin, but
    a broader surge of elevated PWs will shift into most of the Pacific
    and interior Northwest, resulting in a shield of precipitation
    lifting across the area. Snow levels west of the Cascade crest will
    rise to around 4000 ft, but remain much lower to the east,
    especially across interior WA state at just 1500-2500 ft, but then
    rise again to around 3000 ft in the Northern Rockies. Where the
    best overlap of synoptic lift (through height falls, downstream
    divergence, and upper level diffluence) and upslope flow combine,
    likely in the Shasta/Siskiyou region, the OR Cascades, and as far
    east as the Salmon Rivers and Tetons. In these ranges and above the aforementioned snow levels, WPC probabilities D1 for more than 8
    inches are generally 70-90%, with locally as much as 2 feet
    possible.

    As this first wave sheds inland, it will be quickly followed by
    another, more impressive surge of IVT (GEFS and ECENS probabilities
    for >500 kg/m/s as high as 80%). This secondary plume will traverse
    more quickly north as a low-level trough axis and following warm-
    front extending from another approaching shortwave pushes from
    northern CA into WA state. This surge will drive snow levels
    rapidly upward, reaching as high as 8000 ft by the end of D2 west
    of the Cascades, but even 5000-7000 ft as far east as the northern
    Rockies and the Great Basin. This will cause a rapid decrease in
    snow coverage while SLRs also fall to become much heavier (also
    reflected by increasing snow load probabilities in the WSSI-P). WPC probabilities D2 are highest in the WA Cascades and Northern
    Rockies where they reach 70-90% for an additional 6+ inches, with
    lighter additional accumulations expected across the Salmon Rivers,
    Sawtooth, and Tetons.

    During D3 most of the ascent and accompanying moisture shifts
    eastward into the High Plains, bringing a brief reprieve to
    snowfall in the Northwest. However, early in the period /Wednesday
    morning/ some light snow is likely in the higher terrain of the WA
    Cascades, Okanogan Highlands, and Northern Rockies, where WPC
    probabilities are moderate (50-70%) for 4+ inches of additional
    snowfall. Potentially more problematic early D3 will be the threat
    of some freezing rain along and east of the Cascades, including
    some of the passes. The deterministic icing amounts from the
    guidance are quite low, as are WPC probabilities for even 0.01
    inches of ice (just 10-30%), but any light icing could be
    problematic for the Wednesday morning commute.

    Weiss

    ...Northern Plains into the Upper Midwest...
    Day 2...

    20Z Update: Current synoptic forecast remains steady within the
    latest suite of NWP as a strong mid-level shortwave ejects into the North-Central Plains with increasing 850-700mb FGEN focused within
    a skinny axis aligned northwest to southeast across central and
    eastern SD into southwestern MN as we approach the end of the D2
    cycle. The latest update brought up snowfall totals a bit to match
    the trends of the latest QPF output from much of the deterministic
    suite, as well as modest increases in the latest NBM 50th-90th
    percentile for snowfall. Local bufr soundings across eastern SD
    signal appreciable omega located within a marginally deep center of
    DGZ with the primary time frame of interest aligning between 18-03z
    during the period. A small increase in the WPC probs for >2" were
    reflected in the previous forecast below with now a prob max of 80%
    now forecast based off the latest forecast issuance. To add more
    relevance to the setup, recent CIPS analogs for the period were
    referencing high correlations to multiple events of similar
    stature, most of which ended up with final results showing bands of
    4-6" during past evolutions. This lends credence to the potential
    for locally higher totals >4" if everything aligns within the
    overlapping FGEN signatures being progged.

    Kleebauer

    ..Previous Discussion..

    A modest mid-level impulse will traverse southeast from the
    Northern Rockies to the Western Great Lakes Tuesday, producing
    sharp but temporally short height falls, combined with increasing
    LFQ diffluence as a jet streak pivots across the region. The trends
    in the guidance have been for this jet streak to be more intense
    and more strongly poleward arcing, while also being a bit
    displaced to the south. Although moisture downstream of this
    shortwave will be modest, it will likely be effectively wrung out
    as fgen intensifies directly into the deepening DGZ, supporting
    snowfall rates in a narrow channel that may exceed 1"/hr. The
    system is progressive, but the briefly heavy snow should cause some
    moderate accumulations and modest impacts. WPC probabilities are
    currently less than 10% for 4+ inches (but 50-80% for 2+ inches),
    but it is possible some higher snowfall will occur with this band.

    Weiss

    ...Northeast & Eastern Great Lakes...
    Day 3...

    20Z Update: Model spread has lessened compared to the previous
    forecast issuance, however some differences within the low
    positioning and overall 500mb evolution still maintain some
    questions on the anticipated magnitude of snowfall potential across
    the interior Northeast. Latest WPC probability fields for >4" and
    6" have not wavered much compared to the previous forecast with
    the general probability maxima tied to the higher elevations of the Adirondacks, the Green and White Mountains of VT/NH, and Western
    ME. Until spread decreases, the forecast remains of medium
    confidence in the total expected output, but confidence on the
    location of higher snowfall relegated to the interior still remains
    high due to the anticipated thermal structure situated across New
    England.

    Kleebauer

    ..Previous Discussion..

    Guidance starting to converge on a solution which will bring a
    progressive but impactful winter storm to the interior Northeast
    Wednesday night and Thursday. Dual shortwaves, one lifting out of
    the Missouri Valley Wednesday, and a second northern stream impulse
    diving across the Great Lakes may interact or phase near 12Z
    Thursday (end of D3) over Upstate New York. This will occur along
    an eastward racing cold front, with downstream and intensifying
    warm advection spreading moisture northward as an expanding
    precipitation shield from the eastern OH VLY into New England.
    It appears through the OH VLY and Mid-Atlantic, most of the
    precipitation will be rain as the column dries before cold air can
    catch the moisture.

    However, across interior PA, NY, and northern New England, the
    risk for heavy snow is increasing as the two shortwaves phase and
    produce secondary cyclogenesis off the coast. At this time there
    continues to be considerable timing and spatial spread of this
    secondary low, leading to wide fluctuations in snowfall potential.
    However, the setup should result in a pronounced band of heavy snow
    through WAA/Fgen, resulting in an axis of heavy accumulations.
    Where this is going to occur, and with what intensity, remains very
    uncertain as reflected by DESI LREF plumes and very low WSSI-P
    probabilities for moderate impacts. However, current WPC
    probabilities have increased, and feature a 50-70% chance of at
    least 4 inches of snow, greatest across the high terrain of the
    Adirondacks, Greens, and Whites.

    Weiss

    ...Northern Plains...
    Day 3...

    20Z Update: The overall synoptic evolution for the D3 setup across
    the Northern Plains remains steady within the latest 12z model
    consensus. Prospects for a heavy snowfall across north-central ND
    through eastern ND into MN are increasing as run- to-run
    variability has wavered little with better consensus on the axis of
    impressive sfc-700mb FGEN anticipated with the approach of the
    vigorous northern stream shortwave. Latest percentiles for >4" of
    snowfall were updated below to include now 80% for subsequent
    moderate accumulations with individual deterministic output now
    pushing 10+" portions of the Upper Midwest extending over the areas
    above. This threat bears monitoring for locally significant
    headlines if the current trend continues.

    Kleebauer

    ..Previous Discussion..

    Zonal flow across Western Canada will become suppressed in response
    to a sharpening shortwave which will amplify as it digs east of the
    Northern Rockies and reaches the Dakotas before the end of the
    forecast period. This shortwave is progged to remain progressive,
    but should deepen substantially and will work in tandem with a
    digging jet streak to drive pronounced ascent Wednesday night into
    eastern MT and the Dakotas. This synoptic lift moving atop a
    baroclinic gradient along a weak front will help launch
    cyclogenesis, and a strong clipper type low is likely to dive into
    the region D3. Impressive WAA downstream of this feature will help
    deepen the DGZ (SREF probabilities for > 50mb of depth increase to
    70%), which should work together with the ageostrophic response to
    the jet streak to produce a band of impressive fgen. The column is
    quite cold at this time and the best fgen may reside above the
    DGZ, but a band of heavy snow is becoming more likely Wednesday
    night. A lot of details will still need to be ironed out, but
    current WPC probabilities are moderate (50-80%) for 4+ inches of
    snow across northern ND, with additional moderate to heavy snow
    likely to continue downstream through D4.


    Weiss






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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Tue Dec 17 07:46:42 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 170746
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    246 AM EST Tue Dec 17 2024

    Valid 12Z Tue Dec 17 2024 - 12Z Fri Dec 20 2024


    ...Pacific Northwest through the Northern Rockies...
    Days 1-2...

    Shortwave ridging over the Pacific Northwest will quickly be
    displaced by an approaching trough moving eastward from the
    Pacific leading to height falls along the coast. While the core of
    this feature will lift into British Columbia, a secondary vorticity
    maxima will pivot onshore NW WA state Tuesday night with enhanced
    ascent through PVA, height falls, and concurrent upper level
    diffluence. This impulse will move quickly eastward, but will be
    accompanied by a lead warm front and trailing cold front, causing
    fluctuations in snow levels.

    The heaviest precipitation is likely to accompany the warm front,
    generally 18Z Tuesday through 12Z Wednesday, with a secondary surge
    along the trailing cold front Wednesday morning. During the warm
    frontal passage and accompanying WAA/moisture surge, snow levels
    are progged to climb to as high as 8000 ft along and west of the
    Cascades. This will limit significant snowfall to just the higher
    terrain, with rain the primary p-type at the passes. However,
    during the transition from cold to warm, a period of freezing rain
    is possible even as low as Snoqualmie and Stevens Passes, creating
    hazardous travel this evening before changing to all-rain. East of
    the Crest, cold air locked in within Canadian high pressure will
    allow for more substantial freezing rain/ice accretion through
    early Wednesday. The subsequent cold front will produce primarily
    rain, as snow levels crash behind it but occur with rapid drying as
    well.

    For the areas that get snow and ice accumulations, moderate impacts
    are expected as reflected by the WSSI-P showing a high chance
    80%) for moderate impacts in the WA Cascades and into the
    foothills. Here, WPC probabilities for 0.1 inches of ice are
    generally 10-30%, and 70-90+% for 6 or more inches of snow. By D2
    as the cold front shifts east, additional moderate snowfall
    accumulations are likely in the Northern Rockies where WPC
    probabilities are 30-50% for 6+ inches.


    ...Northern Plains into the Upper Midwest...
    Day 1...

    A compact and fast moving shortwave will eject from the Northern
    Rockies early Tuesday and then race eastward towards the Great
    Lakes. This feature will remain of low amplitude, but be
    accompaniedby a potent vorticity streamer to enhance otherwise
    modest mid- level ascent. More impressive will be a strengthening
    jet streak beginning to arc poleward immediately downstream of the
    shortwave trough axis. Together this will produce an narrow
    corridor of intense ascent which can support a heavy snow band
    moving generally west to east from SD through southern MN and into
    WI. The most intense ascent should occur during the daylight hours,
    but a deepening DGZ (SREF 100mb of depth probabilities reaching
    50%) which is aligned with the greatest ascent through 700-600mb
    fgen, will support heavy snow rates that could exceed 1"/hr at
    times. The progressive nature of this will limit snowfall totals,
    but WPC probabilities for 2+ inches are above 70% in a stripe
    across eastern SD into SW MN, with locally 4-6" probable as
    reflected by HREF max ensemble output in the most intense snow
    banding.


    Days 2-3...
    After this first wave exits, a brief respite will occur before a
    more pronounced system digs out of Canada and dives SW into the
    Northern Plains. This will be driven by a potent shortwave dropping
    from the Canadian Rockies and into North Dakota by Thursday
    morning, with the primary ascent efficiently overlapped with the
    LFQ of a strengthening jet streak also digging into the region.
    This deep layer ascent will impinge into a low-level baroclinic
    boundary as a warm front drapes eastward, resulting in rapid
    cyclogenesis in eastern MT, with this low then moving into ND and
    then into the Great Lakes by the end of D3.

    As this wave moves eastward and deepens, WAA/isentropic ascent will
    begin to intensify between 280K-285K on Thursday surging moisture
    into and downstream of the system, reflected by an axis of PWs
    exceeding the 90th percentile according to NAEFS. At the same time,
    this WAA will occur favorably into an extremely cold column to
    deepen the DGZ to more than 100mb, and intensifying fgen will drive
    pronounced ascent into this DGZ. The deep DGZ, a sub-DGZ isothermal
    layer, and modest winds in a very cold column suggest SLRs will be
    quite high, and this will rapidly accumulate despite the general
    progressive nature of this system. At this time, WPC probabilities
    D2 are high (70-90%) for more than 4 inches across much of northern
    ND, with a stripe of 30-50% probabilities for 4+ inches extending
    as far east as the Door Peninsula of WI. Locally, 6-8" of snow is
    possible across ND during the event.


    ...Northeast & Eastern Great Lakes...
    Days 2-3...

    Surface low pressure will develop near the TN VLY Wednesday morning
    in response to an elongated shortwave diving from the Central
    Plains across the region. This shortwave will be accompanied by
    modest height falls/PVA to drive ascent, and interact with the RRQ
    of a distant but still noteworthy jet streak pivoting over the
    eastern Great Lakes. This low will then lift northeast along a cold
    front, while a secondary, and more intense, northern stream
    shortwave move over the Great Lakes and into the Northeast. These
    features are likely to interact across the Northeast, leading to
    secondary low pressure developing off the New England coast and
    deepening as it moves into Canada.

    Moisture associated with these waves will surge northward on rich
    theta-e advection, resulting in PWs which are progged by NAEFS to
    exceed the 90th percentile in the CFSR database. This will allow
    for widespread precipitation to become heavy beginning around 00Z
    Thursday, with wintry precipitation spreading across interior
    portions of the northeast. While there still remains some
    longitudinal spread in the placement of this low as it strengthens
    near New England, the ensemble clusters have begun to focus a bit
    farther to the east. This will create an environment that is colder
    and more supportive to wintry precipitation, especially as the low
    pulls away Thursday morning. The passes of the front combined with
    the isallobaric flow into the surface low will help enhance fgen as
    well, which when overlapping the increased deformation NW of the
    deepening low/interacting shortwaves will likely lead to some heavy
    snow rates across interior New England. However, the column as a
    whole still appears generally marginal for snow, so a heavy, wet
    snow, with low SLRs is likely except in the highest terrain.

    The progressive nature and low SLR nature of this system will limit
    total snowfall amounts, but heavy accumulations are still possible,
    especially in the higher terrain which could result in at least
    modest impacts due to snow load. This is reflected by WPC
    probabilities that feature a moderate risk (50-70% chance) of more
    than 4 inches in the highest terrain of the Adirondacks, Greens,
    and Whites, with lesser accumulations extending through much of
    northern New England except in the lowest valleys. Locally, 12" of
    snow is possible in the highest terrain of the Whites near Mt.
    Washington.


    Weiss


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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Tue Dec 17 19:46:18 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 171946
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    246 PM EST Tue Dec 17 2024

    Valid 00Z Wed Dec 18 2024 - 00Z Sat Dec 21 2024


    ...Pacific Northwest through the Northern Rockies...
    Day 1...

    Shortwave ridging over the Pacific Northwest will be quickly
    displaced by an approaching trough moving eastward from the Pacific
    leading to height falls along the coast. While the core of this
    feature will lift into British Columbia, a secondary vorticity
    maximum will pivot onshore NW WA state tonight with enhanced ascent
    through PVA, height falls, and concurrent upper level diffluence.
    This impulse will move quickly eastward, but will be accompanied by
    a lead warm front and trailing cold front, causing fluctuations in
    snow levels.

    The heaviest precipitation is likely to accompany the warm front,
    generally from now through 12Z Wednesday, with a secondary surge
    along the trailing cold front Wednesday morning. During the warm
    frontal passage and accompanying WAA/moisture surge, snow levels
    are progged to climb to as high as 8000 ft along and west of the
    Cascades. This will limit significant snowfall to just the higher
    terrain, with rain the primary p-type at the passes. However,
    during the transition from cold to warm, a period of freezing rain
    is possible even as low as Snoqualmie and Stevens Passes, creating
    hazardous travel this evening before changing to all-rain. East of
    the Crest, cold air locked in within Canadian high pressure will
    allow for more substantial freezing rain/ice accretion through
    early Wednesday. The subsequent cold front will produce primarily
    rain, as snow levels crash behind it but occur with rapid drying as
    well.

    For the areas that get snow and ice accumulations, moderate impacts
    are expected as reflected by the WSSI-P showing a high chance
    80%) for moderate impacts in the WA Cascades and into the
    foothills. Here, WPC probabilities for 0.1 inches of ice are
    generally 10-30%, and 70-90+% for 6 or more inches of snow.


    ...Great Lakes into the Northeast...
    Days 1-2...

    A digging trough will emerge out of Canada and dive SW into the
    Midwest and Great Lakes Wednesday. It will tap into a modest plume
    of Gulf moisture moving northeast up the Ohio Valley, being driven
    by a separate southern stream shortwave. While the primary surface
    low will track across the Mid-Atlantic and up the New England
    coast and into the Canadian Maritimes, the associated area of snow
    will remain well north and west of the low center, starting across
    much of Michigan Wednesday morning, then intensifying over New York
    and into New England Wednesday night. The aforementioned northern
    stream shortwave will translate eastward along the Canadian border
    with the Northeast, helping to tap the moisture plume and cause
    mostly advisory level snows on the order of 3 to 6 inches for most
    areas from western New York through Maine. Lower elevations with
    warmer temperatures will see less snow, with higher elevations
    seeing a bit more. The snow will rapidly end from west to east late
    Wednesday night and Thursday morning.

    ...Northern Plains to the Midwest...
    Days 1-3...

    A potent shortwave dropping from the Canadian Rockies and into
    North Dakota by Thursday morning will support weak cyclogenesis in
    the form of a clipper low with the primary ascent efficiently
    overlapped with the LFQ of a strengthening jet streak also digging
    into the region. This deep layer ascent will impinge into a low-
    level baroclinic boundary as a warm front drapes eastward,
    resulting in rapid cyclogenesis in eastern MT, with this low then
    moving into ND and then into the Great Lakes by the daylight hours
    on D2/Thursday.

    As this wave moves eastward and deepens, WAA/isentropic ascent will
    begin to intensify between 280K-285K on Thursday surging moisture
    into and downstream of the system, reflected by an axis of PWs
    exceeding the 90th percentile according to NAEFS. At the same time,
    this WAA will occur favorably into an extremely cold column to
    deepen the DGZ to more than 100mb, and intensifying fgen will drive
    pronounced ascent into this DGZ. The deep DGZ, a sub-DGZ isothermal
    layer, and modest winds in a very cold column suggest SLRs will be
    quite high, and this will rapidly accumulate despite the general
    progressive nature of this system. At this time, WPC probabilities
    D2 are high (70-90%) for more than 4 inches across much of northern
    ND, with a stripe of 30-50% probabilities for 4+ inches extending
    as far east as the Door Peninsula of WI. Locally, 6-8" of snow is
    possible across ND during the event.

    Once the low gets to the Midwest Thursday evening, the greatest
    forcing will shift south as the northern portion of upper level
    energy supporting the precipitation shield favoring the snow over
    the Great Lakes shears apart and rapidly weakens. Thus, by the day
    Friday, much of the lower Great Lakes (outside of the lake-effect
    corridors), Appalachians, and the NY/PA border counties should only
    see flurries or very light snow. Arctic high pressure quickly
    building in behind this clipper will dry the atmosphere out,
    resulting in very little lingering snow except for any light lake-
    effect.


    Wegman/Weiss


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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Wed Dec 18 07:52:24 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 180752
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    252 AM EST Wed Dec 18 2024

    Valid 12Z Wed Dec 18 2024 - 12Z Sat Dec 21 2024


    ...Pacific Northwest through the Northern Rockies...
    Day 1...

    Compact and fast moving but potent shortwave will lift eastward
    from the WA coast into the Northern Rockies today through tonight.
    This feature will help drive a surface low along the international
    border with Canada, pushing a warm front downstream, and then
    dragging a cold front from west to east in its wake. The enhanced
    ascent in the vicinity of this frontal system will act upon robust
    moisture (PW anomalies +2 sigma according to NAEFS) to wring out
    some heavy precipitation from the Olympics through the Cascades
    and into the Northern Rockies. Snow levels will steadily rise
    behind the warm front, reaching as high as 8000 ft,
    limiting significant snowfall to just the highest terrain, band WPC probabilities reach 50-70% for 6+ inches in the northern WA
    Cascades and Northern Rockies near Glacier NP. Although snow levels
    will crash behind the cold front, this will be coincident with a
    rapid drying of the column, so any residual snowfall should be
    light.


    ...Mid-Atlantic and Northeast...
    Days 1-3...

    A wave of low pressure will develop across the TN VLY and then race
    northeast along a cold front, with secondary wave development
    likely east of Maine Wednesday night. Moisture along and ahead of
    this system will increase, with PWs surging towards the 90th
    climatological percentile, highest east, as WAA intensifies along a
    northward advancing warm front. The antecedent airmass is
    marginally conducive for wintry precipitation, and without any
    strong cooling from the north, locations along and east of this
    low track will likely remain all rain, with just a small temporal
    window for changeover back to snow as the low pulls away Thursday.

    The exception will be from the Laurel Highlands through the
    Adirondacks, and across much of northern New England where, despite
    still a marginal atmospheric column, the precipitation should fall
    primarily as snow, except in the lower valleys. A heavy and wet
    (low SLR) snow is likely, which when combined with the fast
    motion of this wave will keep snowfall amounts modest, and WPC
    probabilities D1 above 30% for more than 4 inches of snow are
    confined to the Adirondacks, Greens, Whites, and mountains of
    north/central ME.

    As the low moves away Thursday, some modest upslope/lake-effect
    snow may occur, but in general precip intensity and coverage will
    wane during Thursday. This sets the stage for an interesting
    development on Friday. A shortwave digging from the Midwest and
    embedded within the larger trough will sharpen and may become
    negatively tilted over the Mid- Atlantic Friday, while a surface
    low develops well offshore and downstream of this larger scale
    trough. The guidance has trended a bit deeper with this shortwave,
    leading to greater interaction with the larger low pressure
    offshore. A lot of uncertainty remains, but if these systems can
    interact, the overlap of moisture and some more intense ascent
    due to deformation/height falls, could result in widespread, at
    least light, snow across much of the Mid-Atlantic and Northeast.
    Current WPC probabilities for more than 4 inches of snow are modest
    at just 10-30% across much of Upstate NY, the Poconos, and eastern
    MA/ME, but this event will need to be monitored with recent model
    runs for the potential for heavier snowfall in some areas.


    ...Northern Plains to the Midwest...
    Days 1-2...

    A shortwave amplifying over the Canadian Rockies will dig southeast
    on Wednesday moving into the Northern Plains by Thursday morning
    and then continue through the Upper Midwest and then reach the
    Mid-Atlantic early on Friday. As this shortwave digs and amplifies,
    it will be accompanied by a sharpening jet streak to drive deep
    layer ascent through overlapping height falls, PVA, and diffluence.
    This synoptic lift impinging on a low-level baroclinic gradient
    will result in cyclogenesis, with this low diving progressively
    southeast through D1 and D2.

    Downstream, moisture will begin to enhance through the region as
    impressive 280-285K isentropic lift drives rich theta-e northward,
    with weak TROWAL development possible on Thursday. This overlap of
    moisture and ascent produces an expanding swath of snow, with the
    attendant WAA surging north to deepen the DGZ while concurrently
    producing a corridor of impressive fgen. The column will be
    extremely cold, so the presence of a deepening DGZ with strong fgen
    should cause fluffy and above-climo SLRs which will accumulate
    rapidly as reflected by the WPC prototype snowband tool suggesting
    1"/hr rates moving across ND and into MN. The progressive nature
    of the low will somewhat minimize the potential for significant
    snowfall amounts, and there remains considerable latitudinal spread
    by D2, but WPC probabilities suggest a moderate risk (50-70%) in a
    stripe from northern ND into eastern WI for more than 6 inches of
    snow.

    Weiss



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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Wed Dec 18 20:06:28 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 182006
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    306 PM EST Wed Dec 18 2024

    Valid 00Z Thu Dec 19 2024 - 00Z Sun Dec 22 2024


    ...Mid-Atlantic and Northeast...
    Days 1-3...

    No big updates for the system moving through the Mid-Atlantic and
    Northeast. A fast-moving low will bring a general light snowfall
    from northwest PA into New England through tonight as moisture from
    the Gulf interacts with a potent shortwave moving across the
    Northeast. Due to its fast movement, any periods of heavy snow in
    this area will be brief.

    A wave of low pressure will develop across the TN Valley and then
    race northeast along a cold front, with secondary wave development
    likely east of Maine tonight. Moisture along and ahead of this
    system will increase, with PWs surging towards the 90th
    climatological percentile, highest east, as WAA intensifies along a
    northward advancing warm front. The antecedent airmass is
    marginally conducive for wintry precipitation, and without any
    strong cooling from the north, locations along and east of this low
    track will likely remain all rain, with just a small temporal
    window for changeover back to snow as the low pulls away Thursday.

    The exception will be from the Laurel Highlands through the
    Adirondacks, and across much of northern New England where, despite
    still a marginal atmospheric column, the precipitation should fall
    primarily as snow, except in the lower valleys. A heavy and wet
    (low SLR) snow is likely, which when combined with the fast
    motion of this wave will keep snowfall amounts modest, and WPC
    probabilities D1 above 30% for more than 4 inches of snow are
    confined to the Adirondacks, Greens, Whites, and mountains of
    north/central ME.

    As the low moves away Thursday, some modest upslope/lake-effect
    snow may occur, but in general precip intensity and coverage will
    wane during Thursday. This sets the stage for an interesting
    development on Friday. A shortwave digging from the Midwest and
    embedded within the larger trough will sharpen and may become
    negatively tilted over the Mid- Atlantic Friday, while a surface
    low develops well offshore and downstream of this larger scale
    trough. The guidance has trended a bit deeper with this shortwave,
    leading to greater interaction with the larger low pressure
    offshore. A lot of uncertainty remains, but if these systems can
    interact, the overlap of moisture and some more intense ascent
    due to deformation/height falls, could result in widespread, at
    least light, snow across much of the Mid-Atlantic and Northeast.
    Current WPC probabilities for more than 4 inches of snow are modest
    at just 10-30% across much of Upstate NY, the Poconos, and eastern
    MA/ME, but this event will need to be monitored with recent model
    runs for the potential for heavier snowfall in some areas.

    For the day Saturday, lingering lake-effect will persist on all of
    the Lakes as Arctic high pressure builds over all the lakes, and
    overhead for the upper Lakes. This very dry polar air mass will
    greatly diminish the lake-effect, but due to a still very unstable
    air mass between 850 temps between -15C and -20C and lake temps
    around +5C, it's unlikely the lake-effect will shut off completely
    until more significant WAA begins. Rather, expect light but
    extremely high SLR snow in this air mass for areas mostly adjacent
    to the lakes where the winds die off, while the lake-effect
    continues southeastward and inland due to continued northwesterly
    flow off the lower lakes.


    ...Northern Plains to the Midwest...
    Days 1-2...

    A shortwave amplifying over the Canadian Rockies will dig southeast
    on Wednesday moving into the Northern Plains by Thursday morning
    and then continue through the Upper Midwest and then reach the
    Mid-Atlantic early on Friday. As this shortwave digs and amplifies,
    it will be accompanied by a sharpening jet streak to drive deep
    layer ascent through overlapping height falls, PVA, and diffluence.
    This synoptic lift impinging on a low-level baroclinic gradient
    will result in cyclogenesis in the form of a clipper low, which
    dives southeast through D1 and D2 into the Ohio Valley.

    Downstream, moisture will begin to enhance through the region as
    impressive 280-285K isentropic lift drives rich theta-e northward,
    with weak TROWAL development possible on Thursday. This overlap of
    moisture and ascent produces an expanding swath of snow, with the
    attendant WAA surging north to deepen the DGZ while concurrently
    producing a corridor of impressive fgen. The column will be
    extremely cold, so the presence of a deepening DGZ with strong fgen
    should cause fluffy and above-climo SLRs which will accumulate
    rapidly as reflected by the WPC prototype snowband tool suggesting
    1"/hr rates moving across ND and into MN. The progressive nature
    of the low will somewhat minimize the potential for significant
    snowfall amounts, and there remains considerable latitudinal spread
    by D2, but WPC probabilities suggest a moderate risk (50-70%) in a
    stripe from northern ND into eastern WI for more than 6 inches of
    snow.

    Weiss/Wegman

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Thu Dec 19 07:54:49 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 190754
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    254 AM EST Thu Dec 19 2024

    Valid 12Z Thu Dec 19 2024 - 12Z Sun Dec 22 2024

    ...Midwest to Great Lakes...
    Days 1-2...

    A progressive Alberta Clipper producing a swath of heavy snow over
    North Dakota tonight will track across the Upper Midwest today.
    Modest 850mb WAA along the warm front and 850mb theta-e wrapping
    around the northern flank of the storm will prompt a snow to come
    down at 1-2"/hr rates in some cases from eastern ND to central
    Minnesota and central Wisconsin. The higher end of those rates will
    be harder to come by east of the Mississippi River as 850mb
    frontolysis sets in, leading to a reduction in snowfall rates.
    Still, the 500mb shortwave trough responsible for upper level
    ascent will still preside over the region and allow for periods of moderate-to-heavy snow through Thursday evening. In fact, some
    snowfall could be lake-enhanced along the shores of Wisconsin and
    Illinois as northerly winds advecting -10C 850mb temps race over
    Lake Michigan. By Thursday night, the 850mb low will track through
    northern Indiana with the best accumulating snow potential to the
    north of the 850mb low track. This favors central and northern
    Michigan Friday morning with a chance for the Detroit metro area to
    see light accumulations Friday afternoon. The storm system will
    gradually weaken into an open wave Friday afternoon as it
    approaches the central Appalachians, effectively ending the period
    of snowfall related to this Clipper in the Great Lakes by Friday
    evening.

    The WSSI shows a large swath of Minor Impacts that stretch from
    North Dakota and far northern South Dakota to as farther east as
    northern Michigan. There are some embedded Moderate Impact areas,
    primarily in parts of central North Dakota, around the Twin Cities
    metro, and in eastern Wisconsin. Moderate Impacts imply these
    areas can expect hazardous driving conditions with some potential
    closures and disruptions to infrastructure. WPC probabilities sport
    high chances (>70%) for snowfall totals >4" from central MN to the
    Door Peninsula of Wisconsin. It is worth noting that there are
    some localized low chance probabilities (10-30%) for snowfall
    totals >8" in central MN and central WI, as well as around the
    Green Bay area where lake-enhanced snowfall could result in
    localized amounts approaching 10 inches.

    ...Central Appalachians to Northeast....
    Days 2-3...

    As the Alberta Clipper tracks through the Lower Great Lakes Friday
    morning, a secondary 500mb vort max that raced south from south-
    central Canada will begin to phase with the shortwave associated
    with the Clipper. This process, starting as early Thursday night,
    will lead to an amplification of the 500mb trough as it tracks
    towards the Central Appalachians Friday morning. Meanwhile, off the
    East Coast, increasing upper level divergence along a frontal
    boundary will allow for low pressure to quickly organize and
    strengthen Friday afternoon. As WAA increases along the front,
    moisture will wrap around the low and lead to broad precipitation
    shield just off the Northeast coast Friday night. This could result
    in heavy snow along Downeast Maine, but how close to the Maine
    coastline the storm gets remain lower in confidence. WPC
    probabilities suggest the eastern-most portion of Downeast Maine
    has low-to-moderate chances (30-50%) for snowfall >6" of snow
    through Saturday evening. In addition, high pressure over Quebec
    will work in tandem with the deepening storm system to tighten the
    pressure gradient and strengthening low-level northerly winds off
    the MA Capes. There is the potential for ocean-effect snow over
    southeast MA Friday evening. WPC probabilities show low chances
    (10-3) for snowfall >4", which does include the Boston metro area.

    Throughout the rest of the Northeast, western NY and northern PA
    will see the clipper's remnant 850mb circulation track overhead
    with modest 850-700mb moisture and weak 850mb WAA will supply the
    ingredients necessary for periods of snow late Thursday night and
    into Friday. By Friday afternoon, the forecast over parts of the
    northern Mid-Atlantic will hinge upon the strength of low-level
    easterly flow and a convergence axis over the region, while
    sufficient upper level divergence from the left-exit region of a
    500mb jet streak arrives. Should these factors mesh together in
    just the right way, a pivoting band of snow may organize from
    northern MD or the northern DelMarVa Peninsula on northward
    through eastern PA and into the Poconos/Catskills. The latter is
    most favored for accumulating snowfall as WPC probabilities show
    moderate chances (40-60%) for snowfall totals surpassing 2" between
    Friday afternoon and early Saturday morning.

    If there is one mountain range that is favored to witness heavier
    snowfall, it is the central Appalachians in eastern WV and western
    MD. As the remnant surface low of the Clipper heads east Friday
    evening, its moisture source will track into the mountains at the
    same time as northwesterly winds begin to increase. The end result
    is upslope flow that causes periods of snow as far north as PA's
    Laurel Highlands. WPC probabilities favor those windward slopes of
    eastern WV with moderate chances (40-60%) for snowfall >4",
    especially at elevations above 2000ft between 18Z Fri - 18Z Sat.
    For all these areas mentioned in this section, the WSSI shows Minor
    Impacts for impacted areas that would primarily lead to locally
    hazardous travel conditions through Saturday morning.


    The probabilities for significant ice accumulations are less than
    10 percent.

    Mullinax



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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Thu Dec 19 08:57:42 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 190856
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    356 AM EST Thu Dec 19 2024

    Valid 12Z Thu Dec 19 2024 - 12Z Sun Dec 22 2024

    ...Midwest to Great Lakes...
    Days 1-2...

    A progressive Alberta Clipper producing a swath of heavy snow over
    North Dakota tonight will track across the Upper Midwest today.
    Modest 850mb WAA along the warm front and 850mb theta-e wrapping
    around the northern flank of the storm will prompt a snow to come
    down at 1-2"/hr rates in some cases from eastern ND to central
    Minnesota and central Wisconsin. The higher end of those rates will
    be harder to come by east of the Mississippi River as 850mb
    frontolysis sets in, leading to a reduction in snowfall rates.
    Still, the 500mb shortwave trough responsible for upper level
    ascent will still preside over the region and allow for periods of moderate-to-heavy snow through Thursday evening. In fact, some
    snowfall could be lake-enhanced along the shores of Wisconsin and
    Illinois as northerly winds advecting -10C 850mb temps race over
    Lake Michigan. By Thursday night, the 850mb low will track through
    northern Indiana with the best accumulating snow potential to the
    north of the 850mb low track. This favors central and northern
    Michigan Friday morning with a chance for the Detroit metro area to
    see light accumulations Friday afternoon. The storm system will
    gradually weaken into an open wave Friday afternoon as it
    approaches the central Appalachians, effectively ending the period
    of snowfall related to this Clipper in the Great Lakes by Friday
    evening.

    The WSSI shows a large swath of Minor Impacts that stretch from
    North Dakota and far northern South Dakota to as farther east as
    northern Michigan. There are some embedded Moderate Impact areas,
    primarily in parts of central North Dakota, around the Twin Cities
    metro, and in eastern Wisconsin. Moderate Impacts imply these
    areas can expect hazardous driving conditions with some potential
    closures and disruptions to infrastructure. WPC probabilities sport
    high chances (>70%) for snowfall totals >4" from central MN to the
    Door Peninsula of Wisconsin. It is worth noting that there are
    some localized low chance probabilities (10-30%) for snowfall
    totals >8" in central MN and central WI, as well as around the
    Green Bay area where lake-enhanced snowfall could result in
    localized amounts approaching 10 inches.

    ...Central Appalachians to Northeast....
    Days 2-3...

    As the Alberta Clipper tracks through the Lower Great Lakes Friday
    morning, a secondary 500mb vort max that raced south from south-
    central Canada will begin to phase with the shortwave associated
    with the Clipper. This process, starting as early Thursday night,
    will lead to an amplification of the 500mb trough as it tracks
    towards the Central Appalachians Friday morning. Meanwhile, off the
    East Coast, increasing upper level divergence along a frontal
    boundary will allow for low pressure to quickly organize and
    strengthen Friday afternoon. As WAA increases along the front,
    moisture will wrap around the low and lead to broad precipitation
    shield just off the Northeast coast Friday night. This could result
    in heavy snow along Downeast Maine, but how close to the Maine
    coastline the storm gets remain lower in confidence. WPC
    probabilities suggest the eastern-most portion of Downeast Maine
    has low-to-moderate chances (30-50%) for snowfall >6" of snow
    through Saturday evening. In addition, high pressure over Quebec
    will work in tandem with the deepening storm system to tighten the
    pressure gradient and strengthening low-level northerly winds off
    the MA Capes. There is the potential for ocean-effect snow over
    southeast MA Friday evening. WPC probabilities show low chances
    (10-3) for snowfall >4", which does include the Boston metro area.

    Throughout the rest of the Northeast, western NY and northern PA
    will see the clipper's remnant 850mb circulation track overhead
    with modest 850-700mb moisture and weak 850mb WAA will supply the
    ingredients necessary for periods of snow late Thursday night and
    into Friday. By Friday afternoon, the forecast over parts of the
    northern Mid-Atlantic will hinge upon the strength of low-level
    easterly flow and a convergence axis over the region, while
    sufficient upper level divergence from the left-exit region of a
    500mb jet streak arrives. Should these factors mesh together in
    just the right way, a pivoting band of snow may organize some where
    between northeast MD or the northern DelMarVa Peninsula on
    northeast through eastern PA, the Poconos, and into the Tri-State
    area. The latter is most favored for accumulating snowfall as WPC
    probabilities show moderate chances (40-60%) for snowfall totals
    surpassing 2" between Friday afternoon and early Saturday morning.

    If there is one mountain range that is favored to witness heavier
    snowfall, it is the central Appalachians in eastern WV and western
    MD. As the remnant surface low of the Clipper heads east Friday
    evening, its moisture source will track into the mountains at the
    same time as northwesterly winds begin to increase. The end result
    is upslope flow that causes periods of snow as far north as PA's
    Laurel Highlands. WPC probabilities favor those windward slopes of
    eastern WV with moderate chances (40-60%) for snowfall >4",
    especially at elevations above 2000ft between 18Z Fri - 18Z Sat.
    For all these areas mentioned in this section, the WSSI shows Minor
    Impacts for impacted areas that would primarily lead to locally
    hazardous travel conditions through Saturday morning.


    The probabilities for significant ice accumulations are less than
    10 percent.

    Mullinax






    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Thu Dec 19 20:36:24 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 192036
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    336 PM EST Thu Dec 19 2024

    Valid 00Z Fri Dec 20 2024 - 00Z Mon Dec 23 2024

    ...Midwest to Great Lakes...
    Day 1...

    A progressive Alberta Clipper producing a swath of heavy snow over
    Wisconsin today will track into the Ohio Valley tonight before
    dissipating in the central Appalachians. Some of the clipper's
    energy will transfer to a developing Nor'easter well offshore of
    the eastern US. Modest 850mb WAA along the warm front and 850mb
    theta-e wrapping around the northern flank of the storm is
    prompting the area of heavy snow from Madison to just north of
    Milwaukee. The low has already begun weakening, so the area of
    heaviest snow has been shrinking.

    Nevertheless, some snowfall could be lake-enhanced along the
    shores of Wisconsin and Illinois as northerly winds advecting -10C
    850mb temps race over Lake Michigan tonight. The 850mb low will
    track through northern Indiana with the best accumulating snow
    potential to the north of the 850mb low track. This favors central
    and northern Michigan Friday morning through the Detroit metro
    area. The storm system will gradually weaken into an open wave
    Friday afternoon as it approaches the central Appalachians,
    effectively ending the period of snowfall related to this Clipper
    in the Great Lakes by Friday evening.

    The WSSI shows a large swath of Minor Impacts that stretch from
    Minnesota to a small swath of northern Michigan. There are some
    embedded Moderate Impact areas, primarily in central Wisconsin.
    Moderate Impacts imply these areas can expect hazardous driving
    conditions with some potential closures and disruptions to
    infrastructure. WPC probabilities sport moderate chances (40-70%)
    for snowfall totals >4" from the Door Peninsula of Wisconsin and
    northeastern portions of the L.P. of Michigan north of Saginaw.

    ...Central Appalachians to Northeast....
    Days 1-2...

    As the Alberta Clipper tracks through the Lower Great Lakes Friday
    morning, a secondary 500mb vort max that raced south from south-
    central Canada will begin to phase with the shortwave associated
    with the Clipper. This process, starting as early Thursday night,
    will lead to an amplification of the 500mb trough as it tracks
    towards the Central Appalachians Friday morning. Meanwhile, off the
    East Coast, increasing upper level divergence along a frontal
    boundary will allow for low pressure to quickly organize and
    strengthen Friday afternoon. As WAA increases along the front,
    moisture will wrap around the low and lead to broad precipitation
    shield just off the Northeast coast Friday night. This could result
    in heavy snow in Downeast Maine, but how close to the Maine
    coastline the storm gets remains lower in confidence. WPC
    probabilities suggest the eastern-most portion of Downeast Maine
    has moderate chances (40-70%) for snowfall of 4 inches or more through
    Saturday evening. In addition, high pressure over Quebec will work
    in tandem with the deepening storm system to tighten the pressure
    gradient and strengthening low-level northerly winds off the MA
    Capes. There is the potential for ocean-effect snow over southeast
    MA Friday evening. WPC probabilities show low chances (10-30%) for
    snowfall >4", which does include the Boston metro area.

    Throughout the rest of the Northeast, western NY and northern PA
    will see the clipper's remnant 850mb circulation track overhead
    with modest 850-700mb moisture and weak 850mb WAA will supply the
    ingredients necessary for periods of snow late tonight and into
    Friday. By Friday afternoon, the forecast over parts of the
    northern Mid-Atlantic will hinge upon the strength of low-level
    easterly flow and a convergence axis over the region, while
    sufficient upper level divergence from the left-exit region of a
    500mb jet streak arrives. Should these factors mesh together in
    just the right way, a pivoting band of snow may organize somewhere
    between northeast MD or the northern DelMarVa Peninsula on
    northeast through eastern PA, the Poconos, and into the Tri-State
    area. The latter is most favored for accumulating snowfall as WPC
    probabilities show moderate chances (40-60%) for snowfall totals
    surpassing 2" between Friday afternoon and early Saturday morning.

    If there is one mountain range that is favored to witness heavier
    snowfall, it is the central Appalachians in eastern WV and western
    MD. As the remnant surface low of the Clipper heads east Friday
    evening, its moisture source will track into the mountains at the
    same time as northwesterly winds begin to increase. The end result
    is upslope flow that causes periods of snow as far north as PA's
    Laurel Highlands. WPC probabilities favor those windward slopes of
    eastern WV with moderate chances (40-60%) for snowfall >4",
    especially at elevations above 2000ft between 18Z Fri - 18Z Sat.
    For all these areas mentioned in this section, the WSSI shows Minor
    Impacts for impacted areas that would primarily lead to locally
    hazardous travel conditions through Saturday morning.


    The probabilities for significant ice accumulations are less than
    10 percent.

    Mullinax/Wegman









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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Fri Dec 20 08:03:36 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 200803
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    303 AM EST Fri Dec 20 2024

    Valid 12Z Fri Dec 20 2024 - 12Z Mon Dec 23 2024

    ...Great Lakes...
    Day 1...

    The gradually weakening clipper system will track across the Lower
    Great Lakes this morning with lingering periods of snow across
    much of the region, although most totals will be on the light side.
    As the storm tracks east towards the Mid-Atlantic, northerly winds
    will accelerate over Lakes Superior, Michigan, and Huron and lead
    to a handful of lake-effect streamers containing occasional bursts
    of heavy snow on Friday. Latest WPC probabilities show low chances
    (10-20%) for snowfall totals >4" in parts of northwest Indiana,
    near Traverse City, MI, and along the coastal areas of Michigan's
    thumb. Otherwise, additional snowfall totals will generally hover
    around 1-3" in parts of Michigan, Indiana, and western Ohio.

    ...Central Appalachians to Northeast....
    Days 1-2...

    As the remnant circulation of the weakening clipper system
    approaches the central Appalachians, its residual moisture will
    flow directly into the mountain range Friday evening. By Friday
    night, as low pressure off the East Coast deepens and high pressure
    builds in from the north, low-level NW winds will be favorably
    oriented into the Central Appalachians with some periods of snow as
    far south as the Smokeys. Upslope ascent will continue into the
    central Appalachians through Friday night and gradually taper off
    by Saturday afternoon. Snowfall totals in east-central WV will
    likely range between 1-4" with localized totals up to 6" possible
    in the tallest peaks of the WV Appalachians and the Smokeys.

    Farther east, an area of low pressure will organize along a
    strengthening frontal boundary off the East Coast this morning.
    This low will strengthen as low-level WAA to its north and a jet
    streak couplet takes shape over the Gulf Stream. Meanwhile, broad
    upper level divergence out ahead of the 250-500mb mean trough axis
    will supply sufficient ascent aloft in tandem with the residual
    moisture from the clipper system to support periods of snow over
    northern PA and western NY. Colder temperatures aloft supporting
    higher SLRs will also support As the low off the East Coast
    deepens, easterly flow is expected to strengthen and a low level
    convergence trough will setup over the northern Mid-Atlantic coast.
    Latest CAMs guidance is keying on this convergence boundary
    setting up over the Delaware Valley and stretching north into the
    Poconos. WPC probabilities do show moderate chances (40-60%) for
    snowfall >4" in parts of the Poconos, while there are low-to-
    moderate chances (30-50%) for snowfall >2" in parts of the Lehigh
    Valley, Delaware Valley, and into northern New Jersey. Localized
    amounts in the highest elevations of the Poconos have low chances
    (10-20%) for snowfall amounts topping 6". There is a chance for
    minor accumulations (coating-2") along I-95 from the Philadelphia
    metro on north through the NYC and Tri-State metro regions this
    afternoon

    Coastal New England sports the higher "boom" scenarios given the
    combination of ocean-enhanced snowfall over eastern MA Friday
    afternoon and the deformation axis of the coastal storm extending
    far enough west to produce heavy snow over Downeast Maine Friday
    night into early morning Saturday. Latest guidance is starting to
    come into better agreement with a swath of 1-3" of snowfall over
    eastern MA with some CAMs suggesting higher end totals (>4") within
    the range of possibilities. Downeast Maine could feature the
    heaviest snowfall for the event in coastal New England with WPC
    probabilities showing moderate-to-high chances (50-70%) for
    snowfall >4" through Saturday morning.

    ...Pacific Northwest...
    Days 2-3...

    A pair of Pacific storm systems will bring rounds of high
    elevation mountain snow to the Olympics, Cascades, Blue, and
    Sawtooth Mountains this weekend. Snow levels will generally be as
    low as 4,000ft in the Cascades, but the heavier snowfall totals
    6") will likely be confined to elevations >5,000ft in the
    Olympics and Cascades. In the Blue and Sawtooth Mountains, >6"
    snowfall totals will likely be confined to elevations >6,000ft.
    These heavier totals will generally be above pass level in these
    mountain ranges, so expect the more hazardous travel impacts to be
    in the more remote and complex terrain of these mountain ranges
    this weekend.


    The probabilities for significant ice accumulations are less than
    10 percent.


    Mullinax




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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Fri Dec 20 20:37:00 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 202036
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    336 PM EST Fri Dec 20 2024

    Valid 00Z Sat Dec 21 2024 - 00Z Tue Dec 24 2024


    ...Central Appalachians to Northeast....
    Days 1-2...

    As the remnant circulation of the weakening clipper system
    approaches the central Appalachians, its residual moisture will
    flow directly into the mountain range this evening. By tonight, as
    low pressure off the East Coast deepens and high pressure builds
    in from the north, low-level NW winds will be favorably oriented
    into the Central Appalachians with some periods of snow as far
    south as the Smokeys. Upslope ascent will continue into the central Appalachians through tonight and gradually taper off by Saturday
    afternoon. Snowfall totals in east-central WV will likely range
    between 1-4" with localized totals up to 6" possible in the tallest
    peaks of the WV Appalachians and the Smokeys. WPC probabilities
    show the greatest (30-50%) chances of 4 inches or more of snow east
    of the Mississippi River associated with this current clipper
    system will be across east-central WV for the Day 1 period.

    Farther east, an area of low pressure will organize along a
    strengthening frontal boundary off the East Coast this morning.
    This low will strengthen as low-level WAA to its north and a jet
    streak couplet takes shape over the Gulf Stream. Meanwhile, broad
    upper level divergence out ahead of the 250-500mb mean trough axis
    will supply sufficient ascent aloft in tandem with the residual
    moisture from the clipper system to support periods of snow over
    northern PA and western NY. As the low off the East Coast deepens,
    easterly flow is expected to strengthen and a low level
    convergence trough will set up over the northern Mid-Atlantic
    coast. Latest CAMs guidance is keying on this convergence boundary
    setting up over the Delaware Valley and stretching north into the
    Poconos. Much of the snow in this region should diminish by
    Saturday morning.

    Coastal New England sports the higher "boom" scenarios given the
    combination of ocean-enhanced snowfall over eastern MA Friday
    afternoon and the deformation axis of the coastal storm extending
    far enough west to produce heavy snow over Downeast Maine Friday
    night into early morning Saturday. Latest guidance is starting to
    come into better agreement with a swath of 1-3" of snowfall over
    eastern MA with some CAMs suggesting higher end totals (>4") within
    the range of possibilities. Downeast Maine will feature the
    heaviest snowfall for the event in coastal New England with the
    latest WPC probabilities showing high chances (70-90%) for
    snowfall of 4 inches or more through Saturday afternoon. Areas
    around Eastport, ME have a 30-50% chance of 8 inches or more of
    snow through Saturday afternoon.

    ...Pacific Northwest...
    Days 2-3...

    A pair of Pacific storm systems will bring rounds of high
    elevation mountain snow to the Olympics, Cascades, Blue, and
    Sawtooth Mountains this weekend. Snow levels will generally be as
    low as 4,000ft in the Cascades, but the heavier snowfall totals
    6") will likely be confined to elevations >5,000ft in the
    Olympics and Cascades. In the Blue and Sawtooth Mountains, >6"
    snowfall totals will likely be confined to elevations >6,000ft.
    These heavier totals will generally be above pass level in these
    mountain ranges, so expect the more hazardous travel impacts to be
    in the more remote and complex terrain of these mountain ranges
    this weekend.

    ...Upper Midwest...
    Day 3...

    A low that will eject out of the northern Rockies and into the
    Northern Plains on Sunday will begin to tap much colder air as it
    also draws a bit of Gulf moisture north into the Upper Great Lakes
    Sunday night into Monday. As the shortwave trough forcing the low
    goes from being positively tilted to neutral, the increasing
    divergence could cause a narrow area of snow to break out from
    northern Minnesota through much of northern Michigan. The heaviest
    snow totals from this low will likely fall across the eastern U.P.,
    where lake-enhancement could locally increase snowfall totals. The
    heaviest snows will be from late Sunday night through Monday
    morning. Expect 4 to 6 inches of snow to fall across the eastern
    U.P. and far northern L.P. of Michigan, with lesser amounts
    elsewhere. As is typical, locally heavier snow totals are possible
    where heavier and more persistent bands of snow set up, especially
    if the lakes add moisture to the atmosphere.


    The probabilities for significant ice accumulations are less than
    10 percent.


    Mullinax/Wegman







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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sat Dec 21 07:39:09 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 210737
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    237 AM EST Sat Dec 21 2024

    Valid 12Z Sat Dec 21 2024 - 12Z Tue Dec 24 2024


    ...Northeast...
    Day 1...

    Periods of snow on the backside of a departing winter storm
    heading for Nova Scotia is expected to linger over Downeast Maine through Saturday morning before finally concluding Saturday afternoon. WPC probabilities show low chances (10-30%) for additional snowfall
    totals >2" through Saturday morning. Farther west, cyclonic flow
    over the Great Lakes will keep some lake-enhanced bands lingering
    through the day with additional snowfall amounts of 1-3" expected
    in parts of northeast OH, near the Finger Lakes of NY, and as far
    south as the central Appalachians. Snow showers will taper off by
    Saturday evening as high pressure builds in from the west.

    ...Pacific Northwest & Northern Rockies...
    Days 1-3...

    A trio of Pacific storm systems will escort rounds of Pacific
    moisture into the Olympics and Cascades into early next week. Some
    of this moisture will spill over into the Northern Rockies. Snow
    will generally be confined to the higher elevations of these
    mountain ranges due to flood of Pacific air infiltrating much of
    western North America and keeping any frigid Canadian air-mass
    intrusions at bay. For the Olympics and Cascades, the heaviest
    snowfall is likely to be located at/above 4,500ft in elevation. The
    first storm system arrives Saturday morning with locally heavy
    snowfall possible as far south as the tallest peaks of northern
    California. The heaviest snowfall from this event for the Cascades,
    Olympics, and Blue Mountains comes Saturday afternoon and tapers
    off Saturday night thanks to the storm's progressive movement.
    Following a brief break Sunday morning, the next round of snowfall
    arrives Sunday afternoon in the Cascades with the heaviest
    snowfall occurring Sunday night. Then, following another break
    during the day Monday as high pressure briefly builds in, snow
    returns to the Olympics and Cascades Monday night. Guidance
    suggests sharper height falls aloft and a weak CAD signature in
    the Columbia Basin that may result in lower elevations snow/ice
    east of the Cascades. Through 12Z Tuesday, WPC probabilities show
    high chances (>70%) for snowfall >8" in elevations >5,000ft in
    parts of the Olympics, Cascades, and as far east as the Blue
    Mountains.

    Some of this Pacific moisture will also result in high elevation
    snow in parts of the Bitterroots, Sawtooth, Boise, Absaroka, Lewis, and
    Teton Mountains. Of the ranges referenced, the Sawtooth and Teton
    Ranges above 7,000ft feature moderate-to-high chances (50-70%) for
    snowfall totals >8" through early Tuesday morning.


    ...Northern Plains to the Great Lakes...
    Days 2-3...

    The first in a series of Pacific Northwest storm systems will make
    its way into Montana while the divergent left-exit region of a
    110kt 250mb jet streak moves in over the Northern Plains. Southerly
    flow at the lowest levels of atmosphere will intersect a frontal
    boundary that gives way to weak vertical ascent over parts of North
    Dakota and central Minnesota. The moisture source and DGZ aloft is
    marginal, while 850mb temps rise >0C despite surface temps
    remaining below freezing. This should lead to light icing
    accumulations from northeast Montana and northern North Dakota to
    central Minnesota Sunday afternoon and into Sunday night.

    By Monday morning, a more consolidated surface low will form in
    the Upper Mississippi Valley at the same time 925-850mb moisture
    (with origins out of the Gulf of Mexico) streams into the Great
    Lakes. 850mb WAA over a boundary layer air-mass that is cold and
    quite dry will support wet-bulb temperatures that support mostly
    snow from the Michigan U.P. to the northern half of Michigan's
    Mitten. Broad 250-500mb troughing will also provide adequate lift
    atop the atmosphere, giving rise to a more solid shield of
    snowfall over the region. WPC probabilities show moderate chances
    (40-60%) for snowfall totals >4" in the far northern portions of
    Michigan's Mitten and in the eastern-most areas of Michigan's U.P.
    In fact, there are some low-chance probabilities (10-30%) for
    localized amounts >8" in the eastern Michigan U.P.

    This same moisture source, synoptic-scale forcing, and isentropic
    glide will translate over the eastern Great Lakes Monday night
    with potentially 1-3" of snowfall along the Chautauqua Ridge and
    along the Tug Hill. Localized amounts could top 4" along the Tug
    Hill where some upslope enhancement would allow for slightly
    heavier snowfall rates and thus higher totals than their neighbors
    in western NY through Tuesday AM.


    The probabilities for significant ice accumulations are less than
    10 percent.


    Mullinax




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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sat Dec 21 20:29:45 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 212029
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    329 PM EST Sat Dec 21 2024

    Valid 00Z Sun Dec 22 2024 - 00Z Wed Dec 25 2024


    ...California, Pacific Northwest & Northern Rockies...
    Days 1-3...

    A particularly active pattern over the north Pacific continues
    through the week ahead with a weakening wave over the interior
    Northwest this evening, the next wave reaching the PacNW coast late
    Sunday, followed by a more potent trough that arrives Monday night
    and digs down the CA coast Tuesday.

    Snow levels will be around 4000ft tonight as the ongoing wave
    lifts across the northern Rockies. Day 1 PWPF are 30-60% for an
    additional 6" for the ridges in and around Glacier NP.

    A lull under brief ridging can be expected late tonight into Sunday
    before a moisture plume ahead of the next wave reaches the PacNW
    coast around midday. Snow levels surge above 6000ft with this plume
    and generally drop to around 5000ft under the trough axis late
    Sunday night when precip begins to taper off as flow backs
    southerly. Day 2 PWPF for >6" are generally limited to the
    northern WA Cascades, though they are 50-80% for the Tetons and
    immediate ranges to the south as sufficient moisture streams inland
    with the wave.

    A potent atmospheric river arrives Monday early evening with a
    focus on far northern CA. Snow Levels understandably surge up over
    8000ft over the CA and southern OR Cascades Monday evening, but
    crash below 5000ft Tuesday morning under the trough axis that digs
    down to the central CA coast before rushing onshore Tuesday
    afternoon. A wave of heavy precip shifts south down the Sierra
    Nevada on Tuesday with snow levels generally dropping to 7000ft
    during times of heaviest rates. Day 3 PWPF for >8" are 30-70% in
    the higher WA Cascades and the High Sierra.


    ...Northern Plains, Great Lakes, to Northeast...
    Days 1-3...

    First, ongoing LES in NNWly flow off the eastern Great Lakes will
    slowly diminish overnight as flow gradually weakens as high
    pressure shifts over central Ontario. Day 1 PWPF for an additional
    4" after 00Z are 20-50% mainly off central and eastern Lake
    Ontario.

    A wave over the interior Northwest this afternoon develops into a
    mid-level low over north-central MT tonight in the left- exit
    region of a 110kt jet streak. Southerly low level ahead of the wave
    will intersect a frontal boundary and spread a wintry mix from
    northeast MT across much of ND through Sunday and then central
    MN/northern WI Sunday night. The moisture source and DGZ aloft are
    marginal, while 850mb temps rise >0C despite surface temps
    remaining below freezing. Expect a swath of light icing
    from northeast Montana and northern North Dakota to central
    Minnesota with PWPF for >0.1" around 10% in northwest ND. Narrow
    bands of locally moderate snow can be expected north of the
    surface wave and the mix and may produce an inch or two of
    accumulation in spots through Sunday night.

    By Monday morning, a more consolidated surface low will form in
    the Upper Mississippi Valley at the same time 925-850mb moisture
    (with origins out of the Gulf of Mexico) streams into the Great
    Lakes. 850mb WAA over a boundary layer air-mass that is cold and
    quite dry will support wet-bulb temperatures that support mostly
    snow from northern Wisconsin/the Michigan U.P. to the northern
    half of Michigan's Mitten. Broad 250-500mb troughing will also
    provide adequate lift, giving rise to a more solid shield of
    snowfall over the region. Day 2 WPC probabilities for >4" remain
    moderate (40-60%) in the northern portions of Michigan's Mitten
    and in the eastern third of the U.P.

    Monday night, this wave shifts east over the Northeast with 1-2"
    of synoptically driven (not LES) likely for areas east of Lake
    Erie over the eastern Great Lakes Monday night with potentially
    1-3". Snow spreads Monday evening over much of the rest of NY and central/northern New England. The progressive nature keeps max
    totals limited with Day 3 PWPF for >4" generally 20-40% over the
    Adirondacks, Greens and Whites as well as Down East Maine. The
    highest probabilities are around 50% in the Tug Hill region where
    upslope effects and some lingering LES maximize snow there. The
    surface low develops a bit over the Gulf of Maine, so interests in
    coastal Maine should watch for banding snow (like last night) as
    the system pulls away Tuesday morning.


    Jackson


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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sun Dec 22 08:00:44 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 220800
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    300 AM EST Sun Dec 22 2024

    Valid 12Z Sun Dec 22 2024 - 12Z Wed Dec 25 2024


    ...California, Pacific Northwest, & Intermountain West...
    Days 1-3...

    A pair of atmospheric rivers (AR) are going to make for an active
    multi-day stretch of weather from California on north through the
    Northwest and into the Rockies. The first AR arrives Sunday
    afternoon, which NAEFS shows will top 750 kg/m/s off the Oregon
    coast Sunday morning, will weaken on approach but still deliver
    90th climatological percentile precipitable water values into the
    northwestern U.S.. This AR will neither be accompanied by an
    unusually cold air-mass, nor will it be directed at a continental
    polar air-mass over the Northwest. Snow levels will initially be
    as low as 4,000ft in the Cascades and Olympics, but rise to above
    5,000ft by Sunday night as WAA increases aloft. This same streams
    of moisture will advance inland through the Northern Rockies Sunday
    night and into Monday with locally heavier snowfall possible in the
    5,000ft peaks of the Blue Mountains, above 7,000ft in the Salmon
    River and Sawtooth Mountains of Idaho, and the Tetons in Wyoming.
    The peaks of the Tetons above 8,000ft sport moderate-to-high
    chances (50-70%) for snowfall totals >6", while the Blue, Salmon
    River, and Sawtooth show similar probabilities for >4" through
    Monday evening.

    By Monday afternoon, the next AR is already getting ready to strike
    the Pacific Northwest coastline, but this AR is noticeably stronger
    than the one arriving late Sunday. NAEFS shows a larger 750 kg/m/s
    fetch (above the 99th climatological percentile off the northern
    CA coast) with origins stemming out of the subtropical Pacific. The
    initial round of precipitation arriving Monday evening will be
    primarily rain in western OR and northern CA (snow levels as high
    as 7,000ft), but snow will be most likely in the Cascades and Blue
    Mountains. By Tuesday morning, sharper height falls from the
    approaching upper trough will force snow levels to drop to as low
    as 4,000ft in the Cascades, Olympics, and Blue, while farther
    south, snow levels fall to ~5,000ft in the CA ranges and northern
    Great Basin. Unlike Sunday's AR, Tuesday's AR will have a higher
    longevity with >90th climatological percentile IVTs extending as
    far inland as the Wasatch and on south to the Mogollon Rim Tuesday
    night. Mountain snow will be common throughout much of the
    Intermountain West Tuesday night with heavy snow advancing into the
    Tetons, Uinta, and Wasatch by early Wednesday morning.

    WPC probabilities depict high chances (>70%) for snowfall >6" for
    the central Sierra Nevada above 7,000ft. Farther north, moderate
    chances (40-60%) for snowfall >4" are shown in the higher terrain
    of the Blue, Salmon River, and Sawtooth ranges. Lastly, the Wasatch
    and Tetons show low chances (10-30%) for snowfall >4" above
    8,000ft through 12Z Wednesday, but additional snowfall is possible
    Wednesday afternoon. In total through 12Z Wednesday, there are high
    chances (>70%) for snowfall totals >12" for elevations above
    5,000ft in the Cascades, while similar high chance probabilities
    for >8" of snow are present in the Blue, Salmon River, Sawtooth,
    Tetons, and central Sierra Nevada.


    ...Northern Plains, Great Lakes, to Northeast...
    Days 1-3...

    A progressive 500mb shortwave trough over western Montana this
    morning will be the catalyst for the next winter storm to track
    through the Midwest today, the Great Lakes on Monday, and the
    Northeast Monday night into Tuesday morning. The initial wave of
    low pressure will be quite weak on Sunday, but modest upper level
    ascent aided by a 110kt 250mb jet streak's left-exit region over
    the Northern Plains. In addition, the moisture source and DGZ are
    marginal while low level temperatures above the surface are >0C.
    This is an icy wintry mix setup from northeast Montana through
    central North Dakota and into central Minnesota Sunday and into
    Sunday night. WPC probabilities shows moderate-to-high chances for
    ice accumulations >0.01" for much of central North Dakota. The
    potential for light icing extends as far east as eastern Wisconsin,
    northern Illinois, southern Michigan, and northern Indiana by
    Monday morning.

    Monday morning is when the storm system tracking through the Great
    Lakes becomes more organized, while at the same time generating a
    300 kg/m/s IVT (>90th climatological percentile values via NAEFS)
    oriented at Michigan and the eastern Great Lakes. An expansive
    area of 850-700mb WAA over a boundary layer air-mass that remains
    quite cold and dry allows wet- bulb temperatures to support snow
    being the primary precipitation type for much of Michigan's Mitten
    and the eastern Michigan U.P.. Combined with excellent upper level
    divergence courtesy of a broad 250-500mb trough to the west, and
    there is likely to be a swath of heavy snow over northern Michigan
    and the far eastern Michigan U.P.. Residents in souther Michigan
    should anticipate some wintry precipitation, although it remains
    unclear if snow or a wintry mix (causing light ice accumulations
    in the process) will be dominant precipitation types. Latest WPC
    probabilities show moderate-to-high chances (50-70%) for snowfall
    totals >4"in northern Michigan and over the thumb of Michigan,
    while some parts of northern Michigan also have moderate chances
    (40-60%) for localized totals surpassing 6" through Monday
    afternoon.

    This same storm system will direct its anomalous moisture source
    and modest low-level WAA into the Northeast Monday night.
    Sufficient upper-level divergence provides support for the healthy
    shield of precipitation throughout the region, while the air-mass
    remains quite cold and dry ahead of the storm (temps in the teens,
    dew points in the single digits). Higher SLRs of 12-16:1 are
    anticipated in these areas and the ground is very cold, which
    combined with the event occurring at night, will maximize snowfall
    accumulation potential. The storm races off over Nova Scotia by
    midday Tuesday and snowfall should taper off by Tuesday afternoon.
    WPC probabilities do show moderate-chance probabilities (40-60%)
    for snowfall >4" in parts of northern NY (including the Tug Hill)
    and in the tallest peaks of the Green mountains. Should guidance
    continue to trend wetter, it is possible for an increase in
    snowfall amounts in subsequent forecast. Downeast Maine also sports
    similar moderate-chance probabilities for >4" of snowfall through
    Tuesday morning. For those affected areas listed above, the WSSI-P
    does sport moderate-chance probabilities (40-60%) for Minor Impacts
    from northern Michigan and northern NY to Downeast Maine.


    Mullinax



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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sun Dec 22 20:36:58 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 222036
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    336 PM EST Sun Dec 22 2024

    Valid 00Z Mon Dec 23 2024 - 00Z Thu Dec 26 2024


    ...California, Pacific Northwest, & Intermountain West...
    Days 1-3...

    As the first of a pair of atmospheric rivers (AR) causing active
    weather continues moving ashore in northern CA, OR, and WA,
    significant precipitation associated therewith should diminish into
    tonight as the moisture plume shears apart over the interior
    Pacific Northwest. GEFS integrated vapor transport (IVT) analysis
    shows this first AR has topped at about 600 kg/m/s off the Oregon
    coast this morning. This AR will neither be accompanied by an
    unusually cold air-mass, nor will it be directed at a continental
    polar air-mass over the Northwest. Snow levels are currently over
    7,000ft as per 18Z NBM analysis from the Cascades west. As the
    precipitation moves inland, snow levels will remain above 6,000 ft
    into Idaho and the interior Northwest. These very high snow levels
    will confine any significant snowfall through Monday evening to the
    highest peaks of the northern Washington Cascades and the Blue,
    Salmon River, Tetons, and Sawtooth Ranges. The peaks of the Tetons
    above 8,000ft sport moderate- to- high chances (50-70%) for
    snowfall totals >6", while the Blue, Salmon River, and Sawtooth
    show similar probabilities for >4" through Monday evening.

    By Monday afternoon, the next AR will be moving into the Pacific
    Northwest coastline, especially northern California. This AR is
    noticeably stronger than the one moving ashore now. NAEFS shows a
    larger 750 kg/m/s fetch (above the 99th climatological percentile
    off the northern CA coast) with origins stemming out of the
    subtropical Pacific. The initial round of precipitation arriving
    Monday evening will be primarily rain in western OR and northern CA
    (snow levels as high as 7,000ft), but snow will be most likely in
    the Cascades and Blue Mountains. By Tuesday morning, sharper height
    falls from the approaching upper trough will force snow levels to
    drop to as low as 4,000ft in the Cascades, Olympics, and Blue,
    while farther south, snow levels fall to ~5,000ft in the CA ranges
    and northern Great Basin. Unlike today's AR, Tuesday's AR will
    have a higher longevity with >90th climatological percentile IVTs
    extending as far inland as the Wasatch and on south to the Mogollon
    Rim Tuesday night. Mountain snow will be common throughout much of
    the Intermountain West Tuesday night with heavy snow advancing
    into the Tetons, Uinta, and Wasatch by early Wednesday morning.

    WPC probabilities depict high chances (>70%) for snowfall >6" for
    the central Sierra Nevada above 7,000ft. Farther north, moderate
    chances (40-60%) for snowfall >4" are shown in the higher terrain
    of the Blue, Salmon River, and Sawtooth ranges. Lastly, the Wasatch
    and Tetons show low chances (10-30%) for snowfall >4" above
    8,000ft through 12Z Wednesday, but additional snowfall is possible
    Wednesday afternoon. In total through 12Z Wednesday, there are high
    chances (>70%) for snowfall totals >12" for elevations above
    5,000ft in the Cascades, while similar high chance probabilities
    for >8" of snow are present in the Blue, Salmon River, Sawtooth,
    Tetons, and central Sierra Nevada. Snow will continue into Utah and
    Colorado through the day on Wednesday with a 30-50% chance of 3-6
    inches of snow through Wednesday night.


    ...Northern Plains, Great Lakes, to Northeast...
    Days 1-3...

    A progressive 500mb shortwave trough over western Montana this
    morning will be the catalyst for the next winter storm to track
    through the Great Lakes on Monday and the Northeast Monday night
    into Tuesday morning. The initial wave of low pressure is quite
    weak, with modest upper level ascent aided by a 110kt 250mb jet
    streak's left-exit region over the Northern Plains. In addition,
    the moisture source and DGZ are marginal while low level
    temperatures above the surface are above freezing. This is an icy
    wintry mix setup from northeast Montana through central North
    Dakota and into central Minnesota into tonight. WPC probabilities
    shows moderate-to-high chances for ice accumulations >0.01" for
    much of west-central North Dakota. The potential for light icing
    extends as far east as eastern Wisconsin, northern Illinois,
    southern Michigan, and northern Indiana by Monday morning.

    Monday morning is when the storm system tracking through the Great
    Lakes becomes more organized, while at the same time generating a
    300 kg/m/s IVT (>90th climatological percentile values via NAEFS)
    oriented at Michigan and the eastern Great Lakes. An expansive
    area of 850-700mb WAA over a boundary layer air-mass that remains
    quite cold and dry allows wet- bulb temperatures to support snow
    being the primary precipitation type for much of Michigan's Mitten
    and the eastern Michigan U.P.. Combined with excellent upper level
    divergence courtesy of a broad 250-500mb trough to the west, and
    there is likely to be a swath of heavy snow over northern Michigan
    and the far eastern Michigan U.P.. Residents in southern Michigan
    should anticipate some wintry precipitation, although it remains
    unclear if snow or a wintry mix (causing light ice accumulations
    in the process) will be dominant precipitation types. The latest
    WPC probabilities show high chances (70-90%) for snowfall totals
    4" in northern Michigan and over the thumb of Michigan, while some
    parts of northern Michigan also have moderate chances (40-60%) for
    localized totals surpassing 6" through Monday afternoon.

    This same storm system will direct its anomalous moisture source
    and modest low-level WAA into the Northeast Monday night.
    Sufficient upper-level divergence provides support for the healthy
    shield of precipitation throughout the region, while the air-mass
    remains quite cold and dry ahead of the storm (temps in the teens,
    dew points in the single digits). Higher SLRs of 12-16:1 are
    anticipated in these areas and the ground is very cold, which
    combined with the event occurring at night, will maximize snowfall
    accumulation potential. The storm races off over Nova Scotia by
    midday Tuesday and snowfall should taper off by Tuesday afternoon.
    WPC probabilities show moderate-chance probabilities (40-60%) for
    snowfall >4" in parts of northern NY (including the Tug Hill) and
    in the tallest peaks of the Green mountains. Should guidance
    continue to trend wetter, it is possible for an increase in
    snowfall amounts in subsequent forecast. Downeast Maine also sports
    similar moderate-chance probabilities for >4" of snowfall through
    Tuesday morning. For those affected areas listed above, the WSSI-P
    does sport moderate-chance probabilities (40-60%) for Minor Impacts
    from northern Michigan and northern NY to Downeast Maine.


    Wegman/Mullinax






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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Mon Dec 23 07:57:25 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 230757
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    257 AM EST Mon Dec 23 2024

    Valid 12Z Mon Dec 23 2024 - 12Z Thu Dec 26 2024


    ...The West...
    Days 1-3...

    An active pattern continues this week with mountain snow expected
    from the West Coast mountain ranges to both the Northern and
    Central Rockies. This stormy pattern in the short range is due to
    three atmospheric rivers (ARs) bringing plume after plume of
    Pacific moisture into the western U.S.. The first AR will gradually
    weaken throughout the remainder of the day, but residual Pacific
    moisture and a lack of a meaningfully cold air will keep most
    heavy snowfall in the Northern Rockies above 7,000ft. Snow should
    taper off over the Northern Rockies by Monday evening.

    The second AR arrives Monday evening with IVT values topping 1,000
    kg/m/s off the Oregon coast and moisture origins stemming out of
    the subtropical Pacific. The initial round of precipitation
    arriving Monday afternoon will be primarily rain in northern CA,
    western OR, and western WA as snow levels in the OR Cascades are as
    high as 8,000ft and even topping 9,000ft in northern CA. The
    Cascades and Blue Mountains will have the better odds of staying
    mostly snow above 5,000ft. By Tuesday morning, sharper 700-500mb
    height falls from the approaching upper trough will force snow
    levels to drop as low as 3,000ft at pass level in the WA Cascades
    and below 6,000ft in the Sierra Nevada by Tuesday afternoon. The
    Sierra Nevada have the best odds for an impactful snowfall event
    with the Winter Storm Outlooks now sporting 50% odds of snowfall
    exceeding warning criteria for elevations >7,000ft. Periods of
    high elevation snow in the Great Basin and Wasatch are likely
    Tuesday night but heavier accumulations (>4") will be mostly
    confined to elevations at/above 8,000ft. Through 12Z Wednesday, WPC probabilities show moderate-to-high chances (50-70%) for snowfall
    8" above 7,000ft in the Sierra Nevada, above 5,000ft in the Cascades/Olympics/Blue Mountains, and above 8,000ft in the Tetons.

    The third and more expansive AR arrives Wednesday as a powerful
    sub-960mb low tracks towards the British Columbia coast. NAEFS
    shows this AR with moisture origins northwest of Hawaii that will
    be directed at the Pacific Northwest, including IVT values topping
    the 97.5 climatological percentile. Unlike the first pair of ARs,
    this one will have a slightly colder air-mass to work with at the
    onset while mean 700-300mb winds out of the WSW are better aligned
    orthogonally to enhance upslope ascent into the Olympics and
    Cascades. This is a recipe for heavy/wet snow in the Olympics and
    Cascades Wednesday afternoon and into Wednesday night. Latest WPC
    probabilities show high chances (>70%) for >8" of snowfall for
    elevations >3,000ft, and similar chances for >12" of snowfall
    above 5,000ft. The WSSI-P does show 50-70% odds for Moderate
    Impacts in these ranges through Thursday AM, which would include
    some of the WA Cascade passes.


    ...Northern Plains, Great Lakes, to Northeast...
    Days 1-2...

    A positively tilted 250-500mb trough over the Midwest this morning
    is providing sufficient upper-level ascent over the Great Lakes and
    supporting a weak area of low pressure tracking towards southern
    Wisconsin. Broad 850mb WAA and 290K isentropic glide via SWrly flow
    will introduce a slug of Gulf of Mexico moisture (embedded within a
    300 kg/m/s IVT) into the region which maintains sub-freezing
    boundary layer temperatures as the precipitation arrives. This
    will result in periods of snow on the north side of the low that
    stretches from southeast MN and central WI to northern MI today and
    into tonight. WPC probabilities show moderate-to-high chances
    (50-70%) for snowfall totals >4" across the northern tier of
    Michigan's Mitten with low chances (10-30%) or >6". Some light
    icing is possible in parts of southeast MN, western WI, southern
    MI, and northern IN where there are moderate-to-high chances
    (50-70%) for ice accumulations >0.01". With ground temperatures so
    cold, even minor amounts <0.1" can cause slick conditions on
    roadways.

    As the storm heads east Monday night, storm system will direct its
    anomalous moisture source and modest low-level WAA into the
    Northeast. Modest upper-level divergence in the form of a
    strengthening 250mb jet streak aloft provides support for the
    healthy shield of precipitation throughout the region, while the
    air-mass remains quite cold and dry ahead of the storm (temps in
    the teens,single-digit dew points). Higher SLRs of 12-16:1 are
    anticipated in these areas and soil temperatures are near freezing,
    which combined with the event occurring at night, will maximize
    snowfall accumulation potential. The storm races off over Nova
    Scotia by midday Tuesday and snowfall should taper off by Tuesday
    afternoon. WPC probabilities show moderate-chance probabilities
    (40-60%) for snowfall >6" in parts of northern NY (including the
    Tug Hill) and in the tallest peaks of the Green and White
    Mountains. These mountain ranges are favored for the heaviest
    snowfall given the added help of upslope flow. Downeast Maine
    sports moderate-chance probabilities for >6" of snowfall through
    Tuesday morning. For those affected areas listed above, the WSSI-P
    has increased its chances for Minor Impacts to moderate-to-high
    chances (50-70%) from northern MI on east through northern NY and
    into northern New England.

    ...Mid-Atlantic...
    Day 2...

    Residents in the Mid-Atlantic will want to monitor the forecast
    closely Tuesday morning as the same tongue of moisture bringing
    snow to the Northeast could bring a swath of light snow and/or
    wintry mix from the central Appalachians to the New Jersey Shore.
    Soils temperatures are close to freezing and light ice or snow
    accumulations could make for slick travel conditions Christmas Eve
    morning. WPC probabilities do show some low chance probabilities
    (10-30%) for ice accumulations >0.01" in parts of the DC,
    Baltimore, and Philadelphia metropolitan areas Tuesday morning.
    Odds of >0.01" ice accumulations (low-to-moderate chances, or
    30-50%) are greater to the west of these cities in parts of
    northern MD, southeast PA, and the central Appalachians.


    Mullinax




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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Mon Dec 23 20:38:12 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 232037
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    337 PM EST Mon Dec 23 2024

    Valid 00Z Tue Dec 24 2024 - 00Z Fri Dec 27 2024


    ...The West...
    Days 1-3...

    An active pattern continues this week with mountain snow expected
    from the West Coast mountain ranges to both the Northern and
    Central Rockies. This stormy pattern in the short range is due to
    three atmospheric rivers (ARs) bringing plume after plume of
    Pacific moisture into the western U.S. The next AR will arrive late
    this afternoon through this evening with integrated vapor transport
    (IVT) values topping 1,000 kg/m/s off the Oregon coast and
    moisture origins stemming out of the subtropical Pacific. This
    initial round of precipitation will be primarily rain in northern
    CA, western OR, and western WA as snow levels in the OR Cascades
    are as high as 8,000ft and even topping 9,000ft in northern CA. The
    Cascades and Blue Mountains will have the better odds of staying
    mostly snow above 5,000ft.

    By Tuesday morning, sharper 700-500mb height falls from the
    approaching upper trough and associated surface cold front will
    cause snow levels to crash through out the day. They're expected to
    drop as low as 2,500 to 3,000ft at pass level in the WA Cascades
    and below 6,000ft in the Sierra Nevada by Tuesday afternoon. The
    Sierra Nevada have the best odds for an impactful snowfall event
    with the Winter Storm Outlooks now sporting 50-70% odds of
    snowfall exceeding warning criteria for elevations >7,000ft.
    Periods of high elevation snow in the Great Basin and Wasatch are
    likely Tuesday night but heavier accumulations (>4") will be mostly
    confined to elevations at/above 8,000ft. Through 12Z Wednesday,
    WPC probabilities show moderate-to- high chances (50-70%) for
    snowfall >8" above 7,000ft in the Sierra Nevada, above 5,000ft in
    the Cascades/Olympics/Blue Mountains, and above 8,000ft in the
    Tetons.

    The third and more expansive AR arrives Wednesday as a powerful
    sub-960mb low tracks towards the British Columbia coast. NAEFS
    shows this AR with moisture origins northwest of Hawaii that will
    be directed at the Pacific Northwest, including IVT values topping
    the 97.5 climatological percentile. Unlike the first pair of ARs,
    this one will have a slightly colder air-mass to work with at the
    onset while mean 700-300mb winds out of the WSW are better aligned
    orthogonally to enhance upslope ascent into the Olympics and
    Cascades. This is a recipe for heavy/wet snow in the Olympics and
    Cascades Wednesday afternoon and into Wednesday night. Latest WPC
    probabilities show high chances (70-80%) for >8" of snowfall for
    elevations >3,000ft, and a 50-70% chances for >12" of snowfall
    above 5,000ft. The WSSI-P does show 50-70% odds for Moderate
    Impacts in these ranges through Thursday AM, which would include
    some of the WA Cascade passes. WPC Winter Storm Outlook values
    based on the latest guidance for the Washington Cascades and
    Olympics as well as the ranges in eastern Oregon and Idaho have all
    increased through Wednesday and Thursday to over 90% of seeing
    warning criteria amounts of snow.


    ...Northern Plains, Great Lakes, to Northeast...
    Day 1...

    A storm system over the Great Lakes is causing periods of snow from
    central Wisconsin through lower Michigan and beginning to spread
    into northern New York this afternoon. As the storm heads east
    tonight, the storm will direct its anomalous moisture and modest
    low-level WAA into the Northeast. Modest upper-level divergence in
    the form of a strengthening 250mb jet streak aloft provides
    support for the healthy shield of precipitation throughout the
    region, while the air-mass remains quite cold and dry ahead of the
    storm (temps in the teens,single-digit dew points). Higher SLRs of
    12-16:1 are anticipated in these areas and soil temperatures are
    near freezing, which combined with the event occurring at night,
    will maximize snowfall accumulation potential. The storm races off
    over Nova Scotia by midday Tuesday and snowfall should taper off by
    Tuesday afternoon. WPC probabilities show moderate-chance
    probabilities (40-60%) for snowfall >6" in parts of northern NY
    (including the Tug Hill) and in the tallest peaks of the Green and
    White Mountains. These mountain ranges are favored for the heaviest
    snowfall given the added help of upslope flow. Downeast Maine
    sports moderate-chance probabilities for >6" of snowfall through
    Tuesday morning as a secondary coastal low takes over and heads
    into the Canadian Maritimes. For those affected areas listed
    above, the WSSI-P has increased its chances for Minor Impacts to
    moderate- to- high chances (50-70%) from northern MI on east
    through northern NY and into northern New England.

    ...Mid-Atlantic...
    Day 1...

    Residents in the Mid-Atlantic will want to monitor the forecast
    closely Tuesday morning as the same tongue of moisture bringing
    snow to the Northeast could bring a swath of light snow and/or
    wintry mix from the central Appalachians to the New Jersey Shore.
    Soil temperatures are close to freezing and light ice or snow
    accumulations could make for slick travel conditions Christmas Eve
    morning. WPC probabilities show some low chance probabilities
    (10-30%) for ice accumulations >0.01" in parts of the DC,
    Baltimore, and Philadelphia metropolitan areas Tuesday morning.
    Greater chances are along the Mason Dixon Line between Frederick
    and Baltimore, MD through Harrisburg, PA with 20-40% chances of
    .01" of freezing rain.


    Wegman/Mullinax







    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Tue Dec 24 08:02:36 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 240802
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    302 AM EST Tue Dec 24 2024

    Valid 12Z Tue Dec 24 2024 - 12Z Fri Dec 27 2024


    ...The West...
    Days 1-3...

    The active weather pattern continues this morning as sharper
    700-500mb height falls from the approaching upper trough and
    associated surface cold front will cause snow levels to crash
    through out the day. The ongoing AR will sustain an expansive IVT
    above the 90th percentile according to NAEFS this morning that is
    supplying ample Pacific moisture over the western third of the
    CONUS. As the aforementioned upper trough continues its approach
    this morning, snow levels will drop to as low as 2,500-3,000ft at
    pass level in the WA Cascades and below 6,000ft in the Sierra
    Nevada by Tuesday afternoon. The Sierra Nevada have the best odds
    for an impactful snowfall event in large part due to the anomalous
    moisture, the excellent synoptic-scale ascent ahead of the trough,
    and SWrly 850-700-500mb winds approaching the 90th climatological
    percentile that maximize upslope potential. WPC's Snowband
    Probability Tracker snows some impressive hourly rates today that
    could eclipse 3"/hr in some cases. WPC probabilities show high
    chances (>70%) for snowfall totals >8" above 7,000ft with moderate
    chances (40-60%) for >12" snowfall totals at/above 9,000ft in the
    central and southern Sierra Nevada. Farther east, periods of high
    elevation snow in the Great Basin and Wasatch are likely Tuesday
    night but heavier accumulations (>4") will be mostly confined to
    elevations at/above 8,000ft. Through 12Z Wednesday, WPC
    probabilities show moderate-to-high chances (50-70%) for snowfall
    8" above 5,000ft in the Cascades/Olympics/Blue Mountains.

    The next and more expansive AR arrives Wednesday as a powerful
    Pacific storm heads for the British Columbia coast. NAEFS shows
    this AR, with moisture origins from the subtropical central
    Pacific, will be directed at the Pacific Northwest with IVT values
    topping the 99th climatological percentile. Unlike the more recent
    pair of ARs, this one will have a slightly colder air-mass to work
    with at the onset while mean-layer 700-300mb winds out of the WSW
    are better aligned orthogonally to enhance upslope ascent into the
    Olympics and Cascades. This is a recipe for heavy/wet snow in the
    Olympics and Cascades Wednesday afternoon and into Wednesday night.
    Latest WPC probabilities show high chances (>70%) for >8" of
    snowfall for elevations >3,000ft, and 50-70% chances for >12" of
    snowfall above 5,000ft. The WSSI-P does show 50-70% odds for
    Moderate Impacts in these ranges through Thursday AM, which would
    include some of the WA Cascade passes. The moisture associated with
    this AR will spread into the Northern Rockies late Wednesday night
    and into Thursday with the heaviest snowfall in the Blue Mountains
    5,000ft and in the Sawtooth/Salmon River Mountains >6,000ft. WPC
    probabilities depict high chances (>70%) for snowfall totals >8" at
    those elevations through Thursday morning.

    This unrelenting jet stream pattern looks to continue across the
    Pacific Northwest on Thursday as Pacific moisture continues to be
    delivered into the region ahead of the next storm system that
    arrives Thursday night. The bulk of the snowfall, just like the
    past couple of ARs, will remain mostly at more remote and higher
    elevations from the Cascades and Olympics on south to the
    Shasta/Trinity Mountains and the Sierra Nevada. This moisture
    fetch will advance well inland yet again, reaching the Blue,
    Sawtooth, Salmon River, Bitterroots, and Tetons Mountains. In fact,
    some locally heavy snowfall may occur in the taller parks of the
    Wasatch and northern Great Basin ranges. WPC probabilities show
    another high chances event (>70%) for snowfall >8" above 4,000ft
    in the Cascades and Olympics, above 5,000ft in the Oregon Cascades, Trinity/Shasta
    in northern California, and Blue Mountains of eastern Oregon, and
    above 6,000ft in the Sawtooth and Salmon River Mountains of Idaho.
    Throughout the next three days (through 12Z Friday) WPC
    probabilities show high chances for snowfall totals >18" in the
    taller and more remote reaches of these mountain ranges. Some
    impactful snowfall at pass-level and along roadways that wind
    around complex terrain may cause difficult to even impossible
    travel conditions through the end of the week.


    ...Northeast & Mid-Atlantic...
    Day 1...

    The storm system that brought periods of snow to the Great Lakes
    continues to track east this morning while directing anomalous
    moisture aloft and modest low-level WAA into the Northeast. Modest
    upper-level divergence in the form of a strengthening 250mb jet
    streak aloft provides support for a broad swath of precipitation
    throughout the region, while the air-mass remains quite cold and
    dry ahead of the storm (temps in the teens, single-digit dew
    points). Higher SLRs of 12-16:1 are anticipated in these areas and
    soil temperatures are near freezing, which combined with the event
    occurring at night, will maximize snowfall accumulation potential.
    Snow should conclude across northern and western NY by mid-morning,
    followed by the rest of northern New England by midday. Downeast
    Maine will witness snow the longest and thus sports high-chance
    probabilities (>70%) for >6" of snowfall through Tuesday afternoon
    as a secondary coastal low takes over and heads into the Canadian
    Maritimes. The WSSI depicts mostly Minor impacts from central and
    northern New York to eastern Maine with only portions of Downeast
    Maine highlighted for seeing Moderate Impacts (hazardous driving
    conditions and disruptions to daily life expected).

    In the Mid-Atlantic, the same tongue of moisture bringing snow to
    the Northeast will generate a swath of light snow and wintry mix
    from the central Appalachians to the New Jersey Shore. Soil
    temperatures are near freezing and light ice or snow accumulations
    may make for slick travel conditions this morning. WPC
    probabilities show some low chance probabilities (10-30%) for ice
    accumulations >0.01" in parts of the DC, Baltimore, and
    Philadelphia metropolitan areas this morning. Greater chances are
    in portions of the central Appalachians where low-to-moderate
    chances (30-50%) are present.


    Mullinax










    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Tue Dec 24 19:15:40 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 241915
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    215 PM EST Tue Dec 24 2024

    Valid 00Z Wed Dec 25 2024 - 00Z Sat Dec 28 2024


    ...The West...
    Days 1-3...

    An active pattern will continue for much of the West/Rockies over
    the next few days as successive Atmospheric River events bring
    mountain snow to much of the West outside the Southwest/SoCal. Lead
    event today will continue to push farther inland and weaken with
    light snow for the Idaho ranges into the Great Basin southeastward
    into the Uintas/Wasatch and CO Rockies this evening/overnight.

    By tomorrow late morning/early afternoon, the next wave of
    precipitation will start to move into the WA/OR coast which will
    start a relatively steady period of valley rain and mountain snow.
    Snow levels tomorrow afternoon will start on the lower side
    ~2500-3500ft over the Cascades as light to moderate snow
    overspreads the passes and mountains. However, snow levels will
    rise through the night as milder air moves in, reaching
    3500-5000ft, coinciding with the core of the AR (IVT values near
    the 99th percentile). By Thursday, height falls will move ashore
    with the upper jet curling across NorCal into the Great Basin,
    promoting broad lift for areas of the interior West. Modest snow is
    expected over the higher elevations from the Blue Mountains
    eastward across Idaho and into western MT in addition to the Trinity/Shasta/Siskiyous eastward to the Ruby Mountains and
    northern Wasatch into the Tetons as the axis of moisture progresses
    eastward.

    Finally, by late Thursday into Friday, another Pacific system will
    move into Vancouver with a robust surface low to the northwest of
    WA and a modest plume of moisture into the Cascades/Olympics
    southward to the NorCal ranges. Snow levels will vary but will
    generally be a bit higher than the D1 system (3500-5500ft). Still,
    snow will affect the higher passes in the West with some impacts to
    travel.

    WPC probabilities for at least 12 inches of snow through the 3-day
    period are high (>70%) above about 3000-4000ft from north to
    south. Total snow accumulation may exceed 3 to 5 ft in the higher
    terrain of the Cascades. WPC probabilities for at least 6 inches
    through the period are high (>70%) above about 3000-4000ft.

    Fracasso


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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Wed Dec 25 07:52:37 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 250752
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    252 AM EST Wed Dec 25 2024

    Valid 12Z Wed Dec 25 2024 - 12Z Sat Dec 28 2024


    ...The West...
    Days 1-3...

    This exceptionally busy Pacific wave train will continue to direct
    storm system after storm system at the Pacific Northwest and the
    Rockies through the end of the week. The next in a series of
    Pacific storm systems arrives Wednesday afternoon with the
    the divergent left-exit region of a 120kt 200mb jet streak moving
    in over the Pacific Northwest. The atmospheric river (AR) peaks
    1,000 kg/m/s off the Northern California coast, directing an
    anomalous PW plume (>90th climatological percentile) throughout the
    Pacific Northwest Wednesday night and into Thursday. Snow levels
    look to start out between 2,500-3,500 ft in the Cascades and
    Olympics, then rise to as high as 4,000ft in some areas Thursday
    afternoon as snowfall rates diminish. Snow will spread inland
    across the Blue, Salmon River, Sawtooth, Tetons, and as far south
    as the Wasatch and northern Great Basin. Snow from this system
    should taper off in the Tetons and central Rockies by Thursday
    night.

    The next Pacific storm system arrives Thursday night that
    accompanies another IVT topping out around 1,000 kg/m/s that
    delivers yet another round of heavy mountain snow from the Sierra
    Nevada on north to the Cascades and Olympics through Friday
    morning. Snow levels in the Cascades will generally be around the
    same levels as the first event while the heavier snowfall totals in
    the Sierra Nevada will be above 6,000ft. Similar to the last AR,
    this AR will spread anomalous moisture into the Northern and
    Central Rockies with most heavier amounts in the higher/more remote
    parts of the central and northern Rockies. This will once again be
    the case Friday evening when a third AR brings another surge in
    Pacific moisture to the Pacific Northwest with more heavy mountain
    snow in the Olympics, Cascades, Blue, Sawtooth, and Bitterroot
    Mountains.

    WPC probabilities for at least 18 inches of snow through the 3-day
    period are high (>70%) above about 3000-4000ft from north to
    south along the Washington Cascades and in the Olympics. Total
    snow accumulations ranging between 4 to 6 feet in the higher
    terrain of the Cascades. WPC probabilities for at least 12 inches
    through the period are high (>70%) in the higher peaks of the Blue,
    Salmon River, Sawtooth, Teton, and Bear River Mountains. The
    cumulative 3-day WSSI depicts Major Impacts in the Olympics and
    Cascades above 4,000ft, indicating considerable disruptions to
    daily life (including dangerous to impossible travel conditions)
    are expected through much of the week. Moderate to Major Impacts
    are possible as far south as the Trinity/Salmon mountains of
    Northern California, the Blue and Sawtooth Mountains, and as far
    east as the higher elevations of the Bear River and Wasatch of
    northern Utah.


    The probabilities for significant ice accumulations across the
    CONUS are less than 10 percent.

    Mullinax




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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Wed Dec 25 19:34:00 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 251933
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    233 PM EST Wed Dec 25 2024

    Valid 00Z Thu Dec 26 2024 - 00Z Sun Dec 29 2024


    ...The West...
    Days 1-3...

    Active N Pac will continue for the next few days with waves of
    precipitation moving into the West ahead of incoming cold fronts.
    These plumes of moisture generally have ties to the subtropics
    north of Hawaii, and the storm track of the surface lows will
    generally be near/north of 50N. This will maintain milder than
    average conditions with snow levels near many passes across the
    Cascades as the Atmospheric Rivers (AR) fluctuate in location.
    Each wave will carry a surge in moisture with higher snow levels,
    peaking around the 95th percentile (IVT) then waning as snow levels
    fall again. This will result in impactful snow to the passes at
    times (into the northern Rockies as well) and in the mountains all
    across the Northwest/Sierra/Great Basin and northern/central
    Rockies.

    The D1 event will feature the highest QPF and snow, and per the
    ECMWF EFI will be the most anomalous along/east of the Cascades
    into the Blue Mountains in OR and over eastern WA/northern ID.
    Several feet of snow is expected in the higher peaks. WPC
    probabilities for at least 12 inches of snow just D1 are high
    70%) above 4000ft or so in the Cascades and above 5000ft or so
    in northeastern OR to central ID.

    For D2-3, additional AR events are forecast coincident with a
    couple waves in the flow off the N Pacific, aimed farther south
    than the event D1 (NorCal/southern OR and points east). Each will
    bring another round of snow to the region with little break in
    between (6-18 hours at best for areas ~40-45N). D2 event will
    focus into NorCal/the Great Basin/Wasatch/central Rockies as the
    core of the next AR shifts south and punches well inland (IVT >90th
    percentile into western CO late Fri). By D3, the next AR will
    shift northward with a focus into central ID/western WY
    (Bitterroots to the Tetons) but continuing into the Cascades. WPC
    probabilities for at least 8 inches of snow each day are high
    70%) above about 7000ft in the interior. The active pattern looks
    to continue into the medium range.

    The probability of significant ice accumulations > 0.25 inches
    across the CONUS are less than 10 percent this period.

    Fracasso

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Thu Dec 26 08:42:26 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 260842
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    342 AM EST Thu Dec 26 2024

    Valid 12Z Thu Dec 26 2024 - 12Z Sun Dec 29 2024


    ...The West...
    Days 1-3...

    Active pattern over the Northwest continues into the weekend with
    three notable waves through Saturday with a fourth approaching
    Sunday. Moisture ahead of these waves generally have ties to the
    subtropics north of Hawaii and the surface low tracks are near
    50N which will maintain milder than average conditions and snow
    levels generally around most pass levels in the Cascades. Each
    wave will carry a surge in moisture, peaking around the 95th
    percentile (IVT) then waning allowing snow levels fall again. This
    will result in impactful snow to the Cascades, and at least into
    Friday, the Sierra Nevada and Great Basin, continuing into Saturday
    for the central Rockies.

    The heaviest precip of the next three days is going on this
    morning with an additional 1 to 2 feet in the Cascades above the
    near 4000ft snow level after 12Z. The potent low currently west of
    WA quickly diminishes after plowing into Vancouver Island later
    this morning and ridging builds this afternoon/evening ahead of the
    next wave tonight. Day 1 PWPF for >8" is high, 50-90% over the Blue
    Mtns of OR and the Sawtooths of ID up through the Bitterroots.

    The low track tonight is a little farther south than the one today
    with the not-as-potent low making landfall into the Olympic
    Peninsula Friday morning. The moisture focus is over OR and
    northern CA, but duration is limited due to the progressive nature
    of the shortwave that is able to penetrate inland through the
    Rockies. Snow levels over the OR Cascades and Sierra Nevada rise
    tonight to 5000-6000ft with heavy snow rates above and Day 1.5
    PWPF for >8" is generally 50-90% in the higher terrain. Further
    snow over the north-central Rockies continues with 50-80% probs for
    8" over the Wasatch up through the Tetons and again for the
    Sawtooth.

    After brief ridging late Friday, the next round of precip over the
    Northwest is a more prolonged onshore flow centered on WA/OR until
    a surface low reaches the OR/CA coastal border late Saturday night.
    Snow levels slowly rise in the prolonged moderate precip, to around
    4000ft in WA, 5000-6000ft in OR and inland. Day 3 PWPF for >8" is
    50-70% in the WA/OR Cascades, Sawtooths yet again, and the Tetons
    to the Wind River and ranges along the southern ID/WY border.


    ...Northeast...
    Day 3...

    High pressure shifting off the Eastern Seaboard and a wave coming
    up from Texas with origins in the wave reaching the Pacific
    Northwest on Friday lifts up the Ohio Valley Saturday night. Warm
    air advection moisture and precip shift up the Northeast late that
    night. With cold pre-conditions and possibly enough lingering cold
    air, freezing rain becomes an increasing threat for the interior
    Northeast. Day 3 PWPF for >0.1" ice is up to 20% in southern New
    Hampshire.


    Jackson


    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Thu Dec 26 19:46:08 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 261945
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    245 PM EST Thu Dec 26 2024

    Valid 00Z Fri Dec 27 2024 - 00Z Mon Dec 30 2024


    ...The West...
    Days 1-3...

    Widespread active weather to impact the Pacific and Interior
    Northwest through the weekend.

    Broad troughing centered south of Alaska will shed periodic
    shortwave energy eastward towards the Pacific Coast through the
    weekend, although accompanying surface lows are progged to remain
    north into Canada. This will result in a pattern which features
    impressively convergent flow coming eastward from the Pacific,
    leading to rounds of elevated IVT as period atmospheric rivers (AR)
    surge onshore. This moisture combined with strong jet streaks aloft
    will result in widespread heavy precipitation across much of the
    Pacific and Interior Northwest, with precipitation spreading as far
    south as the Sierra, and as far east as the Central Rockies, at
    times.

    The first wave will move onshore late Thursday night into Friday
    morning as the low pressure lifting into British Columbia pushes a
    warm front eastward and into OR/WA. The accompanying moist
    advection will push IVT above the 99th percentile according to the
    CFRS climatology, highest into the Great Basin, but the northern
    periphery of >90th percentile IVT will lift into OR/ID, and GEFS
    IVT probabilities for 500 kg/m/s peak above 50% even as far east as
    the Foothills. The overlap of moisture with ascent (aided by
    transient LFQ jet level diffluence and periods of upslope in N-S or
    NW/SE terrain features) will result in widespread precipitation D1
    from the Sierra and coastal OR through the Great Basin and into the
    Central Rockies. Snow levels in the highest IVT core will reach
    5000-6000 ft, but remain around 3000-4000 ft farther north, leading
    to at least modest winter impacts at the Passes. WPC probabilities
    D1 for more than 8 inches of snow are high (70-90%) for parts of
    the Sierra, OR Cascades, Blue Mountains, Salmon River/Sawtooth
    region, Uintas, Tetons, and into the Park Range of CO. Locally 1-2
    feet is likely in the highest terrain.

    A second, somewhat weaker, impulse will follow immediately in the
    wake of this first wave and lift northeast into British Columbia
    once again, with the attendant warm front and accompanying
    warm/moist advection lifting into WA/OR late Friday night into
    Saturday. Once again, enhanced ascent through jet streak will help
    expand moisture, with upslope flow driving the most intense
    precipitation into the Cascades and farther east in the Salmon
    River/Sawtooth Ranges. Snow levels with this second wave will be
    slightly higher than the first, around 8000 ft across CA/Great
    Basin, and 4000-6000 ft as far north as the WA Cascades. Heavy snow
    is likely once again above these levels, and in some places farther
    east into ID/MT/WY snow intensity may decrease between the two
    waves, but will never really shut off. Current D2 WPC probabilities
    are high (70-90%) for more than 8 inches again from the WA
    Cascades, into the Northern Rockies, and across the Tetons.

    Yet a third wave in this persistent confluent onshore flow will
    push onshore Saturday night and Sunday as a more pronounced
    shortwave trough digs eastward and comes onshore near the OR/WA
    coast at the end of the forecast period. This will again be
    accompanied by onshore flow and enhanced IVT, but mesoscale forcing
    for ascent may be a bit more robust Sunday as a warm front stalls
    in the vicinity beneath the favorable LFQ of a more potent stream.
    The axis of higher moisture is more restrictive this day as NAEFS
    PWs above the 97.5 percentile are in a narrow channel from OR to
    UT, but this is also where some enhanced fgen may occur through the
    favorable overlap of low-level WAA and upper level diffluence.
    Uncertainty is considerable in the placement of this corridor, but
    another round of heavy snow is likely above generally 4000-6000 ft
    on Sunday. WPC probabilities D3 are above 70% for 8 inches D3
    across the spine of the Cascades, into the Salmon River/Sawtooth
    region, Blue Mountains, and continue in the vicinity of
    Yellowstone NP. 3-day total snowfall of 3-5 feet is possible in the
    hied terrain of the Cascades and Tetons.



    ...Interior Mid-Atlantic and Northeast...
    Days 2-3...

    A shortwave rotating through the base of an elongated trough
    positioned from the Northern Rockies through the Ohio Valley will
    lift northeast into the Great Lakes Friday night into Saturday
    morning while a surface high pressure sits south of New England.
    The confluent flow between these two features will surge a plume of
    moisture northward on 300K isentropic ascent leading to PW
    anomalies as high as +2 sigma according to NAEFS from the Central
    Appalachians through the northern Mid-Atlantic. The surface high
    will slowly retreat during this period, but cold air at the surface
    will at least initially be trapped leading to some light freezing
    rain accumulations. WPC probabilities for 0.1" or more are 10-30%,
    focused in the Catskills and southern Adirondacks, but light icing
    accumulating to above 0.01" may impact much of PA, Upstate NY, and
    southern New England.

    After a brief break in precipitation, a more significant wave of
    low pressure will develop across the Ozarks Saturday evening in
    response to a potent shortwave trough digging through the primary
    trough axis from the Central Plains. This shortwave will gradually
    weaken into D3 as it encounters mid-level ridging across the
    eastern CONUS, but a favorably placed jet streak will leave
    sufficient diffluence through the RRQ to allow slow deepening of
    the surface wave as it moves into the eastern Great Lakes and then
    Ontario Province by the end of the forecast period. To the east of
    this low, precipitation will expand on renewed WAA, while subtle
    wedging of the retreating high clings across northern PA, Upstate
    NY, and northern New England. Eventually all of the precipitation
    should turn to rain as WAA overwhelms the column, but a period of
    icing is likely before that time, leading to at least modest
    accumulations of ice. Some of the recent WSE plumes are quite
    aggressive across NH/ME, so there is potential for heavier icing,
    but at this time the WPC probabilities for 0.1" or more are capped
    at 30-50% in central ME.

    Weiss



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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Fri Dec 27 08:49:59 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 270849
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    349 AM EST Fri Dec 27 2024

    Valid 12Z Fri Dec 27 2024 - 12Z Mon Dec 30 2024


    ...The West...
    Days 1-3...

    Prolonged winter weather impacts for terrain in the Pacific and
    Interior Northwest persist through the weekend.

    Broad troughing centered south of Alaska will continue to shed
    shortwave energy through the Northwest through Saturday night
    before the trough axis swings inland on Sunday. Convergent flow off
    the Pacific is featured ahead of the main trough axis, leading to
    rounds of elevated IVT as periodic atmospheric rivers (AR) surge
    onshore. This moisture combined with powerful jet streaks aloft
    will result in widespread heavy precipitation across much of the
    Pacific and Interior Northwest, with the Sunday trough axis
    spreading precip down to the central Sierra Nevada.

    An ongoing wave will cross the OR coast early this morning with a
    notable moisture surge crossing the Great Basin and lifting over
    the north-central Rockies into this evening. Snow levels around 6000
    ft are expected over NV/UT/CO, around 5000 ft in ID, and remain
    around 3000-4000 ft in the Cascades, allowing at least modest
    winter impacts at the most passes. WPC probabilities for >6" on Day
    1 are high (70-90%) for the higher WA/OR Cascades, Blue Mountains,
    Salmon River/Sawtooths, Wasatch, Uintas, Tetons, and into the Park
    Range of CO. An additional 18" are likely in the highest terrain.

    The next vort lobe arrives into the PacNW coast this evening which
    is south of the surface low track into Vancouver Island and under a
    150+ kt Wly jet streak. Enhanced ascent from jet streak will help
    expand moisture, with upslope flow driving the most intense
    precipitation into the Cascades and farther east in the Salmon
    River/Sawtooth Ranges. Snow levels rise with this moisture surge
    are generally 4000-6000 ft in the Cascades and the north-central
    Rockies. Heavy snow is expected in terrain with Day 2 snow
    probabilities for >8" 50-90% in the OR/WA Cascades, Salmon
    River/Sawtooths and Tetons south through the Wasatch.

    Confluent onshore flow with moderate to locally heavy precip
    continues to push onshore until the trough passage Sunday
    afternoon. Mesoscale forcing for ascent will be more robust Sunday
    with the trough axis passage with snow levels generally around
    3000 ft in WA with a baroclinic zone across OR where snow levels
    should quickly rise to around 6000 ft. Day 3 WPC probabilities
    are above 70% for >8" along the spine of the Cascades, yet again
    through the Salmon River/Sawtooths, Blue Mountains, expand up
    through the Bitterroots and Tetons south through the southern
    Absarokas into west-central WY.
    Additional 3-day total snowfall of 3-5 feet is likely in the higher
    terrain of the Cascades, Sawtooths, and Tetons.


    ...Central Appalachians and Northeast...
    Days 1-3...

    A pair of lows tracking up through the Great Lakes today through
    Sunday will bring some freezing rain risk to the Northeast late
    tonight and again Sunday night. Surface cold air will be initially
    be trapped leading to some light freezing rain accumulations. Day
    1.5 WPC ice for >0.1" around around 10% from the Poconos to the
    southern Adirondacks with Day 2 up to 10% in south-central NH.

    After a brief break in precipitation, a more significant wave of
    low pressure will develop across the Ozarks Saturday evening in
    response to a potent shortwave trough digging through the primary
    trough axis from the Central Plains. A favorably placed jet streak
    will leave sufficient diffluence through the right entrance region
    to allow deepening of the surface wave as it moves into the
    eastern Great Lakes Sunday night. To the east of this low,
    precipitation will expand on renewed WAA, while subtle wedging of
    the retreating high clings across northern PA, Upstate NY, and
    northern New England. Eventually all of the precipitation should
    turn to rain as WAA overwhelms the column, but a period of icing is
    likely before that time, leading to at least modest accumulations
    of ice, particularly over areas with frozen ground. Day 3 ice probs
    for >0.1" are only up to 5% in central Maine - will see if these
    probabilities continue to trend down in the coming forecast cycles.


    Jackson




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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Fri Dec 27 20:03:10 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 272002
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    302 PM EST Fri Dec 27 2024

    Valid 12Z Fri Dec 27 2024 - 12Z Mon Dec 30 2024


    ...The West...
    Days 1-3...

    Nearly continuous precipitation will persist across the Pacific and
    Interior Northwest through the weekend, but a lull finally appears
    late Monday.

    Broad troughing centered south of Alaska begins the period
    /Saturday 00Z/ driving impressively confluent and zonal flow to its
    south. Embedded within this flow, moisture will stream across the
    Pacific as an atmospheric river (AR), funneling into the Pacific
    Northwest from far northern CA into southern WA. IVT within this
    plume of moisture is progged by both GEFS and ECENS to have a high
    probability (>80%) of exceeding 500 kg/m/s, with the axis most
    directly impacting the OR/CA border D1, just south of a powerful
    Pacific jet streak also angling onshore. Together, this will spread
    elevated PWs, above the 97th percentile according to NAEFS, as far
    east as UT by Saturday night. As is typical with ARs, the
    accompanying WAA will raise snow levels, and the NBM is aggressive
    showing a sharp gradient in snow level along and south of this
    directed moisture. Snow levels across CA and the Great Basin into
    UT will reach as high as 8000 ft, while remaining generally
    4000-6000 ft farther north. This suggests the heaviest
    precipitation will occur above most passes, but WPC probabilities
    are high (70-90%) for more than 12 inches of snow across the WA
    Cascades, parts of the Northern Rockies and Salmon River/Sawtooth
    area, and into the NW WY ranges.

    Late D1 into D2, the trough south of Alaska will re-orient itself,
    becoming deeper as a closed mid-level low moving towards British
    Columbia Sunday morning. This will cause downstream ridging, at
    least briefly, causing a temporary reprieve from precipitation
    across the West. However, by early D2 /Saturday night/ renewed
    moisture will surge onshore with a now SW oriented AR (once again
    high probabilities for IVT exceeding 500 kg/m/s) moving into OR.
    Embedded within this trough, a more pronounced shortwave and
    accompanying vorticity maxima will shed eastward into CA/OR Sunday
    aftn, and it is likely a wave of low pressure will move onshore
    during this time, shifting east/northeast along a warm
    front/baroclinic gradient.

    Initially the most widespread precipitation will occur along this
    warm front, with locally enhanced fgen occurring as the LFQ of a
    potent jet streak interacts with the low-level warm front leading
    to strong ascent and heavy precipitation rates. However, with time
    as this boundary lifts north, more widespread precipitation will
    spread across the West as the accompanying WAA lifts isentropically
    (most pronounced at 290K) into the interior NW. This will cause
    impressive deep layer lift, aided in terrain by strong upslope flow
    especially in N-S or NW-SE oriented mountain ranges. During this
    time, snow levels will warm gradually as Pacific air floods
    eastward and WAA expands, leading to snow levels that will be as
    high as 5000-6000 ft in many areas as far north as the WA/OR border
    and into the Absarokas. This will limit snow accumulations at many
    of the area passes (lower snow levels will be accompanied by
    lesser precipitation), but impactful winter weather is still
    expected across many areas Sunday, reflected by WPC probabilities
    for more than 12 inches that are again above 70% across many of the
    same areas on D1, with the exception being across the Cascades
    where the highest potential shifts from WA to OR.

    During D3 the greatest moisture will get shunted eastward into the
    Northern Rockies and eventually the northern High Plains as a
    surface wave develops over WY, leading to more pronounced wrap-
    around moisture into MT/WY, and causing a flip in wind direction
    leading to upslope flow on eastern slopes across MT/WY. Heavy
    snowfall is likely again during D3, but with a gradual decrease in
    coverage and intensity. Still, WPC probabilities D3 are high (>70%)
    for 8+ inches in the Cascades, Northern Rockies, NW WY ranges, and
    into the Park Range of CO. In some areas, 3 consecutive days of
    snow could accumulate to as much as 5 feet, with the highest
    snowfall probable in the Tetons.


    ...Mid-Atlantic and Northeast...
    Days 1-3...

    Dual low pressures, one that is relatively weak on Saturday, and
    another much stronger Sunday into Monday, will lift northeast
    through the Ohio Valley and west of the Appalachians, spreading
    moisture into the Mid- Atlantic and Northeast.

    The first of these waves, a weak low along a triple point, will
    lift from the lower MS VLY into Michigan D1, with an attendant warm
    front pivoting as far north as Upstate NY by Saturday night. As
    this warm front lifts northward, it will spread greater moisture
    into the Mid-Atlantic and Northeast, especially along the 300K
    surface where mixing ratios rise to 4-6 g/kg, driving PWs to above
    the 90th climatological percentile as far north as northern New
    England by 00Z/Sunday. High pressure to the north will gradually
    retreat, and the antecedent airmass is quite dry so this will
    somewhat eat into the available moisture for precipitation.
    However, it will also keep wet-bulb temperatures below 0C as this
    channel of moisture lifts northward, resulting in a narrow corridor
    of freezing rain from PA into New England. Amounts should be light,
    but any icing can cause impacts, and current WPC probabilities D1
    are as high as 10-30% for 0.1" of ice across the Poconos and
    Catskills.

    After this first wave exits, a brief respite will occur before the
    more significant low develops and lifts northward from the lower MS
    VLY into MI once again, but with a more pronounced occlusion
    driving greater moisture northward. Strong warm/moist advection
    downstream of this low will surge PWs to above the 99.5th
    percentile within the core, surrounded by a broader axis of PWs
    above the 97.5th percentile encompassing much of the Northeast
    according to NAEFS. The aforementioned high pressure will retreat
    more significantly Sunday in response to impressive mid-level
    divergence as the primary upper low closes off over MI, and the
    guidance has backed off on the low-level wedging across New
    England. Cold antecedent temperatures at at least some wet-bulb
    affects will permit precip to begin as freezing rain in many areas
    from PA and Upstate NY trough central/northern New England, but
    confluent southerly flow will quickly turn most p-type to rain by
    the end of D2. The exception will be confined to northern NH and
    ME, but even here ice accretion forecasts have come down as
    reflected by WSE plume trends. Still, some icing is likely which
    could create slippery travel, and WPC probabilities for 0.0.1" are
    10-30% D2, and around 10% D3 across central and northern portions
    of ME.


    ...Central Plains...
    Day 3...

    A fast moving shortwave trough emerging from the Central Rockies
    will pivot into the Central Plains Monday morning concurrent with a
    zonally oriented jet streak shifting across the Southern Plains.
    This will produce an efficient overlap of height falls and
    diffluence atop a warm front to drive cyclogenesis, and a deepening
    low pressure is progged to move from WY to MO D3. Downstream of
    this deepening low, warm and moist advection, especially along the
    285K-290K surfaces, will lift isentropically into a modest TROWAL,
    providing additional support for ascent and the guidance is
    trending towards a more robust swath of snow, especially near the
    SD/NE border, and before subsequent low pressure develops near the
    Ozarks late in the period. Ensemble clusters suggest still a lot of
    spread in low placement and intensity, but confidence is increasing
    in a swath of heavy snow despite a modest thermal environment as
    dynamic cooling helps to increase snow accumulation potential. At
    this time, WPC probabilities are modest, but feature a 10-30%
    chance for 2" of snow across southern SD, with more snow possible
    into D4 and beyond this forecast period.


    Weiss



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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sat Dec 28 09:17:52 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 280917
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    417 AM EST Sat Dec 28 2024

    Valid 12Z Sat Dec 28 2024 - 12Z Tue Dec 31 2024


    ...The West...
    Days 1-3...

    Ongoing wintry precipitation over the Northwest and northern
    Rockies terrain into Monday before tapering off for at least a
    day.

    Broad ridging over the eastern Pacific and trough over the Gulf of
    Alaska drive impressively confluent and zonal flow with embedded
    impulses into the Northwest through tonight before a notable trough
    pushes ashore Sunday and tracks over the northern Rockies through
    Sunday night. At atmospheric river centered along and south of the
    jet maximum and its associated high snow levels (6000-8000ft) will
    shift north from CA through OR today/tonight while snow levels
    remain lower over WA (around 4000ft). Day 1 snow probs are 50-90%
    for the CA and OR Cascades with most WA passes impacted. Moisture
    already farther inland will continue to produce heavy snow in
    terrain over the Rockies from northern CO through northern
    UT/western WY, central ID, and western MT where Day 1 snow probs
    for >8" are 50-90%.

    The base of the trough/vort max digs south to the far northern CA
    coast by Sunday morning. This will surge heavy precip up the PacNW
    which will be accompanied by rapidly falling snow levels under the
    trough, creating a heavy snow situation for much of the Cascades
    Sunday. Snow levels drop below 4000ft Sunday afternoon in OR and
    3500ft in WA. Day 2 snow probs for >8" are 60-90% along the extent
    of the Cascades.

    The AR surge inland means increasing snow levels Sunday over the
    northern Rockies with values generally 6000ft in central ID before
    dropping to around 4000ft Sunday evening before ridging cuts off
    precip late Sunday night. Day 2 snow probs over the northern
    Rockies are 60-90% for >8" in the Bitterroots, Salmon
    River/Sawtooths, and around Yellowstone including the Red Lodge and
    Tetons down toward the Wind River.

    Moisture will get shunted east of the Northern Rockies late Sunday
    night into Monday though high pressure building south from the lee
    of the Canadian Rockies will maintain snow in and around Glacier
    NP. Day 3 snow probs for >8" are 60-80% there. A much needed break
    looks to last 24-36 hours over the rest of the Northwest on Monday.


    ...Mid-Atlantic and Northeast...
    Days 1-2...

    Pockets of light icing persist this morning over interior sections
    of the northern Mid-Atlantic and interior New England. Freezing
    drizzle is a concern tonight for portions of inland Maine. Further
    light icing is possible over northern Maine Sunday night ahead of
    the next system tracking up the Great Lakes. These icing totals are
    expected to stay below a tenth inch.


    ...North-Central Plains...
    Day 3...

    The powerful trough that shifts over the Pacific Northwest coast
    Sunday will dive ESE on a 150kt jet and reach southern KS by
    Monday, pushing into MO that evening. This will produce an
    efficient overlap of height falls and diffluence atop a warm front
    to drive sfc cyclogenesis over northern OK into northern AR. Warm
    and moist advection ahead will lift into a modest TROWAL, providing
    support for ascent and a somewhat narrow swath of snow from
    northeast WY and along the SD/Neb border before tracking into less
    favorable thermals over IA Monday night. Day 3 snow probs for >4"
    are around 50% for the Black Hills and around 20% for much of SD.
    There is latitudinal differences in guidance with the 00Z ECMWF/GFS
    farther south/more into Neb than the farther north (and heavier)
    Canadian.


    Jackson


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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sat Dec 28 19:24:45 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 281924
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    224 PM EST Sat Dec 28 2024

    Valid 00Z Sun Dec 29 2024 - 00Z Wed Jan 01 2025

    ...The West...
    Days 1-3...

    Successive atmospheric river events continue for the West Coast
    and northern Intermountain West but will start to wind down in a
    couple days. Strong 150kt upper jet has come ashore the OR coast
    this morning and will continue to focus modest/heavy precipitation
    over the Northwest into the northern Great Basin/Rockies tonight
    into Sunday downstream of the upper trough axis. The base of the
    mid/upper trough will reach the coast tomorrow morning and progress
    inland, allowing colder air to move into the region as the
    heaviest precipitation moves through the Sierra and across
    Idaho/western MT. Sunday night into Monday, the jet will continue
    through the Great Basin to the central Rockies, promoting broad
    lift on the poleward exit region from ID to WY. Combined with
    favorable upslope into the terrain, heavy mountain snow is likely
    for the central ID ranges into the Tetons/Yellowstone and SW MT. By
    Monday late morning through the afternoon, height falls will exit
    the Rockies though lingering Pacific energy will be poised to come
    into the West Coast albeit with much less QPF. By day 3, another
    short wave moving through WA into western MT will wring out some
    more snow for the region, focused around Glacier NP beneath the
    track of the vort.

    For the 3-day period, WPC probabilities for at least 12 inches of
    snow are high (>70%) across the Cascades above about 4000-5000ft
    (north to south) and above about 4000-6000ft toward the Divide. On
    the southern side, with higher snow levels from UT to CO, WPC
    probabilities for at least 12 inches of snow days 1-3 are high
    above about 8000-9000ft.


    ...North-Central Plains...
    Days 2-3...

    Strong height falls moving out of the Rockies early Monday will
    support an expanding area of precipitation across the
    northern/central Plains where marginal temperatures will support
    snow (or rain to snow) across the area from around the Black Hills
    ESE across SD into Nebraska. Though the QPF area-wide may be on the
    order of a few tenths of an inch (thus, 1-2" snow), mid-level
    forcing on the north side of the 850/sfc low could support a narrow
    axis of heavier amounts per some of the guidance (closer to 0.5"
    liquid or ~4-5" snow). In addition, heavier rates even during the
    afternoon may allow for more accumulation than advertised as the
    system quickly passes through. WPC probabilities for at least 4
    inches of snow are highest over the Black Hills but do extend
    across SD a bit.


    Fracasso

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sun Dec 29 08:42:11 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 290840
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    340 AM EST Sun Dec 29 2024

    Valid 12Z Sun Dec 29 2024 - 12Z Wed Jan 01 2025

    ...The West...
    Days 1-2...

    Strong trough with the base over far northern CA reaches the
    Pacific Northwest this morning, sweeping east to the Great Basin by
    this evening on a powerful 150kt zonal jet. The atmospheric river
    going on ahead of the trough will be brought into focus up through
    the OR Cascades today with height falls allowing snow levels to
    drop to mountain passes such as Santiam by midday. Onshore flow and
    cellular activity continues over the Cascades through tonight. Day
    1 snow probs for >8" are 60-90% along the OR Cascades and 50-80%
    for the WA Cascades, including around Snoqualmie Pass. The base of
    the trough sends a strong plume of moisture down the northern/
    central Sierra this afternoon with snow levels generally above
    7000ft.

    This afternoon through tonight, the jet will continue through the
    Great Basin to the central Rockies, promoting broad lift on the
    poleward exit region from ID to WY. Combined with favorable upslope
    into the terrain, heavy mountain snow is again expected for the
    central ID ranges into the Tetons/Yellowstone and SW MT where Day 1
    snow probs for >12" are 50-80%. Monday morning through the
    afternoon, height rises will spread east from the PacNW and produce
    a welcome lull in activity through Tuesday.

    Pacific Northwest...
    Day 3...

    Broad zonal flow below a Gulf of Alaska low reaches the PacNW coast
    Tuesday night with light to moderate precip with snow levels
    generally around 2000ft in WA and 3000ft in OR. Day 3.5 snow probs
    (ending 00Z Thur) are generally 40-70% for >6" in the WA/OR
    Cascades.


    ...North-Central Plains...
    Days 1-2...

    Strong trough that pushes over the Pacific Northwest today rides a
    150kt zonal jet over the CO Rockies early Monday while high
    pressure builds south from the lee of the Canadian Rockies.
    Convergence between this high and lee cyclogenesis over KS will
    support an expanding area of precipitation over eastern MT and
    northeast WY tonight where it is cold enough for snow and then
    across western SD through central Neb Monday where temperatures
    become increasingly marginal. A general swath of a quarter inch can
    be expected through this path, but local enhancements from terrain
    (like the Black Hills) and mesoscale banding will result in locally
    heavy snow. Day 1.5 snow probs for >4" are splotchy along this path
    with generally 20-50% probs from central MT through central SD and
    the Pine Ridge of Nebraska (along with 80% probs in the Black
    Hills). Those probs continue farther east over SD Day 2, but there
    are still latitudinal differences with both the 00Z GFS and ECMWF
    still being a bit farther south with accumulating snow over the
    Nebraska Sandhills. Furthermore, the developing low over MO Monday
    evening may allow some localized banding/dynamic cooling for snow
    in southeast Neb/western IA, but it would be hard to overcome the
    rather marginal thermals.


    ...Northeast...
    Day 3...

    The low tracking over KS/MO on Monday shifts east to the Mid-
    Atlantic through Tuesday before shifting up the Northeastern
    Seaboard Tuesday night. It's a progressive system, but with the
    surface low translating to the coast around Long Island then
    strengthening as it tracks northeast, there is a threat for banding
    on the back side of the low. Marginal thermals, especially for the
    end of the year, are present, but interior elevations in the
    banding zone should see some snow accumulation. Please monitor this
    storm which will affect New England through Wednesday and may
    include some wintry mix in interior valleys.


    Jackson



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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sun Dec 29 19:28:50 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 291927
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    227 PM EST Sun Dec 29 2024

    Valid 00Z Mon Dec 30 2024 - 00Z Thu Jan 02 2025

    ...Northern Lower Michigan...
    Day 1...

    Storm system in the East will lift northward into Quebec tonight,
    grazing eastern Lower Michigan as it heads toward Georgian Bay.
    Colder air will wrap in behind the system on the west side,
    changing rain to snow tonight starting at the higher elevations
    (away from the lake shores) then ending Monday morning. 12Z CAM
    guidance ticked up again for amounts, and a few inches are quite
    likely over the northern Mitten. WPC probabilities for at least 4
    inches of snow are generally <50% around Gaylord though some more
    aggressive models do show some areas >6".


    ...The West...
    Days 1-2...

    Upper trough and jet will push ashore the West tonight and well
    inland by tomorrow, lowering snow levels as QPF lessens. Jet will
    flatten across the Great Basin but still provide broad lift on the
    poleward exit region from NV/ID eastward to the Rockies. Snow
    levels ahead of the front (4000-8000ft) will drop to 2000-6000ft
    from north to south by tomorrow, allowing some accumulation at
    lower elevations. Onshore flow off the Pacific into western WA/OR
    will maintain lighter snow even as heights rise but then fall again
    ahead of another (weaker) system tomorrow afternoon/evening. Much
    of the snow will diminish by late Monday into Tuesday except for
    over northwestern MT (Glacier NP) where additional vorticity will
    push through.

    For the next two days, WPC probabilities of at least 12 inches of
    additional snow are high (>70%) over the higher Cascade regions in
    WA/OR as well as across northern ID/northwestern MT and also
    through the Tetons into the Uintas (UT) and Park Range (CO) and
    into southern central WY. These probabilities lie above
    ~5000-6000ft to the north and 8000-9000ft or so to the south.


    Pacific Northwest... Day 3...

    Quasi-zonal flow below a Gulf of Alaska low will carry weaker
    height falls into the PacNW coast Tuesday night with light to
    moderate precip for the region into the northern Great Basin. Snow
    levels are forecast to be between 2000-3000ft from north to south
    across the Cascades the cold front splits off near its triple point
    and skips inland. WPC probabilities for at least 6 inches of snow
    are >50% above about 3000-4000ft in the WA/OR Cascades.


    ...North-Central Plains...
    Days 1-2...

    Strong trough that pushes over the Pacific Northwest today rides a
    150kt zonal jet over the CO Rockies early Monday while high
    pressure builds south from the lee of the Canadian Rockies.
    Convergence between this high and lee cyclogenesis over KS will
    support an expanding area of precipitation over eastern MT and
    northeast WY tonight where it is cold enough for snow and then
    across western SD through central Neb Monday where temperatures
    become increasingly marginal. A general QPF swath of a quarter to a
    half inch can be expected through this path, and local
    enhancements from terrain (like the Black Hills) and mesoscale
    banding will result in locally heavy snow. 12Z CAMS have increased
    just a bit overall, and hint at potentially higher amounts than a
    few inches (90th percentile >6"). WPC probabilities for at least 4
    inches of snow are high (>70%) across the Black Hills, near 50%
    across much of central SD and into the Pine Ridge in NE, and 10-40%
    southward into northern/northeastern NE. Lower snow totals are
    expected farther east with milder temperatures into Iowa.


    ...Northeast...
    Day 3...

    The low tracking over KS/MO on Monday shifts east to the Mid-
    Atlantic through Tuesday before shifting up the Northeastern
    Seaboard Tuesday night. It's a progressive system, but with the
    surface low translating to the coast around Long Island then
    strengthening as it tracks northeastward, there is a threat for
    banding on the back side of the low as colder air is pulled in from
    Canada. Marginal thermals should be overcome at higher elevations
    over the Adirondacks and Green/White Mountains esp >1500ft. To the
    west, colder air will rush in behind the system across the still
    mild Great Lakes and support some lake-enhanced/effect snow
    downwind of Erie/Ontario on NW flow Wednesday thru the end of this
    forecast 00Z Thu. Sufficient moisture will also be present over the
    central Appalachians (eastern WV into the Laurel Highlands) for
    some upslope snow. WPC probabilities for at least 4 inches of snow
    are moderate (30-60%) there on the west side of the system as it
    retreats to Canada. Over New England, higher probabilities ~50-70%
    exist over parts of the higher elevations >2500ft in the
    Adirondacks, along the northern spine of the Green Mountains, and
    into the White Mountains in NH into northwestern Maine where banded
    snow is more likely as the low scoots across the Gulf of Maine
    into eastern Maine Wednesday afternoon. Additional accumulation is
    likely after 00Z Thu.


    Fracasso/Jackson


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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Mon Dec 30 08:01:15 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 300800
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    300 AM EST Mon Dec 30 2024

    Valid 12Z Mon Dec 30 2024 - 12Z Thu Jan 02 2025

    ...Pacific Northwest...
    Days 1-3...

    Onshore flow and a couple impulses of upper level energy will race
    across the Pacific Northwest through the day today. While snow
    levels will be dropping with cold advection, the amount of moisture
    over the area will also lessen with time. Snow levels will drop to
    between 2,000 and 6,000 ft from north to south, which may allow
    for some light accumulations in the populated valleys. The jet
    stream will shift southward with time, which will also gradually
    lessen the forcing for snow across much of the higher elevations of
    WA/OR/ID/MT from west to east through the day. Thus, the heaviest
    snow for today will be over the next few hours of this morning,
    with diminishing snow over most of the mountains by tonight.
    Heavier snow may persist the longest near Glacier N.P. in
    northwestern MT. Quiet weather (other than some light snow at the
    highest peaks near Glacier N.P. and into Wyoming) will persist
    through the day Tuesday.

    The next front will move ashore and into the Cascades starting
    Tuesday night. It will push across the Pacific Northwest through
    Wednesday night. The heaviest snow through this period will be
    through the WA and OR Cascades, where some of the highest peaks of
    the southern WA and OR Cascades have an over 80% chance of seeing 4
    inches or more of snow through Wednesday afternoon. Through the day
    Wednesday snow will move inland, dropping additional higher
    elevation shows into northern Idaho and northwest Montana.
    Probabilities into ID and MT are between 30-60%, with the highest
    probabilities near Glacier N.P.


    ...North-Central Plains...
    Day 1...

    A 500 mb shortwave trough riding the polar jet stream will combine
    with the LFQ of a 140 kt jet to cause cyclogenesis across portions
    of SD and NE today. North of the low center, an expanding
    precipitation shield may feature localized bands of heavier snow,
    especially over south-central SD through the day today. The surface
    low will track southeastward with the progressive shortwave
    trough, so any one location can expect a 6-12 hour window of snow
    through tonight. The heaviest snow totals are likely in the Black
    Hills today where WPC probabilities of snow totals over 4 inches
    are over 80% and probabilities of totals over 8 inches are over
    50%. This is largely due to the localized upslope expected on the
    north facing slopes which will enhance snow totals and rates.
    Across the Plains of SD, probabilities of 4 inches are between
    30-50% with 10-30% chances of 8 inches or more. As the low moves
    into the Midwest late tonight through Wednesday, a lack of colder
    air further east will make the predominant precipitation type
    become rain, so the wintry threat with this low will diminish
    greatly late tonight.


    ...Northeast...
    Days 2-3...

    The low tracking over KS/MO today shifts east to the Mid-Atlantic
    through Tuesday before shifting up the New England coast Tuesday
    night. It's a progressive system, but with the surface low
    translating to the coast around Long Island then strengthening as
    it tracks northeastward, there is a threat for banding on the back
    side of the low as colder air is pulled in from Canada. Very warm
    (for this time of year) air is in place even into interior New
    England presently. By Tuesday night, the approaching precipitation
    from the southwest with colder air close behind may encounter some
    lingering cold air in the sheltered valleys of northern NH and
    western ME. Thus, the precipitation may begin as freezing rain
    before changing over to snow Wednesday. WPC probabilities for 0.01"
    of ice are between 40-60%, primarily Tuesday night, for northern NH
    and much of western ME.

    Marginal thermals should be overcome at higher elevations over the
    Adirondacks and Green/White Mountains esp >1500ft. To the west,
    colder air will rush in behind the system across the still mild
    Great Lakes and support some lake-enhanced/effect snow downwind of
    Erie/Ontario on NW flow Wednesday thru the end of this forecast 00Z
    Thu. Sufficient moisture will also be present over the central
    Appalachians (eastern WV into the Laurel Highlands) for some
    upslope snow. WPC probabilities for at least 4 inches of snow are
    moderate (30-60%) there on the west side of the system as it
    retreats to Canada. Over New England, higher probabilities ~50-70%
    exist over parts of the higher elevations >2500ft in the
    Adirondacks, along the northern spine of the Green Mountains, and
    into the White Mountains in NH into northwestern Maine where banded
    snow is more likely as the low scoots across the Gulf of Maine
    into eastern Maine Wednesday afternoon. Snow will continue into
    interior New England through Wednesday night. Meanwhile lake-effect
    and upslope snow will keep light snow going through Wednesday night
    from western New York and northeast Ohio through the mountains of
    western Pennsylvania and West Virginia.

    Wegman

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Mon Dec 30 20:21:03 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 302019
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    319 PM EST Mon Dec 30 2024

    Valid 00Z Tue Dec 31 2024 - 00Z Fri Jan 03 2025

    ...Pacific Northwest to Northern Rockies...
    Days 2-3...

    Light snow remains possible across the northern Rockies through
    tonight following an exiting shortwave progressing into the middle
    Mississippi Valley. The next surge of moisture and mountain
    snowfall is forecast to enter the Pacific Northwest to start Day 2
    (Tuesday night into Wednesday) as a weak front moves ashore and
    into the Cascades. This front is then anticipated to stall and
    begin lifting northward across Oregon on Day 3 (Thursday) as a
    warm front. The heaviest snow through this period will be
    throughout the OR Cascades (generally above 4000ft), with some of
    the highest peaks having 60-80% probabilities of seeing at least 8
    inches of snow through Wednesday night. Low probabilities (10-20%)
    for at least 8 inches also extend into the WA Cascades and inland
    across the northern Rockies as moisture spreads inland, but overall
    not expected to impact a large area or populated low elevations.


    ...North-Central Plains...
    Day 1...

    For the first part of the day 1 forecast period (tonight) locally
    heavy snow is possible over portions of SD, NE,and western IA. A
    500 mb shortwave trough riding the polar jet stream combined with
    the LFQ of a 140 kt jet spawned cyclogenesis across portions of SD
    and NE today. North of the low center, an expanding precipitation
    shield features localized bands of heavier snow, which are expected
    to continued and slide eastward tonight. The surface low will
    track southeastward with the progressive shortwave trough, so any
    one location can expect a 6-12 hour window of snow tonight. The
    heaviest additional snow totals beginning 00z tonight are most
    likely over far northeast NE, where WPC probabilities for at least
    4 inches of snow are 20-30%. Snowbands probability tracker (SPT)
    from the 12z HREF depicts the potential for 1-2"/ hr rates across
    eastern NE and western IA through about 05z Tuesday, which could
    help accumulate snowfall where low-level thermal profiles start out
    above freezing. As the low moves into the Midwest on Tuesday, a
    lack of colder air further east will make the predominant
    precipitation type become rain, so the wintry threat with this low
    will diminish greatly until reaching the Lower Great Lakes by
    Tuesday night.


    ...Great Lakes/Northeast/Central Appalachians...
    Days 2-3...

    The low tracking over KS/MO today shifts east to the Lower Great
    Lakes on Tuesday before a secondary triple-point low becomes the
    predominant surface feature on Wednesday as it lifts north from
    the Mid-Atlantic to Maine. Lake-effect snow machine kicks off on
    Wednesday as the deepening low exits into southeast Canada while
    upslope flow into the central Appalachians also promotes the
    potential for heavy snow into the elevated terrain of WV, western
    MD, and southwest PA through Thursday. Overall the system is
    progressive, but with the surface low translating to the coast
    around Long Island then strengthening as it tracks northeastward,
    there is a threat for banding on the back side of the low as colder
    air is pulled in from Canada. A trend for a stronger 850 mb
    circulation tracking north through the Saint Lawrence River Valley
    also prompts the potential for bands of heavy snow across northwest
    NY and the elevated terrain of VT. Very warm (for this time of
    year) air is in place even into interior New England presently,
    which will initially lead to most precipitation starting as rain
    outside of the highest terrain of the Adirondacks.

    Marginal thermals should be rapidly be overcome at higher
    elevations over the Adirondacks and Green/White Mountains esp
    1500ft Wednesday into Wednesday night. To the west, colder air
    will rush in behind the system across the still mild and mostly
    ice-free Great Lakes and support some lake- enhanced/effect snow
    downwind of Erie/Ontario on NW flow Wednesday until more typical,
    but prolonged lake-effect snow continues through Thursday.
    Sufficient moisture will also be present over the central
    Appalachians (eastern WV into the Laurel Highlands) for some
    upslope snow. WPC probabilities for at least 4 inches of total
    snowfall through Thursday are high (80-90%) in the elevated
    terrain of northern New England, including along the northern spine
    of the Green Mountains, into the White Mountains in NH into
    northwestern Maine, and the Adirondacks where banded snow is more
    likely as the low scoots across the Gulf of Maine into eastern
    Maine Wednesday afternoon. Probabilities for at least 8 inches of
    total snowfall are high (70-80%) downwind of lakes Erie and
    Ontario, with moderate probabilities (40-60%) of at least 4 inches
    across the Laurel Highlands of southwest PA and terrain of western
    MD and WV.


    The probability of significant icing greater than 0.10" is less
    than 10%.

    Snell




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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Tue Dec 31 09:06:22 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 310905
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    405 AM EST Tue Dec 31 2024

    Valid 12Z Tue Dec 31 2024 - 12Z Fri Jan 03 2025

    ...Pacific Northwest to Northern Rockies...
    Days 1-3...

    Lull today over the Northwest ends this evening as a plume of
    Pacific moisture streams in ahead of a trough emanating from a
    Gulf of Alaska low. A vort lobe from this trough ejects ESE over WA
    tonight and Wyoming Wednesday night. The front with this wave
    stalls near the OR/WA border tonight before slowly lifting north
    through Thursday as the intensity of moisture advection increases.
    Snow levels of 2000 to 3000 ft linger over the Cascades into
    Wednesday before rising steadily south of the front with levels in
    southern OR reaching 7000ft while they remain 2000ft in the North
    WA Cascades (though rates generally remain light north of the
    front). Day 1.5 snow probs for >8" are 50-90% in the OR Cascades
    and 30-50% in the southern WA Cascades. This moisture shifts inland
    with Day 2 snow probs for >8" 30-60% over the Sawtooths and Tetons
    south along the WY/ID border. A powerful low which will be
    directing the atmospheric river approaches the OR Coast Thursday
    night. Snow levels of 6000-8000ft persist over OR with lower values
    in WA allowing some Day 3 snow probs for >8" around 30% in the
    North WA Cascades. Sufficient cold air pools in the Columbia Basin
    by Thursday night to allow a threat of ice accretion in the lower
    Basin into the Columbia Gorge Thursday night.


    ...Great Lakes, Central Appalachians, Northeast...
    Days 1-3...

    The surface low currently crossing St. Louis is presenting
    deformation banding over IA and northern IL, but
    uncharacteristically for a late December night, there is
    insufficient cold air for significant snowfall. However, cold
    conveyor flow from the east and further development should allow
    for some decent snow bands to develop later this morning over
    southern MI and far northern IN. Tonight expect LES bands to form
    off Lakes Superior and Michigan that persist into Thursday. Day 2.5
    snow probs are high near Whitefish Bay.
    A coastal low develops at the triple- point over the central Mid-
    Atlantic this evening and quickly becoming the dominant low. This
    low tracks up the New England coast through Wednesday with dynamic
    cooling driven snow over terrain of northern New England late
    tonight into Thursday before lake enhanced snow develops in to lake
    effect snow bands off the still ice free Lakes Erie and Ontario.
    Day 2.5 snow probs for >8" are 50-80% for the Tug Hill and northern
    Adirondacks as well as the length of the Greens in NT and the
    Presidential Range in NH.
    Upslope flow into the central Appalachians turns into snow late
    tonight that continues through Wednesday. Day 1.5 snow probs for
    6" are 40-80% from the PA Laurels through the Potomac and
    Allegheny Highlands west from the Allegheny Front. The progression
    of the low slows over Atlantic Canada Wednesday night through
    Thursday night which allows LES to persist. Day 2 snow probs are
    50-80% from Erie through southern Buffalo and around 80% on the Tug
    Hill. The focus shifts a bit north for Day 3 with snow probs for
    an additional >8" over the Tug Hill around 60%.


    Jackson



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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Tue Dec 31 19:59:16 2024
    FOUS11 KWBC 311958
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    258 PM EST Tue Dec 31 2024

    Valid 12Z Tue Dec 31 2024 - 12Z Fri Jan 03 2025

    ...Pacific Northwest to Northern Rockies...
    Days 1-3...

    A 500mb vorticity maximum shearing off from an upper low over the
    North Pacific will escort a slug of moisture into the Pacific
    Northwest tonight. This elongated area of upper-level divergence
    aloft paired with a couple frontal systems that will provide a
    source of lift at low levels as well. Snow levels as low as 2,000ft
    are expected initially over western Washington, but as the warm
    front approaches the northern California and southern Oregon coast
    Wednesday evening, snow levels in the southern Oregon Cascades
    will rise to as high as 7,000ft by Wednesday night. This milder
    air-mass remains in place ahead of the next storm system that
    arrives on Thursday with rain being the primary precipitation type
    south of the Columbia River. The Cascades and Olympics will be the
    mountain ranges likely to remain mostly snow above 3,000ft with
    locally heavier totals above 4,000ft. Meanwhile, sub-freezing wet-
    bulb temperatures may become more prominent in the Columbia Basin
    and along the leeward slopes of the Cascades Thursday afternoon.
    This could result in some minor ice accumulations in these areas
    through Thursday night. The active Pacific pattern continues into
    Friday as another plume of moisture surges into northern California
    and the Oregon Cascades. Steeper 700-500mb height falls associated
    with this system means plummeting snow levels to where parts of the Trinity/Shasta and Oregon Cascades above 5,000ft could see locally
    heavy snowfall. In total over the next three days, the Oregon
    Cascades have high chances (>70%) for snowfall totals >8" through
    Wednesday afternoon. After the brief lull and rising snow levels
    Wednesday night, the Thursday system then gives the Washington
    Cascades moderate-to-high chances (50-70%) for >6" of snowfall at
    elevations above 4,000ft.

    Farther east, the Northern Rockies best chances for accumulating
    snowfall arrives New Year's Day and into early Thursday (Jan. 2)
    when the first 500mb trough pushing through the Pacific Northwest
    Wednesday morning provides modest upper level divergence aloft and
    directs the same plume of Pacific moisture towards the higher
    elevations of the northern Great Basin, the central Idaho ranges,
    and into both the Bear River and Teton Ranges. The two latter
    ranges above 8,000ft sport high chance probabilities (>70%) for
    snowfall >8" through Thursday morning. As far east as the >9,000ft
    peaks of the northern Colorado Rockies have similar high chance
    probabilities for >8" of snowfall between Wednesday morning and
    Thursday morning.

    ...Great Lakes, Central Appalachians, Northeast...
    Days 1-3...

    A dynamic and complicated storm evolution will make for a
    synoptic-scale snowfall event through Wednesday evening, then
    transition into a lake-effect snow (LES) event Wednesday night and
    through the remainder of the week. Focusing on the synoptic-scale
    event, an occluded low tracking through northern Ohio is rather
    anomalous with NAEFS showing MSLP values below thew 1st
    climatological percentile over the upper Ohio Valley. The occluded
    front will spawn a new wave of low pressure along the triple point
    located along the New Jersey coast tonight while, at the same time,
    the 250-500mb trough aloft maintains a negative tilt over
    Pennsylvania. The excellent divergence atop the atmosphere over
    the Northeast will lead to a steady deepening of the surface
    cyclone throughout New Year's Day. As the primary occluded low
    weakens, it will effectively turn into a TROWAL over the eastern
    Great Lakes late tonight and into New Year's morning. This TROWAL
    will work in tandem with accelerating low-level NWrly flow over
    Lakes Huron and Erie to support lake-enhanced snowfall rates over
    northeast Ohio, northwest Pennsylvania, and western New York. WPC's
    Snowband Probability Tracker suggested that a couple HREF members
    showed >1"/hr snowfall rates in these areas Wednesday morning.

    Farther east, there is growing consensus on an impressive 850-700mb
    FGEN signal over northern New England that is paired with a
    southeasterly IVT that tops the 90th climatological percentile.
    With no shortage of moisture and impressive mesoscale forcing,
    strong dynamic cooling over the Whites and northern Maine will
    result in heavy-banded snowfall Wednesday morning and into
    Wednesday afternoon. By Wednesday evening, the steadily deepening
    cyclone over the Gulf of Maine will wrap Atlantic moisture around
    the western flank of the low and lead to a deformation zone along
    the Maine/Canada border while wrap around moisture and upslope
    ascent via NWrly flow strikes the White Mountains. Moisture
    associated with the TROWAL will also support prolonged lift, with
    assistance from upslope enhancement, in the Adirondacks, Greens,
    and as far south as the Berkshires Wednesday night into Thursday
    morning. Cyclonic flow will persist through Thursday night and into
    Friday as the cyclone has effectively no where to go over Quebec
    thanks to a strong -NAO block over Greenland and the Davis Strait.

    The prolonged cyclonic flow will be responsible for a multi-day
    LES setup as far west as the Michigan U.P. and as far east as the
    Tug Hill and Finger Lakes of central New York. The heaviest
    snowfall via LES bands begins in the Michigan U.P. starting
    Wednesday morning, while LES really kicks in late Wednesday night
    or Thursday morning for the eastern Great Lakes. WPC probabilities
    show moderate-to-high chances (50-70%) for snowfall >18" in parts
    of the Tug Hill, along the Chautauqua Ridge, and in some select
    parts of the eastern Michigan U.P.. Through the three-day span, the
    WSSI shows Major Impacts along the Chautauqua Ridge (including
    some portions of I-90) and the Tug Hill. These areas can expect
    considerable disruptions to daily life with dangerous to near
    impossible travel the most notable impact. Moderate Impacts
    (hazardous travel conditions) are possible in areas just east of
    Cleveland and within the Syracuse metro area. This same cyclonic
    flow regime will be the catalyst for heavy mountain snow in the
    central Appalachians between early Wednesday morning and Thursday
    morning. WPC probabilities show moderate-to-high chances (50-70%)
    for snowfall totals >6" above 2,500ft in the Laurel Highlands on
    south into the east-central West Virginia Appalachians.

    ...Midwest...
    Day 2...

    The sheared off 500mb vorticity max that tracked through the
    Pacific Northwest on Wednesday will head for the Central Plains
    Wednesday night. Surface-850mb frontogenesis over Nebraska will
    help to spawn low pressure along the front and track east towards
    the Missouri River late Wednesday night and into Thursday morning.
    The storm system will be a small and compact one, but the presence
    of strong 850mb FGEN and an air-mass plenty cold enough to support
    snow could generate a narrow band of heavy snow from eastern
    Nebraska to central Iowa. As 850mb WAA wains Wednesday afternoon,
    the mesoscale lift driving the snow across parts of eastern
    Nebraska and central Iowa will gradually taper off as it moves east
    into Illinois and Indiana. WPC probabilities show low chances
    (10-30%) for >4" amounts in west-central Iowa, but this event is
    more likely to support a general 2-4" event with moderate
    probabilities (40-60%) for >2" of snow from northeast Nebraska to
    south-central Iowa Thursday morning.


    Mullinax






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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Wed Jan 1 09:30:09 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 010929
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    429 AM EST Wed Jan 1 2025

    Valid 12Z Wed Jan 01 2025 - 12Z Sat Jan 04 2025

    ...The West...
    Days 1-3...

    A prolonged atmospheric river (AR) event continues to provide
    moisture to the northwestern states through Friday night. A potent
    trough crosses the Pacific Northwest coast on Friday which will
    define the end of this AR, though an active winter pattern is
    expected to continue over the Northwest through the weekend.

    Rising snow levels in the core of the AR today into the OR/CA
    border cause snow levels on the Klamath and southern Cascades to
    rise above 7000ft.

    ...North-Central Rockies...
    Days 1-2...
    A shortwave impulse on the leading edge of the AR pushes ESE from
    Washington state this morning and crosses Wyoming this evening.
    Sufficient moisture, baroclinicity from existing stalled fronts,
    and topographic lift will bring snow to the north- central Rockies
    today into Thursday. Lee cyclogenesis aids develop over north-
    central CO terrain that persists through Thursday morning. Day 1
    snow probs for >8" is 40-80% for much of the central/southern ID
    terrain, from the Tetons through the Wasatch, and northern CO
    ranges that extend into southern WY.

    Pacific Northwest into California...
    Days 2-3...
    Ridging behind the impulse causes further height rises as massive
    AR moisture continues to stream in. A persistent frontal boundary
    near the WA/OR border allows snow levels over the WA Cascades to
    remain 4000ft or less through Thursday. Day 2 snow probs for >6"
    are 20-40% over the WA Cascades. Meanwhile, sub-freezing wet-bulb
    temps in the Columbia Basin and possibly Gorge Thursday afternoon
    could result in some minor ice accumulations through Thursday
    night.

    A potent trough south of a mid-level low that tracks into western
    WA on Friday provides a focus for lift with the robust moisture in
    the AR for the Cascades through the northern Sierra Nevada while
    height falls lower the snow level before the enhanced precip
    diminishes Friday night. Snow levels of 7000-8000ft from central OR
    through northern CA late Thursday night drop below 6000ft Friday
    afternoon under the trough with snow levels of 4000-5000ft
    persisting over WA. Day 3 snow probs for >8" are generally 20-40%
    from the northern Sierra through southern WA terrain, while values
    are 30-70% in the northern WA Cascades and in terrain of far
    northern ID into MT.


    ...Great Lakes and Northeast...
    Days 1-3...

    Developing low over NY will track north over Maine through
    tonight the drift farther north over the Canadian Maritimes into
    Friday night causing snow over Northeast terrain today with lake
    enhanced snow this evening becoming lake effect snow over the
    Great Lakes that persist in earnest through Friday night. Snow this
    morning is focused on the White Mtns above 2000ft snow levels with
    heavy rates in the higher terrain and far interior Maine this
    afternoon. Heavy lake enhanced snow develops off Lake Erie this
    morning, shifting up off Lake Ontario and over the Adirondacks and
    the Green Mtns this evening. Day 1 snow probs for >6" are highest
    east of Erie, Ontario and the northern Adirondacks. Rates should
    exceed 1"/hr for a few hours in each of these areas raising the
    threat. Single banded LES persists from Lake Ontario through Friday
    night with the WNW flow maximizing upstream moisture fetch with
    Lake Superior, northern Lake Huron and the Georgian Bay (all of
    which are nearly open water) in the stream lines for the Tug Hill.
    Day 2 snow probs are 90% for >8" for the Tug Hill and around 60%
    for Day 3.

    Meanwhile, general multi- band LES is expected off Superior and MI
    all three days on WNW flow. The heaviest snow is through Thursday
    in the U.P. where preferred snow belts in WNW flow have >50% probs
    for >6".



    ...Midwest through Central Appalachians...
    Days 1-3...

    The shortwave impulse crossing ESE over WY this evening and
    promoting lee cyclogenesis tonight over CO will track over the
    Central Plains late tonight into Thursday. Surface-850mb
    frontogenesis over northeast Nebraska will help to draw an
    inverted trough from KS which will track to KY by Thursday evening.
    low pressure along the front and track east towards the Missouri
    This wave is compact, but the presence of strong 850mb FGEN and air
    cold enough for snow will generate narrow bands of moderate to
    locally heavy snow from northeastern Nebraska through Iowa and
    possibly IL/IN/OH (though the wave weakens). Day 1.5 snow probs
    for >2" are 30-70% over northeast Neb and much of IA with values
    generally 10% or less over northern IL/IN into OH.
    A northern stream impulse interacts with this wave on Friday just
    before it reaches the central/WV Appalachians which will enhance
    lift along with topography and Great Lakes moisture to produce
    enhanced upslope snow from the PA Laurels through the Allegheny
    Highlands of WV. Day 3 snow probs for >6" are 50-80% from around Mt
    Davis down the Allegheny Front through the Allegheny Highlands.


    Jackson



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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Wed Jan 1 19:33:59 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 011933
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    233 PM EST Wed Jan 1 2025

    Valid 12Z Wed Jan 01 2025 - 12Z Sat Jan 04 2025

    ...The West...
    Days 1-3...

    Persistent troughing across the Pacific will maintain broad SW flow
    into a modest ridge along the coast until Saturday when a
    pronounced closed low digs eastward towards OR forcing a trough to
    move inland to the Great Basin by the end of the forecast period.

    Periodic impulses shedding through the flow will move into a region
    of greater mid-level divergence D1 and the first half of D2,
    leading to broad ascent and increasing precipitation coverage. For
    D1, this will be most pronounced along a low-level warm
    front/baroclinic gradient lifting east/northeast from OR into the
    Central and Northern Rockies tonight and Thursday. This will
    result in a swath of precipitation, primarily as snow, but with
    snow levels rising to as high as 6000 ft in southern OR/northern
    Great Basin, with a sharp gradient to less than 1000 ft into the
    Northern Rockies and Columbia Basin. The heaviest snow D1 is
    expected in the Central Rockies from the Tetons through the Park
    Range where higher SLR and strong upslope flow will enhance
    accumulations. Here, WPC probabilities are above 70% for 8+ inches
    of snow in the higher terrain, with 1-2 feet of snow possible.

    A brief respite in heavier snowfall is likely the first half of D2
    before more substantial moisture and ascent spread onshore
    late Friday and through Saturday. This more enhanced
    forcing/moisture is associated with the closed low moving onshore
    and causing the entire trough axis to pivot eastward. Impressive
    lift will be aided by the LFQ of a modest, but well placed, upper
    jet streak, and there is likely to be strong deep layer lift
    expanding across much of the Pacific and Interior Northwest Friday
    night, shifting as far as the Northern High Plains by Saturday
    night. The most impressive ascent will again be collocated with a
    secondary warm front lifting northward from OR to Canada on Friday,
    leading to enhanced WAA/isentropic ascent within the broad synoptic
    lift regime. While overall omega is modest, a swath of moderate to
    heavy snow is likely from the mountainous areas of northern CA
    through OR, WA, and into the Northern Rockies, with snow levels
    generally rising to 4000-6000 ft. This is reflected by WPC
    probabilities which suggest a high risk (70-90%) for more than 6
    inches of snow in the Cascades and Northern Rockies, with more
    general onshore flow leading to upslope snow across the typical
    terrain features D3 from the Sierra, Cascades, and into the
    Northern Rockies again.

    Additionally, the warm advection overrunning cold high pressure
    centered over Saskatchewan is progged to leave low-level cold
    easterly flow from the Columbia basin into the Columbia Gorge.
    Although eventually this will be scoured out, the setup appears
    favorable for a prolonged period of moderate freezing rain in the
    eastern foothills of the Cascades and into the Columbia
    Gorge/Basin. The heaviest icing is expected along the Hood River
    Valley and into the Gorge which will take a longer time to scour
    out the cold air, and this is reflected by WPC probabilities that
    reach as high as 30% for 0.1" of ice accretion.


    ...Great Lakes and Northeast...
    Days 1-3...

    Surface low pressure will be moving across eastern Maine and into
    the Canadian maritimes to begin to the period, ushering in a long
    duration lake effect snow (LES) event into the weekend. This
    surface low will be pushed northeast in response to a potent
    vorticity maxima rotating through the negatively tilted trough, and
    although this low could deepen rapidly in response to favorable
    overlap of PVA, height falls, and LFQ diffluence beneath a zonally
    aligned jet streak to the south, the best moisture transport will
    shift away from Maine early D1. Still, some WAA snowfall will
    blanket eastern and northern Maine through Thursday morning with
    modest accumulations.

    The more significant snow associated with this system will occur in
    its wake as N/NW flow develops across the Great Lakes and
    Northeast, leading to increased coverage of both LES and upslope
    flow into the Upstate NY/New England terrain. This will be in
    response to a persistent but amplifying mid-level trough expanding
    across the east, with weak vorticity lobes swinging through the
    flow to help sharpen the trough and enhanced CAA. This will lead to
    enhanced upslope flow and heavy snow, especially in the
    Adirondacks, Greens, and mountains of NW Maine through D1 and into
    D2, with a deep DGZ and impressive lift leading to WPC
    probabilities that feature a high risk (>70% chance) for 8+ inches
    of snow in the NW Adirondacks and northern Greens.

    More substantial accumulations are likely, however, within the LES,
    especially late D1 and through D2 as lake-induced instability
    climbs above 500 J/kg. The pattern will support heavy LES in the
    favored W/NW snow belts from the U.P., across the L.P., and then
    downstream to east of Lakes Erie and Ontario, with a favorable
    upstream moisture connection from Lakes Superior and Huron
    enhancing LES off of Lake Ontario. LES is expected to be most
    widespread and heavy D1 and D2, when 1-2"/hr snows, possibly
    greater at times, cause WPC probabilities to be high (>70%) for 6+
    inches downstream of most Lakes, and reach above 90% for 8+ inches
    east of Lake Ontario D2. Total snowfall of multiple feet is likely,
    with the highest along the Tug Hill Plateau. LES will continue
    through D3 with just slightly lesser intensity and coverage as
    reflected by WPC probabilities for an additional 6+ inches being
    above 70% in just narrow channels near the Chautauqua Ridge and the
    Tug Hill Plateau.


    ...Midwest through Central Appalachians...
    Days 1-3...

    An inverted surface trough sandwiched between a retreating high
    pressure over the Southeast and an incoming strong Canadian high
    pressure from Alberta will become a focus for a developing wave of
    low pressure and an associated stripe of snowfall from west to
    east. The sharpening of this trough will initially be in response
    to a subtle vorticity lobe swinging through the broad trough across
    the east, ejecting from the High Plains into the Upper Midwest
    Thursday. Immediately following this impulse, a potent jet streak
    will drop southeast into the Northern/Central Plains while
    amplifying to 150 kts, providing favorable overlap for deep layer
    ascent. This will stem cyclogenesis along the inverted trough, with
    increasing downstream warm/moist advection surging moisture along
    the 280-285K isentropic surfaces into the Upper Midwest. This WAA
    will help deepen the DGZ to the east (SREF probabilities for 100mb
    of DGZ depth climbing to 10-30% from the Upper Midwest into the OH
    VLY), while 925-850mb fgen increases, although only modestly.

    This will result in a stripe of moderate snow from Iowa through the
    Ohio Valley, where at least brief snowfall rates to 1"/hr are
    possible, leading to WPC probabilities for more than 2 inches that
    reach 70-90% in central IA, with locally up to 4" possible.

    Farther downstream, as the low coalesces to be more pronounced and
    has stronger frontal features accompanying it, a period of strong
    upslope flow will occur in its wake across the Central
    Appalachians. The DGZ is shallow and thin, but pronounced lift into
    it will result in a period of heavy snow, especially late Friday
    into Saturday, from the Laurel Highlands through southern WV.
    During this time, moisture will be enhanced as well from upstream
    Great Lakes connection, enhancing the potential for heavy
    accumulations, and WPC probabilities D2 are high (>70%) and
    moderate (30-50%) D3 for 4+ inches of snow, leading to local maxima
    around 12 inches by the end of the forecast period.

    Finally, although accumulations are expected to be minimal, at
    worst, some light snow may crest the Appalachians and move across
    the Mid-Atlantic states Friday afternoon bringing at least
    conversational snow to the areas around Washington, D.C.


    ...Northern High Plains...
    Day 3...

    A stripe of heavy snowfall is becoming more likely Saturday from
    central MT through western SD. This snowfall will be associated
    with a slowly advancing warm front topped by increasing divergence
    downstream of a potent shortwave digging into the Four Corners
    region. While jet dynamics are weak during this time, the
    downstream moist advection on impressive 280-290K isentropic ascent
    should expand precipitation in a NW to SE fashion late Friday night
    and through Saturday. Robust 850-700mb fgen into this moistening
    column will help intensify ascent resulting in heavier snow rates,
    but at this time the intensity of this snow is still uncertain due
    to modest DGZ depth probabilities and a lack of ideal overlap
    between the best ascent and the DGZ. Still, a band of moderate to
    heavy snow is becoming more likely, and WPC probabilities have
    increased to 30-50% for 4+ inches across north-central MT.
    Additional increases are possible with later model runs.


    Weiss



    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Wed Jan 1 20:08:44 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 012007
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    307 PM EST Wed Jan 1 2025

    Valid 00Z Thu Jan 02 2025 - 00Z Sun Jan 05 2025

    ...The West...
    Days 1-3...

    Persistent troughing across the Pacific will maintain broad SW flow
    into a modest ridge along the coast until Saturday when a
    pronounced closed low digs eastward towards OR forcing a trough to
    move inland to the Great Basin by the end of the forecast period.

    Periodic impulses shedding through the flow will move into a region
    of greater mid-level divergence D1 and the first half of D2,
    leading to broad ascent and increasing precipitation coverage. For
    D1, this will be most pronounced along a low-level warm
    front/baroclinic gradient lifting east/northeast from OR into the
    Central and Northern Rockies tonight and Thursday. This will
    result in a swath of precipitation, primarily as snow, but with
    snow levels rising to as high as 6000 ft in southern OR/northern
    Great Basin, with a sharp gradient to less than 1000 ft into the
    Northern Rockies and Columbia Basin. The heaviest snow D1 is
    expected in the Central Rockies from the Tetons through the Park
    Range where higher SLR and strong upslope flow will enhance
    accumulations. Here, WPC probabilities are above 70% for 8+ inches
    of snow in the higher terrain, with 1-2 feet of snow possible.

    A brief respite in heavier snowfall is likely the first half of D2
    before more substantial moisture and ascent spread onshore
    late Friday and through Saturday. This more enhanced
    forcing/moisture is associated with the closed low moving onshore
    and causing the entire trough axis to pivot eastward. Impressive
    lift will be aided by the LFQ of a modest, but well placed, upper
    jet streak, and there is likely to be strong deep layer lift
    expanding across much of the Pacific and Interior Northwest Friday
    night, shifting as far as the Northern High Plains by Saturday
    night. The most impressive ascent will again be collocated with a
    secondary warm front lifting northward from OR to Canada on Friday,
    leading to enhanced WAA/isentropic ascent within the broad synoptic
    lift regime. While overall omega is modest, a swath of moderate to
    heavy snow is likely from the mountainous areas of northern CA
    through OR, WA, and into the Northern Rockies, with snow levels
    generally rising to 4000-6000 ft. This is reflected by WPC
    probabilities which suggest a high risk (70-90%) for more than 6
    inches of snow in the Cascades and Northern Rockies, with more
    general onshore flow leading to upslope snow across the typical
    terrain features D3 from the Sierra, Cascades, and into the
    Northern Rockies again.

    Additionally, the warm advection overrunning cold high pressure
    centered over Saskatchewan is progged to leave low-level cold
    easterly flow from the Columbia basin into the Columbia Gorge.
    Although eventually this will be scoured out, the setup appears
    favorable for a prolonged period of moderate freezing rain in the
    eastern foothills of the Cascades and into the Columbia
    Gorge/Basin. The heaviest icing is expected along the Hood River
    Valley and into the Gorge which will take a longer time to scour
    out the cold air, and this is reflected by WPC probabilities that
    reach as high as 30% for 0.1" of ice accretion.


    ...Great Lakes and Northeast...
    Days 1-3...

    Surface low pressure will be moving across eastern Maine and into
    the Canadian maritimes to begin to the period, ushering in a long
    duration lake effect snow (LES) event into the weekend. This
    surface low will be pushed northeast in response to a potent
    vorticity maxima rotating through the negatively tilted trough, and
    although this low could deepen rapidly in response to favorable
    overlap of PVA, height falls, and LFQ diffluence beneath a zonally
    aligned jet streak to the south, the best moisture transport will
    shift away from Maine early D1. Still, some WAA snowfall will
    blanket eastern and northern Maine through Thursday morning with
    modest accumulations.

    The more significant snow associated with this system will occur in
    its wake as N/NW flow develops across the Great Lakes and
    Northeast, leading to increased coverage of both LES and upslope
    flow into the Upstate NY/New England terrain. This will be in
    response to a persistent but amplifying mid-level trough expanding
    across the east, with weak vorticity lobes swinging through the
    flow to help sharpen the trough and enhanced CAA. This will lead to
    enhanced upslope flow and heavy snow, especially in the
    Adirondacks, Greens, and mountains of NW Maine through D1 and into
    D2, with a deep DGZ and impressive lift leading to WPC
    probabilities that feature a high risk (>70% chance) for 8+ inches
    of snow in the NW Adirondacks and northern Greens.

    More substantial accumulations are likely, however, within the LES,
    especially late D1 and through D2 as lake-induced instability
    climbs above 500 J/kg. The pattern will support heavy LES in the
    favored W/NW snow belts from the U.P., across the L.P., and then
    downstream to east of Lakes Erie and Ontario, with a favorable
    upstream moisture connection from Lakes Superior and Huron
    enhancing LES off of Lake Ontario. LES is expected to be most
    widespread and heavy D1 and D2, when 1-2"/hr snows, possibly
    greater at times, cause WPC probabilities to be high (>70%) for 6+
    inches downstream of most Lakes, and reach above 90% for 8+ inches
    east of Lake Ontario D2. Total snowfall of multiple feet is likely,
    with the highest along the Tug Hill Plateau. LES will continue
    through D3 with just slightly lesser intensity and coverage as
    reflected by WPC probabilities for an additional 6+ inches being
    above 70% in just narrow channels near the Chautauqua Ridge and the
    Tug Hill Plateau.


    ...Midwest through Central Appalachians...
    Days 1-3...

    An inverted surface trough sandwiched between a retreating high
    pressure over the Southeast and an incoming strong Canadian high
    pressure from Alberta will become a focus for a developing wave of
    low pressure and an associated stripe of snowfall from west to
    east. The sharpening of this trough will initially be in response
    to a subtle vorticity lobe swinging through the broad trough across
    the east, ejecting from the High Plains into the Upper Midwest
    Thursday. Immediately following this impulse, a potent jet streak
    will drop southeast into the Northern/Central Plains while
    amplifying to 150 kts, providing favorable overlap for deep layer
    ascent. This will stem cyclogenesis along the inverted trough, with
    increasing downstream warm/moist advection surging moisture along
    the 280-285K isentropic surfaces into the Upper Midwest. This WAA
    will help deepen the DGZ to the east (SREF probabilities for 100mb
    of DGZ depth climbing to 10-30% from the Upper Midwest into the OH
    VLY), while 925-850mb fgen increases, although only modestly.

    This will result in a stripe of moderate snow from Iowa through the
    Ohio Valley, where at least brief snowfall rates to 1"/hr are
    possible, leading to WPC probabilities for more than 2 inches that
    reach 70-90% in central IA, with locally up to 4" possible.

    Farther downstream, as the low coalesces to be more pronounced and
    has stronger frontal features accompanying it, a period of strong
    upslope flow will occur in its wake across the Central
    Appalachians. The DGZ is shallow and thin, but pronounced lift into
    it will result in a period of heavy snow, especially late Friday
    into Saturday, from the Laurel Highlands through southern WV.
    During this time, moisture will be enhanced as well from upstream
    Great Lakes connection, enhancing the potential for heavy
    accumulations, and WPC probabilities D2 are high (>70%) and
    moderate (30-50%) D3 for 4+ inches of snow, leading to local maxima
    around 12 inches by the end of the forecast period.

    Finally, although accumulations are expected to be minimal, at
    worst, some light snow may crest the Appalachians and move across
    the Mid-Atlantic states Friday afternoon bringing at least
    conversational snow to the areas around Washington, D.C.


    ...Northern High Plains...
    Day 3...

    A stripe of heavy snowfall is becoming more likely Saturday from
    central MT through western SD. This snowfall will be associated
    with a slowly advancing warm front topped by increasing divergence
    downstream of a potent shortwave digging into the Four Corners
    region. While jet dynamics are weak during this time, the
    downstream moist advection on impressive 280-290K isentropic ascent
    should expand precipitation in a NW to SE fashion late Friday night
    and through Saturday. Robust 850-700mb fgen into this moistening
    column will help intensify ascent resulting in heavier snow rates,
    but at this time the intensity of this snow is still uncertain due
    to modest DGZ depth probabilities and a lack of ideal overlap
    between the best ascent and the DGZ. Still, a band of moderate to
    heavy snow is becoming more likely, and WPC probabilities have
    increased to 30-50% for 4+ inches across north-central MT.
    Additional increases are possible with later model runs.


    ...Central Plains through the Mid-Atlantic...
    A significant winter storm is becoming more likely Saturday through
    Monday, with the onset of light freezing or frozen precipitation
    beginning Saturday evening across Kansas. At this, time, WPC
    probabilities for significant snow or ice are minimal through the
    end of D3, but heavy snow and significant icing is expected into D4
    and beyond. For this system, WPC has initiated Key Messages which
    are linked below, and more information can be found in the WPC
    extended range discussion as well.


    Weiss


    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Wed Jan 1 20:09:58 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 012009
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    309 PM EST Wed Jan 1 2025

    Valid 00Z Thu Jan 02 2025 - 00Z Sun Jan 05 2025

    ...The West...=20
    Days 1-3...

    Persistent troughing across the Pacific will maintain broad SW flow
    into a modest ridge along the coast until Saturday when a
    pronounced closed low digs eastward towards OR forcing a trough to
    move inland to the Great Basin by the end of the forecast period.=20

    Periodic impulses shedding through the flow will move into a region
    of greater mid-level divergence D1 and the first half of D2,
    leading to broad ascent and increasing precipitation coverage. For
    D1, this will be most pronounced along a low-level warm
    front/baroclinic gradient lifting east/northeast from OR into the=20
    Central and Northern Rockies tonight and Thursday. This will=20
    result in a swath of precipitation, primarily as snow, but with=20
    snow levels rising to as high as 6000 ft in southern OR/northern=20
    Great Basin, with a sharp gradient to less than 1000 ft into the=20
    Northern Rockies and Columbia Basin. The heaviest snow D1 is
    expected in the Central Rockies from the Tetons through the Park
    Range where higher SLR and strong upslope flow will enhance
    accumulations. Here, WPC probabilities are above 70% for 8+ inches
    of snow in the higher terrain, with 1-2 feet of snow possible.

    A brief respite in heavier snowfall is likely the first half of D2
    before more substantial moisture and ascent spread onshore
    late Friday and through Saturday. This more enhanced
    forcing/moisture is associated with the closed low moving onshore
    and causing the entire trough axis to pivot eastward. Impressive
    lift will be aided by the LFQ of a modest, but well placed, upper
    jet streak, and there is likely to be strong deep layer lift
    expanding across much of the Pacific and Interior Northwest Friday
    night, shifting as far as the Northern High Plains by Saturday
    night. The most impressive ascent will again be collocated with a
    secondary warm front lifting northward from OR to Canada on Friday,
    leading to enhanced WAA/isentropic ascent within the broad synoptic
    lift regime. While overall omega is modest, a swath of moderate to
    heavy snow is likely from the mountainous areas of northern CA
    through OR, WA, and into the Northern Rockies, with snow levels
    generally rising to 4000-6000 ft. This is reflected by WPC
    probabilities which suggest a high risk (70-90%) for more than 6
    inches of snow in the Cascades and Northern Rockies, with more=20
    general onshore flow leading to upslope snow across the typical=20
    terrain features D3 from the Sierra, Cascades, and into the=20
    Northern Rockies again.

    Additionally, the warm advection overrunning cold high pressure
    centered over Saskatchewan is progged to leave low-level cold
    easterly flow from the Columbia basin into the Columbia Gorge.
    Although eventually this will be scoured out, the setup appears
    favorable for a prolonged period of moderate freezing rain in the
    eastern foothills of the Cascades and into the Columbia
    Gorge/Basin. The heaviest icing is expected along the Hood River
    Valley and into the Gorge which will take a longer time to scour=20
    out the cold air, and this is reflected by WPC probabilities that
    reach as high as 30% for 0.1" of ice accretion.


    ...Great Lakes and Northeast...=20
    Days 1-3...

    Surface low pressure will be moving across eastern Maine and into
    the Canadian maritimes to begin to the period, ushering in a long
    duration lake effect snow (LES) event into the weekend. This
    surface low will be pushed northeast in response to a potent
    vorticity maxima rotating through the negatively tilted trough, and
    although this low could deepen rapidly in response to favorable
    overlap of PVA, height falls, and LFQ diffluence beneath a zonally
    aligned jet streak to the south, the best moisture transport will
    shift away from Maine early D1. Still, some WAA snowfall will
    blanket eastern and northern Maine through Thursday morning with
    modest accumulations.=20

    The more significant snow associated with this system will occur in
    its wake as N/NW flow develops across the Great Lakes and
    Northeast, leading to increased coverage of both LES and upslope
    flow into the Upstate NY/New England terrain. This will be in
    response to a persistent but amplifying mid-level trough expanding
    across the east, with weak vorticity lobes swinging through the
    flow to help sharpen the trough and enhanced CAA. This will lead to
    enhanced upslope flow and heavy snow, especially in the
    Adirondacks, Greens, and mountains of NW Maine through D1 and into
    D2, with a deep DGZ and impressive lift leading to WPC
    probabilities that feature a high risk (>70% chance) for 8+ inches
    of snow in the NW Adirondacks and northern Greens.

    More substantial accumulations are likely, however, within the LES,
    especially late D1 and through D2 as lake-induced instability
    climbs above 500 J/kg. The pattern will support heavy LES in the
    favored W/NW snow belts from the U.P., across the L.P., and then
    downstream to east of Lakes Erie and Ontario, with a favorable
    upstream moisture connection from Lakes Superior and Huron
    enhancing LES off of Lake Ontario. LES is expected to be most
    widespread and heavy D1 and D2, when 1-2"/hr snows, possibly
    greater at times, cause WPC probabilities to be high (>70%) for 6+
    inches downstream of most Lakes, and reach above 90% for 8+ inches
    east of Lake Ontario D2. Total snowfall of multiple feet is likely,
    with the highest along the Tug Hill Plateau. LES will continue=20
    through D3 with just slightly lesser intensity and coverage as=20
    reflected by WPC probabilities for an additional 6+ inches being
    above 70% in just narrow channels near the Chautauqua Ridge and the
    Tug Hill Plateau.


    ...Midwest through Central Appalachians...=20
    Days 1-3...

    An inverted surface trough sandwiched between a retreating high
    pressure over the Southeast and an incoming strong Canadian high
    pressure from Alberta will become a focus for a developing wave of
    low pressure and an associated stripe of snowfall from west to
    east. The sharpening of this trough will initially be in response
    to a subtle vorticity lobe swinging through the broad trough across
    the east, ejecting from the High Plains into the Upper Midwest
    Thursday. Immediately following this impulse, a potent jet streak
    will drop southeast into the Northern/Central Plains while
    amplifying to 150 kts, providing favorable overlap for deep layer
    ascent. This will stem cyclogenesis along the inverted trough, with
    increasing downstream warm/moist advection surging moisture along
    the 280-285K isentropic surfaces into the Upper Midwest. This WAA
    will help deepen the DGZ to the east (SREF probabilities for 100mb
    of DGZ depth climbing to 10-30% from the Upper Midwest into the OH
    VLY), while 925-850mb fgen increases, although only modestly.=20

    This will result in a stripe of moderate snow from Iowa through the
    Ohio Valley, where at least brief snowfall rates to 1"/hr are
    possible, leading to WPC probabilities for more than 2 inches that
    reach 70-90% in central IA, with locally up to 4" possible.

    Farther downstream, as the low coalesces to be more pronounced and
    has stronger frontal features accompanying it, a period of strong=20
    upslope flow will occur in its wake across the Central=20
    Appalachians. The DGZ is shallow and thin, but pronounced lift into
    it will result in a period of heavy snow, especially late Friday=20
    into Saturday, from the Laurel Highlands through southern WV.=20
    During this time, moisture will be enhanced as well from upstream=20
    Great Lakes connection, enhancing the potential for heavy=20
    accumulations, and WPC probabilities D2 are high (>70%) and=20
    moderate (30-50%) D3 for 4+ inches of snow, leading to local maxima
    around 12 inches by the end of the forecast period.

    Finally, although accumulations are expected to be minimal, at
    worst, some light snow may crest the Appalachians and move across
    the Mid-Atlantic states Friday afternoon bringing at least
    conversational snow to the areas around Washington, D.C.


    ...Northern High Plains...
    Day 3...

    A stripe of heavy snowfall is becoming more likely Saturday from
    central MT through western SD. This snowfall will be associated
    with a slowly advancing warm front topped by increasing divergence
    downstream of a potent shortwave digging into the Four Corners
    region. While jet dynamics are weak during this time, the
    downstream moist advection on impressive 280-290K isentropic ascent
    should expand precipitation in a NW to SE fashion late Friday night
    and through Saturday. Robust 850-700mb fgen into this moistening
    column will help intensify ascent resulting in heavier snow rates,
    but at this time the intensity of this snow is still uncertain due
    to modest DGZ depth probabilities and a lack of ideal overlap
    between the best ascent and the DGZ. Still, a band of moderate to
    heavy snow is becoming more likely, and WPC probabilities have
    increased to 30-50% for 4+ inches across north-central MT.
    Additional increases are possible with later model runs.


    ...Central Plains through the Mid-Atlantic...
    A significant winter storm is becoming more likely Saturday through
    Monday, with the onset of light freezing or frozen precipitation
    beginning Saturday evening across Kansas. At this, time, WPC
    probabilities for significant snow or ice are minimal through the
    end of D3, but heavy snow and significant icing is expected into D4
    and beyond. For this system, WPC has initiated Key Messages which
    are linked below, and more information can be found in the WPC
    extended range discussion as well.


    Weiss



    ...Winter Storm Key Messages are in effect. Please see current=20
    Key Messages below...

    https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/key_messages/Late= stKeyMessage_1.png__;!!DZ3fjg!6t_Z-BmJBuOGYk-H-BCTPT4b9gUF9fw1sJpzXIfwuaImT= 7jkQ-k9RwmMDpxmoZeDuE_QGuno2GwEVAA-a0RA2L4RUGs$=20

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Thu Jan 2 08:41:29 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 020840
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    340 AM EST Thu Jan 2 2025

    Valid 12Z Thu Jan 02 2025 - 12Z Sun Jan 05 2025

    ...The West...=20
    Days 1-3...

    Persistent troughing across the Pacific will maintain broad SW flow
    into a modest ridge along the coast until Saturday when a
    pronounced closed low digs eastward towards OR forcing a trough to
    move inland to the Great Basin.=20

    Periodic impulses shedding through the flow will move into a region
    of greater mid-level divergence D1, leading to broad ascent and=20
    increasing precipitation coverage. For today, this will be most=20
    pronounced along a low-level warm front/baroclinic gradient lifting east/northeast from OR into the Central and Northern Rockies. This
    will result in a swath of precipitation, primarily as snow, but=20
    with snow levels rising to as high as 6000 ft in southern=20
    OR/northern Great Basin, with a sharp gradient to less than 1000 ft
    into the Northern Rockies and Columbia Basin.

    Heavier snowfall is likely at the very end of D1 into much of D2=20
    as more substantial moisture and ascent spread onshore Friday into=20
    Saturday. This more enhanced forcing/moisture is associated with=20
    the closed low moving onshore and causing the entire trough axis to
    pivot eastward. Impressive lift will be aided by the LFQ of a=20
    modest, but well placed, upper jet streak, and there is likely to=20
    be strong deep layer lift expanding across much of the Pacific and=20
    Interior Northwest Friday night, shifting as far as the Northern=20
    High Plains by Saturday night. The most impressive ascent will=20
    again be collocated with a secondary warm front lifting northward=20
    from OR to Canada on Friday, leading to enhanced WAA/isentropic=20
    ascent within the broad synoptic lift regime. While overall omega=20
    is modest, a swath of moderate to heavy snow is likely from the=20
    mountainous areas of northern CA through OR, WA, and into the=20
    Northern Rockies, with snow levels generally rising to 4000-6000=20
    ft. This is reflected by WPC probabilities which suggest a high=20
    risk (70-90%) for more than 6 inches of snow in the Cascades and=20
    Northern Rockies, with more general onshore flow leading to upslope
    snow across the typical terrain features D3 from the Sierra,=20
    Cascades, and into the Northern Rockies again.

    Additionally, the warm advection overrunning cold high pressure
    centered over Saskatchewan is progged to leave low-level cold
    easterly flow from the Columbia basin into the Columbia Gorge.
    Although eventually this will be scoured out, the setup appears
    favorable for a prolonged period of moderate freezing rain in the
    eastern foothills of the Cascades and into the Columbia
    Gorge/Basin. The heaviest icing is expected along the Hood River
    Valley and into the Gorge which will take a longer time to scour=20
    out the cold air, and this is reflected by WPC probabilities that
    reach as high as 30% for 0.1" of ice accretion.


    ...Great Lakes and Northeast...=20
    Days 1-3...

    Surface low pressure moving across eastern Maine early this morning
    will usher in a long duration lake effect snow (LES) event into=20
    the weekend. This surface low will be pushed northeast in response=20
    to a potent vorticity maxima rotating through the negatively tilted
    trough, which eventually swings northwestward towards the Hudson
    Bay as a larger upper level low and stalls. This allows for strong
    and persistent cold northwesterly flow over the currently ice-free
    Great Lakes and substantial snowfall likely associated with the=20
    LES, especially D1 and through D2 as lake-induced instability=20
    climbs above 500 J/kg. The pattern will support heavy LES in the=20
    favored W/NW snow belts from the U.P., across the L.P., and then=20
    downstream to east of Lakes Erie and Ontario, with a favorable=20
    upstream moisture connection from Lakes Superior and Huron=20
    enhancing LES off of Lake Ontario. LES is expected to be most=20
    widespread and heavy through Friday, when 1-2"/hr snows, possibly=20
    greater at times, cause WPC probabilities to be high (>70%) for 6+=20
    inches downstream of most Lakes, and reach above 90% for 8+ inches=20
    east of Lake Ontario D2. Total snowfall of multiple feet is likely,
    with the highest along the Tug Hill Plateau. LES will continue=20
    through D3 with just slightly lesser intensity and coverage as=20
    reflected by WPC probabilities for an additional 6+ inches being=20
    above 70% in just narrow channels near the Chautauqua Ridge and the
    Tug Hill Plateau.


    ...Midwest through Central Appalachians and Mid-Atlantic...=20
    Days 1-3...

    An inverted surface trough sandwiched between a retreating high
    pressure over the Southeast and an incoming strong Canadian high
    pressure from Alberta will become a focus for a developing wave of
    low pressure and an associated stripe of snowfall from west to
    east. The sharpening of this trough will initially be in response
    to a subtle vorticity lobe swinging through the broad trough across
    the east, ejecting from the High Plains into the Upper Midwest
    today. Immediately following this impulse, a potent jet streak=20
    will drop southeast into the Northern/Central Plains while=20
    amplifying to 150 kts, providing favorable overlap for deep layer=20
    ascent. This will stem cyclogenesis along the inverted trough, with
    increasing downstream warm/moist advection surging moisture along=20
    the 280-285K isentropic surfaces into the Upper Midwest. This WAA=20
    will help deepen the DGZ to the east, while 925-850mb fgen=20
    increases, although only modestly.=20

    This will result in a stripe of moderate snow from Iowa this
    morning through the Ohio Valley, where at least brief snowfall=20
    rates to 1"/hr are possible, leading to a general 1-3" of snowfall accumulation, with locally up to 4" possible.

    Farther downstream, as the low coalesces to be more pronounced and
    has stronger frontal features accompanying it, a period of strong=20
    upslope flow will occur in its wake across the Central=20
    Appalachians. The DGZ is shallow and thin, but pronounced lift into
    it will result in a period of heavy snow, especially late Friday=20
    into Saturday, from the Laurel Highlands through southern WV.=20
    During this time, moisture will be enhanced as well from upstream=20
    Great Lakes connection, enhancing the potential for heavy=20
    accumulations, and WPC probabilities D2 are high (>70%) for 6+=20
    inches of snow, leading to local maxima around 12 inches by the end
    of the forecast period.

    Finally, although total accumulations are expected to be minimal, some
    snow showers and snow squalls may crest the Appalachians and move=20
    across the Mid- Atlantic states Friday afternoon as the vorticity=20
    max dives southeastward. The late afternoon timing of this vort max allows
    for steep lapse rates from the sfc all the way up to 500 mb and the
    potential for snow squalls to develop and potentially contain
    1-2"/hr snowfall rates. Surface temperatures in the Washington=20
    D.C. to Baltimore region will start out above freezing, but areas=20
    just north and west may be right around the freezing mark. Either=20
    way 850 mb temps of -5 to -6C will allow for the heavier precip=20
    rates to quickly fall as snow and surface temperatures to quickly=20
    crash as well. This may lead to potentially hazardous travel and=20
    rapidly deteriorating road conditions for the Friday evening=20
    commute depending on the strength of the snow showers/squalls and=20
    where exactly they impact in the Mid-Atlantic.


    ...Northern High Plains...
    Day 3...

    A stripe of heavy snowfall is becoming more likely Saturday from
    central MT through western SD. This snowfall will be associated
    with a slowly advancing warm front topped by increasing divergence
    downstream of a potent shortwave digging into the Four Corners
    region. While jet dynamics are weak during this time, the
    downstream moist advection on impressive 280-290K isentropic ascent
    should expand precipitation in a NW to SE fashion late Friday night
    and through Saturday. Robust 850-700mb fgen into this moistening
    column will help intensify ascent resulting in heavier snow rates,
    but at this time the intensity of this snow is still uncertain due
    to modest DGZ depth probabilities and a lack of ideal overlap
    between the best ascent and the DGZ. Still, a band of moderate to
    heavy snow is becoming more likely. WPC probabilities have=20
    increased to 50-80% for 4+ inches across north-central MT, with
    40-50% chances for at least 6 inches by Saturday night.


    ...Central Plains through the Mid-Atlantic...
    A significant winter storm is becoming more likely late Saturday=20
    through Monday, with the onset of light freezing or frozen=20
    precipitation beginning Saturday evening across Kansas. At this,=20
    time, WPC probabilities for significant snow are minimal through=20
    the end of D3 (Sun morning), but heavy snow is expected to be
    developing at that point and continuing to into D4 and beyond. The
    upper low swinging through the Great Basin on Saturday is expected
    to eject into the central Plains Saturday night while closing off
    and strengthening within a developing favorable duel jet structure.
    Strong WAA will develop and blossom the precipitation shield across
    the central Plains and Mid-Mississippi Valley Saturday night while
    also promoting a warm nose to lift northward. This creates a
    favorable setup for mixed ptypes and wide swath of sleet/freezing=20
    rain. Guidance has trended slightly north with QPF and the mix zone
    in recent runs as is common for WAA regimes with a surface High=20
    remaining displaced to the NW. It's possible the warm nose trends=20
    farther north as hires CAMs become available, also impacting areas
    downstream by D4. WPC ice probabilities have increased by the end=20
    of D3 and are 20-40% for at least 0.1" of freezing rain accretion=20
    from central KS to southern Missouri. For this system, WPC has=20
    initiated Key Messages which are linked below, and more information
    can be found in the WPC extended range discussion as well.


    Snell/Weiss




    ...Winter Storm Key Messages are in effect. Please see current=20
    Key Messages below...

    https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/key_messages/Late= stKeyMessage_1.png__;!!DZ3fjg!9e2ebve2eyI5FZ_k_MClbg0vZkP7WKORJo4yZsMhMzdC3= nSH59X0LZ-9zXmTzUtaiBfbPJTbQpAusH7hnwanYsYEEwQ$=20

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Thu Jan 2 20:22:55 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 022022
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    322 PM EST Thu Jan 2 2025

    Valid 00Z Fri Jan 03 2025 - 00Z Mon Jan 06 2025

    ...The West...=20
    Days 1-3...

    The primary weather maker in the short term is a potent 500mb low
    approaching from the west that will promote falling heights,
    lowering snow levels, and tap into a healthy plume of Pacific
    moisture over the northwestern U.S. starting this evening. NAEFS
    shows by 12Z Friday that 500mb heights are dropping below the 10th climatological percentile off the Pacific Northwest coast, while
    500 kg/m/s IVT values (which top the 90th climatological
    percentile) are direct over northern California and as far inland
    as the Northern Rockies. Snowfall in the Cascades, Olympics, and
    into the typical northern California ranges will not only have the
    aid of strong 250-500mb upper level divergence Friday morning=20
    ahead of the trough, but some upslope enhancement will also help in
    produce heavy snow at elevations generally above 3,500ft. Farther
    east, the Lewis Range an Idaho Panhandle will not only have the
    anomalous moisture and synoptic-scale ascent to work with Friday
    evening, but a strong 1040+mb high in the Canadian Prairies to aid
    in upslope ascent via low-level easterly flow. Snow should
    gradually taper off in the northern Rockies by Saturday afternoon.

    One other area of interest is the Columbia Basin and Columbia Gorge
    where cold air spilling in through the valleys to the north will
    allow for a CAD signature to take shape on Friday. Some minor ice
    accumulations may occur as far east as the Salmon River and
    Sawtooth Mountains, but it is the Columbia Basin and Columbia River
    Gorge that sport low chances (10-30%) for ice accumulations >0.1"
    through Friday afternoon. There will be a lull between storm
    systems for parts of Washington on Saturday morning, but the ORegon
    Cascades will feel the pesky presence on onshore flow that leads to
    more high elevation mountain snow throughout the day. By Saturday=20
    night, the next Pacific storm system slams into the Olympic=20
    Peninsula with more >4,000ft heavy snowfall for the Olympics and=20
    Cascades which should weaken in intensity by Sunday afternoon.=20

    Over the course of the next three days, the higher elevated/more
    remote areas of the Cascades, Blue, Sawtooth, Salmon River,
    Bitterroots, Lewis Range, and Tetons show high chances (>70%) for
    snowfall >8". The ranges with moderate-to-high chances (50-70%) for
    12" are the Cascades and Tetons where they will; contend with a
    combination of the best synoptic-scale ascent, upslope ascent, and
    IVT placement. Expect some treacherous travel conditions in complex
    terrain in areas where roads/passes are not closed for the season.


    ...Great Lakes and Northeast...=20
    Days 1-3...

    The strengthening -NAO block over Greenland and the North Atlantic
    is in effect causing a traffic jam for the deep upper low over
    Quebec. It has no where to go at the moment, thus keeping
    cold/cyclonic flow in place over the Great Lakes for the next=20
    couple of days. As this 500mb gyre spins over eastern Canada,=20
    500mb shortwave disturbances will traverse the Great Lakes Friday=20
    and Saturday. The Great Lakes will gradually cool as a result, but=20
    the lapse rates will remain steep enough over and downwind of the=20
    lakes to where lake-induced instability could top 500 J/kg on=20
    occasion. The snow belts of the Michigan U.P., northern portion of=20 Michigan's Mitten, from northeast Ohio on north eats along the=20
    Chautauqua Ridge, and from the shores of eastern Lake Ontario to=20
    the Tug Hill will be most favored for heavy snow through early=20
    Sunday AM. Snow will be measured in feet from northeast OH,=20
    northwest PA, and western NY (south of Buffalo) to the Tug Hill and
    even as far south as the Syracuse metro area. Snowfall rates in=20
    these areas of 1-2"/hr are expected with >3"/hr rates possible in=20
    the bands hitting the Tug Hill and central NY overnight. The WSSI=20
    shows Major Impacts for these areas with even a small Extreme area=20 (extremely dangerous to impossible travel and widespread closures)=20
    in the Tug Hill through Sunday AM.=20


    ...Ohio Valley, Central Appalachians, and Mid-Atlantic...=20
    Days 1-2...

    A compact wave of low pressure moving across Iowa this morning
    will move progressively eastward beneath a modest shortwave racing
    southeast within the broad trough amplifying across the eastern
    CONUS. Immediately in the wake of this shortwave, a potent jet
    streak reaching 150kts will dig rapidly out of the Northern Plains,
    producing a narrow but intense corridor of overlapping ascent
    through height falls, PVA, and LFQ diffluence. This will help at
    least subtly deepen the low and the accompanying
    baroclinicity/attendant fronts as it moves from near Quad Cities,=20
    IA tonight, eastward to off the VA coast Friday night.

    Downstream of this wave, modest isentropic ascent along the
    285-290K surfaces will cause a rapid uptick in column RH, with the
    accompanying WAA leading to a deepening of the DGZ and modest
    925-850mb fgen. This will result in a expanding area of=20
    precipitation falling as snow across the OH VLY into the Central
    Appalachians tonight, with moisture spilling across the
    Appalachians into the Mid-Atlantic Friday afternoon. The system is
    compact and progressive, so snowfall in general across the OH VLY
    should be modest reflected by WPC probabilities for 2" that are
    generally just 10-30%, but locally enhanced snowfall rates of=20
    1"/hr through any fgen band could cause lollipops of higher=20
    snowfall exceeding 3 inches.

    The heavier accumulations are likely in the Central Appalachians
    where, despite the modest forecast depth of the DGZ,
    appreciable upslope flow will drive ascent favorably into the DGZ,
    while some moisture enhancement occurs on post-frontal NW flow from
    the Great Lakes. This suggests an extended period of moderate to
    heavy snow, especially Friday morning through evening, with the
    higher elevations receiving the most significant snow
    accumulations. Current WPC probabilities are high (<90%) for more
    than 4 inches D1, falling to 30-50% for continuing snowfall D32.
    Event total snow here could reach double-digits in the higher
    terrain.

    Finally, although total accumulations are expected to be minimal, some
    snow showers or convective snow showers moving along the cold front=20
    may crest the Appalachians and move across the Mid-Atlantic states
    Friday afternoon as the vorticity max dives southeastward. The=20
    late afternoon timing of this vort max allows for steep lapse rates
    from the sfc all the way up into the DGZ, which could promote brief
    snowfall rates above 1"/hr as shown by low probabilities in the WPC
    snowband tool. Low-level temperatures will be slightly above=20
    freezing from Richmond, VA to Philadelphia, PA, but wet-bulb
    temperatures below 0C could allow any heavier rates to accumulate
    on roads and elevated surfaces, causing hazardous travel despite=20
    minimal accumulations, during the Friday aftn/eve commute.
    Additionally, where low-level instability is the greatest,
    especially overlapping the higher moisture content focused along
    the MD/PA line, isolated snow squalls are also possible.


    ...Northern High Plains...
    Days 1-3...

    An amplified upper level trough moving into the Pacific Northwest
    Friday evening will spread downstream ascent through increasing
    divergence into the Northern High Plains by Saturday morning. This
    feature is progged to split into dual vorticity lobes, with the
    primary one swinging into the Central Rockies, while a secondary
    impulse lifts into Alberta/Saskatchewan. Downstream of this trough,
    weak shortwave ridging will initially be placed over the region,
    but this will gradually become displaced by the approaching trough,
    leading to increasingly strong deep-layer ascent. This forcing will
    act upon a saturating column as 290K isentropic ascent maximizes=20
    in a narrow corridor from NW to SE from the foothills of central MT
    east into the High Plains of SD, which will effectively overlap
    with a stripe of robust 700-600mb fgen. The overall setup is not=20
    ideal for extremely heavy snow, but an expanding footprint of=20
    snowfall is likely, and rates will be enhanced by a cold column=20
    with very fluffy SLRs expected. Additionally, the guidance has
    become more excited about snowfall potential as reflected by an EFI
    of 0.8 to 0.9, primarily due to an extended period of moderate to
    at times heavy snow. WPC probabilities have increased as well, and
    now feature a 70-90% chance for 4+ inches across central MT, with
    locally up to 10 inches possible in some of the higher terrain, and
    a 30-50 chance for 4+ inches across far NW SD.=20


    ...Central Plains through the Mid-Atlantic...
    Day 3...

    Guidance is becoming more aligned this morning, suggesting high
    confidence in a significant winter storm developing across the
    Central Plains late Saturday night and then strengthening while
    moving east towards the Mid-Atlantic on Monday. While there
    continues to be considerable temporal spread in the models, the
    overall evolution and footprint is quite similar, and significant
    impacts due to snow, sleet, and freezing rain are expected.

    Saturday afternoon, a deepening shortwave will eject from the
    Central Rockies, moving into the Southern Plains by Sunday morning
    while taking on a negative tilt. At this point there is already
    considerable differences in the timing and intensity of the upper
    low, with the EC and accompanying ensemble the fastest, the
    GFS/GEFS making up the slow end of the envelope, and the CMC/CMCE
    in the middle. That being said, the EC has been the most
    consistent, and the other guidance has trended faster, but the
    500mb forecast trends from all guidance have gotten deeper in the
    past few cycles, suggesting maybe the EC is a bit too fast.
    Regardless, significant spread in timing and intensity results in
    lower than typical confidence for D3.

    Despite uncertainty in timing and placement, confidence has
    increased dramatically in an impactful winter storm. Regardless of
    the exact placement, the setup is favorable for a widespread winter
    storm from Kansas through the Ohio Valley D3, then shifting into
    the Mid-Atlantic D4 /beyond this forecast period/. As the upper low
    tilts negatively and then closes off, a subtropical jet streak will
    sharpen and rotate around the base of this trough leading to
    coupled downstream ascent. At the same time, increasing downstream
    moist advection on low-level flow from the Gulf of Mexico will
    rapidly saturate the column as isentropic ascent along the 295K=20
    surface lifts northward and then pivots cyclonically into a TROWAL=20
    around the developing cyclone.=20

    As this low intensifies, in conjunction with the strengthening=20
    WAA, the setup seems to conceptually support a laterally=20
    translating band of heavy precipitation from west to east. With=20
    DGZ depth probabilities rising to above 30% for 100mb of depth, and
    a an overlap of folding theta-e with -EPV in cross sections
    supporting CSI/CI, an impressive band with snowfall rates at least
    1-2"/hr appears likely. Additionally, a secondary axis of=20
    deformation could lengthen the heavy snow in some areas with=20
    more impressive snowfall rates.

    There is still uncertainty as to where the transition zone between
    heavy freezing rain, sleet, and snow will occur, and guidance has
    trended a bit north today, but the EFI is already highlighting=20
    values nearing 0.9 with an SoT of 2 from eastern KS through=20
    southern IN, and the WSSI-P is suggesting a greater than 70% chance
    for moderate impacts in this same geographic window.

    In addition to impacts, although confidence in exact placement is
    uncertain, WPC probabilities current reflect a high risk (>70%) for
    8+ inches near the NE/MO/KS borders, with a stripe of high
    probabilities for 4+ inches extending as far east as Indianapolis
    and as far west as central Nebraska. On the south side of the
    system, WPC probabilities indicate a 50-70% chance for 0.1" in a
    stripe from eastern KS through southern MO and into southern IL,
    with locally 0.25+ inches becoming more likely across parts of this
    area.

    This system has prompted the issuance of key messages which are=20
    linked below.


    Weiss/Mullinax



    ...Winter Storm Key Messages are in effect. Please see current=20
    Key Messages below...

    https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/key_messages/Late= stKeyMessage_1.png__;!!DZ3fjg!9KOzX81tAmUNOqiKCx8P8OiXBQFhK-sztseVXbHwWL81L= TvK5Q5kgTuibfWT_jWBSaeL-Ch4jqpuEPW-El87JRtFxr4$=20

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Fri Jan 3 09:01:02 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 030900
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    400 AM EST Fri Jan 3 2025

    Valid 12Z Fri Jan 03 2025 - 12Z Mon Jan 06 2025

    ...Western U.S....=20
    Days 1-3...

    Precipitation will continue to spread inland across western Oregon=20
    and northwestern California ahead of an occluded low approaching the=20
    coast this morning. Deep, moist southwesterly flow ahead of the=20
    boundary, along with strong forcing will support an uptick in=20
    precipitation, with orographically focused moderate to heavy amounts=20 forecast to develop along the coastal ranges into the southern=20
    Cascades and northern Sierra Nevada. However, high snow levels are=20
    expected to confine any heavy snow accumulations to the highest=20
    peaks early on. Then, as the upper trough and associated cold front=20
    begin to move inland, snow levels will begin to lower, expanding the=20 potential for heavy snow along the southern Cascades, the=20
    northwestern California ranges, and the northern Sierra later today.=20 Meanwhile, a well-defined warm front, lifting across the northern=20
    Cascades, Intermountain West, and Rockies, will be a focus for=20
    organized precipitation and locally heavy mountain snow as well=20
    today.=20

    Meanwhile to the east, moisture focused by low-to-mid level=20
    convergence along the western periphery of strong high pressure=20
    extending from central Canada into the Northern Plains will support=20
    a swath of light to moderate snows extending from central Nebraska=20 northwestward through the High Plains and into the northern Rockies.=20
    Upslope flow is expected to help enhance amounts across the central=20
    to the northwestern Montana ranges.=20

    By early Saturday, the upper trough is expected to bring high=20
    elevation snow into the central Rockies as it moves across the Great=20
    Basin into the region. This will be followed by a second system,=20
    which is forecast to bring additional orographically focused heavier=20
    amounts into the Olympics and the northern Cascades Saturday into=20
    early Sunday.

    Conditions will remain unsettled across the Northwest into Monday,=20
    as a third shortwave impacts the region. However, a building=20
    upstream ridge will preclude any long fetch of deep moisture and the=20
    threat for widespread heavy amounts across the region.

    WPC probabilities indicate that three day totals exceeding 8 inches=20
    will be mostly confined to the higher elevations of the Cascades,=20
    northern Sierra Nevada, and portions of the Rockies from=20
    northwestern Montana to northern Utah and Colorado. Widespread, but=20
    lighter amounts are expected across central and southeastern=20
    Montana, with high probabilities for accumulations greater than 4=20
    inches covering much of the region.=20=20


    ...Great Lakes and Northeast...=20
    Days 1-2...

    The strengthening -NAO block over Greenland and the North Atlantic
    is aiding a mature surface cyclone to stall over Quebec and help
    produce persistent cold northwest flow between it and a strong
    surface high over Saskatchewan. This will prompt favorable LES on
    northwesterly flow along with a few upper level disturbances
    traversing the Great Lakes over the next few days. The Great Lakes
    will gradually cool as a result, but the lapse rates will remain=20
    steep enough over and downwind of the lakes to where lake-induced=20 instability could top 500 J/kg on occasion. The snow belts of the=20
    Michigan U.P., northern portion of Michigan's Mitten, from=20
    northeast Ohio on north east along the Chautauqua Ridge, and from=20
    the shores of eastern Lake Ontario to the Tug Hill will be most=20
    favored for heavy snow through early Sunday AM. Favorable fetch
    connecting a band from lakes Superior, Huron, and Ontario will help
    produce the most significant amounts (1-2ft+) in Upstate NY between
    Syracuse and the Tug Hill. Snow could also be measured in feet=20
    from northeast OH, northwest PA, and western NY (south of Buffalo).=20
    Snowfall rates in these areas of 1-2"/hr are expected and could
    come in waves over the next few days. The WSSI shows Major Impacts
    for these areas with even a small Extreme area (extremely=20
    dangerous to impossible travel and widespread closures) in the Tug=20
    Hill through Sunday AM.=20


    ...Central Appalachians and Mid-Atlantic...
    Day 1...

    A compact wave of low pressure moving across the Ohio Valley early
    this morning will move progressively eastward beneath a modest=20
    shortwave racing southeast within the broad trough amplifying=20
    across the eastern CONUS. Immediately in the wake of this=20
    shortwave, a potent jet streak reaching 150kts will dig rapidly out
    of the Northern Plains, producing a narrow but intense corridor of
    overlapping ascent through height falls, PVA, and LFQ diffluence.=20
    This will help at least subtly deepen the low and the accompanying=20 baroclinicity/attendant fronts as it moves eastward to off the VA=20
    coast Friday night.

    The system is compact and progressive, so snowfall in general is=20
    expected to be low outside of the Central Appalachians. Here,=20
    despite the modest forecast depth of the DGZ, appreciable upslope=20
    flow will drive ascent favorably into the DGZ, while some moisture=20 enhancement occurs on post-frontal NW flow from the Great Lakes.=20
    This suggests an extended period of moderate to heavy snow,=20
    especially D1, with the higher elevations receiving the most=20
    significant snow accumulations. Event total snow here could reach=20
    double- digits in the higher terrain.

    Finally, although total accumulations are expected to be minimal, some
    snow showers or convective snow showers moving along the cold front=20
    may crest the Appalachians and move across the Mid-Atlantic states
    Friday afternoon as the vorticity max dives southeastward. The=20
    late afternoon timing of this vort max allows for steep lapse rates
    from the sfc all the way up into the DGZ, which could promote brief
    snowfall rates above 1"/hr as shown by low probabilities in the WPC
    snowband tool. Low-level temperatures will be slightly above=20
    freezing from Richmond, VA to Philadelphia, PA, but wet-bulb
    temperatures below 0C could allow any heavier rates to accumulate
    on roads and elevated surfaces, causing hazardous travel despite=20
    minimal accumulations, during the Friday aftn/eve commute.
    Additionally, where low-level instability is the greatest,
    especially overlapping the higher moisture content focused along
    the MD/PA line, isolated snow squalls are also possible.


    ...Northern High Plains...
    Days 1-2...

    The forecast remains on track and very similar to the previous
    issuance as an amplified upper level trough moving into the=20
    Pacific Northwest this evening will spread downstream ascent=20
    through increasing divergence into the Northern High Plains by=20
    Saturday morning. This feature is progged to split into dual=20
    vorticity lobes, with the primary one swinging into the Central=20
    Rockies, while a secondary impulse lifts into Alberta/Saskatchewan.
    Downstream of this trough, weak shortwave ridging will initially=20
    be placed over the region, but this will gradually become displaced
    by the approaching trough, leading to increasingly strong deep-=20
    layer ascent. This forcing will act upon a saturating column as=20
    290K isentropic ascent maximizes in a narrow corridor from NW to SE
    from the foothills of central MT east into the High Plains of SD,=20
    which will effectively overlap with a stripe of robust 700-600mb=20
    fgen. The overall setup is not ideal for extremely heavy snow, but=20
    an expanding footprint of snowfall is likely, and rates will be=20
    enhanced by a cold column with very fluffy SLRs expected.=20
    Additionally, the guidance has become more excited about snowfall=20
    potential as reflected by an EFI of 0.8 to 0.9, primarily due to an
    extended period of moderate to at times heavy snow. WPC=20
    probabilities have increased as well, and now feature a 70-90%=20
    chance for 4+ inches across central MT, with locally up to 10=20
    inches possible in some of the higher terrain, and a 30-50 chance=20
    for 4+ inches across far NW SD.=20


    ...Central Plains through the Mid-Atlantic...
    Days 2-3...

    Guidance remains aligned on a significant winter storm to impact a
    large area spanning from the Central Plains across the Ohio Valley
    and to the Mid-Atlantic Saturday night through Monday. While there
    continues to be considerable temporal and some latitudinal spread=20
    in the models, the overall evolution and footprint is quite=20
    similar, with impactful snow, sleet, and freezing rain expected.

    Starting Saturday afternoon, a deepening shortwave will eject from
    the Central Rockies and move into the Southern Plains by Sunday=20
    morning while taking on a negative tilt. At this point there is=20
    already considerable differences in the timing and intensity of the
    upper low, with the EC/UKMET and accompanying ensemble the=20
    fastest, the GFS/GEFS making up the slow/strong end of the=20
    envelope, and the CMC/CMCE in the middle. That being said, the
    answer likely lies somewhere in between but could lean towards
    either camp. The ensemble sensitivity analysis from 12z 1/2 would
    suggest the differences begin this afternoon as the trough moves
    ashore the West Coast, so these differences should be brought
    closer together in a few more forecast cycles. The WAA regime in
    place ahead of the storm without a strong surface high to the=20
    north- northeast would support some of the more northern solutions,
    but the upper- level configuration in the western Atlantic limits=20
    this potential. Regardless, significant spread in timing and=20
    intensity results in lower than typical confidence for D3.

    Despite uncertainty in timing and placement, confidence remains in
    an impactful winter storm. Regardless of the exact placement, the=20
    setup is favorable for a widespread wintry precipitation from the
    Central Plains/Mid-Mississippi Valley by the end of D2 through the
    Ohio Valley D3 and eventually Mid-Atlantic D3-D4. As the upper low
    tilts negatively over the central U.S. and then closes off, a=20
    subtropical jet streak will sharpen and rotate around the base of=20
    this trough leading to coupled downstream ascent. At the same time,
    increasing downstream moist advection on low-level flow from the=20
    Gulf of Mexico will rapidly saturate the column as isentropic=20
    ascent along the 295K surface lifts northward and then pivots=20
    cyclonically into a TROWAL around the developing cyclone.=20

    As this low intensifies, in conjunction with the strengthening=20
    WAA, the setup seems to conceptually support a laterally=20
    translating band of heavy precipitation from west to east. With=20
    DGZ depth probabilities rising to above 30% for 100mb of depth, and
    a an overlap of folding theta-e with -EPV in cross sections
    supporting CSI/CI, an impressive band with snowfall rates at least
    1-2"/hr appears likely. Additionally, a secondary axis of=20
    deformation could lengthen the heavy snow in some areas with=20
    more impressive snowfall rates.

    There is still uncertainty as to where the transition zone between
    heavy freezing rain, sleet, and snow will occur but the EFI is=20
    highlighting values exceeding 0.9 with an SoT of 2 from eastern KS
    through southern IN, and the WSSI-P is suggesting a greater than=20
    70% chance for moderate impacts in this same geographic window.
    Given the strong WAA and deep low-level cold airmass in place,
    sleet could become a dominant ptype from parts of eastern KS
    through southern IN/northern KY, with over an inch of sleet
    accumulation possible for some areas.

    In addition to impacts, although confidence in exact placement is
    uncertain, WPC probabilities current reflect a high risk (>70%) for
    8+ inches near the NE/KS border through northern MO and into
    central IL, with a stripe of high probabilities for 6+ inches=20
    extending east along I-70 through IN and west-central OH. On the=20
    south side of the system, WPC probabilities indicate high chances
    (70-90%) for at least 0.1" ice accretion in a stripe from eastern=20
    KS through southern MO and into southern IL, southern IN and much
    of KY. 0.25" ice probs of 40-60% are found from southern MO to KY.

    This system has prompted the issuance of key messages which are=20
    linked below.


    Pereira/Snell




    ...Winter Storm Key Messages are in effect. Please see current=20
    Key Messages below...

    https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/key_messages/Late= stKeyMessage_1.png__;!!DZ3fjg!5H5hnZtkp-rhOKjNWO-8xlb6XuPlMQYf5zBVWlPiut_jM= 3Voua0gBjlHmCCAm4LHwDzSYF2hgcUK7B6VKkxupQIWpz0$=20

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Fri Jan 3 19:27:41 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 031927
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    227 PM EST Fri Jan 3 2025

    Valid 00Z Sat Jan 04 2025 - 00Z Tue Jan 07 2025

    ...Western U.S....=20
    Days 1-3...

    The busiest stretch of winter weather in the Pacific Northwest and
    Northern Rockies occurs over the next 24-48 hours. The region is
    already witnessing periods of heavy mountain snow along the spine
    of the Cascades and as far east as the Absaroka and Lewis Range.
    Some very high elevations snow is occurring as far south as the
    Trinity /Shasta and the northern Sierra Nevada. As a robust 500mb
    trough moves over the Pacific Northwest this evening, the strongest synoptic-scale ascent will be over the Northern Rockies as
    excellent250-500mb diffluence aloft with >90th percentile=20
    500-700mb mean specific humidity values support a swath of heavy=20
    snow as far east as the Little Belt and Big Snowy Mountains of=20
    Montana, and as far south as the Bear River Range bordering Idaho=20
    and Utah. The Lewis Range and Bitterroots in particular also have=20
    the added help from a large 1040mb+ high over southern Canada that=20
    is prompting anomalous southeasterly flow (<1st percentile at 850mb
    on NAEFS tonight) to cause upslope enhancement on the eastern=20
    slopes of these ranges.=20

    By Saturday morning, the storm continues to head east with snow=20
    ending in parts of the Sawtooth and Bitterroots but peaking over=20
    the Tetons and Bear River Range. Some measurable snowfall is=20
    expected in the Wind River and Big Bear Ranges, including ranges as
    far south as the Colorado Rockies. At the same time, the next=20
    Pacific storm system arrives Saturday afternoon with most snowfall=20
    in the Olympics and Cascades peaking Saturday night and=20
    accumulations primarily see above 4,000ft. This plume of moisture=20
    will reach the northern Rockies Sunday morning, but mainly lead to=20
    lighter snowfall accumulations at the more remote elevations of the
    Blue, Bitterroots, and Lewis Range. There is another weak system=20
    that moves into Oregon late Sunday night into Monday, but snow=20
    accumulations appear minor (<4") in from the Oregon Cascades to=20
    eastern Oregon.=20

    In total, many of the higher peaks of the Pacific Northwest and
    Northern Rockies will see heavy snowfall through Sunday with most
    of the heavier amounts confined to the more remote areas of these aforementioned mountains ranges. Portions of the Cascades, Blue
    Mountains, and Lewis Range (primarily above 5,000ft) have high
    chances (>70%) for snowfall totals >12". For elevations >8,000ft=20
    in the Tetons, Bear River Range, and Absarokas, there are high
    chances (>70%) for snowfall >8" according to WPC probabilities.


    ...Great Lakes and Northeast...=20
    Days 1-2...

    The strengthening -NAO block over Greenland and the North Atlantic
    will keep a large gyre-like 500mb upper low parked over southeast
    Canada and the northwest Atlantic through Sunday morning. On its
    western flank, it will work in tandem with strong 1040mb+ high=20
    pressure over central Canada to keep a tight pressure gradient over
    the Great Lakes, resulting in cold NWrly flow over the Lakes. This
    will prompt favorable LES on northwesterly flow along with a few=20
    upper level disturbances traversing the Great Lakes through Sunday=20
    morning. The Great Lakes will gradually cool as a result, but the=20
    lapse rates will remain steep enough over and downwind of the lakes
    to where lake-induced instability will exceed 500 J/kg on=20
    occasion. The snow belts of the Michigan U.P., northern portion of=20 Michigan's Mitten, from northeast Ohio on north east along the=20
    Chautauqua Ridge, and from the shores of eastern Lake Ontario to=20
    the Tug Hill will be most favored for heavy snow through Sunday AM.
    A prolonged WNW-NWrly fetch connecting a single band from lakes=20
    Superior, Huron, and Ontario will help produce the more significant
    amounts (1-2ft+) in Upstate NY between Syracuse and the Tug Hill.=20
    Latest WPC probabilities also show the Chautauqua Ridge with=20 moderate-to-high chances (50-70%) for additional snowfall totals=20
    8" through Sunday AM, while chances for >8" in the far eastern=20
    Michigan U.P. are lower chances (10-30%). Snowfall rates in these=20
    areas of 1-2"/hr are expected and could come in waves through=20
    Sunday. The WSSI shows Major Impacts for these areas through=20
    Sunday, indicating there are likely to be dangerous to impossible=20
    driving conditions for those impacted by these heavy LES bands.


    ...Northern High Plains...
    Days 1-2...

    The impending winter storm in the Northern Plains is a great=20
    example of mesoscale banding via strong frontogenetical forcing.=20
    Snow gets started this afternoon in parts of central Montana and=20
    really increases in intensity by 12Z Saturday. At this time, a=20
    700mb low over southern Alberta and an elongated trough axis will=20
    prompt healthy mid-level divergence aloft from central Montana to=20
    western South Dakota. Closer to the surface, lower pressure over=20
    the western U.S. and strong 1040mb+ high pressure over Canada is=20
    leading to winds near the surface to be unusually strong out of the
    SE that is directing moisture, with origins out of the Gulf of
    Mexico, into the Northern High Plains. This is leading to=20
    exceptional 850mb WAA emanating out of the Southern High Plains at=20
    low level. In addition, this mean SErly flow at low-levels favors=20
    upslope enhancement through Saturday as the region becomes=20
    favorably placed on the northern flank of the 700mb low by 18Z=20
    Saturday. Lastly, SWrly 700mb winds out of the southwestern U.S.=20
    are causing their own WAA and FGEN forcing as warm 700mb temps=20
    collide with much colder air in the Northern Plains.

    The end result is a setup for bands of heavy snowfall setting up
    from the heart of "Big Sky country" on south and east into western
    South Dakota. The WPC Snowband Probability Tracker shows HREF
    guidance sporting 1-2"/hr rates beginning as early as this evening
    and continuing through Saturday morning. Areas as far south as
    northeast Wyoming also could see these heavy snow rates, primarily
    east of the Big Horns where upslope flow can enhance snowfall
    rates. As the best upper level dynamics shift southeast Saturday
    evening, some lingering easterly flow may keep periods of snow in
    the forecast through the overnight hours, but snow should finally
    taper off by Sunday morning. WPC probabilities show a wide swatch
    of high chance probabilities (>70%) for >4" of snow from northern
    Montana to northeast South Dakota. There are also low-chance
    probabilities (10-30%) for snowfall >8" in localized portions of=20
    central Montana, northeast South Dakota, and northeast Wyoming. The
    WSSI shows widespread Minor Impacts through the Northern High
    Plains with some spotty Moderate Impact areas in north-central
    Montana.=20


    ...Central Plains through the Mid-Atlantic...
    Days 1-3...

    ...Widespread significant winter storm to develop tonight across
    the Central Plains and then move through the Mid-Atlantic early
    next week...

    A closed low moving into the Pacific Northwest will fill as it
    moves towards the interior, and then weaken briefly during its dive
    into the Four Corners region. However, as it exits the Central
    Rockies Saturday night it will re-amplify, becoming a closed low
    once again into the Central High Plains. The models diverge at this
    point, with still modest differences in timing and intensity, but=20
    the trends in all the 3 global ensemble systems is for a deeper and
    slightly slower upper low by Sunday morning, and some clustering
    has occurred towards a more uniform solution. If the deeper/slower
    solution continues, it would conceptually result in stronger=20
    downstream warm advection and a more strong north push of=20
    precipitation, but downstream confluence is also quite strong=20
    suggesting a sharp northern gradient in precipitation and some=20
    subsidence to squelch the northward extent/shift.=20

    While the exact track will be crucial to the axis of greatest
    impacts, the increased clustering of solutions suggests this axis
    is becoming more defined. As the upper low shifts almost due east
    through Monday with continued deepening, it will force a
    strengthening jet streak aloft to help enhance ascent. This will=20
    cause the accompanying surface low to deepen slowly as it moves=20
    east, leading to a large swath of heavy snow, sleet, and freezing=20
    rain from eastern Kansas through Maryland/Virginia. While=20
    confidence is high in an impactful winter storm, the details are=20
    still in question.

    As the low pivots east, downstream moisture advection will begin to
    intensify as reflected by intense 290K isentropic ascent
    blossoming across Kansas Saturday afternoon and then continuing
    eastward in advance of the low. This will spread PWs that reach as
    high as +2 sigma across the Central Plains/Ozarks, with subtly
    lower anomalies into the Mid-Atlantic. The accompanying theta-e
    ridge is then progged to lift cyclonically into a TROWAL,
    especially Sunday when it becomes quite strong from KS into IN,
    before weakening in response to the filling of the upper low and
    shunting of the moisture to the east. The overlap of this TROWAL
    with impressive WAA will help deepen the DGZ (SREF probabilities
    for 100mb of depth now reach 70% in KS/MO) to increase the
    potential for heavy snow rates. Additionally, cross sections
    indicate a threat for CSI/CI where folded theta-e surface intersect
    with -EPV, resulting in the potential for thundersnow (through CI)
    and snowfall rates of 2+"/hr.

    The greatest risk for banded snow appears to be within the WAA from
    Missouri to Indianapolis as the setup matches the conceptual model
    for a laterally translating band, but then behind the low an
    extremely impressive deformation axis is likely which would have
    higher SLRs and the greater potential for excessive convective snow
    rates. This deformation will likely weaken towards the east as the
    upper low begins to fill, but still strong WAA/fgen ahead of the
    low within the narrow translating band to the east will support
    impressive rates of 1-2"/hr at times. South of this band, the WAA
    will overrun the cold surface temps, but forecast soundings
    indicate an impressive E/NE dry advective flow beneath the warm
    nose to maintain sub-freezing wet bulb temperatures. This will=20
    support an axis of heavy sleet and freezing rain, generally from=20
    southern MO through northern KY, where sleet accumulations above=20
    1", and freezing rain accretions of 0.25-0.5" are likely.=20

    As the system moves east and weakens a bit, there is even more
    spread in the track, but still a heavy corridor of snow and mixed
    precipitation is likely from Ohio to Delaware. The wave is opening
    during this time, but the downstream WAA/fgen remains impressive
    especially in the 850-700mb layer, and a continuation of the
    upstream translating band is likely right through the Mid-Atlantic
    states. The intensity and accompanying snowfall is likely to be
    reduced from upstream, but could still feature intense rates and
    heavy snow from west to east, reflected by the recent EFI reaching
    0.9 with a co-located SoT of +5, highest in northern VA. The=20
    placement of this band remains in question and guidance has trended
    south today, but where it sets up, 1"/hr snows are likely at
    times.

    With the event just getting started late D1, WPC probabilities D1
    are minimal for any significant ice or snow. However, by D2, the
    system ramps up, and WPC probabilities for 6+ inches reach above
    50% from western KS through the St. Louis metro area, and locally
    12+ inches of snow is likely, especially in far NE KS or near
    Kansas City, MO. During D3 the 6+ inch probabilities race eastward,
    and Sunday night/Monday features a moderate risk (50-70% chance) of
    6+ inches from eastern Illinois through the Washington, D.C. metro
    area. South of the heavy snow, a swath of significant, even
    isolated damaging icing, is likely, with WPC probabilities for
    0.25" reaching 50-70% from southern MO through western KY, pushing
    into eastern KY and the central Appalachians on D3. Some places,
    especially in eastern MO, southern IL, or western KY, could receive
    0.5" of ice resulting in damage to trees and power lines.


    This system has prompted the issuance of key messages which are=20
    linked below.


    Mullinax/Weiss



    ...Winter Storm Key Messages are in effect. Please see current=20
    Key Messages below...

    https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/key_messages/Late= stKeyMessage_1.png__;!!DZ3fjg!-9Qng90GbNE8O2r45hTz67D5vzy0c-veu6dIc4Pg_c0Jm= YBq9zZk4tmBhZfm2MwXVxpaHjETS4uy5isgeb4F7tfnFjA$=20

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sat Jan 4 08:53:41 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 040840
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    340 AM EST Sat Jan 4 2025

    Valid 12Z Sat Jan 04 2025 - 12Z Tue Jan 07 2025

    ...Western U.S....=20
    Days 1-3...

    An amplified shortwave trough will continue to move progressively=20
    east from the Intermountain West into the Rockies today, bringing=20
    mountain snows to portions of the northern and central Rockies. The=20
    heaviest amounts are expected to fall along the northern to central=20
    Utah and the northwestern Colorado ranges. Snowfall rates=20
    increasing up to 2-3 inches an hour later this morning, are expected=20
    to result in snowfall totals of 6-12 inches, with locally heavier=20
    amounts across portions Wasatch and Uinta Mountains.

    Meanwhile, unsettled weather will continue in the Northwest, as a=20
    warm front associated with a shortwave trough moving over the top of=20
    an upstream ridge approaches the region today. This is expected to=20
    produce snowfall accumulations of 4-8 inches for many Cascade=20
    locations above 4000 ft, with heavier totals across the higher=20
    peaks. This system will slide southeast across the northern Rockies,=20 bringing some additional locally heavy snows to the northern Idaho=20
    and western Montana ranges as another wave approaches the Pacific=20
    Northwest on Sunday.=20=20

    Followed by a sharp, amplifying ridge, moisture and the threat for=20 additional heavy snow will be limited with this third system as it=20
    drops south from the Pacific Northwest into California and the Great=20
    late Monday into Tuesday.

    ...Great Lakes LES...=20
    Days 1-2...

    The strengthening -NAO block over Greenland and the North Atlantic
    will keep a large gyre-like 500mb upper low parked over southeast
    Canada and the northwest Atlantic over the next few days. On its=20
    western flank, it will work in tandem with strong 1040mb+ high=20
    pressure over central Canada to keep a tight pressure gradient over
    the Great Lakes, resulting in cold NWrly flow over the Lakes. This
    will prompt favorable LES on northwesterly flow along with a few=20
    upper level disturbances traversing the Great Lakes through Sunday.
    The Great Lakes will gradually cool, but lapse rates will remain=20
    steep enough over and downwind of the lakes to where lake- induced=20 instability may exceed 500 J/kg on occasion. The snow belts of the
    Michigan U.P. and from the shores of eastern Lake Ontario to the=20
    Tug Hill will be most favored for heavy snow through this weekend.
    A prolonged WNW- NWrly fetch connecting a single band from lakes=20
    Superior, Huron, and Ontario will help produce the more significant
    amounts (1-2ft+) in Upstate NY between Syracuse and the Tug Hill.
    The WSSI shows Major to Extreme impacts for the Syracuse metro
    region and points northwest to Lake Ontario. Latest WPC=20
    probabilities are high (>70%) for at least 12 inches across this
    narrow LES band downwind of Lake Ontario.


    ...Northern High Plains...
    Day 1...

    The ongoing winter storm in the Northern Plains is a great example
    of mesoscale banding via strong frontogenetical forcing. Snow is
    underway from northwest MT to western SD as healthy mid-level
    divergence exists associated with an elongated sharp trough axis
    forecast to cross Alberta and the Intermountain West today. Closer
    to the surface, lower pressure over the western U.S. and strong=20
    1040mb+ high pressure over Canada is leading to winds near the=20
    surface to be unusually strong out of the SE that is directing=20
    moisture, with origins out of the Gulf of Mexico, into the Northern
    High Plains. This is leading to exceptional 850mb WAA emanating=20
    out of the Southern High Plains at low level. In addition, this=20
    mean SErly flow at low- levels favors upslope enhancement through=20
    Saturday as the region becomes favorably placed on the northern=20
    flank of the 700mb low by 18Z today. Lastly, SWrly 700mb winds out
    of the southwestern U.S. are causing their own WAA and FGEN=20
    forcing as warm 700mb temps collide with much colder air in the=20
    Northern Plains and create a stripe of moderate snowfall.

    The end result is a setup for bands of heavy snowfall setting up
    from the heart of "Big Sky country" on south and east into western
    South Dakota. The WPC Snowband Probability Tracker still shows=20
    HREF guidance sporting 1-2"/hr rates early this morning across
    southwest MT. Areas as far south as northeast Wyoming also could=20
    see these heavy snow rates, primarily east of the Big Horns where=20
    upslope flow can enhance snowfall rates. As the best upper level=20
    dynamics shift southeast this evening, some lingering easterly=20
    flow may keep periods of snow in the forecast through the overnight
    hours, but snow should finally taper off by Sunday morning. WPC=20 probabilities show a wide swatch of high chance probabilities=20
    70%) for at least 4" of snow from southwest Montana to northeast
    South Dakota. The WSSI shows widespread Minor Impacts through the=20
    Northern High Plains with some spotty Moderate Impact areas in=20
    north-central Montana (combined with snow occurring before 12z=20
    this morning).


    ...Central Plains through the Mid-Atlantic...
    Days 1-3...

    ...Widespread significant winter storm to develop tonight across
    the Central Plains today and then move through the Mid-Atlantic=20
    early next week...

    A closed low currently moving over the Northwest will fill as it=20
    moves towards the interior, and then weaken briefly during its dive
    near the Central Rockies. However, as it exits the Central Rockies
    tonight it will re-amplify, becoming a closed low once again into=20
    the Central High Plains. Over the past few days models have
    converged on a stronger and slightly north solution regarding the
    initial placement of this upper low, with still some differences
    regarding it's track and ability to maintain strength as it moves
    eastward to the Mid-Atlantic. Downstream confluence is quite strong
    and limits to what extent the precipitation shield can lift north. The
    GFS/GEFS remains alone in a stronger solution which leads to more=20
    potent WAA and a farther north heavy snow axis, as well as mixing=20
    issues spanning farther north than most other guidance. The answer=20
    likely lies somewhere in between, but may be closer to the ECMWF=20
    suite given latest trends.

    As the upper low shifts almost due east through Monday with=20
    continued deepening, it will force a strengthening jet streak aloft
    to help enhance ascent. This will cause the accompanying surface=20
    low to deepen slowly as it moves east, leading to a large swath of=20
    heavy snow, sleet, and freezing rain from eastern Kansas through=20 Maryland/Virginia. While confidence is high in an impactful winter=20
    storm, some details are still in question.

    Downstream moisture advection will begin to intensify this
    afternoon as reflected by intense 290K isentropic ascent=20
    blossoming across Kansas Saturday afternoon and then continuing=20
    eastward in advance of the low. This will spread PWs that reach as=20
    high as +2 sigma across the Central Plains/Ozarks, with subtly=20
    lower anomalies into the Mid- Atlantic. The accompanying theta-e=20
    ridge is then progged to lift cyclonically into a TROWAL,=20
    especially Sunday when it becomes quite strong from KS into IN,=20
    before weakening in response to the filling of the upper low and=20
    shunting of the moisture to the east. The overlap of this TROWAL=20
    with impressive WAA will help deepen the DGZ (SREF probabilities=20
    for 100mb of depth now reach 70% in KS/MO) to increase the=20
    potential for heavy snow rates. Additionally, cross sections=20
    indicate a threat for CSI/CI where folded theta-e surface intersect
    with -EPV, resulting in the potential for thundersnow (through CI)
    and snowfall rates of 2+"/hr.

    The greatest risk for banded snow appears to be within the WAA from
    Missouri to Indianapolis as the setup matches the conceptual model
    for a laterally translating band, but then behind the low an
    extremely impressive deformation axis is likely which would have
    higher SLRs and the greater potential for excessive convective snow
    rates over northern KS. This deformation will likely weaken=20
    towards the east as the upper low begins to fill, but still strong=20
    WAA/fgen ahead of the low within the narrow translating band to the
    east will support impressive rates of 1-2"/hr at times. South of=20
    this band, the WAA will overrun the cold surface temps, but=20
    forecast soundings indicate an impressive E/NE dry advective flow=20
    beneath the warm nose to maintain sub-freezing wet bulb=20
    temperatures. This will support an axis of heavy sleet and freezing
    rain, generally from southern MO through northern KY, where sleet=20 accumulations above 1", and freezing rain accretions of 0.25-0.5"=20
    are likely.=20

    As the system moves east and weakens a bit, there becomes more
    dichotomy between the northern GFS/NAM camp and other guidance,=20
    but still a heavy corridor of snow and mixed precipitation is=20
    likely from Ohio to Delaware. The wave is opening during this time,
    but the downstream WAA/fgen remains impressive especially in the=20
    850-700mb layer, and a continuation of the upstream translating=20
    band is likely right through the Mid- Atlantic states. The=20
    intensity and accompanying snowfall is likely to be reduced from=20
    upstream, but could still feature intense rates and heavy snow from
    west to east, reflected by the most recent EFI reaching 0.8-0.9=20
    with a co- located SoT of +2, highest in northern VA extending to
    the Delmarva Peninsula. The placement of this band remains in=20
    question, but where it sets up just north of the warm nose aloft,=20
    1"/hr snows are likely at times.

    With the event not really ramping up until the second half of D1,=20
    WPC probabilities for snow on D1 are modest and confined to
    northern KS and southern NE, where probs for at least 4 inches are
    40-70%. Freezing rain chances however are high (>80%) for at least
    0.1" through Sunday morning across parts of central/southern KS=20
    and southern MO. By D2, snow and ice probabilities light up and=20
    stretch east across the Midwest and Ohio Valley. WPC probabilities=20
    for 6+ inches reach above 70% from central KS through just south of
    the Indianapolis metro area, and locally 12+ inches of snow is=20
    likely, especially in far NE KS or close to Kansas City, MO. Gusty=20
    winds and blowing snow may also lead to near blizzard conditions=20
    over parts of KS and MO. During the end of D2 and into D3 the 6+=20
    inch probabilities race eastward, and Sunday night/Monday features=20
    a moderate risk (50-70% chance) of 6+ inches from southern OH=20
    through the Washington, D.C. metro area, central MD, and DE. South=20
    of the heavy snow, a swath of significant, even isolated damaging=20
    icing, is likely, with WPC probabilities for 0.25" reaching 50-70%=20
    from southern MO through western KY, pushing into eastern KY and=20
    the central Appalachians on D3. Some places, especially in eastern=20
    MO, southern IL, or western KY, could receive 0.5" of ice resulting
    in damage to trees and power lines.


    This system has prompted the issuance of key messages which are=20
    linked below.


    Snell/Weiss/Pereira



    ...Winter Storm Key Messages are in effect. Please see current Key
    Messages below...

    https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/key_messages/Late= stKeyMessage_1.png__;!!DZ3fjg!8sz-8Bpy22j7R8CcCcyOBq-i9gSOCmqEy0xoffv2-8oMo= Kd3t5xA7WOCTWlY52DROd5ZiP_4lVckwksQ6yT-oRyV6Y0$=20

    $$

    =3D =3D =3D
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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sat Jan 4 19:37:27 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 041937
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    237 PM EST Sat Jan 4 2025

    Valid 00Z Sun Jan 05 2025 - 00Z Wed Jan 08 2025

    ...Central Plains through the Mid-Atlantic...
    Days 1-3...

    ...Major winter storm begins tonight across the Central Plains and
    then shifts east to the Mid-Atlantic on Monday...

    The first major storm of 2025 develops tonight as an amplifying
    mid-level trough ejects from the Four Corners/Central Rockies and
    closes off over Kansas by Sunday morning. This closed low will then
    continue to deepen as it pivots eastward, reflected by NAEFS
    500mb-700mb height anomalies falling to as low as the bottom 2.5th
    percentile of the CFSR climatology. This closed feature will
    continue to deepen gradually as it moves into the OH/TN Valleys
    Monday, before slowly opening into a trough across the Mid-Atlantic
    Tuesday morning. Through this evolution, a strengthening jet streak
    will pivot around the base of the trough, reaching as high as
    150kts, and overlapping effectively with the greatest height
    falls/PVA to cause intense deep layer ascent. Beneath this synoptic
    lift, a surface cyclone will develop in the lee of the Rockies and
    then move nearly due east with subtle deepening until it exits=20
    into the Atlantic on Tuesday.

    As this surface low deepens and move east, impressive moisture will
    be drawn northward from the Gulf of Mexico within a corridor of
    intensifying isentropic ascent, especially within the 290-295K
    surfaces. Here, mixing ratios climb to 4-6 g/kg, reflective of the
    impressive moist driven by the warm advection, further evidenced=20
    by PW anomalies surging to above the 97th percentile according to=20
    NAEFS. The accompanying theta-e ridge is then progged to lift=20
    cyclonically into a TROWAL surrounding this deepening low, and=20
    pivot back into KS/MO on Sunday. This is likely to cause an=20
    expanding area of precipitation, with the accompanying elevated=20
    instability driving more intense precipitation rates through D1.
    The pattern conceptually matches one that will support both an=20
    intense laterally-translating band of heavy precipitation east and=20 downstream of the surface low, with a secondary, likely more=20
    intense, pivoting deformation band to the NW of the low. Locations=20
    that receive both of these bands, and stay all snow, will receive=20
    the heaviest accumulations.=20

    As far as snowfall amounts, they are likely to be quite impressive,
    especially across the Central Plains and into the Ohio Valley.
    Across the Plains, the lead WAA band will support snowfall rates of
    1-2"/hr, and these types of bands can cause long duration of snow
    in narrow corridors. While the guidance has come into much better
    agreement with the placement of this band, there is still some
    uncertainty as to the exact location, especially due to latitudinal
    variations in the warm nose placement which will wreak havoc on
    amounts due to mixing with sleet and freezing rain, as well as much
    lower SLR (heavy-wet snow). As the low begins to push east, an
    intense deformation axis will develop across central/eastern KS and
    into NW MO. The guidance is quite aggressive with this axis, and it
    appears probable that a pivoting band with convective snow rates of
    2-3"/hr is likely as folded theta-e and -EPV overlap in cross-
    sections suggesting upright (CI) convection potential. During this
    time the column cools significantly, DGZ depth increases, and=20
    winds intensify, so blizzard and near blizzard conditions are also=20
    possible. It is this region that will likely experience the most=20
    significant snowfall, reflected by WPC probabilities that are high=20
    (70-90%) for 12+ inches from N-Central KS through far NW Missouri.=20
    A broader swath of 6+ inches is likely (50-70%) encompassing this=20
    region and spreading as far east as near Indianapolis on D1.

    North of this developing system, some interaction of a northern=20
    stream shortwave diving out of the High Plains will become absorbed
    into the larger and more amplified developing system. This will=20
    result in a swath of mostly light to moderate snow from SD into NE=20
    on the periphery of the more impressive theta-e axis. While=20
    snowfall across this region won't be as intense or heavy as points=20
    to the south/east, several inches of light fluffy snow is likely=20
    within a cold and increasingly windy column. WPC probabilities are
    moderate (30-50%) for 4+ inches from the SD/NE border and points
    south across central NE.

    Farther downstream, the system begins to move more quickly across
    the OH VLY and into the Mid-Atlantic, which will limit the duration
    of heavy snow moreso than in points west. Additionally, the
    weakening upper low will cause the deformation axis to weaken
    resulting in less intense snowfall rates. However, impressive rates
    that will still exceed 1"/hr are expected within the band from
    Illinois through Ohio, and then continue across portions of the
    Mid-Atlantic where more uncertainty still exists. Additionally,
    guidance has become more excited about a secondary shortwave
    digging through the opening longwave trough, leading to an inverted
    trough NW of the departing low Monday, with secondary low
    development also possible east of the DelMarVa. This will, at the
    very least, lengthen the duration of light to moderate snow from
    OH to DE, with potentially a secondary axis of heavy snow along
    this trough adding to snow totals. At this time, despite
    latitudinal uncertainty, WPC probabilities are moderate to high for
    6+ inches of snow, primarily on D2, from Indianapolis eastward to
    the Washington, D.C. metro area. Locally as much as 12" of snow is
    possible across the lower OH Valley, with lesser totals expected
    across the Mid-Atlantic, although more uncertainty exists there.

    And, not to be outdone, this system will also pose a significant to
    damaging ice threat within the warm nose south of the heaviest
    snow. The models have been trending a bit south/colder since
    yesterday which pushes the ice axis a little farther south as well,
    but the intense WAA over-topping the cold surface layer=20
    accompanied by persistent E/NE dry-bulb advection is a classic=20
    setup for damaging freezing rain. Although there is some=20
    uncertainty into how efficiently the ice can accrete at times due=20
    to what should be intense precipitation rates, the threat for=20
    damaging ice has continued to increase from eastern KS through=20
    southern MO and into central KY. Here, WPC probabilities for more=20
    than 0.25" of ice are high (70-90%), with even some 10-30% chance=20
    for greater than 0.5" of ice. This could result in downed limbs and
    power lines leading to widespread power outages and impossible=20
    travel. Farther east across the Central Appalachians and=20
    surrounding foothills, WPC probabilities for 0.25" of ice peak=20
    around 50%.

    Finally, between the heavy snow and heavy icing, the forecast
    profiles indicate a narrow stripe with cold layer depths greater
    than 1000m, or above the 90th percentile for freezing rain in the
    south-central US. This suggests sleet, especially in the presence
    of a relatively weak warm nose aloft and the aforementioned
    persistent dry advection at the surface. Heavy accumulations of
    sleet are difficult to achieve, but in this setup it is possible
    that 1-2" of sleet will accumulate causing tremendous driving
    impacts. The greatest risk for the major sleet accumulations are
    from near St. Louis southeast to extreme southern IN, but
    fluctuations in placement are still possible.

    This system has prompted the issuance of key messages which are=20
    linked below.



    ...Western U.S....=20
    Days 1-3...

    A shortwave trough riding over a ridge axis centered off the
    Pacific Northwest crosses Washington late tonight before being
    absorbed into the trough over the Rockies that trails the low
    developing over Kansas. Moisture streams in ahead of this trough,
    making for moderate to heavy snow on the WA Cascades tonight with
    snow levels rising from around 3500ft to 4000ft which means passes
    will be impacted. Enough moisture reaches inland to bring moderate
    snows to the Bitterroots and ranges around Glacier NP on Sunday
    with snow levels rising from 2500ft to 4000ft. Day 1 snow=20
    probabilities for >4" are moderate (around 50%) at Cascades pass=20
    level and high (over 80%) for >8" in the higher North Cascades
    terrain. Day 1 snow probabilities for >4" are 50-80% over the
    greater Bitterroots and western Glacier NP ranges.

    The next shortwave trough rides over the ridge Sunday night, diving
    across the OR Coast and becoming very positively-tilted over the
    the Desert Southwest on Tuesday. High initial snow levels around
    7000ft over the OR Cascades only drop to around 6000ft under the
    trough axis, so only the highest OR Cascades, well above pass=20
    level will receive heavy snow. Snow levels will be closer to 5000ft
    over the Great Basin and 4000ft over the northern Rockies. Day 2=20
    snow probabilities for >4" are generally 30-60% over terrain in=20
    eastern OR, much of central/southern ID, northeast NV, and central=20
    MT.

    As light to locally moderate precip shifts south with the trough=20
    Monday night, snow levels in Utah will be around 5000ft. However,
    on Tuesday there is a heavy snow potential on the eastern slopes of
    the central/southern CO Rockies as strong high pressure (central=20
    sfc pressure around 1040mb) shifts south down the Dakotas, aiding=20
    an easterly low level flow to the moisture coming in from the=20
    west. Day 3 snow probs for >4" are 20-50% for southern portions of=20
    the Front Range and much of the Sangre de Cristos.


    ...Lake Effect Snow - Lake Ontario...=20
    Day 1...

    Low pressure centered over James Bay will weaken tonight into=20
    Sunday as a rapidly developing low off Nova Scotia becomes the=20
    dominant surface low in a broad gyre over southeast Canada. As a=20
    result, the great pressure gradient between James Bay and a 1044mb=20
    high over Manitoba will weaken and the strong WNW flow over central
    Ontario will gradually diminish. Sufficient WNW flow will persist
    over eastern Lake Superior, northern Lake Huron, southern Georgian
    Bay, Lake Simcoe, and Lake Ontario to provide maximum moisture
    fetch for LES single-banding to persist through midday Sunday=20=20
    between the Tug Hill and Syracuse before drifting south and
    weakening Sunday afternoon. Day 1 snow probabilities for >12" are=20
    80% on an axis from Oswego to Rome with the potential for a local
    maximum exceeding 2 feet in Oswego County.


    Weiss/Jackson




    ...Winter Storm Key Messages are in effect. Please see current=20
    Key Messages below...

    https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/key_messages/Late= stKeyMessage_1.png__;!!DZ3fjg!_BEbnKbNulLF324fLcJDhU1584daBmtI2PxHFUOnFtyxv= 7l8dCwlfrvnEk4PusB3kWs8L4XLlvXCOaGbgaojQmgqHT4$=20

    $$

    =3D =3D =3D
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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sun Jan 5 08:45:21 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 050844
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    344 AM EST Sun Jan 5 2025

    Valid 12Z Sun Jan 05 2025 - 12Z Wed Jan 08 2025

    ...Central Plains through the Mid-Atlantic...
    Days 1-2...

    ...Major winter storm to impact areas from the Central Plains and
    Ohio Valley today through the Mid-Atlantic on Monday...

    The first major storm of 2025 is currently organizing over the
    Central Plains this morning as an amplifying mid- level trough=20
    ejects from the Central Rockies and should close off over Kansas
    this morning. Latest radar, surface observations, and lightning
    networks indicate moderate to heavy snow and mixed precipitation
    with convective elements are already occurring over parts of KS=20
    and MO. This aforementioned closed low will then continue to deepen
    as it pivots eastward, reflected by NAEFS 500mb-700mb height=20
    anomalies falling to as low as the bottom 2.5th percentile of the=20
    CFSR climatology. This closed feature will continue to deepen=20
    gradually as it moves into the OH/TN Valleys Monday, before slowly=20
    opening into a sharp trough across the Mid- Atlantic Monday night.=20
    Through this evolution, a strengthening jet streak will pivot=20
    around the base of the trough, reaching as high as 150kts, and=20
    overlapping effectively with the greatest height falls/PVA to cause
    intense deep layer ascent. Beneath this synoptic lift, a surface=20
    cyclone currently strengthening in the southern High Plains will=20
    then move nearly due east with subtle deepening until it exits into
    the Atlantic on Tuesday.

    As this surface low deepens and move east, impressive moisture will
    be drawn northward from the western Gulf of Mexico within a=20
    corridor of intensifying isentropic ascent, especially within the=20
    290-295K surfaces. Here, mixing ratios climb to 4-6 g/kg,=20
    reflective of the impressive moist driven by the warm advection,=20
    further evidenced by PW anomalies surging to above the 97th=20
    percentile according to NAEFS. The accompanying theta-e ridge is=20
    then progged to lift cyclonically into a TROWAL surrounding this=20
    deepening low, and pivot back into KS/MO later today. This is=20
    likely to cause an expanding area of precipitation, with the=20
    accompanying elevated instability driving more intense=20
    precipitation rates through D1. The pattern conceptually matches=20
    one that will support both an intense laterally-translating band of
    heavy precipitation east and downstream of the surface low, with a
    secondary, likely more intense, pivoting deformation band to the=20
    NW of the low. Locations that receive both of these bands, and stay
    all snow, will receive the heaviest accumulations.=20

    As far as snowfall amounts, they are likely to be quite impressive,
    especially across the Central Plains and into the Ohio Valley.
    Across the Plains, the lead WAA band will support snowfall rates of
    1-2"/hr, and these types of bands can cause long duration of snow
    in narrow corridors. While the guidance has come into much better
    agreement with the placement of this band, there is still some
    uncertainty as to the exact location, especially due to latitudinal
    variations in the warm nose placement which will wreak havoc on
    amounts due to mixing with sleet and freezing rain, as well as much
    lower SLR (heavy-wet snow). As the low begins to push east, an
    intense deformation axis will develop across central/eastern KS and
    into NW MO. The guidance is quite aggressive with this axis, and it
    appears probable that a pivoting band with convective snow rates of
    2-3"/hr is likely as folded theta-e and -EPV overlap in cross-
    sections suggesting upright (CI) convection potential. WPC's
    snowband probability tracker using the 00z HREF confirms this
    potential for 2-3"/hr snowfall rates between 12z this morning and=20
    21z this afternoon across northern KS into MO. During this time=20
    the column also cools significantly, DGZ depth increases, and=20
    winds intensify, leading to blizzard and near blizzard conditions.
    It is this region that will likely experience the most significant
    snowfall, reflected by WPC probabilities that are high (70-80%)=20
    for 12+ inches in N-Central KS. A broader swath of 8+ inches is=20
    likely (70-90%) encompassing this region and spanning into northern
    MO.

    Farther downstream, the system begins to move more quickly=20
    across the OH VLY and into the Mid-Atlantic, which will limit the=20
    duration of heavy snow moreso than in points west and reflected in=20
    the lower probabilities for 8-12"+. Additionally, the weakening=20
    upper low will cause the deformation axis to weaken resulting in=20
    less intense snowfall rates. However, impressive rates that will=20
    still exceed 1"/hr are expected within a WAA band from Illinois=20
    through Ohio, and then continue across portions of the Mid-Atlantic
    where some uncertainty still exists. Additionally, guidance has=20
    become more excited about a secondary shortwave digging through the
    opening longwave trough, leading to an inverted trough NW of the=20
    departing low Monday, with secondary low development also possible=20
    east of the DelMarVa. This will, at the very least, lengthen the=20
    duration of light to moderate snow from OH to DE, with potentially=20
    a secondary axis of heavy snow along this trough adding to snow=20
    totals. At this time, despite some latitudinal uncertainty, WPC=20 probabilities are high (>70%) for 6+ inches of snow on D1 from=20
    roughly Indianapolis to the higher terrain of western MD and WV.
    Chances for 6+ inches are only slightly lower across the DMV,
    Delmarva, and much of MD, with WPC probs at 50-70%. Locally as=20
    much as 12" of snow is possible across the lower OH Valley and
    central Appalachians, with lesser totals expected across the Mid-=20
    Atlantic, although more uncertainty exists there.

    Not to be outdone, this system will also pose a significant to=20
    damaging ice threat within the warm nose south of the heaviest=20
    snow. Intense WAA over-topping the cold surface layer accompanied=20
    by persistent E/NE dry-bulb advection is a classic setup for=20
    damaging freezing rain. Although there is some uncertainty into how
    efficiently the ice can accrete at times due to what should be=20
    intense precipitation rates, particularly from southern IL eastward
    through southern IN and KY, the threat for damaging ice remains from
    eastern KS through southern MO and into central KY. Here, WPC=20
    probabilities for more than 0.25" of ice are high (70-80%) on D1,=20
    with even some 20-40% chance for greater than 0.5" of ice in
    central KY. This could result in downed limbs and power lines=20
    leading to widespread long-lasting power outages and impossible=20
    travel. It is worth noting that following the storm's exit on
    Monday, temperatures will remain very cold across the Ohio Valley
    and Central Plains with low temperatures dipping into the single
    digits and below zero where snowpack exists. Farther east across=20
    the Central Appalachians and surrounding foothills, WPC=20
    probabilities for 0.25" of ice peak around 20-40%.

    Finally, between the heavy snow and heavy icing, the forecast
    profiles indicate a narrow stripe with cold layer depths greater
    than 1000m, or above the 90th percentile for freezing rain in the
    south-central US. This suggests sleet, especially in the presence
    of a relatively weak warm nose aloft at around 750-800mb and the=20 aforementioned persistent dry advection at the surface. Heavy=20
    accumulations of sleet are difficult to achieve, but in this setup=20
    it is possible that 1-2" of sleet will accumulate causing=20
    tremendous driving impacts. The greatest risk for the major sleet=20 accumulations are from near St. Louis southeast to southern IN,=20
    but fluctuations in placement are still possible.

    This system has prompted the issuance of key messages which are=20
    linked at the bottom of the discussion.



    ...Western U.S....=20
    Days 1-3...

    A shortwave trough riding over a ridge axis centered off the
    Pacific Northwest crosses the Northern Rockies today before being=20
    absorbed into the trough over the Rockies that trails the low=20
    developing over the Central Plains. Moisture streams in ahead of=20
    this trough, making for enough precipitation to reach inland to=20
    bring moderate snows to the Bitterroots and ranges around Glacier=20
    NP and Yellowstone today with snow levels rising to around 4000ft.
    Day 1 WPC snow probabilities for >4" are 50-80% over the greater=20
    Idaho, western MT, and western WY ranges.

    The next stronger shortwave trough rides over the ridge tonight,=20
    diving across the OR Coast and becoming very positively- tilted=20
    over the the Desert Southwest on Tuesday. High initial snow levels=20
    around 7000ft over the OR Cascades only drop to around 6000ft under
    the trough axis, so only the highest OR Cascades, well above pass=20
    level will receive heavy snow. Snow levels will be closer to 5000ft
    over the Great Basin and 4000ft over the northern Rockies. Day 2=20
    snow probabilities for >4" are generally 30-60% over terrain in southern
    ID, northeast NV, and northern UT.

    As light to locally moderate precip shifts south with the trough=20
    Monday night, snow levels in Utah will be around 5000ft. However,
    on Tuesday there is a heavy snow potential on the eastern slopes of
    the central/southern CO Rockies as strong high pressure (central=20
    sfc pressure around 1040mb) shifts south down the Dakotas, aiding=20
    an easterly low level flow to the moisture coming in from the=20
    west. Day 3 snow probs for >4" are 20-50% for southern portions of=20
    the Front Range and much of the Sangre de Cristos.


    ...Lake Effect Snow - Lake Ontario...=20
    Day 1...

    Low pressure centered over James Bay weakens today as a rapidly=20
    developing low off Nova Scotia becomes the dominant surface low in=20
    a broad gyre over southeast Canada. As a result, the great pressure
    gradient between James Bay and a 1044mb high over Manitoba will=20
    weaken and the strong WNW flow over central Ontario will gradually=20
    diminish. Sufficient WNW flow will persist over eastern Lake=20
    Superior, northern Lake Huron, southern Georgian Bay, Lake Simcoe,=20
    and Lake Ontario to provide maximum moisture fetch for LES single-=20
    banding to persist through midday today between the Tug Hill and=20
    Syracuse before drifting south and weakening this. Day 1 snow=20
    probabilities for an additional >6" are 40-60% on an axis from=20
    Syracuse west-northwest toward the shores of Lake Ontario.


    Weiss/Snell





    ...Winter Storm Key Messages are in effect. Please see current=20
    Key Messages below...

    https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/key_messages/Late= stKeyMessage_1.png__;!!DZ3fjg!5t9gCCbsOAEv8U8uvx4miEA6HTyX1FyyAiCjJIdx4GC-N= 8yz9iGyQYhPgVgppyI3Jzev8WKvVhK7WwUxLw67kjkzC58$=20

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sun Jan 5 20:21:30 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 052020
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    320 PM EST Sun Jan 5 2025

    Valid 12Z Sun Jan 05 2025 - 12Z Wed Jan 08 2025

    ...Central Plains through the Mid-Atlantic...
    Days 1-2...

    ...Major winter storm continues from Central Plains and Ohio=20
    Valley today through the Mid-Atlantic...

    The major winter storm which has been advertised for several days=20
    now is ongoing to start the forecast period. This system is being=20
    forced by a closed 500mb low which will be positioned over Kansas=20
    City, MO to start the period. This closed low will move=20
    progressively east, reaching Indianapolis, IN by 12Z Monday, and=20
    then northern VA at the start of D2 /00Z Tuesday/. During the=20
    latter half of D1, however, this feature is progged to open into a=20
    wave, while still potent, but with subtly less downstream ascent.=20
    At the same time, however, a potent jet streak rotating around the=20
    base of the trough will amplify towards 150 kts, helping to offset=20
    some of the loss of deep layer lift resulting from the opening of=20
    the trough. At the surface, the accompanying low pressure will=20
    skirt east across the lower OH VLY/TN VLY, with secondary=20
    development likely occurring across the Carolinas and then pressing
    east off the Mid-Atlantic Coast by Tuesday morning.

    Together, this will result in a large swath of heavy=20
    precipitation, with all p-types likely. Downstream of the primary=20
    surface low, strong isentropic ascent along the 290K-295K surface=20
    will draw impressive moisture northward into the system (NAEFS PW=20
    above the 97th climatological percentile) supporting an expansion=20
    of widespread precipitation. At the same time, the accompanying=20
    theta-e ridge rotating cyclonically into the system will lift into=20
    a TROWAL, especially early in the period, before the upper low=20
    opens and the low occludes to the secondary development. Despite=20
    that, some enhanced elevated instability beneath this TROWAL will=20
    support heavy precipitation rates, leading to widespread=20
    significant precipitation amounts of snow, sleet, and freezing=20
    rain. While confidence in heavy precipitation causing impacts is=20
    high, the exactly placement of the transition zone and associated=20
    ice/snow amounts remains uncertain.

    There continues to be two primary camps with the track of this=20
    low. THe GFS/NAM/high-res members remain a bit north of the=20
    CMC/ECMWF. While latitudinal spread has decreased, it is still=20
    significant in terms of where the transition zone will occur.=20
    However, regardless of the exact track, a stripe of very heavy snow
    (rates 1-2"/hr) is likely within the WAA, and the conceptual model
    for a laterally translating band from west to east fits this=20
    system. This suggests a narrow but intense band of snow, supported=20
    by both NBM and DESI probabilities, as well as the WPC snowband=20
    tool which indicates a high potential for 1-2"/hr snow rates from=20
    northern MO eastward to MD and DE. Since this band will be=20
    translating along its long/axis (more eastward motion than north)=20
    some locally very high snow totals are possible as reflected by=20
    10-30% chance for 12+ inches of snow from northern WV eastward=20
    through southern DE, but in general WPC probabilities support a=20
    high (>70%) risk for 6+ inches along this same axis with a sharp=20
    N/S gradient on both sides.

    Some of this snow will be additionally enhanced by the post-system
    comma head/deformation which will pivot across the Mid-Atlantic=20
    Monday night. The guidance continues to trend a bit stronger with=20
    this feature, and while latitudinal placement of the most=20
    significant forcing remains quite uncertain within this axis,=20
    renewed moderate to heavy snow, with much fluffier SLRs than=20
    earlier, will likely regenerate across the region adding up to a=20
    few more inches before exiting by Tuesday morning, but WPC=20
    probabilities after 00Z Tuesday for additional snow accumulations=20
    exceeding 2" are just around 10%, highest around the Chesapeake=20
    Bay.

    South of the heavy snow area, this system will also pose a=20
    significant to damaging ice threat within the warm nose/p-type=20
    transition zone. Intense WAA over-topping the cold surface layer=20
    accompanied by persistent E/NE dry-bulb advection is a classic=20
    setup for damaging freezing rain. Although there is some=20
    uncertainty into how efficiently the ice can accrete at times due=20
    to what should be intense precipitation rates, the threat for=20
    damaging ice remains from central KY into the southern/central=20
    Appalachians and Foothills where WPC probabilities for 0.25"+ are=20
    50-90% across northern KY and until WV/VA. The greatest risk for=20
    damaging ice however continues to focus across eastern KY where a=20
    10-30% chance exists for 0.5" of ice. This could result in downed=20
    limbs and power lines leading to widespread long-lasting power=20
    outages and impossible travel.=20

    Finally, between the heavy snow and heavy icing, the forecast=20
    profiles indicate a narrow stripe where the p-type may remain sleet
    for a considerable temporal duration. This is due both to a subtly
    weaker surge of the warm nose as well as a deeper sub-warm- nose=20
    cold layer which will allow refreezing of droplets. At the same=20
    time, cold/dry wet-bulb advection on E/NE winds will maintain this=20
    cold layer effectively to prevent a more rapid p-type transition.=20
    Heavy accumulations of sleet are difficult to achieve, but in this=20
    setup it is possible that up to 1" of sleet will accumulate causing
    tremendous driving impacts. The greatest risk for the significant=20
    sleet accumulations D1 extend west to east from northern KY through
    southern VA.

    This system has prompted the issuance of key messages which are=20
    linked at the bottom of the discussion.


    ...Great Lakes and Northeast...
    Days 2-3...

    Behind the large system moving off the Mid-Atlantic coast Tuesday=20
    morning, a push of arctic air will dig into the Great Lakes and=20
    Northeast, fueled initially by a potent shortwave dropping nearly=20
    due south from Ontario Tuesday morning. 850mb temps are progged to=20
    crash to -15C to -20C, steepening lapse rates considerably, and=20
    resulting in a favorable setup for both lake effect snow (LES) and=20
    upslope snow into the upwind terrain of the Northeast.=20

    The greatest potential for upslope snow will occur D2 /Tuesday/ as
    the potent shortwave dives south pulling a cold front with it.=20
    This will mark the leading edge of the coldest air, and cause=20
    impressive NW flow into a moistening column. The temperatures=20
    during this time will be very cold, so the DGZ will be quite low,=20
    resulting in effective upslope into the snow growth region. Light=20
    and fluffy snow will efficient accumulations, so despite a short=20
    duration, WPC probabilities for 4+ inches of snow are moderate=20
    (50-70%), highest in the NW Adirondacks and N Greens.

    Although some heavy LES may occur downstream of Lake Michigan=20
    early D2, the greater coverage and intensity of LES is likely D3=20
    behind this front. GLERL lake-surface temperatures are still=20
    sampled to be +5C to +8C, so the very cold air moving overhead will
    support lake-induced instability to drive LES. At this time the=20
    LES appears less intense as the last round, but WPC probabilities=20
    D3 feature a low risk (10-30%) for 4+ inches of snow in the favored
    N to NW snow belts.


    ...Western/Southwestern U.S....=20
    Days 1-3...

    Pacific shortwave will enter Oregon later this evening with=20
    another surge in moisture to the OR Cascades into the northern=20
    Great Basin as it weakens and slips southeastward into Nevada=20
    overnight. High initial snow levels around 6000-7000ft over the OR=20
    Cascades only drop to around 5000-6000ft under the trough axis,=20
    restricting significant snow to the highest OR Cascades well above=20
    pass level. Snow levels will be closer to 5000ft over the Great=20
    Basin and 4000ft over the northern Rockies, where several inches of
    snow are likely D1 over northern NV, southeastern ID, western=20 WY/southwestern MT and then into the CO Rockies. WPC probabilities=20
    for at least 4" of snow are >50% in these mountainous regions.

    Into D2, height falls (and trailing height falls) will rotate=20
    through the Southwest and sharpen, eventually closing off over the=20
    lower CO River Valley late Tue. With high pressure nosing down out=20
    of the northern Plains, upslope snow will expand across the CO=20
    Rockies into the Front Range via an easterly low level flow. The=20
    upper low will likely move into northwestern Mexico by the end of=20
    the period, helping to drag the snowfall southward as well through=20
    the Mogollon Rim, Sangre de Cristos, Sacramento Mountains, etc. For
    the D2-3 period, WPC probabilities for at least 4 inches of snow=20
    are 20-50% over the Front Range into the CO Rockies, San Juans, and
    higher elevations in AZ/NM above 8000ft or so.


    Weiss/Fracasso/Snell


    ...Winter Storm Key Messages are in effect. Please see current=20
    Key Messages below...

    https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/key_messages/Late= stKeyMessage_1.png__;!!DZ3fjg!67GhcKkPl9AZ3epqfeLAFe0ovocqOzfPfqEzx7LPDRI3R= DQu7DY3j0IDZS9ngKDbIELE4DB2m8wVKKhH9BxYB-HV3-o$=20

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Mon Jan 6 08:00:14 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 060759
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    259 AM EST Mon Jan 6 2025

    Valid 12Z Mon Jan 06 2025 - 12Z Thu Jan 09 2025

    ...Ohio Valley through the Mid-Atlantic...=20
    Day 1...

    ...Major winter storm continues from the Ohio Valley through the=20 Mid-Atlantic...

    The major ongoing winter storm which has already dumped over a foot
    of snow from central KS to northern MO is forecast to rapidly slide
    eastward today while producing additional areas of heavy snow and
    freezing rain between the Ohio Valley and Mid-Atlantic. This=20
    system is being forced by a closed 500mb low which will be=20
    positioned over the IL-IN border to start the period. This closed=20
    low will weaken into a potent open wave today while pushing due=20
    east toward the Mid-Atlantic by this evening. The weakening is=20
    being aided by a separate stronger upper low diving southward=20
    towards New England and helping shear out the storm system as it=20
    exits the East Coast. At the same time, however, a potent jet=20
    streak rotating around the base of the trough will amplify towards=20
    150 kts, helping to offset some of the loss of deep layer lift=20
    resulting from the opening of the trough. At the surface, the=20
    accompanying low pressure will skirt east across the lower OH=20
    VLY/TN VLY, with secondary development likely occurring across the=20
    Carolinas and then pressing east off the Mid- Atlantic Coast by=20
    Tuesday morning.

    Together, this will result in a large swath of heavy=20
    precipitation, with all p-types likely (at least at the beginning
    of the forecast period). Downstream of the primary surface low,=20
    strong isentropic ascent along the 290K-295K surface will draw=20
    impressive moisture northward into the system (NAEFS PW above the=20
    90th climatological percentile) supporting the expansiveness of=20
    widespread precipitation.

    A stripe of very heavy snow (rates 1-2"/hr) is likely within the=20
    WAA during the first half of D1, and the conceptual model for a=20
    laterally translating band from west to east fits this system. This
    suggests a narrow but intense band of snow, supported by both NBM=20
    and DESI probabilities, as well as the WPC snowband tool which=20
    indicates a high potential for 1-2"/hr snow rates from northern VA
    and MD eastward to DE following the band weakening across southern
    OH right before 12z. Since this band will be translating along its
    long/axis (more eastward motion than north) some locally very high
    snow totals are possible as reflected by 40-50% chance for an
    additional 8+ inches of snow from northern VA eastward through=20
    southern DE, but in general WPC probabilities support a high (>70%)
    risk for 4+ inches along this same axis with a sharp N/S gradient=20
    on both sides. These similar probabilities are also found in
    western MD and WV where an upslope component following the passage
    of the low pressure system.

    Some of this snow will be additionally enhanced by the post-system
    comma head/deformation which will pivot across the Mid-Atlantic=20
    Monday night. The guidance continues to trend a bit stronger with=20
    this feature, and while latitudinal placement of the most=20
    significant forcing remains quite uncertain within this axis,=20
    renewed moderate to heavy snow, with much fluffier SLRs than=20
    earlier, will likely regenerate across the region adding up to a=20
    few more inches before exiting by Tuesday morning.

    South of the heavy snow area, this system will also pose a=20
    continuing ice threat within the warm nose/p-type transition
    zone. Damaging ice accretion of 0.5-0.75" has already been realized
    along a stretch spanning from eastern KS to KY, but thankfully
    precipitation will be coming to an end across this area as light
    snow/freezing rain pushes eastward today on the backside of the=20
    low. Intense WAA over- topping the cold surface layer will continue
    this morning across parts of the southern Mid-Atlantic, however.
    WPC probabilities for at least an additional 0.1" beginning 12z
    today fall between 10-40% across southern VA.=20

    This system has prompted the issuance of key messages which are=20
    linked at the bottom of the discussion.


    ...Great Lakes and Northeast...
    Days 2-3...

    Behind the large system moving off the Mid-Atlantic coast Tuesday=20
    morning, a push of arctic air will dig into the Great Lakes and=20
    Northeast, fueled initially by a potent shortwave dropping nearly=20
    due south from Ontario Tuesday morning. 850mb temps are progged to=20
    crash to -15C to -20C, steepening lapse rates considerably, and=20
    resulting in a favorable setup for both lake effect snow (LES) and=20
    upslope snow into the upwind terrain of the Northeast.=20

    The greatest potential for upslope snow will occur D2 /Tuesday/ as
    the potent shortwave dives south pulling a cold front with it.=20
    This will mark the leading edge of the coldest air, and cause=20
    impressive NW flow into a moistening column. The temperatures=20
    during this time will be very cold, so the DGZ will be quite low,=20
    resulting in effective upslope into the snow growth region. Light=20
    and fluffy snow will efficient accumulations, so despite a short=20
    duration, WPC probabilities for 4+ inches of snow are moderate=20
    (50-70%), highest in the NW Adirondacks and N Greens.

    Although some heavy LES may occur downstream of Lake Michigan=20
    early D2, the greater coverage and intensity of LES is likely D3=20
    behind this front. GLERL lake-surface temperatures are still=20
    sampled to be +5C to +8C, so the very cold air moving overhead will
    support lake-induced instability to drive LES. At this time the=20
    LES appears less intense as the last round, but WPC probabilities=20
    D3 feature a low risk (10-30%) for 4+ inches of snow in the favored
    N to NW snow belts.


    ...Intermountain West, Rockies, and Central High Plains....=20
    Days 1-3...

    Pacific shortwave diving across the Intermountain West today will
    surge moisture ahead of it and feature favorable divergence to
    promote scattered high elevation upslope snow spreading southward=20
    across the central Great Basin and Central Rockies today before
    reaching the Southern Rockies late D2/early D3. Several inches of=20
    snow are likely D1 over northern NV, southeastern ID, western=20 WY/southwestern MT and then into the CO Rockies. WPC probabilities=20
    for at least 4" of snow are >50% in these mountainous regions.

    Into D2, height falls (and trailing height falls) will rotate=20
    through the Southwest and sharpen, eventually closing off over the=20
    lower CO River Valley late Tue. With high pressure nosing down out=20
    of the northern Plains, upslope snow will expand across the CO Front
    Range via an easterly low level flow along with a relatively low=20
    DGZ. The upper low will likely move into northwestern Mexico by the
    end of the period, helping to drag the snowfall southward as well=20
    through the Mogollon Rim, Sangre de Cristos, Sacramento Mountains,=20
    etc. For the D2-3 period, WPC probabilities for at least 4 inches=20
    of snow are 20-50% over the Front Range into the CO Rockies, San=20
    Juans, and higher elevations in AZ/NM above 8000ft or so.


    ...Southern Plains...
    Day 3...

    As the aforementioned upper low closes off over the Southwest late
    D2 it continues to dig into northwestern Mexico D3 and become
    anomalously deep (below the 0.5th climate percentile per the 12z=20
    GEFS). Meanwhile, a separate shortwave rounding the far eastern=20
    Pacific ridge is forecast to dive southward and interact with this=20
    feature and spawn strong southwest flow containing rich moisture=20
    and prominent upper divergence. Given the strong high situated to=20
    the north over the Central Plains and cold the low-level airmass in
    place, snow and mixed precipitation is expected over much of=20
    western and north-central TX. Currently, WPC probabilities for at=20
    least 2 inches are low (10-30%) through Thursday morning but these=20
    may trend up if precipitation start time trends faster. This storm=20
    will need to be monitored as 00z ensembles depict heavier snowfall=20
    impacting parts of the Southern Plains on D4.

    Snell



    ...Winter Storm Key Messages are in effect. Please see current=20
    Key Messages below...

    https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/key_messages/Late= stKeyMessage_1.png__;!!DZ3fjg!_0MbKnJOPy8lrS1Dq4FwOxixAL2M1vjyCOsjJ9MkyCeyJ= 7u_PiZeCTEo9hQuux44uhPZxP7ZLl7QZFIqi9SH3ZwRoTk$=20

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Mon Jan 6 20:30:32 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 062030
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    330 PM EST Mon Jan 6 2025

    Valid 00Z Tue Jan 07 2025 - 00Z Fri Jan 10 2025

    ...Mid-Atlantic...
    Day 1...

    Trailing mid-level shortwave behind the outgoing major winter=20
    storm will pass quickly through the Mid-Atlantic early this=20
    evening, spurring another inch or two of snow east of the=20
    mountains. Over central WV, some upslope enhancement will help=20
    squeeze out perhaps a few inches, with WPC probabilities for an=20
    additional 4 inches of snow after 00Z around 30-50%. Snow will=20
    taper off there by Tuesday afternoon.


    ...Great Lakes and Northeast...
    Days 1-3...

    A large, sprawling, and multi-pronged circulation over=20
    southeastern Canada will send mid-level shortwaves into the eastern
    Great Lakes and Northeast over the next few days, maintaining high
    chances of at least light snow over the higher elevations (NY and=20
    northern VT/NH) and also downwind of the Great Lakes in general=20
    owing to the broad cyclonic flow.=20

    For D1, a compact closed low near Montreal this evening will swing
    through northern NY/VT overnight with some terrain enhancement=20
    over the northern Adirondacks and into the Green Mountains. WPC=20 probabilities for at least 4 inches of snow tonight through Tuesday
    are 50-80% there.

    By D2, with already cold 850mb temps below -12C or so, a=20
    reinforcing shot of cold Canadian air (via another short wave out=20
    of Canada) will steepen lapse rates and reinvigorate lake effect=20
    snow off the western Great Lakes, especially along the western=20
    shore of Lower Michigan, and also off Lakes Erie/Ontario on NW=20
    flow. WPC probabilities for at least 4 inches of snow D2 are=20
    highest south of Muskegon right along the lake short, but will be=20
    dependent on the fetch and trajectory of the band.=20

    For D3, one last shortwave will push through the eastern Great=20
    Lakes and New England, maintaining additional light snow off Lake=20
    Ontario on NW flow and additional snow for the northern Adirondacks
    and Green Mountains. WPC probabilities for at least an additional=20
    4 inches of snow are moderate (40-70%) over these areas.


    ...Intermountain West, Rockies, and Southwest...
    Days 1-3...

    Broad height falls moving through the Great Basin tonight will=20
    sharpen into a closed low over the lower CO River Valley late Tue.=20
    With high pressure nosing down out of the northern Plains, upslope=20
    snow will expand across the CO Front Range via an easterly low=20
    level flow along with a relatively low DGZ. However, the snow=20
    should not last too long as the upper low will likely move into=20
    northwestern Mexico by the end of the period. This will help to=20
    drag the snowfall southward as well through the Mogollon Rim,=20
    Sangre de Cristos, Sacramento Mountains, etc. Models continue to=20
    vary on QPF (and thus snow) over parts of the Southwest but at=20
    least a large footprint of light snow is expected. For the D1-3=20
    period, WPC probabilities for at least 4 inches of snow are >50%=20
    over the Front Range into the CO Rockies, San Juans, and higher=20
    elevations in AZ/NM above 8000ft or so.=20

    Farther north, a shortwave moving out of Canada through Montana on
    Wednesday will touch off some light to locally moderate snow over=20
    much of the state that will push into Wyoming and the Black Hills=20
    on Thursday. WPC probabilities for at least 4 inches of snow are=20
    highest (>50%) over the Little Belts, Gallatin Range, and into the=20
    Bighorns.


    ...Southern Plains...
    Day 3...

    As the aforementioned upper low closes off over the Southwest=20
    Thursday and continues to dig into northwestern Mexico Friday it=20
    will become anomalously deep (below the 0.5th climate percentile=20
    per the NAEFS ESAT). Meanwhile, a separate shortwave rounding the=20
    far eastern Pacific ridge is forecast to dive southward through=20
    Utah and interact with this feature and spawn strong southwest flow
    containing rich moisture and prominent upper divergence from an=20
    increasingly buckled jet. Given the strong high situated to the=20
    north over the Central Plains and a cold low-level airmass in=20
    place, snow and mixed precipitation is expected over much of=20
    western and north-central TX late Wed and through Thursday,=20
    expanding eastward to the Ozarks by the end of the period. Thermal=20 uncertainty is high (as expected) due to the upstream players=20
    (timing, depth, etc.) and the NBM ptype probabilities show a zone=20
    of maximum uncertainty from near the Big Bend northeastward to=20
    around TexArKana.=20

    All ptypes are in play -- snow/sleet/freezing rain and plain rain=20
    to the south -- and each will likely not be stagnant in location.=20
    For now, the highest probabilities of snow lie on the northwest=20
    side of the precipitation shield in the deeper colder air from the=20
    Permian Basin across Northwest TX into North TX (near and northwest
    of the D-FW Metroplex). There, WPC probabilities for at least 4=20
    inches of snow are around 30-50%. To the southeast, within the zone
    of maximum uncertainty, probabilitiesfor accumulating snowfall=20
    decrease while probabilities for ice increase. Areas from near=20
    Austin northeastwardthrough the Piney Woods into the Hill Parishes=20
    of LA show the highest chance of at least 0.1 inches of ice=20
    accumulation (30-60%).


    This system has prompted the issuance of a new set of Key Messages
    which are linked at the bottom of the discussion.

    Fracasso/Snell


    ...Winter Storm Key Messages are in effect. Please see current Key
    Messages below...

    https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/key_messages/Late= stKeyMessage_2.png__;!!DZ3fjg!_p-d5kX8NzvPiea0SkbIvk3YnMjHKOh2q0s4iASxMHzCr= TEx8epFDhVUmnjbsdroCOxm3zPaNswlrn58foeDVnjrYAg$=20

    $$

    =3D =3D =3D
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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Tue Jan 7 08:56:01 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 070855
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    355 AM EST Tue Jan 7 2025

    Valid 12Z Tue Jan 07 2025 - 12Z Fri Jan 10 2025


    ...Great Lakes and Northeast...
    Days 1-3...

    A large, sprawling, and multi-pronged circulation over=20
    southeastern Canada will send mid-level shortwaves into the eastern
    Great Lakes and Northeast over the next few days before finally
    sliding eastward south of Greenland by the end of D3. This will
    maintain high chances of at least light snow over the higher=20
    elevations (NY and northern VT/NH) and also downwind of the Great=20
    Lakes in general owing to the broad cyclonic flow.=20

    For D1, a compact closed low over northern VT early this morning will
    swing through the Northeast today with some terrain enhancement=20
    over the northern Adirondacks and into the Green Mountains.
    Additionally, another trailing shortwave diving out of Canada=20
    tonight over the Great Lakes and into the Northeast will contain a=20 reinforcing shot of arctic air. Even with already cold 850mb temps
    below -12C or so this next surge of cold air will steepen lapse=20
    rates and reinvigorate lake effect snow off the western Great=20
    Lakes, especially along the western shore of Lower Michigan, and=20
    also off Lakes Erie/Ontario on NW flow. WPC probabilities for at=20
    least 4 inches of snow D1-D2 are 40-70% in the favorable northwest
    flow snowbelts, as well as over the northern Adirondacks and=20
    northern VT.

    By the end of D2 and start of D3, one last shortwave will push=20
    through the eastern Great Lakes and New England, maintaining=20
    additional light snow off Lake Ontario on NW flow and additional=20
    snow for the northern Adirondacks and Green Mountains. WPC=20
    probabilities for at least an additional 4 inches of snow are=20
    moderate (30-50%) over these areas.


    ...Rockies and Southwest...=20
    Days 1-3...

    Broad height falls moving through the Southwest today will sharpen
    into a closed low over northern Baja California tonight. With high
    pressure nosing down out of the northern Plains, upslope snow will
    continue across the CO Front Range via an easterly low level flow=20
    along with a relatively low DGZ on D1. However, the snow should=20
    not last too long as the upper low sinks further south over central
    Baja California. This will help to drag the snowfall southward as=20
    well through the Mogollon Rim, Sangre de Cristos, Sacramento=20
    Mountains, etc. Models continue to vary on the terrain influence on QPF
    (and thus snow) over parts of the Southwest but at least a large=20
    footprint of light snow is expected. For the D1-3 period, WPC=20
    probabilities for at least an additional 4 inches of snow are >40%
    over the Front Range into the CO Rockies, San Juans, and higher=20
    elevations in AZ/NM above 8000ft or so.=20

    Farther north, a shortwave moving out of Canada through Montana on
    Wednesday will touch off some light to locally moderate snow over=20
    much of the state that will push into Wyoming and the Black Hills=20
    on Thursday. WPC probabilities for at least 4 inches of snow are=20
    highest (>50%) over the Little Belts, Gallatin Range, and into the=20
    Bighorns. As this shortwave sinks southward and interacts with the
    upper low at the base of the trough, increasing snowfall is
    possible across the southern NM ranges. WPC probabilities are low
    (10-30%) across this region.


    ...Southern Plains...
    Day 3...

    As the aforementioned upper low over Baja California begins to
    eject northeast on Thursday and merge with the diving shortwave
    over the central Rockies, a strong 160-170kt southwest jet stretch
    surges north and bulges over ridging in the Gulf of Mexico. This=20
    will prompt rich moisture and prominent upper divergence from an=20 increasingly buckled jet. In the right entrance region of this jet,
    surface cyclogenesis is expected along the western Gulf Coast by=20
    late Thursday night with a precipitation shield blossoming to the=20
    north. Given the strong high situated to the north over the Central
    Plains and a cold low- level airmass in place, light snow and=20
    mixed precipitation is expected over much of western and north-=20
    central TX starting Thursday morning, expanding eastward to the=20
    Ozarks by the end of the period. Thermal uncertainty is high (as=20
    expected) due to the upstream players (timing, depth, etc.) with=20
    recent trends suggesting a later start time and warmer low-level=20
    air. Additionally, the northern precipitation gradient across OK=20
    and northern AR will likely be sharp, with varying snowfall amounts
    across short distances.

    All ptypes are in play -- snow/sleet/freezing rain and plain rain=20
    to the south -- and each will likely not be stagnant in location.=20
    For now, the highest probabilities of snow lie on the northwest=20
    side of the precipitation shield in the deeper colder air from
    north-central TX (near and north of the D-FW Metroplex) through=20
    southeast OK and into central AR. There, WPC probabilities for at=20
    least 4 inches of snow through 12z Friday are around 50-70%. This
    area was a slight trend to the northwest, with the Texas Big
    Country seeing lower probs in response to a slower ejection of the
    upper low. To the southeast, within the zone of maximum=20
    uncertainty, probabilities for accumulating snowfall decrease while probabilities for ice increase. Areas from near Austin=20
    northeastward through the Piney Woods into the Hill Parishes of LA=20
    show the highest chance of at least 0.1 inches of ice accumulation=20
    (30-60%). Given this is the first widespread winter storm for this=20
    region, even light amounts of ice or snow could cause travel=20
    disruptions.


    This system has prompted the issuance of a new set of Key Messages
    which are linked at the bottom of the discussion.

    Fracasso/Snell



    ...Winter Storm Key Messages are in effect. Please see current=20
    Key Messages below...

    https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/key_messages/Late= stKeyMessage_2.png__;!!DZ3fjg!8nPd_Bff91Y4p4t7lT-CodU6YsoKrxbI2o3gyTzYGlF7A= xp6SMYgFloTTEkk4lPHnvJxe1bPTt95uG92sF4mv6Fj9pY$=20

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Tue Jan 7 20:54:49 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 072054
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    354 PM EST Tue Jan 7 2025

    Valid 00Z Wed Jan 08 2025 - 00Z Sat Jan 11 2025

    ...Great Lakes and Northeast...
    Days 1-3...

    Behind a departing low, Arctic air streaming over the Great Lakes will
    cause additional lake-effect snows south and southeast of each of=20
    the lakes in D1/Wednesday. Lake surface temperatures from GLERL for
    Lake Michigan are around 45F/+6C, with the Arctic air moving over
    the lake this evening expected to range between -12C and -15C at
    850 mb. This will be ample instability to sustain cellular
    convection within the lake-effect. WPC probabilities for at least 4
    inches of snow are generally ranging between 30 to 70 percent, with
    the highest probabilities occurring along much of the immediate
    Lake Michigan shoreline in far western Michigan, as well as around
    Erie, PA where a strong band originating off of Lake Huron is
    reinforced by the brief time the band is over Lake Erie. Lesser
    probabilities of 10 to 40 percent are off the southeast end of Lake
    Ontario, extending into the Syracuse area. By D2/Thursday, high
    pressure moving overhead of the Great Lakes will end the lake-
    effect from northwest to southeast.

    On D3/Friday, a potent upper level longwave trough will approach
    the western Great Lakes. Ahead of the shortwave, weak surface
    cyclogenesis will occur over Wisconsin and the U.P. of Michigan.
    Moisture will stream north from the much stronger low to the south
    (more on that below). This should cause widespread light snow over
    the upper Lakes through Friday evening. Lake-enhancement due to
    continued very cold temperatures could locally increase snow totals
    in the form of bands embedded within the broader snowfall shield,
    though those details have yet to be ironed out, depending on the
    track of the low and how much Gulf moisture makes it to the region.

    ...Rockies and Southwest...
    Days 1-3...

    A broad vertically stacked cutoff low over the Southwest tonight
    contrasting with an expansive area of surface high pressure over
    the Northern Plains will create an E-SE wind across the Front=20
    Range of Colorado tonight, as this will be the region between the
    two weather features. A brief period of upslope flow may cause=20
    some light snow across the region. As the polar high rapidly sinks=20 southward, so too will the light snow, moving into the mountains of
    New Mexico and Arizona. Here too the duration of snow will be brief
    as the flow turns to a much less favorable southerly direction.

    The arrival of Arctic air into the Southwest and Southern Plains
    will set the stage for a much more significant and widespread
    snowfall event as the vertically stacked low merges with a strong
    shortwave by the D2 period on Thursday. A plume of Gulf moisture
    will overspread much of Texas, which will feed the surface low as
    that moisture is hurled headlong into the Arctic air mass. WPC WSSI
    values have an up to 80% chance of 2 inches of snow across much of
    southern New Mexico and far west Texas and up to 50% for 4 inches
    through the D2/Thursday period for the Sacramento Mountains, with=20
    a 10 to 30% chance of 4 inches over the adjacent Plains and into=20
    west and north-central Texas and far southern Oklahoma. The most=20
    widespread snow will be into D3/Thursday night as a more portent=20
    surface low develops and quickly moves east, taking much of the=20
    Gulf moisture with it, as well as any widespread precipitation.

    WPC probabilities have come down a bit from previous forecasts over
    west Texas and New Mexico as the guidance struggles to resolve how
    the cutoff low energy and the shortwave energy from the northern
    stream interact with one another. Small changes in their
    interaction would result in big changes in the snowfall pattern,
    but for now the axis of heaviest snow has shifted east somewhat.=20

    Farther north, a shortwave moving out of Canada through Montana on
    the northern side of the aforementioned longwave trough on
    Wednesday will touch off some light to locally moderate snow over
    much of the state what will punch into Wyoming and the Black Hills
    on Thursday. WPC probabilities for at least 4 inches of snow are=20
    highest over the Little Belts, Gallatin Range, and into the=20
    Bighorns, in the 30-50 percent range.


    ...Southern Plains and Southeast...
    Days 2-3...

    A potent positively tilted longwave trough containing plentiful=20
    upper level energy from an aforementioned upper level low will=20
    support a very strong upper level jet that stretches from West=20
    Texas east through the Carolinas. Surface cyclogenesis will occur=20
    Thursday night near the Gulf near the TX/LA border in the RER of=20
    that jet, which will bed southward, thus maximizing the upper level
    divergence over Louisiana. A plume of Gulf moisture will inject=20
    into the low with maximum PWATs along the Texas Gulf Coast rising=20
    to around 1.75 inches. While that level of moisture doesn't move=20
    too far inland, a large fraction of it will, providing ample=20
    moisture for the developing surface low. The associated low level=20
    jet will advect much of that moisture up the Lower Mississippi=20
    Valley.

    Meanwhile, an Arctic air mass will be in place over the Central
    Plains and Mid-South, resulting in a strong temperature gradient
    which will both increase the forcing as well as lift that moisture
    and effectively wring it out, resulting in widespread wintry
    precipitation starting in TX/OK and spreading east as far as the
    Appalachians by Friday evening. A tight temperature gradient on the
    north and west side of the low will promote a similarly tight
    gradient in precipitation amounts and in the areas where the cold=20
    air at the surface is shallow, an area of freezing rain/sleet will
    develop from east central Texas over northern Louisiana and into
    central Mississippi, Alabama, and Georgia, with widespread snow
    north of that from north-central Texas east through the Tennessee
    Valley. There will be some overlap with the snowfall footprint=20
    from this most recent winter storm, but much of the greatest=20
    impacts will be south of there. Thus, for many this will be a very=20
    impactful snowfall event and the first winter storm of the season=20
    for areas such as Dallas-Fort Worth north and east through the=20
    Ozarks and into the Memphis and Nashville metro areas.

    WPC probabilities for Major to locally Extreme impacts extend from
    the DFW Metroplex area north and east to the Ozarks, with a thin
    stripe of extreme impacts from snow and ice along the Sabine River
    from Tyler and Longview, TX east to north and east of Shreveport and
    Monroe, LA. Just south of that stripe, moderate impacts from ice
    are possible form central Texas north and west of Austin and San
    Antonio to these same areas of east-central Texas and far northern
    Louisiana. Expect considerable to substantial disruptions of daily
    life. Travel is not advised.

    The updated set of Key Messages are linked below.

    Wegman

    ...Winter Storm Key Messages are in effect. Please see current=20
    Key Messages below...

    https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/key_messages/Late= stKeyMessage_2.png__;!!DZ3fjg!4gIUHv-LdivaJrm34s5qP1YkcDpwTyEMTxnhdNNJwgJbv= npigmJrDHsX7MD3ipL0Vr-PgkAYdaJlun4hJs5x1vtmk-k$=20

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Wed Jan 8 09:05:26 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 080905
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    405 AM EST Wed Jan 8 2025

    Valid 12Z Wed Jan 08 2025 - 12Z Sat Jan 11 2025

    ...Great Lakes and Northeast...
    Day 1...

    Broad upper low churning near Newfoundland and southeast Canada
    will continue to help stream arctic air and shortwaves over the
    Great Lakes through at least early Thursday. This will cause=20
    additional lake- effect snows south and southeast of each of the=20
    lakes in D1/Wednesday. Lake surface temperatures from GLERL for=20
    Lake Michigan are around 45F/+6C, with the Arctic air moving over=20
    the lake this evening expected to range between -12C and -15C at=20
    850 mb. This will be ample instability to sustain=20
    cellular convection within the lake-effect. WPC probabilities for=20
    at least 4 inches of snow are generally ranging between 30 to 70=20
    percent, with the highest probabilities occurring along much of the
    immediate Lake Michigan shoreline in far western Michigan, around=20
    Erie, PA where a strong band originating off of Lake Huron is=20
    reinforced by the brief time the band is over Lake Erie, as well as
    off the southeast end of Lake Ontario into the Syracuse area. By=20 D2/Thursday, high pressure moving overhead of the Great Lakes will=20
    end the lake- effect from northwest to southeast until the next=20
    round of light snow arrives from a central U.S. trough on D3.

    ...Rockies and West Texas...=20
    Days 1-2...

    The arrival of Arctic air into the Southwest and Southern Plains
    will set the stage for a much more significant and widespread
    snowfall event as the vertically stacked low merges with a strong
    shortwave by the D2 period on Thursday. Strong isentropic ascent
    will allow for a period of snow showers later today into tonight.
    Additionally, increasing moisture will overspread much of Texas as
    upper level southwesterly flow increases in response to the upper
    trough sharpening and lifting north. WPC PWPF values have over 70%
    chance of 2 inches of snow across much of southern New Mexico=20
    peaking over the Sacramento Mts, with lower probs (10-30%) over far
    west Texas and nearby southern High Plains northward into New=20
    Mexico. and far west Texas and up to 50% for 4 inches through the=20 D2/Thursday period for the Sacramento Mountains, with a 10 to 30%=20
    chance of 4 inches over the adjacent Plains and into west and=20
    north-central Texas and far southern Oklahoma. The most widespread=20
    snow will be into D3/Thursday night as a more portent surface low=20
    develops and quickly moves east, taking much of the Gulf moisture=20
    with it, as well as any widespread precipitation.=20

    Farther north, a shortwave moving out of Canada through Montana on
    the northern side of the aforementioned longwave trough on
    Wednesday will touch off some light to locally moderate snow over
    much of the state what will punch into Wyoming and the Black Hills
    tonight into Thursday. WPC probabilities for at least 4 inches of=20
    snow are highest over the Little Belts, Gallatin Range, and into=20
    the Bighorns, in the 70-90 percent range.


    ...Southern Plains and Southeast...
    Days 2-3...

    ...Major winter storm is forecast to span from north- central=20
    Texas and southeast Oklahoma beginning on Thursday before crossing through
    much of the Mid- South and into northern portions of the=20
    Southeast by the end of the week...=20

    A potent positively tilted longwave trough containing plentiful=20
    upper level energy from an aforementioned upper level low will=20
    support a very strong upper level jet that stretches from West=20
    Texas east through the Carolinas. Surface cyclogenesis will occur=20
    Thursday night near the Gulf near the TX/LA border in the RER of=20
    that jet, which will bed southward, thus maximizing the upper level
    divergence over Louisiana. A plume of Gulf moisture will inject=20
    into the low with maximum PWATs along the Texas Gulf Coast rising=20
    to around 1.75 inches. While that level of moisture doesn't move=20
    too far inland, a large fraction of it will, providing ample=20
    moisture for the developing surface low. The associated low level=20
    jet will advect much of that moisture up the Lower Mississippi=20
    Valley.

    Meanwhile, an Arctic air mass will be in place due to a retreating
    high pressure system over the Central Plains and Mid-South,=20
    resulting in a strong temperature gradient which will both increase
    the forcing as well as lift that moisture and effectively wring it
    out, resulting in widespread wintry precipitation starting in=20
    TX/OK and spreading east as far as the Mid-Atlantic Saturday=20
    morning. The tight thermal gradient on the north and west side of=20
    the low will promote a similarly tight gradient in snowfall amounts
    and in the areas where the cold air at the surface is shallow, an=20
    area of freezing rain/sleet will develop from east central Texas=20
    over northern Louisiana and into central Mississippi, Alabama, and=20
    Georgia, with snow to the north of that from north-central Texas=20
    east through the Tennessee Valley. For many this will be a very=20
    impactful snowfall event and the first winter storm of the season=20
    for areas such as Dallas- Fort Worth north and east through the=20
    Ozarks and into the Memphis and Nashville metro areas. Potential
    forecasting challenges include banding potential on the northern
    and northwest side of the low increased by strong mid-level fgen
    and isentropic ascent through the DGZ. This may lead to mesoscale
    banding that will become more notable once inside the full suite of
    CAMs (most likely by the 12z cycle today). This is particularly a
    concern for north-central TX and OK on D1 where overall guidance
    had recently trended down in amounts. For the DFW metro region,
    upper-end amounts have increased as some ensemble members
    (particularly the ECENS) pick up on this banding potential which
    allows for mixed precip to quickly change to heavy snow Thursday
    night, with the grand ensembles 75th percentile up to 9 inches.
    Given the mesoscale nature of these snowbands, conditions will
    likely drastically change over the course of a tens of miles, with
    the heaviest snow north-northwest and lesser amounts to the south.

    Spanning farther east a WAA thump of snow is likely across the
    Mid-South Friday morning extending toward the Southeast by the
    afternoon hours. The southern track of this low pressure system
    supports snow potential reaching pretty far south compared to
    climatology, with ECMWF EFI values of 0.7-0.95 and an extreme=20
    shift of tail of +8 stretching from northern MS to central GA.
    Additionally, the deep cold air mass in place reinforced by a fresh
    snowpack to the north will allow for low-level cold air to hold on
    while warm air surges north in the mid-levels. This means that
    areas along and just south of the I-20 corridor that begin as snow
    will likely change over to sleet and freezing rain for a
    potentially extended period of time.

    WPC probabilities for moderate to major impacts extend from the=20
    DFW Metroplex area north and east to the Ozarks, through Memphis
    and northern MS before also spreading east to northern GA and the
    southern Appalachians. For snowfall amounts, WPC probabilities for
    at least 4 inches are high (70-80%) across northern MS, AL, and=20
    GA, as well as much of the TN and the southern Appalachians. A=20
    stripe of low (10-30%) > 0.1" ice probabilities stretch from=20
    central TX through northern LA/southern AR, northern MS, central=20
    AL, and into central/northern GA and the SC Midlands. However, it=20
    can be expected for these chances to increase with time.

    The updated set of Key Messages are at the bottom of the discussion.


    ...Pacific Northwest and Northern Rockies...
    Day 3...
    Shortwave entering the Pacific Northwest on Friday will spread high
    elevation snow to the Cascades and Northern Rockies as it pushes
    eastward and snow levels are expected to start around 4500ft and
    fall to around 3000ft by the end of the forecast period. WPC
    probabilities for at least 8 inches are between 40-70% for the WA
    Cascades and northern ID mountains.

    Snell


    ...Winter Storm Key Messages are in effect. Please see current=20
    Key Messages below...

    https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/key_messages/Late= stKeyMessage_2.png__;!!DZ3fjg!_xHO6Dt48d-Gpn23y4nQstU3Ez3g4UCSjM1B8fkHO8kWU= kAdC_Qq72gbyQbx2lza-9v0d6Qijjj9nvdQcp35HRAbUTo$=20

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Wed Jan 8 20:34:40 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 082034
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    334 PM EST Wed Jan 8 2025

    Valid 00Z Thu Jan 09 2025 - 00Z Sun Jan 12 2025

    ...Great Lakes and Northeast...
    Day 1...

    Broad upper low churning near Newfoundland and southeast Canada
    will continue to help stream Arctic air over the Great Lakes=20
    through early Thursday. Mostly nuisance lake-effect will continue=20
    to develop in the wake of a shortwave trough currently over the=20
    lakes. Expect the greatest coverage of lake-effect snows to form=20
    off Lake Ontario, which is closest to the aforementioned upper low=20
    and will therefore have the greatest access to moisture. WPC=20
    probabilities for 2 inches of snow are over 80 percent for the Day=20 1/Thursday period from Oswego, NY south-southeast into the western=20
    Finger Lakes. The probabilities for 4 inches of snow drop to=20
    between 10 and 30 percent, reinforcing the idea that this snow will
    be mostly nuisance and will not be a classic single well-defined=20
    lake- effect band...but rather multiple bands with occasional=20
    convective snow bursts. Surface high pressure building over the=20
    lakes through the day will cause the lake-effect to diminish from=20
    west to east, so Lake Ontario's bands will die off last...hence the
    forecast for greater amounts of snow as compared to the upper=20
    Lakes. The multi- bands ongoing off Lake Superior and especially=20
    Lake Michigan should wane considerably this evening as the upper=20
    level shortwave quickly shifts away from the lakes.

    ...Northern Rockies and Northern Plains...
    Days 1 and 3...

    A northern stream shortwave will dive south down the northern=20
    Rockies and Plains tonight through Thursday. It will be riding the
    LER of a 110 kt jet, but with cold air well in place, it will be
    quite starved of moisture. Thus, for most valley locations, expect
    up to 4 inches of snow from eastern Montana south through=20
    Colorado. The Little Belt, Black Hills, and Bighorn Mountains of=20
    Wyoming and Montana remain areas where upslope will enhance=20
    snowfall rates, resulting in local totals up to 10 inches through=20
    Thursday. WPC probabilities are for 10-40% chance of 2 inches of
    snow for most of the Plains and valleys.

    On Day 3/Friday night into Saturday, a potent shortwave entering=20
    the Pacific Northwest will spread high elevation snow to the=20
    Cascades and Northern Rockies as it pushes eastward and snow levels
    are expected to start around 4500ft and fall to around 3000ft by=20
    the end of the forecast period. Snowfall amounts could exceed a
    foot into the Sawtooth and Bitterroot Ranges where WPC=20
    probabilities for at least 12 inches are between 30 to 50%. Up to 8
    inches are probable for the Yellowstone and Tetons, the Bighorns,
    and Medicine Bow Ranges through Saturday.

    ...Southern Plains and Southeast...
    Days 1-3...

    ...Major winter storm is forecast to span from west Texas and=20
    southeast Oklahoma beginning on Thursday before crossing through=20
    much of the Mid-South and into portions of the Mid-Atlantic by the
    end of the week...=20

    A potent positively tilted longwave trough containing plentiful=20
    upper level energy from an aforementioned upper level low will=20
    support a very strong upper level jet that stretches from West=20
    Texas east through the Carolinas. Surface cyclogenesis will occur=20
    Thursday afternoon along the Texas Coast in the RER of that jet,=20
    which will bed southward, thus maximizing the upper level=20
    divergence over Louisiana. A plume of Gulf moisture will inject=20
    into the low with maximum PWATs along the Texas Gulf Coast rising=20
    to around 1.75 inches. While that level of moisture doesn't move=20
    too far inland, a large fraction of it will, providing ample=20
    moisture for the developing surface low. The associated low level=20
    jet will advect much of that moisture up the Lower Mississippi=20
    Valley.

    Meanwhile, an Arctic air mass will be in place due to a retreating
    high pressure system over the Central Plains and Mid-South,=20
    resulting in a strong temperature gradient which will both increase
    the forcing as well as lift that moisture and effectively wring it
    out, resulting in widespread wintry precipitation starting in=20
    TX/OK and spreading east as far as the Mid-Atlantic Saturday=20
    morning. The tight thermal gradient on the north and west side of=20
    the low will promote a similarly tight gradient in snowfall amounts
    and in the areas where the cold air at the surface is shallow, an=20
    area of freezing rain/sleet will develop from the Big Bend of=20
    Texas over northern Louisiana and into central Mississippi,=20
    Alabama, and Georgia, with snow to the north of that from north-
    central Texas east through the Tennessee Valley and into the
    Virginias. For many this will be a very impactful snowfall event=20
    and the first winter storm of the season for areas such as Dallas-=20
    Fort Worth north and east through the Ozarks and into the Memphis=20
    and Nashville metro areas. Potential forecasting challenges include
    banding potential on the northern and northwest side of the low=20
    increased by strong mid- level fgen and isentropic ascent through=20
    the DGZ. This may lead to mesoscale banding that will become more=20
    notable once inside the full suite of CAMs (most likely by the 12z=20
    cycle today). This is particularly a concern for north-central TX=20
    and OK on D1 where overall guidance had recently trended down in=20
    amounts. For the DFW metro region, upper-end amounts have increased
    as some ensemble members (particularly the ECENS) pick up on this=20
    banding potential which allows for mixed precip to quickly change=20
    to heavy snow Thursday night. Given the mesoscale nature of these=20
    snowbands, conditions will likely drastically change over the=20
    course of tens of miles, with the heaviest snow north-northwest=20
    and lesser amounts to the south. From Texas through the Lower
    Mississippi Valley, forecast snow amounts have come down nominally
    along the ptype gradient, but have consequently increased for ice accumulations, especially across southern Arkansas, where up to a
    quarter inch of accumulation is possible. This amount of ice will
    likely cause power outages, downed branches, and very treacherous
    travel conditions. Meanwhile a few miles to the north towards the
    Little Rock metro, up to 8 inches of snow are expected. WPC=20
    probabilities show a 40 to 70 percent chance of at least 4 inches=20
    of snow from southeast Oklahoma to the central Appalachians of West
    Virginia.

    Spanning farther east a WAA surge of snow is likely across the=20
    Mid-South Friday morning extending toward the Southeast by the=20
    afternoon hours. The southern track of this low pressure system=20
    supports snow potential reaching pretty far south compared to=20
    climatology, with ECMWF EFI values of 0.7-0.95 and an extreme shift
    of tail of +8 stretching from northern MS to central GA.=20
    Additionally, the deep cold air mass in place reinforced by a fresh
    snowpack to the north will allow for low-level cold air to hold on
    while warm air surges north in the mid-levels. This means that=20
    areas along and just south of the I-20 corridor that begin as snow=20
    will likely change over to sleet and freezing rain for a=20
    potentially extended period of time.

    WPC probabilities for moderate to major impacts extend from the=20
    DFW Metroplex area north and east to the Ozarks, through Memphis
    and northern MS before also spreading east to northern GA and the
    southern Appalachians. For ice probabilities, there is a 50 to 80
    percent chance of at least a tenth of an inch of ice around the=20
    Arklatex region, with a stripe of low (10-30%) > 0.1" ice=20
    probabilities stretch from northern MS, central AL,=20
    central/northern GA and into the Tidewater of Virginia. Expect for=20
    these chances to continue to increase with time.

    The updated set of Key Messages follow.

    Wegman/Snell

    ...Winter Storm Key Messages are in effect. Please see current=20
    Key Messages below...

    https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/key_messages/Late= stKeyMessage_2.png__;!!DZ3fjg!9mrERx-6al1VJGu4_fUejaY7_FB3Q6TKjn48Yhnd9Tfxc= loobGjko0EZ6yg0FqN5-_N0_4zpOu1Xg1sChj9PKREcItU$=20

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Thu Jan 9 08:39:22 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 090837
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    337 AM EST Thu Jan 9 2025

    Valid 12Z Thu Jan 09 2025 - 12Z Sun Jan 12 2025

    ...Great Lakes and Northeast...
    Day 1...

    Cyclonic flow on the backside of a large upper low in Atlantic=20
    Canada will support another ~day of mainly mountain-based snow over
    the northern Green and White Mountains and northern Maine. A few=20
    inches are possible in the higher elevations, with WPC=20
    probabilities for at least another 4 inches of snow around 50%.=20


    ...Northwest to the Northern Rockies/Plains...
    Days 2-3...

    Fairly sharp mid-level shortwave and sfc front will enter the=20
    PacNW with mostly higher elevation snow but lowering snow levels=20
    (from ~4500 to ~3000ft) as the front moves past the Cascades. The=20
    shortwave will move southeastward beneath a weakening upper jet,=20
    but combination of height falls and upslope enhancement will=20
    maximize snow over the mountains, from the Bitterroots to the=20
    Tetons and western MT D2 then into the Big/Little Belts into the=20
    Bighorns and eventually the Black Hills D3 as the stronger height=20
    falls move through. WPC probabilities for at least 12 inches of=20
    snow are are >50% above ~5000-6000ft or so (west to east) where=20
    two-day totals could exceed 18-24 inches above 6000-7000ft (40-70%=20
    chance).

    Additionally, by D3, Canadian system will move into the northern=20 Plains/Upper Midwest with a swath of generally light snow via WAA=20
    and FGEN on the northern side of an area of low pressure. Amounts=20
    should generally be on the lighter side of a couple/few inches, but
    there are low-end probabilities (10-20%) of at least 4 inches of=20
    snow over eastern ND.


    ...Southern Plains, Southeast, southern Mid-Atlantic...
    Days 1-2...

    ...Major winter storm is forecast to span from west Texas and=20
    southeast Oklahoma starting today before crossing through much of=20
    the Mid-South and into portions of the Mid-Atlantic by the end of=20
    the week...=20

    A potent positively-tilted longwave trough containing plentiful=20
    upper level energy from an upper level low will support a very=20
    strong upper level jet that stretches from West Texas east through=20
    the Carolinas. Surface cyclogenesis will initiate this afternoon=20
    along the Texas Coast in the RER of that jet, also helping to draw=20
    in Gulf moisture with maximum PWATs along the Texas Gulf Coast=20
    rising to around 1.75 inches. While that level of moisture doesn't=20
    move too far inland, a large fraction of it will, providing ample=20
    moisture for the developing surface low. The associated low level=20
    jet will advect much of that moisture up the Lower Mississippi=20
    Valley.

    Meanwhile, an Arctic air mass will be in place due to a retreating
    high pressure system over the Central Plains and Mid-South,=20
    resulting in a strong temperature gradient which will both increase
    the forcing as well as lift that moisture and effectively wring it
    out, resulting in widespread wintry precipitation starting in=20
    TX/OK and spreading eastward to the Mid-Atlantic by late=20
    Friday/early Saturday as multiple jet streaks ride northeastward.=20
    The tight thermal gradient on the north and west side of the low=20
    will promote a similarly tight gradient in snowfall amounts. With a
    broad area of WAA off the deck, and in the areas where the cold=20
    air at the surface is shallow but stubborn, an area of freezing=20
    rain/sleet will develop from the Big Bend of Texas eastward over=20
    northern Louisiana/southern AR into central Mississippi, Alabama,=20
    and Georgia, then northeastward through the Carolinas. To the=20
    north, where the colder air is deeper through the column, snow will
    be the dominant or sole ptype across Northwest TX,=20
    central/northern AR, eastward through the Mid-South/Tennessee=20
    Valley and into the central/southern Appalachians to the VA=20
    Beaches. Ptypes will be transitioning from frozen to liquid in some
    southern areas where the cold air is shallower and overtaken by=20
    WAA at all levels. The models still show a fair amount of spread in
    the strength of the warm nose and time residence of sub-freezing=20
    air, resulting in lower confidence in these transition zones.=20
    Trended a bit warmer overall but will still have a few model cycles
    to hopefully gain more certainty.=20

    For many this will be a very impactful snowfall event and the=20
    first winter storm of the season for areas such as Dallas-Fort=20
    Worth north and east through the Ozarks and into the Memphis and=20
    Nashville metro areas. Additional forecasting challenges include=20
    banding potential on the northern and northwest side of the low=20
    increased by strong mid-level FGEN and isentropic ascent through=20
    the DGZ. This may lead to mesoscale banding that will become more=20
    notable once inside the full suite of CAMs, but even the 00Z runs=20
    still showed disagreement. This is particularly a concern for=20
    north-central TX and OK. From Texas through the Lower Mississippi=20
    Valley, forecast snow amounts have come down nominally along the=20
    ptype gradient, but have consequently increased for ice=20
    accumulations -- again, dependent on the strength of any warm air=20
    and how long colder 2m temps can hang on. WPC probabilities for at=20
    least 4 inches of snow are >50% near/north of D-FW across=20
    southeastern OK eastward across northern AR, the Mid-South, into=20
    Middle TN in a mostly continuous fashion. Orographic lift will also
    help the central/southern Appalachians see several inches of snow.
    Over AL/GA, initial WAA-driven snow should lead to a changeover to sleet/freezing rain and then rain for more southern areas, with=20
    the highest probabilities for at least 2 inches of snow closer to=20
    the TN border but non-zero probs to I-20/I-85. More uncertainty in=20
    snow amounts lies east of the Appalachians across southeastern VA=20
    where the guidance has wavered on the amount of QPF. Low pressure=20
    should strengthen as it leaves the coast, perhaps allowing some=20
    enhancement over SE VA early Saturday.

    For ice probabilities, there is a >40% chance of at least a tenth=20
    of an inch of ice around the Arklatex region through southern AR.=20
    In addition, areas from northern GA through parts of=20
    Upstate/Midlands SC into eastern NC show >30% probabilities of at=20
    least a tenth of an inch of ice.=20


    Fracasso


    ...Winter Storm Key Messages are in effect. Please see current=20
    Key Messages below...

    https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/key_messages/Late= stKeyMessage_2.png__;!!DZ3fjg!6hPeCUOYI6lqI1KOCsG0p9wSjwtDLoVc9kEmGA7_RB1os= lQPTZ1sRZbWyw46ALFDmB-H0tihyTyTRsQ-DRPjG9o8VbM$=20

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Thu Jan 9 20:23:35 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 092023
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    323 PM EST Thu Jan 9 2025

    Valid 00Z Fri Jan 10 2025 - 00Z Mon Jan 13 2025

    ...Southern Plains, Southeast, southern Mid-Atlantic...
    Days 1-2...

    ...Major winter storm has begun from west Texas into Mississippi,=20
    Arkansas, and Missouri. Hazardous winter conditions will continue=20
    across much of the Mid- South and into portions of the Mid-Atlantic
    through Saturday morning...=20

    A potent positively-tilted longwave trough, formerly a strong
    cutoff low, will continue opening up as the energy rejoins the jet
    stream tonight through Saturday. As this process unfolds, a piece
    of energy on the east side of the upper low will act as the driving
    force of upper level energy supporting cyclogenesis along the Texas
    Coast. For a brief time tonight, the shortwave will take on a
    slight negative tilt within the broader southwesterly flow
    associated with the RER of a hyperactive 150+ kt jet stream. This=20
    will work to locally increase precipitation rates, especially into=20
    the Ozarks of southern Arkansas where upslope will also play a role
    at increasing the intensity of precipitation.

    Plentiful cold air is in place from north Texas across Arkansas
    thanks to the longwave trough and former cutoff low now forming the
    base of the upper level trough. As the surface low along the Texas
    Coast intensifies tonight due to the aforementioned upper level
    interactions, plentiful Gulf moisture will be rapidly drawn north
    up the Lower Mississippi Valley. Maximum PWATs along the Texas=20
    Gulf Coast will rise to around 1.75 inches. While that level of=20
    moisture doesn't move too far inland, a large fraction of it will,=20
    providing ample moisture for the developing surface low. The=20
    associated low level jet will advect much of that moisture into the
    developing winter storm.

    For those areas that have winter concerns, the greatest storm total precipitation from this storm will be from northern Louisiana into
    southern Arkansas. Hazardous winter conditions will extend well
    east (and west) of this area, but the greatest hazards will be in
    this area. Expect around 8 inches of snow across central to
    northern Arkansas.

    On the freezing rain/ice side of the storm, the aforementioned
    LLJ of Gulf moisture will also advect plentiful warm air northward.
    As it runs into the cold air in place over TX/AR, it will be lifted
    above the colder air, resulting in an inversion. Thus, any snow
    that falls into this warm air layer will melt into the rain, and
    depending on latitude, may either refreeze (sleet) or reach the
    sub-freezing atmosphere and ground as liquid, resulting in freezing
    rain and ice. The greatest concerns for ice accumulation from
    freezing rain will be across southern Arkansas, where around a
    quarter inch of ice is expected.

    By Friday morning, the upper level shortwave will be shearing
    apart, as the LLJ aligns more southwest to northeast, and therefore
    diminishes a bit in intensity. This will result in somewhat lesser precipitation rates as the shield moves across the Southeast.
    Despite this, cold air will remain in place across all of
    Tennessee, while the warm air erodes the top of the cold air layer
    and ice accumulations continue from northern Mississippi through
    northern Georgia. Amounts will generally range between a tenth and
    a quarter inch, which are likely to cause significant travel
    disruptions, localized power outages and downed branches from the
    weight of the ice. Across central Mississippi, Alabama, and
    Georgia, the warm air should erode any shallow cold layer with
    daytime heating, so those areas may start the day Friday with ice
    but then change over to a cold rain. Due to the depth of cold air
    in place and reducing WAA from west to east, the area where
    freezing precipitation sets up should remain generally constant,
    with any areas where ptypes change staying quite narrow.

    On Day 2/Friday Night, a separate northern stream shortwave diving
    south over the Great Lakes will attempt to merge with the shearing
    upper level energy associated with the
    narrowing/amplifying/shearing upper level trough. This will cause
    the surface low tracking along the Gulf coast to begin to gain
    latitude as it tracks along the Atlantic coast of Georgia and South
    Carolina. While this will lead to some deepening of the surface
    low, it will also give the low a push towards the northeast,
    resulting in a faster forward speed. Meanwhile the plume of Gulf
    moisture will be fully southeast of the low, with less moisture
    available to convert to frozen precipitation as the precipitation
    plume moves into the Carolinas, the Tidewater of Virginia, and the
    southern Delmarva. This will make for the stripe of ice to continue
    from northeastern Georgia across northern South Carolina, central
    North Carolina, and into far southeastern Virginia. Meanwhile 1-4
    inches of snow are expected north of this area from the
    Appalachians across much of Southern Virginia and the southern
    Delmarva. These will be significantly lesser amounts of total
    precipitation as compared with areas further west that had a better
    fetch of moisture from the Gulf to work with. The center of the low
    will move over the Outer Banks early Saturday morning then race out
    to sea, leaving only very minor amounts of snow for most of the
    northern Mid-Atlantic and New England.

    This evolution will occur because while the southern stream energy
    associated with the winter storm and the northern stream shortwave
    will attempt to phase, they will only be partially successful at
    doing so early Saturday morning before they separate again. Due to
    the ultimate failure of these pieces of energy to merge, the storm
    will remain relatively weak and fail to rapidly intensify and bend
    back westward and impact New England more. Rather, the relatively
    weak and moisture starved northern stream energy will cause just a
    brief period of light snow for the northern Mid-Atlantic and New
    England.=20


    ...Northwest to the Upper Midwest...
    Days 1-3...

    Fairly sharp mid-level shortwave and sfc front will enter the=20
    PacNW starting Friday morning with mostly higher elevation snow=20
    but lowering snow levels (from ~4500 to ~3000ft) as the front moves
    past the Cascades. The shortwave will move southeastward beneath a
    weakening upper jet, but combination of height falls and upslope=20
    enhancement will maximize snow over the mountains, from the=20
    Bitterroots to the Tetons and western MT D2 then into the=20
    Big/Little Belts into the Bighorns and eventually the Black Hills=20=20
    as the stronger height falls move through. WPC probabilities for at
    least 12 inches of snow are are >50% above ~5000-6000ft or so=20
    (west to east) where two-day totals could exceed 18-24 inches above
    6000-7000ft (40-70% chance).

    Additionally, on D2, an Alberta clipper will move into the=20
    northern Plains/Upper Midwest with a swath of generally light snow=20
    via WAA and FGEN on the northern side of an area of low pressure.=20
    Amounts should generally be on the lighter side of a couple/few=20
    inches, with moderate probabilities (50-70%) of at least 2 inches=20
    of snow over northern ND. This low will intensify during the Day
    Sunday/D3 when it moves over northern Wisconsin and the U.P. A
    reinforcing upper level low will swing a shortwave around its
    southern periphery and merge with the existing upper level
    shortwave that drove the low through Saturday. With additional
    moisture from Lakes Superior and Michigan, localized lake-enhanced
    snow is likely with this low. It will be from an unusual southerly
    direction on the "warm" side of the low into the central U.P. from
    Lake Michigan.=20

    Wegman


    ...Winter Storm Key Messages are in effect. Please see current=20
    Key Messages below...

    https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/key_messages/Late= stKeyMessage_2.png__;!!DZ3fjg!4bZqQ3FMhI5EWGg-Sp6Kr8N76g8DAAhg3vrdpGh30Z2y9= dODcfHnBD4or6l0aQDt-N95lyCrtlijVOqL9tFGl_Fi5eI$=20

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Fri Jan 10 08:34:26 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 100834
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    334 AM EST Fri Jan 10 2025

    Valid 12Z Fri Jan 10 2025 - 12Z Mon Jan 13 2025

    ...Mid-South/Southeast into the Mid-Atlantic...
    Day 1-1.5...

    ...Major winter storm continues to progress eastward through the=20
    Mid-South today with hazardous winter conditions into portions of=20
    the Mid-Atlantic overnight...=20

    A strongly positively-tilted longwave trough, with its axis back=20
    into Mexico, will continue to help develop low pressure along the=20
    Gulf Coast today on the southeast side of a 170kt jet. Gulf=20
    moisture continues to stream northward into the Mid-South atop a=20
    cold surface layer, yielding snow on the north side of the=20
    expansive precipitation shield and a wintry mix of sleet and=20
    freezing rain to the south (and plain rain toward the Gulf Coast).=20

    Mid-level FGEN will drive moderate snow rates (~1"/hr at times)=20
    over Tennessee this morning and early afternoon with a broader=20
    shield of light snow to the north and northeast. Much of the region
    from southeastern MO and across most of TN has at least moderate=20 probabilities (>40%) of seeing at least 4 inches of snow. To the=20
    north, a general 1-3" of snow is forecast as additional northern=20
    stream energy moves through the Midwest.=20

    To the south, milder air aloft will move northward up and over the
    cold surface layer, creating a mix of sleet and freezing rain over
    northern AL/GA that will continue E/NE through SC into=20
    central/eastern NC as the system evolves later tonight. Where the=20
    surface cold air is most stubborn beneath the >0C air aloft,=20
    several hours of ZR may accrete to near/over 0.25" esp over N GA.=20
    There is a large area from northern AL to central NC where WPC=20
    probabilities of at least 0.10" ice are >30% with an embedded area=20
    of 20-50% probs for at least 0.25" of ice.=20

    By this evening, upper trough will be stretched and elongated and=20
    become dominated by the northern stream approaching the central=20 Appalachians. Low pressure will reform along the Carolina coast and
    light northeastward overnight, spreading snow across interior NC=20
    into VA with lighter snow extending northward into the Northeast.=20
    Low pressure near Cape Fear 09Z Sat will quickly move northeastward
    and deepen, with a potential modest band of snow on the northwest=20
    side across southern/southeastern VA and the southern DelMarVa. WPC
    Snowband Tool shows several members with ~1"/hr rates early Sat=20
    morning (06-12Z) before the system finally scoots out to sea.=20
    Though the probabilities for at least 4 inches are low (10-40%),=20
    there is potential for some enhanced banding per a couple 00Z Hires
    members.=20

    Lastly, across the central Appalachians, orographic upslope will=20
    help wring out several inches of snow over the higher terrain from=20
    the Laurel Highlands southward down to the Smokey Mountains, where=20
    WPC probabilities for at least 4 inches are >50%.=20



    ...Northwest to the Upper Midwest/Great Lakes...
    Days 1-3...

    Fairly sharp mid-level shortwave and sfc front will enter the=20
    PacNW starting Friday morning with mostly higher elevation snow but
    lowering snow levels (from ~4500 to ~3000ft) as the front moves=20
    past the Cascades. The shortwave will move southeastward beneath a=20
    weakening upper jet, but the combination of height falls and=20
    upslope enhancement will maximize snow over the mountains, from the
    Bitterroots to the Tetons and western MT today then into the=20
    Big/Little Belts into the Bighorns and eventually the Black Hills=20
    Saturday afternoon/evening as the stronger height falls move=20
    through. WPC probabilities for at least 12 inches of snow D1-2 are=20
    50% above ~5000-6000ft or so (west to east) where two-day totals=20
    could exceed 18-24 inches above 6000-7000ft (40-70% chance).=20
    Farther south, with height falls digging into CO, areas in the=20
    Rockies above ~8000ft have >50% chance of 8 inches of snow.

    Additionally, on D2, an Alberta clipper will move into the=20
    northern Plains/Upper Midwest with a swath of generally light snow=20
    via WAA and FGEN on the northern side of an area of low pressure=20
    moving through central ND into southern MN by late Sat/early Sun.=20
    Amounts should generally be on the lighter side of a couple/few=20
    inches, with moderate probabilities (40-70%) of at least 2 inches=20
    of snow from northern ND eastward across northern MN. This low will
    intensify during the Day Sunday when it moves over northern=20
    Wisconsin and the U.P. before curling back to the northeast across=20
    the U.P. and into Quebec by early Mon. A reinforcing upper level=20
    low will rotate into northern MN by the end of the period, helping=20
    to slow the progression of the sfc low over the U.P. or over Lake=20
    Superior. This should act to enhanced low-level convergence over=20
    the western U.P where several inches of snow are likely and WPC=20 probabilities for at least 4 inches of snow on D3 are 30-80%.=20
    Southerly flow ahead of the front will tap some moisture off Lake=20
    Michigan and help enhance totals on the southern side of the=20
    eastern U.P. where WPC probabilities for at least 4 inches are >50%
    (in a rather unusual setup).=20


    Fracasso


    ...Winter Storm Key Messages are in effect. Please see current=20
    Key Messages below...

    https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/key_messages/Late= stKeyMessage_2.png__;!!DZ3fjg!4s1ryLm6VsyGK0LRFvb_6hsTzOrckqx-A4ltM_YB8oe3d= 9lQrmFQHIuYJ1yve7kwxpkHCnfKHDyQxduNUlOrJAXskVY$=20

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Fri Jan 10 19:15:58 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 101915
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    215 PM EST Fri Jan 10 2025

    Valid 00Z Sat Jan 11 2025 - 00Z Tues Jan 14 2025

    ...Mid-South/Southeast into the Mid-Atlantic...
    Days 1-1.5...

    ...Major winter storm to march eastward through the Southeast=20
    this evening producing hazardous winter conditions across portions
    of the Southeast and Mid-Atlantic through Saturday morning...

    An elongated and positively tilted 250-500mb trough axis will
    direct an exceptional >1,000 kg/m/s IVT at the Southeast through
    this afternoon and into the evening hours. This rich moisture plume
    will overrun an antecedent air-mass that remains sufficiently cold
    enough to produce snow from the Tennessee Valley and southern
    Appalachians on north and east into the southern Mid-Atlantic
    tonight and Saturday morning. The heaviest snowfall this afternoon
    on is likely to take shape from central Tennessee and the=20
    Cumberland Plateau through the southern Appalachians. WPC=20
    probabilities show moderate-to-high chances (50-70%) for snowfall=20
    4" along the Cumberland Plateau with similar odds for >6" of=20
    snowfall in the >3,000ft elevations of the Smokeys. Over south-=20
    central VA and points east to the DelMarVa Peninsula, strong 700mb=20
    FGEN aloft combined with the region being located beneath the=20
    divergent left-exit region of an impressive 140kt 500mb jet streak=20
    will result in a band of heavy snow that could support up to 1"/hr=20
    snowfall rates tonight and into early Saturday morning. Guidance=20
    still is unsure as to if the band sets up closer to Richmond or=20
    over the I-64 corridor between Richmond and Norfolk, but WPC=20
    probabilistic guidance does show low chance probabilities (10-30%)=20
    for snowfall >4" in some of these areas from southern VA to the=20
    lower DelMarVa. Meanwhile in the Central Appalachians, from the=20
    initial leading WAA-driven snowfall Friday night to the upslope=20
    snowfall Saturday will support as much as 4-8" in the windward=20
    slopes of the Laurel Highlands, Potomac Highlands, and on south=20
    through the central West Virginia.=20

    On the southern flank closer to the warm front, freezing rain and=20
    sleet will be the primary precipitation type from northern Alabama=20
    and northern Georgia on east through the heart of the Carolinas.=20
    The latest NWS ice accumulation forecast does depict a swath of=20
    0.25" ice accumulations from the Atlanta metro through central
    South Carolina, which would cause downed tree limbs and power
    outages. Some power outages could also be longer-lasting in the
    hardest hit areas. Expect widespread hazardous travel conditions=20
    in these areas this afternoon and through tonight. The storm
    concludes by midday Saturday in the southern Mid-Atlantic, but
    any melting of snow.ice will likely re-freeze following a cold
    Saturday night/Sunday morning, making for another morning of icy
    travel in these affected areas of the Southeast on Sunday.


    ...Northwest to the Upper Midwest/Great Lakes...
    Days 1-3...

    Beginning tonight, a deepening upper level trough axis will be the
    focus for spawning the next winter storm that will produce swath of
    measurable snow from the Northern Rockies to the Great Lakes. This
    trough is escorting a swath of >90th climatological percentile PWs
    through the Pacific Northwest this afternoon and across the
    Northern Rockies/Plains tonight. Periods of heavy mountains snow
    are expected from elevations >3,000ft in the WA Cascades on east
    through the Blue, Bitterroot, Lewis, and Teton ranges this evening
    as a cold front advances through and the diffluent left-exit region
    of a 120kt 250mb jet streak passes overhead. This same setup will
    unfold overnight and into Saturday morning from the Little Belt=20
    and Big Snowy of central Montana on south through the Central=20
    Rockies. Through 00Z Sunday, these ranges in their more=20
    elevated/remote elevations sport high chances (>70%) for snowfall=20
    totals >8". Light snow will advance east through much of North=20
    Dakota and into northern Minnesota throughout the day thanks to=20
    weak 850-700mb WAA aloft.=20

    By Saturday night, an amplifying ridge along the northwest coast of
    North America (causing a +PNA teleconnection) will help to dislodge
    a 500mb closed low over central Canada and direct it south towards
    the North Central U.S. on Sunday. Meanwhile, on the western flank
    of this emerging longwave trough over the northern U.S., a steady
    stream of 700-300mb moisture will advance south through the
    Northern Rockies/Plains along with another cold frontal passage,=20
    keeping periods of snow in the forecast in these areas through
    Sunday. As high pressure over the Canadian Prairies builds in from
    the north, favorable upslope flow will also continue as late as
    Sunday night. WPC 48-hour snow probabilities through parts of the=20
    Little Belt, Big Snowy, Big Horns, and Black Hills with high=20
    chances (>70%) for >12" through Sunday evening. The Little Belt and
    Big Snowy are forecast to receive the heaviest snow fall amounts
    with moderate-to-high chances (50-70%) for snowfall >24".

    Farther east, the Alberta Clipper responsible for the snow in parts
    of the North Central U.S. is feature a trailing cold front that
    ushers in a colder air-mass in its wake Sunday night and into
    Monday. The first round of snow in the Great Lakes arrives Sunday
    via WAA aloft which will lead to generally light accumulations
    Saturday night and into Sunday. One location that could see locally
    heavy amounts is along the northern coast of the MN Arrowhead=20
    where onshore flow off Lake Superior will result in lake-enhanced=20
    snowfall rates on Sunday. By Sunday night, low-level CAA will race
    over Lake Superior and kick-start LES bands into the usual snow=20
    belts of the Michigan U.P. Monday morning, then over the=20
    northwestern communities of Michigan's Mitten. Latest WPC=20
    probabilities show the Huron Mountains sporting moderate chances=20
    (40-60%) for snowfall totals >6" through Monday evening.


    Mullinax


    ...Winter Storm Key Messages are in effect. Please see current=20
    Key Messages below...

    https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/key_messages/Late= stKeyMessage_2.png__;!!DZ3fjg!8JGc_wS1x42Y6B9AeF5zdh5b6eo57R0vUUq9cqsOaBqJu= ezel20vbNZPB-CsVYgSaCUuosl_-1TED8uJ-MsbLHrlXmc$=20

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sat Jan 11 07:34:33 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 110734
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    234 AM EST Sat Jan 11 2025

    Valid 12Z Sat Jan 11 2025 - 12Z Tue Jan 14 2025

    ...Central Appalachians...
    Day 1...

    Exiting storm off the Mid-Atlantic will be closely followed by the
    mid-level shortwave, helping to wring out a few inches of snow
    over the central/southern Appalachians (but mainly central WV
    northward to the Laurel Highlands) this morning that will diminish
    later this evening.


    ...Northern/Central Rockies to the Upper Midwest/Great Lakes...
    Days 1-3...

    Upper trough that entered the PacNW yesterday will continue
    through the Rockies today as a positively-tilted trough with
    multiple embedded vort maxes along its axis. This will yield a
    broad swath of light to moderate snow over much of the Rockies
    today from central Idaho into Montana southward to the CO Rockies
    along/ahead of the cold front. Favored areas on D1 for snow include
    the Little/Big Belts, Big Snowy Mountains, and into the Bighorns
    where WPC probabilities for at least 8 inches of snow are >50% with
    the higher peaks likely receiving >2ft of snow through D2.

    To the east, the northern extent of the upper trough will carry a
    clipper system out of Canada with an area of low pressure tracking
    across central ND to southern MN by this evening. Light to perhaps
    modest snow is forecast around the low, focused via WAA and beneath
    some upper divergence on the northern side of the system from the
    Red River Valley eastward across northern MN. QPF should be near
    and below 0.25" but with a deeper DGZ snow ratios should be >15:1
    which should yield an area of 3-4" between Fargo and Duluth where
    WPC probabilities for at least 4 inches D1 are >20%. Low pressure
    will turn the corner northeastward across northern WI and across
    the western U.P. into Quebec, favoring southerly flow into the
    eastern U.P. along with compact convergence over the western
    portion of Lake Superior which will favor the Keweenaw Peninsula as
    well as Isle Royale along a sfc trough axis. Lighter snow is
    expected southward and eastward across much of the Great Lakes
    though there could also be some enhancement along the western side
    of Lower Michigan via land/lake sfc convergence. WPC probabilities
    for at least 4 inches of snow D2 are >50% over the aforementioned
    favored areas that also includes the North Shore from Duluth up to
    Grand Portage where there are >50% probabilities for at least 8
    inches of snow.

    By D3, a new upper low out of central Canada will drop southward
    into MN and expand across the Great Lakes, maintaining cyclonic
    flow across the region with cold 850 temperatures (-24C at the core
    of the upper low and -10C dropping to -15C into the Tug Hill by
    the end of the period. This will support widespread lake-effect
    snow on general northwesterly to westerly flow that favor modest
    snows over the typical lake belt areas. Amounts may be light/modest
    (several inches) with some locally higher amounts along the
    northern coast of the U.P. and also east of Lake Ontario.

    Lastly, on the west side of the incoming cold upper low D3,
    additional vorticity will stream southward across the northern
    Plains which will carry light snow over eastern MT
    south/southeastward that could accumulate several inches over the
    Black Hills thanks to some favorable upslope.


    For the Day 1-3 period, the probability of significant icing of at
    least 0.10" is less than 10 percent across the CONUS.


    Fracasso


    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sat Jan 11 19:06:01 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 111905
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    205 PM EST Sat Jan 11 2025

    Valid 00Z Sun Jan 12 2025 - 00Z Wed Jan 15 2025

    ...Northern/Central Rockies to the Upper Midwest & Great Lakes...
    Days 1-3...

    A positively-tilted upper-level trough will promote healthy upper
    level divergence over the Upper Midwest today and into tonight,
    providing a supportive environment for an Alberta Clipper tracking
    east towards the Upper Great Lakes by Sunday. On the backside of
    Clipper, modest 700-300mb moisture aloft combined with upslope
    flow in wake of a cold frontal passage will lead to periods of
    heavy mountains snow in the Little Belt, Big Snowy, Absaroka, Big
    Horns, and Black Hills through Sunday afternoon. WPC probabilities
    show high chances (>70%) for snowfall totals above 8" in the
    higher terrain of these mountain ranges. The Little Belt, Big
    Snowy, and Big Horns in particular are forecast to receive over 2
    feet of snow by the end of the weekend.

    As the Clipper moves east this afternoon, 850-700mb WAA ahead of
    the system will provide modest lift and moisture aloft to support
    periods of snow from the Red River of the North on east to the
    Minnesota Arrowhead. Some lake enhancement of these snow bands is
    expected along the MN Arrowhead tonight and into Sunday morning. WPC probabilities show moderate-to-high chances (50-70%) for snowfall
    4" along the entire MN Arrowhead coast, with the northern-most
    section of the Arrowhead even having moderate chances (40-60%) for
    snowfall totals >8". By Sunday evening the Clipper will be tracking
    over Lake Superior and CAA on the backside of the storm will
    reinvigorate LES bands from northern Wisconsin on east across the
    Michigan U.P.. The clipper system stalls out and occludes over the
    eastern portion of Lake Superior Sunday night, allowing for the
    TROWAL to be placed over Lake Superior and along the northern coast
    of the Michigan U.P. through Monday. Heavy snow will unfold from
    the Huron Mountains and Keweenaw Peninsula to as far south as the
    Traverse City area of northwest Michigan through Tuesday. WPC
    probabilities show high chances (>70%) for snowfall totals >8" in
    these areas with the Hurons sporting low chances (10-30%) for
    totals >12" through Tuesday afternoon.

    Farther east, the cold front tracking across the Great Lakes
    prompts a burst of CAA amidst WSW flow over Lakes Michigan, Erie,
    and Ontario. Guidance is keying in on he development of a couple
    LES bands forming off Lakes Erie and Ontario Monday night that
    last through Tuesday. This is likely to cause periods of heavy snow
    (hourly rates of 1-2"/hr) in parts of northwest PA and western NY
    along the Chautauqua Ridge and over the Tug Hill Plateau. Through
    00Z Wednesday, WPC probabilities show moderate-to-high chances
    (50-70%) for snowfall totals >6" in these areas. Expect both the
    probabilities and snowfall totals in subsequent forecast
    discussions to reference higher amounts as periods of heavy
    snowfall are likely to continue into Tuesday night and through
    Wednesday morning.


    For the Day 1-3 period, the probability of significant icing of at
    least 0.10" is less than 10 percent across the CONUS.


    Mullinax




    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sun Jan 12 07:43:41 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 120743
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    243 AM EST Sun Jan 12 2025

    Valid 12Z Sun Jan 12 2025 - 12Z Wed Jan 15 2025

    ...Northern Rockies/Western High Plains...
    Days 1-2...

    The southwest side of a positively-tilted upper-level trough will
    carry waves of vorticity across the northern Rockies today with
    additional snowfall over the higher peaks of central Montana into
    Wyoming as well as across northern NM. Another wave will sink
    southward through eastern Montana tomorrow with a bit more light
    snow for the Black Hills. WPC probabilities for at least 6 inches
    of snow are >50% in the Little Belt and Big Snowy Mountains as well
    as the Big Horns.


    ...Great Lakes...
    Days 1-3...

    Area of low pressure over MN this morning will lift northeastward
    across northern WI into the U.P. of Michigan and Lake Superior this
    afternoon as it takes on a negative tilt in response to an
    approaching upper low moving southward out of central Canada. This
    will favor much of the U.P. and the northeastern Arrowhead of MN
    for modest snow today beneath the TROWAL as the system occludes.
    WPC probabilities for at least 4 inches of snow are high (>70%)
    over the northeastern Arrowhead (~Grand Marais to Grand Portage),
    over the Keweenaw Peninsula into the Porcupine Mountains, and also
    around the Hiawatha National Forest via southerly flow ahead of the
    front.

    By D2, the deep upper low will cross into northern MN with a core
    of 850mb temps < -20C. Sfc trough will still linger across Lake
    Superior as the main area of low pressure only slowly drifts
    eastward, allowing height falls to push into the U.P. to continue
    the snow through Monday. Downstream, the cold front will continue
    eastward and help foster in a westerly to WSW flow over the eastern
    Great Lakes, allowing lake effect snow to increase into NW Lower
    Michigan first, then downwind of Lakes Erie and Ontario. Core of
    the upper low will continues its path southeastward across the
    Great Lakes Mon into Tue eventually pushing off the Northeast coast
    by the end of the period. However, NW flow will remain which will
    continue the lake effect snow over all the Great Lakes, but
    especially off Lakes Erie/Ontario D3.

    For the D2-3 period, WPC probabilities for at least 8 inches of
    snow are highest off Lake Erie from Erie, PA to the Buffalo
    southtowns across the Chautauqua Ridge. Localized totals may be in
    the 12-18 inch range. East of Lake Ontario, the Tug Hill will help
    maximize snow totals there, especially south of Watertown in the
    higher elevations (Redfield) where WPC probabilities for at least
    12 inches of snow are >70%.


    For the Day 1-3 period, the probability of significant icing of at
    least 0.10" is less than 10 percent across the CONUS.


    Fracasso



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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Mon Jan 13 02:18:34 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 130217
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    917 PM EST Sun Jan 12 2025

    Valid 00Z Mon Jan 13 2025 - 00Z Thu Jan 16 2025

    ...Northern Rockies/Western High Plains...
    Day 1...

    Lingering upslope flow and the passage of a weak 500mb vort max
    Monday morning will keep periods of mountain snow in the forecast
    in parts from the Little Belt and Big Snowy in central Montana,as
    well as the Absaroka, Big Horns, and Black Hills through midday
    Monday. Snowfall will taper Monday afternoon once the 500mb vort
    max passes to the south. WPC probabilities in the aforementioned
    mountain ranges (particularly in the less populated, higher
    elevation areas) sport high chances (>70%) for additional snowfall
    4" through 06Z Tuesday.

    ...Great Lakes...
    Days 1-3...

    An occluding area of low pressure is responsible for a swath of
    snow over the Upper Great Lakes this afternoon. Periods of snow
    will continue and fall heavily at times over the Minnesota
    Arrowhead this afternoon thanks to additional lake-enhancement from
    onshore winds of Lake Superior. As the low moves over Lake
    Superior tonight, CAA on the backside of the storm will
    reinvigorate LES bands from far northern Wisconsin to the western
    half of the Michigan U.P.. The system will make its way slowly east
    over Lake Superior on Monday with the TROWAL on the backside of the
    storm helping to sustain ongoing LES bands over the Michigan U.P.
    Monday night and into Tuesday morning. Most of the northern coast
    of the Michigan U.P. sports high chances (>70%) for snowfall
    totals >8" through Tuesday night, but the highest totals are
    likely to occur in the Huron Mountains and along the Keweenaw
    Peninsula where WPC probabilities show moderate-to-high chances
    (50-70%) for snowfall totals >12".

    Farther east, the cold front tracking across the Great Lakes gives
    rise to CAA withing WSW flow over Lakes Michigan, Erie and
    Ontario. Expect multi-banded segments emerge off of Lake Michigan
    tonight and linger through Tuesday with the heaviest totals over
    northwest portions of Michigan's Mitten. WPC probabilities do show moderate-to-high chances (50-70%) from snowfall totals >8" along
    the northern most tier of Michigan's Lake Michigan coast through
    Tuesday evening. Farther east, dominant LES single-banded segments
    will develop off Lakes Erie and Ontario beginning Monday and
    persist into the middle of the week. WPC probabilities show high
    chances (>70%) for snowfall amounts >18" in the Tug Hill with some
    localized spots potentially approaching 30". Farther south, the
    Chautauqua Ridge and areas from northwest PA to western NY
    communities just south of Buffalo could see as much as 12-18" of
    snowfall through Tuesday evening. Note snow is likely to continue
    into Tuesday night, although the passage of a 500mb shortwave
    trough may shift the LES single-bands farther south into central NY
    and along the PA/NY east of Lake Erie. The WSSI already depicts
    Major Impact potential for areas south of Buffalo (including a
    subsection of I-90) and in the Tug Hill for Monday night and into
    Tuesday.

    ...Northern Mid-Atlantic...
    Days 2-3...

    While actual snowfall amounts are expected to be minor, both Monday
    and Tuesday have the chance to see snow squalls traverse the region
    each afternoon and evening. Monday's snow squall potential comes
    via a cold front that will push through the Southern Tier of New
    York and all of Pennsylvania. Lapse rates will steepen but the
    strength of the front and depth of the lapse rates should make for
    hit-or-miss squall potential. By Tuesday, a positively tilted 500mb
    trough will provide a better source of synoptic-scale lift aloft,
    along with strong 700mb CAA. Latest guidance shows western PA and
    along the NY/PA border posing the better chances for squalls
    Tuesday afternoon, but these snow squalls may be able to traverse
    the Keystone State Tuesday evening given the exceptional PVA aloft.
    While any totals would generally be on the lighter side, the
    sudden bursts of heavy snow could mean dramatic reductions in
    visibility and quick accumulations on roadways.


    For the Day 1-3 period, the probability of significant icing of at
    least 0.10" is less than 10 percent across the CONUS.


    Mullinax






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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Mon Jan 13 07:19:22 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 130719
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    219 AM EST Mon Jan 13 2025

    Valid 12Z Mon Jan 13 2025 - 12Z Thu Jan 16 2025

    ...Northern Rockies/Western High Plains...
    Day 1...

    Weak shortwave diving through central/eastern MT this morning will
    sink southward through WY atop a surface boundary over eastern MT
    into the Black Hills, supporting generally light snow with some
    terrain enhancement. Areas in the Black Hills have a high chance
    70%) of at least 4 inches of snow today.


    ...Great Lakes...
    Days 1-3...

    Occluded area of low pressure over Lake Superior this morning will
    only slowly move to the east, leaving a surface trough across the
    region and NW flow into the U.P. of Michigan. Additional height
    falls via a cold closed low moving out of Canada into northern MN
    will maintain/invigorate cyclonic flow across all the Great Lakes
    behind the cold front moving into New England. Lake effect snow
    will pick up in earnest over the eastern Great Lakes and maintain
    itself over Lake Superior into the U.P. and northwest Lower MI for
    the next 2-3 days. Snow will gradually wind down from NW to SE late
    D2 into D3 ahead of a Canadian system.

    For the period, WPC probabilities of at least 8 inches of snow are
    50% over the Keweenaw Peninsula and over the eastern U.P. on NW
    flow, as well as into northwestern Lower MI. East of Lake Erie, WPC probabilities for at least 8 inches of snow are >50% from Erie, PA
    through the Chautauqua Ridge to near the Buffalo southtowns with
    some totals likely over a foot. East of Lake Ontario, snowfall will
    maximize into the Tug Hill Plateau where WPC probabilities for at
    least 12 inches of snow are high (>70%) and even have a small area
    of >50% probs for at least two feet around Redfield.


    ...PA/NY...
    Days 1-2...

    Approaching cold front today may instigate some snow squalls
    across the region given relatively steep low-level lapse rates. On
    Tuesday, approaching vort max may again provide an atmosphere
    conducive for some snow squalls, with the models generally showing
    an area of >1 in the snow squall parameter. Amounts will generally
    be light but these can be hazardous to drivers.


    For the Day 1-3 period, the probability of significant icing of at
    least 0.10" is less than 10 percent across the CONUS.


    Fracasso

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Mon Jan 13 19:30:23 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 131930
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    230 PM EST Mon Jan 13 2025

    Valid 00Z Tue Jan 14 2025 - 00Z Fri Jan 17 2025

    ...Northern Rockies/Plains...
    Day 1...

    Deep northwesterly flow, with embedded energy aloft, will support
    periods of snow and a stripe of mostly light accumulations from
    the northern Rockies southeastward into the mid Missouri Valley.
    Additional accumulations after 00Z are expected to be no more than
    an inch or two for most locations. However, WPC probabilities
    indicate that orographic enhancement may support some totals of at
    least 4 inches in the north-central Wyoming and south-central
    Montana mountains and in the Black Hills.


    ...Great Lakes...
    Days 1-3...

    An occluded surface low will move east of the Great Lakes through
    the St. Lawrence Valley, leaving deep cyclonic flow in its wake.
    Lake effect snows will continue to develop and intensify, with
    locally heavy amounts beginning to accumulate in the typical
    snowbelts this evening. Lake effect snows will continue into
    Wednesday before an approaching shortwave diving southeast through
    central Canada introduces some warm advection/synoptic-driven
    snows into the region by late in the day.

    Some of the heaviest lake effect snows are expected to fall east
    of Lake Ontario where a single band is expected to drift slowly
    south across the region over the next day. WPC probabilities
    indicate that accumulations greater than a foot are likely from
    this evening into late Tuesday across the region. Other areas
    impacted will likely include the northwestern Pennsylvania and far
    western New York counties, where localized two-day totals over a
    foot can be expected. Lesser accumulations are expected elsewhere,
    including the northern Michigan snowbelts.


    ...Pennsylvania...
    Day 1...

    Steep lapse rates in addition to an amplified shortwave moving
    through the base of the broader scale trough may support snow
    showers and potential squalls east of Lake Erie on Tuesday. The NAM
    and GFS continue to show Snow Squall Parameter values greater than
    2, especially across western to central Pennsylvania tomorrow afternoon/evening. Accumulations will generally be light, but a
    brief period of intense, wind-driven snow may create hazardous
    driving conditions.


    For the Day 1-3 period, the probability of significant icing of at
    least 0.10" is less than 10 percent across the CONUS.


    Pereira




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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Tue Jan 14 07:09:17 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 140708
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    208 AM EST Tue Jan 14 2025

    Valid 12Z Tue Jan 14 2025 - 12Z Fri Jan 17 2025

    ...Great Lakes...
    Days 1-3...

    Deep cyclonic flow is in place over the Great Lakes and will start
    to erode from NW to SE starting later today. Light to moderate
    snow over the western Great Lakes will wane later tonight with an
    additional few inches of snow over the favored lake belts. East of
    Lakes Erie/Ontario, locally heavy amounts will fall over the
    typical snowbelts today then start to lessen in intensity and
    transition from single banded to more multi-banded as the upper
    trough swings through. Starting tomorrow evening, an approaching
    shortwave and surface warm front will bring in some light WAA-
    driven snow to the western Great Lakes that will progress through
    the eastern Great Lakes.

    For the lake effect snow, WPC probabilities of at least an
    additional 6 inches of snow D1-1.5 are highest (>70%) over
    northwest PA into southwestern NY where 10+" are likely in the
    band. East of Lake Ontario, WPC probabilities for at least an
    additional 12 inches of snow are highest in the Tug Hill Plateau.
    By D3, as the weaker system moves through the area, WPC
    probabilities for at least 4 inches of snow are low (10-40%)
    downwind of Lakes Erie/Ontario and also over the central
    Appalachians thanks to some modest upslope.


    ...Eastern OH/W PA...
    Day 1...

    Steep lapse rates amplified by an amplified shortwave moving
    through the base of the broader scale trough may support snow
    showers and potential squalls east and southeast of Lake Erie this
    afternoon. The NAM and GFS continue to show Snow Squall Parameter
    values greater than 2 as 850mb temps of -15C or so move across the
    region. Accumulations will generally be light, but a brief period
    of intense, wind-driven snow may create hazardous driving
    conditions.


    For the Day 1-3 period, the probability of significant icing of at
    least 0.10" is less than 10 percent across the CONUS.


    Fracasso



    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Tue Jan 14 20:09:24 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 142008
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    308 PM EST Tue Jan 14 2025

    Valid 00Z Wed Jan 15 2025 - 00Z Sat Jan 18 2025

    ...Great Lakes & Central Appalachians...
    Days 1-3...

    Multiple days of lake-effect snow are expected through the end of
    the workweek as Arctic high pressure over the Plains advects frigid
    air over the lakes, resulting in heavy snow downwind. Clipper
    disturbances crossing the lakes will shift the bands north and
    south, as well as introduce variability into how strong the bands
    are.

    The first disturbance will be exiting the lower lakes at the start
    of the D1/Wednesday period this evening. Ongoing single banded
    lake-effect will shift southward into the disturbance. Once the
    flow becomes more northerly tonight behind the disturbance, the
    single bands should shift west and break into much weaker multi-
    bands as the flow becomes more perpendicular to the lakes.

    This southward shift will be short-lived however as the center of
    the Arctic high builds into the Ohio Valley and the next
    disturbance approaches the upper lakes from the heart of Canada.
    Thus, expect a rapid northward shift in the bands from west to east
    as southwesterly flow builds in behind the high.

    The second disturbance will be the stronger of the two as it moves
    into the upper lakes Wednesday into Wednesday night. It stays
    plenty cold enough for all snow. For most areas away from the lakes
    the snow should remain light...however where the lakes can locally
    enhance the moisture associated with this disturbance, heavy snow
    is possible. For the lower lakes, the flow will remain
    northwesterly into Wednesday before the northward shift occurs
    Wednesday night into Thursday. With this disturbance approaching
    the lake-effect should remain rather disorganized as it shifts
    north.

    On Thursday, the light snow with the disturbance will have
    overspread all the lakes, though behind it Lake Superior will
    increasingly favor the lake-enhanced areas of the northern U.P.
    Further, heavier snow lifted by the central Appalachians will begin
    to impact much of West Virginia and western Pennsylvania Thursday
    morning. The upslope snow will continue into Thursday night before
    a new high pressure area building in increases subsidence and dry
    air and ends the snow.

    Warm advection ahead of a third disturbance will effectively end
    much, if not all of the lake-effect during the day Friday. This
    third disturbance should remain almost entirely north of the
    lakes, though some light snow may spread into the Arrowhead late
    Thursday night.

    WPC Probabilities show a low (10-30%) chance of 6 inches of snow
    or more for the D1/Wednesday period southeast of the lower lakes.
    There's also a low (10-30%) chance of 4 inches of snow across the
    central Appalachians, particularly along the Allegheny Front of
    PA/MD/WV.

    ...Northern High Plains...
    Day 3...

    An Arctic front at the leading edge of some of the coldest air of
    the season will race southward out of Canada into the northern High
    Plains of MT/WY/ND on Friday. Supported by the RER of the jet, a
    shearing shortwave, and the contrast of warmer air ahead of the
    front, this "blue norther" scenario appears highly favorable for
    snow squalls, and more persistent heavy snows into the Little Belt,
    Big Snowy, Bighorns, and the Absarokas.

    The front will enter the Montana Hi-Line Thursday evening, racing
    south down the Plains through Montana and clearing Wyoming by
    Friday evening. Along with the front and favorable forcing, expect
    snow squalls to develop with the front with a first peak in
    intensity (based on the NAM) in the predawn hours Friday morning
    across central Montana. The Snow Squall Parameter nears the top of
    the scale (a 5) at this time. A secondary peak follows it during
    the day Friday in Montana as the initial wave tracks down the
    Wyoming Plains. The snow squalls will be characterized by rapid
    changes in visibility at the initial onset of the snow as clear
    conditions can drop to near whiteout in a matter of seconds. Once
    the squall clears visibility improves about as fast as it initially deteriorated. For most of the Plains, total accumulations are
    expected to be minor, however since the snow will be heavy, brief
    periods of hazardous driving conditions are likely. In the
    aforementioned mountains, expect a more prolonged period of heavy
    snow as upslope effectively wrings out the moisture, resulting in
    multiple inches of accumulation.



    For the Day 1-3 period, the probability of significant icing of at
    least 0.10" is less than 10 percent across the CONUS.


    Wegman

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Tue Jan 14 20:10:19 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 142010
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    310 PM EST Tue Jan 14 2025

    Valid 00Z Wed Jan 15 2025 - 00Z Sat Jan 18 2025

    ...Great Lakes & Central Appalachians...=20
    Days 1-3...

    Multiple days of lake-effect snow are expected through the end of
    the workweek as Arctic high pressure over the Plains advects frigid
    air over the lakes, resulting in heavy snow downwind. Clipper
    disturbances crossing the lakes will shift the bands north and
    south, as well as introduce variability into how strong the bands
    are.

    The first disturbance will be exiting the lower lakes at the start
    of the D1/Wednesday period this evening. Ongoing single banded=20
    lake-effect will shift southward into the disturbance. Once the
    flow becomes more northerly tonight behind the disturbance, the
    single bands should shift west and break into much weaker multi-
    bands as the flow becomes more perpendicular to the lakes.

    This southward shift will be short-lived however as the center of
    the Arctic high builds into the Ohio Valley and the next
    disturbance approaches the upper lakes from the heart of Canada.
    Thus, expect a rapid northward shift in the bands from west to east
    as southwesterly flow builds in behind the high.

    The second disturbance will be the stronger of the two as it moves
    into the upper lakes Wednesday into Wednesday night. It stays
    plenty cold enough for all snow. For most areas away from the lakes
    the snow should remain light...however where the lakes can locally
    enhance the moisture associated with this disturbance, heavy snow
    is possible. For the lower lakes, the flow will remain
    northwesterly into Wednesday before the northward shift occurs
    Wednesday night into Thursday. With this disturbance approaching
    the lake-effect should remain rather disorganized as it shifts
    north.

    On Thursday, the light snow with the disturbance will have
    overspread all the lakes, though behind it Lake Superior will
    increasingly favor the lake-enhanced areas of the northern U.P.
    Further, heavier snow lifted by the central Appalachians will begin
    to impact much of West Virginia and western Pennsylvania Thursday
    morning. The upslope snow will continue into Thursday night before
    a new high pressure area building in increases subsidence and dry
    air and ends the snow.

    Warm advection ahead of a third disturbance will effectively end
    much, if not all of the lake-effect during the day Friday. This
    third disturbance should remain almost entirely north of the=20
    lakes, though some light snow may spread into the Arrowhead late=20
    Thursday night.

    WPC Probabilities show a low (10-30%) chance of 6 inches of snow
    or more for the D1/Wednesday period southeast of the lower lakes.
    There's also a low (10-30%) chance of 4 inches of snow across the
    central Appalachians, particularly along the Allegheny Front of
    PA/MD/WV.

    ...Northern High Plains...
    Day 3...

    An Arctic front at the leading edge of some of the coldest air of
    the season will race southward out of Canada into the northern High
    Plains of MT/WY/ND on Friday. Supported by the RER of the jet, a
    shearing shortwave, and the contrast of warmer air ahead of the=20
    front, this "blue norther" scenario appears highly favorable for
    snow squalls, and more persistent heavy snows into the Little Belt,
    Big Snowy, Bighorns, and the Absarokas.=20

    The front will enter the Montana Hi-Line Thursday evening, racing
    south down the Plains through Montana and clearing Wyoming by
    Friday evening. Along with the front and favorable forcing, expect
    snow squalls to develop with the front with a first peak in
    intensity (based on the NAM) in the predawn hours Friday morning
    across central Montana. The Snow Squall Parameter nears the top of
    the scale (a 5) at this time. A secondary peak follows it during
    the day Friday in Montana as the initial wave tracks down the
    Wyoming Plains. The snow squalls will be characterized by rapid
    changes in visibility at the initial onset of the snow as clear
    conditions can drop to near whiteout in a matter of seconds. Once
    the squall clears visibility improves about as fast as it initially deteriorated. For most of the Plains, total accumulations are
    expected to be minor, however since the snow will be heavy, brief
    periods of hazardous driving conditions are likely. In the
    aforementioned mountains, expect a more prolonged period of heavy
    snow as upslope effectively wrings out the moisture, resulting in
    multiple inches of accumulation.



    For the Day 1-3 period, the probability of significant icing of at
    least 0.10" is less than 10 percent across the CONUS.


    Wegman


    ...Winter Storm Key Messages are in effect. Please see current=20
    Key Messages below...

    https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/key_messages/Late= stKeyMessage_1.png__;!!DZ3fjg!8mkUs5mLvapn18tIaBsy7s85v0KmqYDxDc591HTmIcouY= XD6WVAo1nzReAEnnKvCOHqzlfdF1-n2bn0hhPkZJicB22k$=20

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Wed Jan 15 07:32:31 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 150731
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    231 AM EST Wed Jan 15 2025

    Valid 12Z Wed Jan 15 2025 - 12Z Sat Jan 18 2025

    ...Great Lakes & Central Appalachians...=20
    Days 1-2...

    Ongoing lake-effect snow over the eastern Great Lakes will wind=20
    down today as a new shortwave moves in from the northwest, bringing
    light snow to the Upper Midwest/Western Great Lakes on WAA. As the
    warm front passes, winds will switch to NW as the cold front makes
    its approach but weakens across the region in response to height=20
    rises from the west. Regardless, some lake enhancement or lake=20
    effect snow is likely over much of the region but with overall=20
    light amounts over the U.P. and into western Lower Michigan.=20

    East of Lakes Erie and Ontario, system will bring in some light=20
    snow followed by a period of lake enhanced/effect snow D2 before=20
    ending D3. To the south, shortwave will swing right through the=20
    central Appalachians, maximizing upslope into eastern WV where=20
    several inches of snow are likely D2. WPC probabilities for at=20
    least 6 inches are high (>70%) especially over 2000ft.=20


    ...Northern/central Rockies/High Plains...
    Day 3...

    As an upper ridge builds across the Northeastern Pacific Thursday=20
    into Friday, downstream response will be digging troughing out of=20
    western Canada nearly due south through the High Plains via a=20
    strong cold front ("blue norther"). Though moisture will be=20
    limited, strong northerly flow will support upslope enhancement=20
    into some of the terrain over central/western Montana (esp the=20
    Little Belts and Big Snowy Mountains) southward into the Bighorns,=20 Absarokas, and into the southeastern WY ranges.=20

    As the front dives southward, steeper lapse rates will support=20
    snow squalls along the front Friday in Montana progressing into=20
    Wyoming. Snow squall parameter per the guidance still shows values=20
    1 (and even >3) suggesting the possibility of bursts of snow with=20
    sharply reduced visibility leading to near whiteout conditions. CAM
    guidance should shed a little more light on the threat over the=20
    next two days, but we have outlined this area in our Key Messages=20
    (see below). WPC probabilities for at least 4 inches of snow over=20 Montana/Wyoming are moderate (40-70%) and mostly over the terrain=20
    with light snow (1-2") elsewhere.=20

    As the system races southward, cold front will slow a bit across=20
    the Rockies but continue to plunge through the High Plains,=20
    favoring upslope enhancement into the Front Range late Fri/early=20
    Sat. Snow will expand through the I-25 corridor into the Denver=20
    Metro area with higher amounts across the Front Range as=20
    temperatures fall into the teens, helping to increase SLRs from=20
    ~12:1 up toward ~18:1. Additional snowfall is likely past 12Z Sat.=20
    Through then, WPC probabilities for at least 4 inches of snow are=20
    at least 50% across the Front Range.


    For the Day 1-3 period, the probability of significant icing of at
    least 0.10" is less than 10 percent across the CONUS.


    Fracasso


    ...Winter Storm Key Messages are in effect. Please see current Key
    Messages below...

    https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/key_messages/Late= stKeyMessage_1.png__;!!DZ3fjg!-ldOWVByooDW7BLWs9uj_P_dU1lz4Xcjq6A0kq2xC_drX= XAWf_Odc8mo06IxKc1G0vi-hLX-Bnp1mtzxLsY2Lqe6Ygg$=20

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Wed Jan 15 20:45:45 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 152045
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    345 PM EST Wed Jan 15 2025

    Valid 00Z Thu Jan 16 2025 - 00Z Sun Jan 19 2025

    ...Great Lakes & Central Appalachians...=20
    Days 1-2...

    A trough extending from a low moving east over southern Hudson Bay
    will push across the western Great Lakes tonight and the eastern on
    Thursday. Areas of light snow can be expected ahead of the trough
    with up to 24 hours of moderate lake effect snow behind on NWly=20
    flow. Day 1 snow probabilities for >4" are 30-60% for preferred=20
    U.P. and western MI snowbelts with 50-80% values on Day 1.5 east of
    Lake Erie.=20
    The broad NWly flow allows ideal upslope flow for snow=20
    showers in the central Appalachians. Day 1.5 snow probabilities for
    6" are 60-90% from the Laurels of PA through the Allegheny=20
    Highlands in WV.

    Day 3...

    Strong surface low development shifting east across Ontario Friday
    is on the leading edge of an Arctic plunge (see Key Messages linked
    below) down the Great Plains. Broad cyclonic flow under this trough
    sends notable moisture north from the Southeast and over the Great
    Lakes and eventually Northeast. Precip onset in the central
    Appalachians is Saturday morning. Sufficient cold air should linger
    at the surface for a wintry mix including freezing rain to occur.
    Probabilities for significant freezing rain are currently low, but
    there is a threat particularly in the sheltered valleys in VA/WV/MD
    into PA.


    ...Rockies and High Plains...=20
    Days 2/3...

    A rather amplified upper ridge builds across the Northeastern=20
    Pacific and Alaska Thursday into Friday which opens polar air to
    plunge south from the Canadian Prairies with a strong cold front=20
    ("blue norther") sweeping down the Great Plains Friday through
    Saturday. Though moisture will be limited, strong Nly flow around=20
    a 1055mb high that pushes into MT Saturday evening will support=20
    upslope enhancement along the length of the eastern slopes of the=20 Rockies.=20

    As the front dives southward, steeper lapse rates will support=20
    snow squalls along the front early Friday in central Montana=20
    progressing across Wyoming and possibly northern Colorado through=20
    Friday evening. Snow squall parameter values in the 12Z NAM are 2
    to 4 over these areas suggesting bursts of snow with sharply=20
    reduced visibility leading to near whiteout conditions. CAM=20
    guidance should shed a little more light on the threat over the=20
    next two days, but we have outlined this area in our Key Messages=20
    (see below). Day 2 WPC snow probabilities for >4" remain moderate
    (40-70%) over terrain in central Montana/northern Wyoming.

    As the front races southward, enhanced lift from a reinforcing
    shortwave trough on the backside of the sprawling upper trough will
    allow more moderate snow over the CO Front Range and the I-25=20
    corridor through the Denver Metro area. Day 3 snow probabilities
    for >4" are high 60-90% in terrain and around 50% in the foothills
    to the I-25 corridor from southern WY through CO.

    Jackson



    ...Winter Storm Key Messages are in effect. Please see current=20
    Key Messages below...

    https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/key_messages/Late= stKeyMessage_1.png__;!!DZ3fjg!7fFclx_AnPLodOb4JPeD6gm9AJQrac1NXsE8jjaGB1Y42= ZXjWJWwuDU-2GsJIUldzB0ef_IlMKhPPOSa7M_NfO0DjsA$=20

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Thu Jan 16 08:13:41 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 160813
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    313 AM EST Thu Jan 16 2025

    Valid 12Z Thu Jan 16 2025 - 12Z Sun Jan 19 2025

    ...Great Lakes & Central Appalachians...=20
    Days 1...

    A potent 500mb trough diving south through the Great Lakes this
    morning will foster healthy upper level divergence over the
    Northeast and Central Appalachians today while also directing=20
    plume of 700-300mb layer-averaged moisture through these regions.=20
    In addition, the brief shot of low-level CAA will trigger some=20
    lake-effect snow showers today with the Chautauqua Ridge sporting=20 moderate-to-high chances (50-70%) for snowfall totals >4" through=20
    Thursday evening. The Central Appalachians are most favored for=20
    heavy snowfall totals given their favorable position beneath the=20
    diffluent left-exit region of a 100kt 500mb jet streak and upwards=20
    of 40kt westerly winds at 850mb aiding in healthy upslope snowfall.
    Snow looks to fall heaviest beginning late morning and lasting=20
    through the afternoon with rates topping 0.5"/hr in some cases. In=20
    fact, given the steepening lapse rates Thursday afternoon over the=20 Mid-Atlantic, residents in the region should be on the lookout for=20
    possible snow squalls given the favorable time of day and more than
    adequate upper-level divergence aloft. Snow in the Central=20
    Appalachians looks to continue Thursday night and finally tapers=20
    off by Friday morning. WPC probabilities depict high chances=20
    70%) for snowfall totals >6" from the Laurel Highlands of=20
    southern Pennsylvania and near the MD/WV border to the Allegheny=20
    Highlands in West Virginia. Some of the taller peaks of eastern=20
    West Virginia could see totals around a foot of snow by Friday=20
    morning.=20

    Day 3...

    By Friday night, a deepening area of low pressure will escort a
    strong Arctic front south that will deliver a frigid air-mass that
    is the coldest and most dangerous of the season this weekend and
    into next week (see Key Messages linked below). The Arctic front
    will turn on the LES machine over Lake Superior by early Friday
    morning while periods of snow develop along and in wake of the
    Arctic frontal passage over the Great Lakes Saturday afternoon,=20
    then over the eastern Great Lakes and central Appalachians Saturday
    evening. LES bands look to form over parts of central and western=20
    New York Saturday night that likely persist through the remainder=20
    of the weekend. Through 12Z Sunday, WPC probabilities show=20
    moderate-to-high chances (50-70%) for snowfall >4" and low chances
    (10-30%) for snowfall >6" in the Tug Hill Plateau, but expect=20
    these probabilities and snowfall totals to rise as the LES bands=20
    that linger in the medium range enter the short range over the next
    24-48 hours.=20

    ...Rockies and High Plains...=20
    Days 2-3...

    The impending snowfall in these region, starting late Thursday
    night in the northern Rockies/High Plains, is driven by a
    combination of both upper level disturbances and the arrival of a
    bitterly cold Arctic air-mass that is destined to be the coldest
    air-mass of the season to infiltrate the Lower 48. This
    exceptional cold front (a "blue norther") out ahead of will push=20
    south Thursday night at the same time as 500mb PVA ahead of an=20
    approaching upper trough occurs over the northern Rockies/High=20
    Plains. Snow showers will breakout across Montana early Friday=20
    morning and make its way south throughout the day into Wyoming,=20
    then into Colorado by Friday night. Southern Montana and into=20
    Wyoming, in particular, sport notably higher snow squall parameters
    given the stronger surface- based heating that will cause steeper=20
    low-level lapse rates. Snow squalls would cause rapid reductions in
    visibility due to a combination of heavy snow rates and whipping=20
    wind gusts, as well as rapid accumulations on roads as temperatures
    plummet well below freezing. Motorists in these areas should keep=20
    a close eye on potential snow squalls as it can cause dangerous=20
    travel conditions in a matter of seconds.

    As the front plunges south Friday evening, the snow potential
    shifts south into Colorado with periods of snow getting started
    near the start of the evening rush hour in the Denver/Boulder metro
    area. While the snow squall potential may not be as high, the
    easterly upslope-enhancement of snowfall rates will make for
    occasional periods of heavy snow Friday evening. Snowfall rates
    will weaken as the front works its way south of the Palmer Divide
    Friday night and down the spine of the Sangre De Cristo early
    Saturday morning with some snow along the Front Range lingering
    into the day on Saturday as a dome of ~1050mb high pressure builds
    in from the Canadian Prairies. WPC probabilities are keying in on
    the Front Range as the focus for the heaviest snowfall with
    moderate-to-high chances (50-70%) for snowfall >4" from the Laramie
    Range on south to parts of the Sangre De Cristo. The I-25 corridor
    from Fort Collins on south to the Colorado Springs area Friday=20
    have similar probabilities for >4" of snowfall with even low=20
    chances (10-30%) for greater than 6" between Friday evening and=20
    Saturday morning in spots. Some of the higher peaks (>10,000ft)=20
    have moderate chances (40-60%) for snowfall >8" through Saturday=20
    morning. The WSSI is currently depicting Minor Impacts for just=20
    about all of these referenced areas, suggesting the potential for=20
    winter weather conditions that would require enhanced caution while
    driving in these affected areas.


    Mullinax


    ...Winter Storm Key Messages are in effect. Please see current=20
    Key Messages below...

    https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/key_messages/Late= stKeyMessage_1.png__;!!DZ3fjg!9K4pbM8Z7v2hp7d1Lh9n2vIQ0T1AkHWAjp6hGM6tfRADd= RzBz81dTmleQaRUY0mkeFCCwZQplmm3FzsoqM5HaT0_Tmw$=20

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Thu Jan 16 20:23:38 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 162023
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    323 PM EST Thu Jan 16 2025

    Valid 00Z Fri Jan 17 2025 - 00Z Mon Jan 20 2025

    ...Great Lakes & Central Appalachians...
    Days 1 & 3...

    Day 1...

    Continued snowfall across the Buffalo South towns down
    into the proxy of the Chautauqua Ridge will be ongoing for another
    few hours with multi-hour accumulations approaching 4+" within the
    most persistent bands downwind of Lake Erie. This setup will cease
    with the loss of sufficient forcing, bringing an end to the threat
    by the beginning of the 00z Friday time frame.

    Over the Central Appalachians, the previously identified favorable
    forecast for heavy snowfall remains steadfast as the overall
    synoptic pattern maintained continuity within the 12z suite of NWP.
    Heavy snowfall totals are anticipated given their favorable
    position beneath the diffluent left- exit region of a 100kt 500mb
    jet streak and upwards of 40kt westerly winds at 850mb aiding in
    healthy upslope snowfall. This has been highlighted within the
    latest hi- res window with the recent 18z RAP/HRRR output
    indicating a healthy uptick in snowfall beginning ~20z, lingering
    through portions of the overnight period before decaying prior to
    sunrise as dry air advection and decreased mid-level forcing ushers
    an end to the potential. Snow looks to fall heaviest between now
    and 06z Friday with rates topping 0.5"/hr in some cases. Steepening
    lapse rates have been analyzed via Mesoanalysis over the Mid-
    Atlantic over the past few hours along and east of the Appalachian
    front, likely providing residents in the region to be on the
    lookout for possible snow squalls given the favorable time of day
    and more than adequate upper-level divergence aloft. With the
    heaviest snowfall still relegated to maintain the Central
    Appalachians, WPC probabilities continue to depict locally elevated
    chances (>40%) for additional snowfall totals >4" near the MD/WV
    border down through the Highlands in West Virginia. Some of the
    taller peaks of eastern West Virginia could see snow totals
    between 8-12" by Friday morning from the cumulative nature of the
    event, especially within Tucker, Randolph, and western Pocahontas
    counties.


    Day 3...

    By Friday night, a deepening area of low pressure will escort a
    strong Arctic front south that will deliver a frigid air-mass that
    is the coldest and most dangerous of the season this weekend and
    into next week (see Key Messages linked below). The Arctic front
    will turn on the LES machine over Lake Superior by early Friday
    morning while periods of snow develop along and in wake of the
    Arctic frontal passage over the Great Lakes Saturday afternoon,
    then over the eastern Great Lakes and central Appalachians Saturday
    evening. LES bands look to form over parts of central and western
    New York Saturday night that likely persist through the remainder
    of the weekend. Through 12Z Sunday, WPC probabilities show
    moderate- to- high chances (50-70%) for snowfall >4" and low
    chances (10-30%) for snowfall >6" in the Tug Hill Plateau, but
    expect these probabilities and snowfall totals to rise as the LES
    bands that linger in the medium range enter the short range over
    the next 24-48 hours.

    Across the Central Appalachians, a secondary round of heavy snow
    within the 72 hour period will take shape as the Arctic front
    pushes across the terrain with prevailing westerly flow advecting
    bitter cold air within the primary cold air advection regime post-
    Arctic front. A period of upslope snowfall will begin Saturday
    behind expected fropa, weakening as we step into early Sunday
    laying the ground work for the next round of expected snowfall as
    surface cyclogenesis is forecast across the Southeast thanks to an
    amplifying trailing wave tracking towards the Mid Atlantic coast.
    Ensemble spread has tightened as of the recent 12z suite, however
    there is still some discrepancy on the magnitude of the snowfall
    potential within the region. A lot is contingent on the
    amplification regime of the trailing wave with most of the
    ensembles now trending towards a more robust surface reflection and
    regional ascent pattern across the entire Mid Atlantic extending
    west into the Appalachian Front. Latest probabilities have
    increased substantially run-to-run given the trends with the >4"
    signal now within the moderate-high category (40-70%), even
    carrying a small region of (40-60%) for >6" within the favored
    areas of West Virginia, primarily the zones capable of both the
    upslope component combined with the synoptic impacts anticipated
    over the course of Sunday.


    ...Rockies and High Plains...
    Days 2-3...

    There has been little change with the impending snowfall in these
    regions, starting late Thursday night in the northern Rockies/High
    Plains, is driven by a combination of both upper level disturbances
    and the arrival of a bitterly cold Arctic air-mass that is
    destined to be the coldest air-mass of the season to infiltrate the
    Lower 48. This exceptional cold front (a "blue norther") out ahead
    of will push south Thursday night at the same time as 500mb PVA
    ahead of an approaching upper trough occurs over the northern
    Rockies/High Plains. Snow showers will breakout across Montana
    early Friday morning and make its way south throughout the day into
    Wyoming, then into Colorado by Friday night. Southern Montana and
    into Wyoming, in particular, sport notably higher snow squall
    parameters given the stronger surface- based heating that will
    cause steeper low-level lapse rates. Snow squalls would cause rapid
    reductions in visibility due to a combination of heavy snow rates
    and whipping wind gusts, as well as rapid accumulations on roads as temperatures plummet well below freezing. Motorists in these areas
    should keep a close eye on potential snow squalls as it can cause
    dangerous travel conditions in a matter of seconds.

    As the front plunges south Friday evening, the snow potential
    shifts south into Colorado with periods of snow getting started
    near the start of the evening rush hour in the Denver/Boulder metro
    area. While the snow squall potential may not be as high, the
    easterly upslope-enhancement of snowfall rates will make for
    occasional periods of heavy snow Friday evening. Snowfall rates
    will weaken as the front works its way south of the Palmer Divide
    Friday night and down the spine of the Sangre De Cristo early
    Saturday morning with some snow along the Front Range lingering
    into the day on Saturday as a dome of ~1050mb high pressure builds
    in from the Canadian Prairies. WPC probabilities are keying in on
    the Front Range as the focus for the heaviest snowfall with
    moderate-to-high chances (50-70+%) for snowfall >4" from the
    Laramie Range on south to parts of the Sangre De Cristo. The I-25
    corridor from Fort Collins on south to the Colorado Springs area
    Friday have similar probabilities for >4" of snowfall with even low
    chances (25-50%) for greater than 6" between Friday evening and
    Saturday morning in spots. Some of the higher peaks (>10,000ft)
    have moderate chances (40-60%) for snowfall >8" through Saturday
    morning. The WSSI is currently depicting Minor Impacts for just
    about all of these referenced areas, suggesting the potential for
    winter weather conditions that would require enhanced caution while
    driving in these affected areas.

    ...Mid Atlantic and Northeast...
    Day 3...

    A trailing wave along the southern periphery of the Arctic front
    will exit out of the southeastern U.S with an expectation for the
    wave to amplify as it approaches the Southern Mid Atlantic with
    attendant surface cyclogenesis across the Deep South, moving
    northeast. Recent ensemble and deterministic output via the 12z
    suite of NWP has become increasingly aggressive with the signal for
    a low end moderate event for heavy snow prospects, mainly from
    southwestern VA up through the Central Mid Atlantic, eventually
    bleeding into the periods following as the pattern shifts northeast
    up through the Northern Mid Atlantic (PA/NY) and Southern New
    England. There has been some discrepancy within the suite on the
    exact placement of the heaviest precip potential with a split on
    two camps favoring a more amplified setup (UKMET/CMC) and a less
    amplified evolution (ECMWF) with the GFS now solidly in the middle
    of the two camps. ECMWF AIFS ML output has been very steady over
    the course of the last 3+ days of output with the latest run
    showing great consistency when assessing run-to-run variability.
    This lends credence to a slightly better confidence with regards to
    snowfall potential across the area with the probabilities of >4"
    going from close to 0% overnight towards (10-30%) within a span of
    one run. It's a period to monitor as heavy snowfall threat would
    impact the population centers of the DMV up through Philadelphia
    and points northeast in the periods beyond.

    Mullinax/Kleebauer


    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Fri Jan 17 08:10:36 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 170810
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    310 AM EST Fri Jan 17 2025

    Valid 12Z Fri Jan 17 2025 - 12Z Mon Jan 20 2025

    ...Great Lakes...
    Days 2-3...

    By Friday night, a deepening area of low pressure will escort a
    strong Arctic front south that delivers a frigid air-mass that is=20
    the coldest and most dangerous of the season this weekend and into=20
    next week (see Key Messages linked below). The Arctic front will=20
    turn on the LES machine over Lake Superior by Friday night while=20
    periods of snow develop along the northern and western coasts of
    Michigan's Mitten by Saturday morning. Following an initial WAA
    thump of snow Saturday afternoon, LES bands look to form over=20
    parts of central and western New York Saturday night that likely=20
    persist through the remainder of the weekend. Through 12Z Monday,=20
    WPC probabilities show moderate-to-high chances (50-70%) for=20
    snowfall >4" and low chances (~10%) for snowfall >8" in the Tug=20
    Hill Plateau. The Michigan U.P. sports moderate-to-high chance
    probabilities (50-70%) for >8" of snow in the Porcupine Mountains
    and in parts of the eastern U.P.. Expect these probabilities and=20
    snowfall totals to rise as LES bands increase in coverage an=20
    intensity throughout the region as winds accelerate and the heart=20
    of the bitterly cold temperatures aloft race over the Great Lakes=20
    next week.


    ...Rockies and High Plains...=20
    Days 1-2...

    The combination of both upper level diffluence ahead of a deep-
    layer trough and the arrival of a bitterly cold Arctic air-mass=20
    that is destined to be the coldest air-mass of the season to=20
    infiltrate the Lower 48 will bring about Snow squalls and mountain
    snow to parts of these regions through Saturday. This exceptional=20
    cold front (a "blue norther") out ahead of the upper trough will=20
    push south this morning while at the same time, 500mb PVA ahead of=20
    an approaching upper trough occurs over the northern Rockies/High=20
    Plains. Snow showers will breakout across Montana this morning and=20
    make its way south throughout the day into Wyoming, then into=20
    northern Colorado by Friday afternoon. Southern Montana and into=20
    Wyoming, in particular, sport notably higher snow squall parameters
    given the stronger surface-based heating that will cause steeper=20
    low-level lapse rates. Snow squalls are also possible today along=20
    the cold front as it tracks east across the Dakotas Snow squalls=20
    can cause rapid reductions in visibility due to a combination of=20
    heavy snow rates and whipping wind gusts, as well as rapid=20
    accumulations on roads as temperatures plummet well below freezing.
    Motorists in these areas should keep a close eye on potential snow
    squalls as it can cause dangerous travel conditions in a matter of
    seconds.

    As the front plunges south Friday evening, the snow potential
    shifts south into Colorado with periods of snow beginning near the
    start of the evening rush hour in the Denver/Boulder metro area.=20
    While the snow squall potential may not be as high by this time,=20
    the easterly upslope-enhancement of snowfall rates will make for=20
    occasional periods of heavy snow Friday evening. Snowfall rates=20
    will weaken as the front works its way south of the Palmer Divide=20
    Friday night and down the spine of the Sangre De Cristo early=20
    Saturday morning with some snow along the Front Range lingering=20
    into the day on Saturday as a dome of ~1050mb high pressure builds=20
    in from the Canadian Prairies. WPC probabilities are keying in on=20
    the Front Range as the focus for the heaviest snowfall with=20
    moderate-to-high chances (50-70+%) for snowfall >4" from the=20
    Laramie Range on south to parts of the Sangre De Cristo. The I-25=20
    corridor from Fort Collins on south to the Colorado Springs area=20
    Friday have similar probabilities for >4" of snowfall with even
    low chances (10-30%) for greater than 6" between Friday evening=20
    and Saturday morning in spots. Some of the higher peaks (>10,000ft)
    have moderate chances (40-60%) for snowfall >8" through Saturday=20
    morning. The WSSI is currently depicting Minor Impacts for just=20
    about all of these referenced areas, suggesting the potential for=20
    winter weather conditions that would require enhanced caution while
    driving in these affected areas. The one notable exception is the=20
    Denver metro area as Moderate Impacts are now depicted, indicating=20
    there are likely to be disruptions ot daily life with potential=20
    closures and hazardous driving conditions.


    ...Mid Atlantic and Northeast...
    Day 3...

    ...Confidence is increasing in a disruptive winter storm from the
    Mid-Atlantic to the Northeast with locally heavy snowfall possible
    along the I-95 corridor...

    Model diagnostics: Over the past 24-36 hours, guidance has come=20
    into better agreement on a deepening 500mb trough over the Ohio=20
    Valley and higher height rises in the Atlantic south of Bermuda.=20
    AI-based guidance (ECMWF-AIFS and GFS GraphCast) have been showing=20
    this increasing potential over this time span while ensembles=20
    (ECMWF-EPS, GEFS, GEPS) have all gradually trended snowier as=20
    well. While this is the case, deterministic guidance still shows=20
    the lingering uncertainties with the 500mb trough's amplitude and=20
    position 12Z Sunday. The 00Z GFS is slightly deeper vs the 00Z=20
    ECMWF. The 00Z CMC is similar to the ECMWF 500mb disturbance's=20
    strength, but with less confluence over the Northeast, allowing=20
    for a more storm track on the northern side of the track=20
    distribution. The UKMET also has a similar look to the Canadian,=20
    albeit with a colder boundary layer setup given stronger confluence
    over the Northeast. Overall, the AI-based guidance and the trends=20
    in the ensembles provide an increased confidence in a synoptic-=20
    scale setup that is boosting confidence in a winter storm from the=20 Mid-Atlantic to the Northeast, but more specific details on storm=20
    track still need to be ironed out over the next 24-36 hours.

    Synoptic & mesoscale analysis: The approaching upper-level trough=20
    Saturday night will amplify over the Ohio Valley and place a=20
    strengthening 250-500mb layer averaged jet streak over the Mid-=20
    Atlantic by Sunday morning. NAEFS shows 200mb and 500mb winds over
    the Southeast U.S. are above the 90th climatological percentile=20
    and foster healthy upper level divergence aloft on Sunday. At=20
    lower levels, a cold front Saturday night will stall out along the=20 Mid-Atlantic coast and into southern Virginia. The front, residing
    beneath the synoptically-favorable jet stream setup, will spawn an
    area of low pressure Sunday morning in the Carolinas and gradually
    strengthen as it heads for the Mid-Atlantic coast Sunday=20
    afternoon. The heaviest banding of snow is likely to reside north=20
    of 850mb frontogenesis, which will become more and more pronounced=20
    as the 850mb low forms somewhere along the Jersey Coast and tracks=20
    northeast towards Long Island and the MA Capes Sunday evening. The
    storm is a progressive one, but given the sufficient synoptic and=20
    mesoscale processes, the deformation zone of heavy snow would be=20
    more than capable of generating ~1"/hr snowfall rates, especially=20
    for areas from the Delaware Valley on north and east through the=20
    Tri-State area and into southern New England where they are more=20
    likely to have better mesoscale forcing as the 850mb low deepens=20
    Sunday night.

    Timing & snowfall/impact probabilities: As mentioned before, this=20
    is a quick hitting system that is all but gone by midday Monday as=20
    it races toward the Canadian Maritimes by Monday afternoon. Snow=20
    is forecast to be at its heaviest Sunday morning and afternoon for
    the DC/Baltimore metros, the Philly/NYC metros Sunday afternoon=20
    and evening, then across southern New England Sunday night into=20
    early Monday morning. Latest WPC probabilities show moderate-to-=20
    high chances (50-70%) for snowfall totals >4" from the Delaware=20
    Valley on north through the Lower Hudson Valley and across southern
    New England. Low-to-moderate chances (30-50%) for >4" extend as=20
    far north and east as Downeast Maine. WPC probabilities even show=20
    some spotty low chance probabilities (10-20%) for snowfall totals=20
    8" in parts of southern New England. The DC/Baltimore metro areas=20
    sport low chance probabilities (10-30%) for >4" of snowfall at the
    moment, while the Philly and NYC metros are in the moderate range=20
    (40-60%) for >4" of snow. While exact amounts remain unclear, the=20
    WSSI-P Minor probabilities are >60% for the full length of I-95=20
    from DC to Boston, indicating the heightened potential for hazardous
    travel conditions Sunday into Monday. WPC has initiated Key=20
    Messages for this event and can be viewed at the bottom of this=20
    discussion.


    Mullinax



    ...Winter Storm Key Messages are in effect. Please see current=20
    Key Messages below...

    https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/key_messages/Late= stKeyMessage_1.png__;!!DZ3fjg!4dY4WsEIB1AHhiR9NCIDz0vRrw-ZiqvDYXbRMjxOAJEPJ= eZzAK0mqcDQjS5cH131sou9KCbLLMGDRnMBqkMXyPvRpLw$=20

    https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/key_messages/Late= stKeyMessage_2.png__;!!DZ3fjg!4dY4WsEIB1AHhiR9NCIDz0vRrw-ZiqvDYXbRMjxOAJEPJ= eZzAK0mqcDQjS5cH131sou9KCbLLMGDRnMBqkMXgKkDj9M$=20

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Fri Jan 17 20:46:26 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 172046
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    346 PM EST Fri Jan 17 2025

    Valid 00Z Sat Jan 18 2025 - 00Z Tue Jan 21 2025

    ...Great Lakes...
    Days 1-3...

    Low pressure over the north-central Ontario along with surface
    ridge over western Canadian Prairies combine to push Arctic cold=20=20
    south down the Great Plains and east across the Great Lakes through
    Saturday night. The LES machine over Lake Superior begins this
    evening for the U.P. on NWly flow, the western L.P. overnight.
    Gulf-sourced moisture shifts in advance of the cold front will
    surge over the eastern Great Lakes Saturday before tapering off
    Saturday night. There's a bit of a lull Sunday over the eastern
    lakes with LES kicking in there Monday. Day 1 snow probs for >4"
    are 20-40% over the northern U.P. and 30-60% from the synoptic flow
    south and east of Erie and east of Ontario. Day 2 snow probs for
    4" are 40-80% in the U.P. and portions of the western L.P., then
    higher on Wly flow for Day 3 with 40-70% over the same U.P./L.P.
    zones and east of Erie/Ontario.


    ...Colorado Rockies and High Plains...=20
    Day 1...

    The combination of both upper level diffluence ahead of a deep-
    layer trough and the arrival of a bitterly cold Arctic air-mass will
    continue to produce some snow squalls into this evening along the
    cold front from the north-central Rockies east across the Great
    Plains.=20

    Focused mountain snow is expected over the eastern slopes=20
    of the CO Rockies and adjacent high plains including the I-25=20
    corridor tonight into Saturday. The base of the main trough=20
    descending from Canada has a vort lobe currently pushing south over
    Idaho. This will shift SSE over the Four Corners through Saturday=20
    which will aid lift over CO which has low level upslope flow post-=20
    frontal with a 1050mb high moving into MT on Saturday. Snowfall rates
    reach 1"/hr per the 12Z HREF on the eastern slopes of the Front
    Range this evening before the bands work their way south across the
    Raton Mesa early Saturday. Day 1 snow probs for >4" are high
    (60-90% over the Front Range down to Pikes Peak and 30-50% for the
    I-25 corridor through the length of CO.

    Be cautious of hazardous driving conditions in any further snow
    squalls and on the eastern slopes of CO terrain.


    ...Central Appalachians, Mid-Atlantic and Northeast...=20
    Days 2-3...

    ...Confidence has further increased from a non-ECMWF deterministic
    solution general model blend for a disruptive winter storm from=20
    the central Appalachians, central Mid-Atlantic through the=20
    Northeast with locally heavy snowfall possible along and west of the
    I-95 corridor...

    Guidance remains in good agreement on a two wave solution. The
    initial wave on Saturday is a shortwave in advance of the main
    polar sourced trough with the wave of concern the positively-tilted
    trough axis that lifts from the Southeast Sunday through Sunday
    night. AI-based guidance (ECMWF- AIFS and GFS GraphCast) have been
    consistent with coastal low development off the Mid-Atlantic coast
    Sunday lifting north past New England Sunday night. Ensembles=20
    (ECMWF-EPS, GEFS, GEPS) continue to be snowier, and pretty much=20
    all deterministics outside the ECMWF are as well. The 12Z CMC is
    the farther west/most interior low track while the 12Z ECMWF is the
    farthest east/offshore and has the lowest QPF of the=20
    deterministics. The ECMWF-AIFS, however, now has five days of=20
    consistent runs with a coastal low along the Mid- Atlantic coast.=20
    This solution has drifted north and been more potent over the more
    recent runs up through the 06Z. All to say that while most guidance
    has considerable heavy snow (in the 6-10" range) from eastern PA up
    through Maine, there remains some volatility and uncertainty in=20
    the heavy snow swath location and intensity.

    The heavier snow begins late Saturday night over eastern KY with
    terrain and low level fgen aiding enhanced snow over the central
    Appalachians through WV into PA and then northeast over the more
    interior central Mid-Atlantic (generally NW from the I-95 corridor
    of northern VA and north) with a max between eastern PA and
    southern Maine. Day 2 snow probs for >6" are 40-70% over central
    WV/far western MD into the Laurels of PA. Day 2.5 values for >6"
    are 30-70% from eastern PA north of Philly through eastern Maine
    with the highest probs from the Catskills through Mass and southern
    NH. There is expected to be a tight rain/snow line around the DC
    Metro and northeast east from I-95 through the NYC Metro and=20
    Boston Metro. Only minor adjustments in this line makes for impact
    changes to millions of people, so close attention should be taken
    in the coming days.


    ...Gulf Coast...

    Next week...
    A reinforcing shortwave trough rounding the Four=20
    Corners Monday brings about surface trough and eventual low=20
    development off the lower TX Coast starting later Monday. Cold air=20
    arrives into south Texas Sunday night, so overrunning flow may=20
    cause an onset of wintry mix over south Texas prior to 00Z Tuesday.
    Further info on this threat can be found in the medium range=20
    discussion (PMDEPD) and in newly issue key messages linked below.


    Jackson




    ...Winter Storm Key Messages are in effect and linked below...

    Gulf Coast winter storm threat next week next week https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/key_messages/Late= stKeyMessage_1.png__;!!DZ3fjg!9_J7C6wqgz61rd07tBEl1b4LCkQu7IHF0S6ocUs0T6ad-= X3A1Hj7IkDRSh3-4UGXUCbHXK1vyD_wsPG76zlC8BUSDn4$=20

    Northeast winter storm threat this weekend https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/key_messages/Late= stKeyMessage_2.png__;!!DZ3fjg!9_J7C6wqgz61rd07tBEl1b4LCkQu7IHF0S6ocUs0T6ad-= X3A1Hj7IkDRSh3-4UGXUCbHXK1vyD_wsPG76zlCdxl93ZE$=20

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sat Jan 18 08:34:57 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 180834
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    334 AM EST Sat Jan 18 2025

    Valid 12Z Sat Jan 18 2025 - 12Z Tue Jan 21 2025

    ...Great Lakes...
    Days 1-3...

    Strong low pressure tracking through southeast Canada will escort=20
    a strong Arctic front through the Great Lakes today that will
    revitalize the LES machine throughout the region today. Strong
    NWrly flow with exceptional CAA will trigger LES bands from the
    U.P. of Michigan on south along the western-most portions of
    Michigan's Mitten. Farther east, a slug of moisture aloft will run
    parallel to the Arctic front as it races east today with the
    Chautauqua Ridge and the Tug Hill the more favored locations for
    locally heavy snow beginning this morning and concluding by
    Saturday evening. WPC probabilities through 12Z Sunday show
    moderate-to-high chances (50-70%) for snowfall totals >4" in the=20
    Tug Hill while there are low-to-moderate chances (30-50%) for >4"=20
    snowfall amounts from northeast Ohio to along the Chautauqua=20
    Ridge. Portions of the eastern Michigan U.P. and the Porcupines=20
    also sport moderate chances (40-60%) for snowfall amount >4". As=20
    winds accelerate over the Great Lakes on Sunday and inverted=20
    troughing ensue over Lake Superior, LES bands will increase in=20
    both coverage and intensity in the usual snow belts of the=20
    Michigan U.P. and the northern most portions of Michigan's Mitten.=20
    Including Sunday and Monday, WPC probabilities depicted high=20
    chances (>70%) for snowfall > than 8" along the eastern most areas=20
    of Michigan's U.P. and just north of the Traverse City area.=20
    Single-banded LES look to emerge off of Lakes Erie and Ontario=20
    Monday evening and generate heavy snowfall rates of 1-2"/hr through
    the day on Tuesday.


    ...Colorado Rockies and High Plains...=20
    Day 1...

    Mountain snow will continue over the eastern slopes and Front Range of
    the Colorado and New Mexico Rockies, including the adjacent high=20
    plains along the I-25 corridor today. The shortwave trough tracking
    south through the Intermountain West this morning will generate=20 synoptic-scale lift over Colorado and northern New Mexico which=20
    will also have low-level, post-frontal upslope NErly flow with a=20
    1050mb dome of high pressure moving over Montana on Saturday.=20
    Snowfall rates around 1"/hr are possible along the Raton Mesa early
    Saturday and will work their way south along the spine of the=20
    Sangre De Cristo Saturday afternoon. Saturday's snow probs for >4"=20
    are high (60-80%) over the Front Range from Pikes Peak on south to=20
    the Raton Mesa, while areas along I-25 have low-to-moderate=20
    chances (20-40%) for >4" of snowfall.=20


    ...Central Appalachians, Mid-Atlantic and Northeast...=20
    Days 1-3...

    ...Significant winter storm to produce a swath of heavy snow from
    the Central Appalachians and northern Mid-Atlantic to the Northeast
    Sunday and Monday...

    As model guidance continues to come into better agreement on the
    overall synoptic-scale setup, it is becoming clearer that a
    significant winter storm is likely to produce heavy snow snow from
    as far south and west as western Kentucky to as far north as
    northern Maine. As the Arctic front approaches Saturday night, the
    front will be draped over the Mid-Atlantic while at the same time,
    strong upper-level divergence ensues aloft courtesy of a ~150kt=20
    250mb jet streak's diffluent left-exit region is in place. As=20
    850-700mb WAA increases over the Mid-Atlantic, it will clash with=20
    the approaching Arctic air-mass to the north, resulting in a band=20
    of heavy snow that initially starts out over the Laurel Highlands=20
    and Allegheny Highlands early Sunday morning, then spreads over=20
    northern MD and southern PA later on that morning. As the 850-700mb
    FGEN increases throughout the day, snowfall rates will increase=20
    across eastern PA, northern NJ, and the Lower Hudson Valley through
    Sunday evening. 00Z HREF does suggest there are low-to-moderate=20
    chances (20-50%) for 1"/hr snowfall rates during the day on Sunday.
    By 00Z Monday, the 850mb low will track over Long Island and head=20
    for the New England coast with the axis of heavy snow residing=20
    along the western flank of the 850mb circulation. Heavy snow will=20
    unfold across portions of coastal New England Sunday night where=20
    snowfall rates >1"/hr are possible. The storm races northeast past=20
    Nova Scotia by Monday morning with lingering periods of snow=20
    throughout parts of Maine gradually tapering off by midday Monday.

    Latest WPC guidance depicts a swatch of moderate-to-high chances
    (50-70%) for snowfall >4" from central WV on north and east through
    central PA. From the Poconos on north and east through the Lower
    Hudson Valley, the Berkshires, and into both the Worcester Hills
    and White Mountains, there are moderate-to-high odds (50-70%) for=20
    snowfall >6", as well as moderate chances (4-60%) for snowfall >8".
    Note that WPC probabilities for >12" are generally <10%,=20
    indicating most areas are unlikely to receive a foot of snowfall,=20
    although localized amounts in the Allegheny Highlands and parts of=20
    interior New England cannot fully be ruled out. Latest WSSI shows a
    healthy swath of Moderate Impacts from northern MD through the=20
    Lower Susquehanna Valley, the Delaware Valley, the Tri-State area,=20
    and into portions of southern New England. Hazardous driving=20
    conditions are anticipated in these areas on Sunday. With bitterly=20
    cold temperatures spilling in for the upcoming work-week, snow and=20
    instances of re-freezing/black ice are likely to stick around for=20
    much of the week in wake of this winter storm.=20

    ...Southern Plains & Gulf Coast...

    ...Disruptive winter storm growing in confidence across the
    Southern U.S. next week...

    Day 3...
    For a winter storm to unfold from as south as the San Antonio area
    on east to the central Gulf Coast, the first ingredient is for an
    exceptionally cold air-mass to be locked in place. With the arrival
    of the Arctic air-mass this weekend, bone-chilling temperatures
    will be anchored in place by a dome of high pressure that NAEFS
    shows is above the 97.5 climatological percentile as of 12Z Monday
    over the Lower MS Valley. By 00Z Tuesday, 850mb temperatures remain
    below the 2.5 climatological percentile and subfreezing 850mb temps
    protruding as far south as the Gulf Coast. Meanwhile, a positively
    tilted 500mb trough tracking through the Southwest will work in=20
    tandem with the subtropical jet to increase upper-level divergence
    over Texas Monday afternoon. In addition, SWrly 850mb flow will
    deliver low-level moisture northward while at the same time, the
    850mb WAA over South Texas will overrun the Arctic air-mass in
    place over Texas. This will result in the beginning of an icy
    wintry mix over south-central Texas and eventually spread east
    towards the Upper Texas coast and Lower Mississippi Valley by early
    Tuesday morning.=20

    WPC probabilities show moderate chances (40-60%) for >0.01" of ice accumulations in south-central Texas through 12Z Tuesday, which=20
    would result in slick and dangerous road conditions for the Tuesday
    morning commute. Farther north, WPC probabilities show low-chance=20
    odds (10-30%) for snowfall >2" in parts of eastern Texas and=20
    western Louisiana. It is worth noting that the scope of this=20
    discussion goes through 12Z Tuesday, so expect snowfall probabilities
    to increase over the next 24 hours. Please be sure to visit WPC's=20
    Medium Range discussion and our Key Messages for more details on=20
    the potential impacts throughout the South later this week.

    Mullinax




    ...Winter Storm Key Messages are in effect. Please see current=20
    Key Messages below...

    https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/key_messages/Late= stKeyMessage_1.png__;!!DZ3fjg!5PwFQD-qsJU9Ysmi489Esp-N2fQTM0x_Fu9glBej3DKqr= vAP7dye-s1pYXe9ZpFjRDu8cWSzqc14mQpuy0fhqWe23_E$=20

    https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/key_messages/Late= stKeyMessage_2.png__;!!DZ3fjg!5PwFQD-qsJU9Ysmi489Esp-N2fQTM0x_Fu9glBej3DKqr= vAP7dye-s1pYXe9ZpFjRDu8cWSzqc14mQpuy0fhQMMIutg$=20

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sat Jan 18 21:09:01 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 182107
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    407 PM EST Sat Jan 18 2025

    Valid 00Z Sun Jan 19 2025 - 00Z Wed Jan 22 2025

    ...Great Lakes...
    Days 1-3...

    Deep low pressure centered over northern Ontario will maintain
    cyclonic flow with Arctic cold over the Great Lakes through at
    least Tuesday. NWly flow prevails through Sunday before backing
    Wly Sunday night through Monday. 72hr snow probabilities for >12"
    are over 50% in the western U.P., northern and southern western
    shores of the L.P. and over 80% for the eastern U.P.
    The shift to westerly flow over the eastern Great Lakes allows=20
    single banding to develop by Monday afternoon with heavy snow=20
    persisting into Tuesday night for Buffalo and the South Towns as=20
    well as northern sections of the Tug Hill where Day 3 snow=20
    probabilities for >8" are over 60% (80% for the Tug Hill).=20


    ...South-Central Plains...=20
    Day 2...

    The approaching longwave trough that will cause wintry weather
    along the Gulf Coast (see section below) will cause snow banding=20
    east from the southern CO/northern NM Rockies in a similar manner
    to the banding that occurred today east of the Rockies (not the
    heavy snow in the terrain last night) on Monday. Day 2 snow
    probabilities for >2" are 20-60% over SW KS extending into western
    OK.


    ...Central Appalachians, Mid-Atlantic and Northeast...=20
    Days 1-2...

    ...Significant winter storm to produce a swath of heavy snow from
    the Central Appalachians through the northern Mid-Atlantic and New
    England Sunday through Sunday night...

    The main guidance changes today on the Northeast winter storm are
    with a slower timing. RAP based guidance (HRRR) has incrementally
    slowed with each recent run since yesterday while the NAM based
    models remain on the slower end. Meanwhile a slightly farther east
    solution is seen for New England in the EC and 18Z HRRR models
    which would allow heavier snow a bit farther east than before.
    The Arctic cold front will push off/to along the Northeastern=20
    Seaboard tonight while stalling over the Carolinas as the surface=20
    wave tracks toward Cape Hatteras through Sunday morning. This wave=20
    rapidly develops as it tracks north along the frontal zone through=20
    Sunday night, reaching the Canadian Maritimes by 12Z Monday. Strong
    upper- level divergence increases off the Mid-Atlantic Coast=20
    through Sunday morning as the SWly 250mb jet exceeds 150kt with=20
    diffluent left- exit region aiding the rapid surface/coastal=20
    development. As 850-700mb WAA increases over the Mid- Atlantic, it=20
    will clash with the approaching Arctic air- mass to the north,=20
    resulting in a band of heavy snow that initially starts out over=20
    the Allegheny Highlands early Sunday morning, then spreads over the
    Laurels in PA across northern VA and MD through midday (which is a
    later timing based on the slowed guidance). Eastern PA through=20
    southern NY see great increases in 850-700mb FGEN through the=20
    afternoon allowing snowfall rates to increase through this swath.=20
    The 12Z HREF mean hourly snowfall hits 1"/hr over the northern half
    of NJ by 00Z Monday with 1"/hr rates in a rather wide swath=20
    tracking north through the night until it clears eastern Maine at=20
    12Z. The storm races north through New Brunswick early Monday=20
    morning with lingering periods of snow throughout parts of Maine=20
    tapering off by midday Monday.

    Day 1.5 WPC snow probabilities for >6" snow are 40-70% over central
    WV terrain and over southern PA through Maine with 50% probs for
    4" over far northern VA/northern MD, the Philly and NYC metros as
    well as a stripe of southeast New England generally west from
    Providence, RI. Hazardous driving conditions are anticipated in=20
    these areas on Sunday. With bitterly cold temperatures spilling in=20
    for the upcoming work-week, snow and instances of re-freezing/black
    ice are likely to stick around for much of the week in wake of=20
    this winter storm.=20


    ...Texas, Gulf Coast, and Deep South...

    ...Disruptive winter storm growing in confidence across the
    Southern U.S. next week...

    Days 2/3...=20
    Exceptionally cold/dry air plunges through Texas tonight,=20
    expanding east over the Gulf Coast through Sunday night. This sets=20
    the stage for wintry precip to develop in South Texas Monday as an=20 approaching trough axis over the Four Corners allows a low level=20
    inverted trough to develop over the western Gulf, causing an=20
    onshore flow to develop and ride over the low level cold along and=20
    inland of the lower TX coast. This trough continues to develop=20
    through Monday night with precip expanding up through central and=20
    into North Texas and southwest Louisiana by 12Z Tuesday. Snow can=20
    be expected over central TX and north while an icy wintry mix can=20
    be expected over south-central and interior lower TX then along the
    TX and LA Coasts.=20

    The trough axis reaches the TX Coast Tuesday evening with rapid
    eastward expansion expected to the wintry mix through the day=20
    Tuesday, likely reaching the FL Panhandle by Tuesday evening.
    Moderate to locally heavy snow banding is expected from roughly
    north of the Houston metro east across southern LA into southern MS
    on Tuesday with notable snowfall for these areas. Day 3 snow
    probabilities for >4" are 30-60% through this zone. The conceptual
    model is for a stripe of sleet and freezing rain to be south of the
    snow. As currently depicted those stripes look to both be on or
    inland from the Gulf Coast. Day 3 ice probabilities for >0.1" are
    currently around 10% in both southern LA and just south of I-10 in south-central TX, north of Corpus Christi. Details with p-ptype are
    better done with higher-res models which offer output in the Days
    1/2 timeframe, so expect greater detail to these wintry
    accumulations at that time.

    Please be sure to visit WPC's Medium Range discussion and our Key=20
    Messages for more details on the impacts that will extend through=20
    much of the Southeast through Wednesday.


    Jackson




    ...Winter Storm Key Messages are in effect as linked below...

    Southern/Gulf Coast Winter Storm... https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/key_messages/Late= stKeyMessage_1.png__;!!DZ3fjg!6x-Ue0uDj0cJ4rJL4sijZkv3DZJoOh0J5ABp9FJGa_qjN= _J_rE1bwGbYM6YEIU9u3a7iCQmYzoa4_5nV3qsyNgI5tA0$=20

    Northeast Winter Storm... https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/key_messages/Late= stKeyMessage_2.png__;!!DZ3fjg!6x-Ue0uDj0cJ4rJL4sijZkv3DZJoOh0J5ABp9FJGa_qjN= _J_rE1bwGbYM6YEIU9u3a7iCQmYzoa4_5nV3qsyHxQifDw$=20

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sun Jan 19 09:18:42 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 190918
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    418 AM EST Sun Jan 19 2025

    Valid 12Z Sun Jan 19 2025 - 12Z Wed Jan 22 2025

    ...Great Lakes...
    Days 1-3...

    Deep low pressure located over northern Ontario will maintain=20
    cyclonic flow with Arctic cold over the Great Lakes through at=20
    least Tuesday. NWly flow will be the prevailing wind direction=20
    through Sunday before backing out of the west Sunday night through
    Monday. 72hr snow probabilities for >12" are over 50% in the=20
    western U.P., northern and southern western shores of the L.P. and=20
    over 80% for the eastern U.P. The shift to westerly flow over the=20
    eastern Great Lakes allows single banding to develop by Monday=20
    afternoon with heavy snow continuing into Tuesday night for=20
    Buffalo and the South Towns as well as northern sections of the Tug
    Hill where Day 3 snow probabilities for >8" are over 60% (80% for=20
    the Tug Hill). In fact, there are high chance probabilities (>70%)
    for snowfall totals >24" along the eastern-most slopes of the Tug
    Hill.


    ...South-Central Plains...=20
    Day 2...

    The incoming longwave trough that will produce wintry weather=20
    along the Gulf Coast (see section below) will cause snow banding=20
    east from the southern CO/northern NM Rockies in a similar manner=20
    to the banding that occurred today east of the Rockies in the High
    Plains on Monday. Weak 850mb FGEN and 700mb WAA aloft will be the
    primary sources for this period of snow. Day 2 snow probabilities=20
    for >2" are 30-50% over southwestern KS extending south into=20
    northwestern OK.


    ...Central Appalachians, Mid-Atlantic and Northeast...=20
    Days 1-2...

    ...Significant winter storm to produce a swath of heavy snow from
    the Central Appalachians through the northern Mid-Atlantic and New
    England today through Monday morning...

    Guidance has generally come into a better consensus on where the=20
    heaviest swatch of snowfall is expected the Lehigh valley and=20
    Poconos on north and east through the Lower Hudson Valley, into the
    Berkshires, Worcester Hills, and White Mountains. The overall=20
    synoptic and mesoscale setup and progression also remains in good=20
    shape.=20

    The Arctic cold front will push off/along the East Coast tonight=20
    while stalling over the Mid-Atlantic while a strengthening area of
    low pressure tracks over eastern North Carolina. Upper-level=20
    divergence increases over the Mid-Atlantic coast through Sunday=20
    morning as a robust 250mb jet surpasses 150kt and its diffluent=20
    left-exit region aids in rapid surface/coastal development. As=20
    850-700mb WAA increases over the Mid-Atlantic, it will clash with=20
    the approaching Arctic air-mass to the north, resulting in a band=20
    of heavy snow that initially starts out over the Allegheny=20
    Highlands early Sunday morning, then spreads over the Laurels in PA
    across northern VA and MD through midday. Eastern PA through=20
    southern NY will witness some of the best 850-700mb FGEN through=20
    the afternoon, allowing snowfall rates to increase through this=20
    swath. The 00Z HREF mean hourly snowfall hovers around 1"/hr over=20
    the northern half of NJ by 00Z Monday with 1"/hr rates in a rather=20
    wide swath tracking north through the night until it clears eastern
    Maine at 12Z. The storm races north through New Brunswick early=20
    Monday morning with lingering periods of snow throughout parts of=20
    Maine tapering off by midday Monday.

    WPC snow probabilities for >6" snow are 50-70% from central WV=20
    terrain and the Laurel Highlands on north and east through eastern
    PA, northern NJ, southern NY, and into much of central New=20
    England. Eastern Maine has the best odds for >8" amounts with
    50-70% chances for >8" through Monday morning. Moderate chance
    probabilities (40-60%) for >4" of snowfall are present from the
    western DC/Baltimore suburbs, into the Philly and NYC metros, and
    along the southern New England coast. Hazardous driving conditions
    are anticipated in these areas on Sunday and into Monday morning.=20
    With bitterly cold temperatures spilling in for the upcoming work-
    week, snow and instances of re-freezing/black ice are likely to=20
    stick around for much of the week in wake of this winter storm.=20


    ...Texas, Gulf Coast, and Southeast...

    ...Significant winter storm growing in confidence across the=20
    Southern U.S. this week..

    Days 2-3... As a positively tilted trough over the southwestern=20
    U.S. that promotes strong upper level ascent over Texas and the=20
    Gulf of Mexico Monday night, low pressure forming along a=20
    strengthening surface front off the Lower TX coast. Low level=20
    easterly winds Monday evening will advect Gulf moisture into=20
    southern Texas that will result in an icy wintry mix over the=20
    region. Meanwhile, as the upper trough approaches Tuesday morning,=20
    the an anomalous IVT (>500 kg/m/s, or above the 90th climatological
    percentile per NAEFS) will overrun a strong 850mb FGEN area from=20
    southeast TX to the central Gulf Coast. Moderate to locally heavy=20
    snow banding is expected from the northern Houston metro suburbs on
    east across southern LA into southern MS on Tuesday, with snow=20
    moving into southern AL, the western FL Panhandle, and central GA=20
    by Tuesday evening. The same swath of ice then moves over northern=20
    FL and southern GA Tuesday night. Snow will increase in intensity=20
    along the GA/Carolina coast Tuesday night as the divergent right-
    entrance region of a roaring 200kt 250mb jet streak aligns=20
    favorably with moist southerly flow. Snow will be heavy but=20
    progressive with snow ending along the NC Outer Banks by midday=20 Wednesday.=20

    Days 2-3 snow probabilities for >4" are 30-50% from the eastern
    Houston suburbs to south-central MS. WPC probabilities for >4" of
    snowfall rise to 40-60% from central SC on east to eastern NC.
    There are ensemble members that bring the potential for >4" of
    snow into the Norfolk/VA Beach area, but this remains low=20
    confidence given the wide range of potential scenarios. In terms of
    ice accumulations, WPC probabilities show low-to-moderate chances=20
    (30-50%) for >0.1" of ice from the FL Panhandle and suburbs west of Jacksonville on north through southern GA and far southern SC.=20
    Much of south Texas sports moderate-to-high chances (50-70%) for=20
    0.01" of ice accumulation with low chances (<20%) for ice amounts=20
    0.1". While exact amounts are unclear, there is no denying the=20
    greater impact potential given the subfreezing surfaces throughout=20
    the South. The WSSI shows Major Impact potential (considerable=20
    disruptions and dangerous to impossible travel) in southern LA,=20
    with a wide swath of Moderate Impacts from the northern Houston=20
    suburbs to southern Alabama. Details with p-ptype are better done=20
    with higher-res models which offer output in the Days 1/2=20
    timeframe, so expect greater detail to these wintry accumulations=20
    at that time.


    Mullinax/Jackson



    ...Winter Storm Key Messages are in effect. Please see current=20
    Key Messages below...

    https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/key_messages/Late= stKeyMessage_1.png__;!!DZ3fjg!9AQ0cld342txxz0WyQR0cs1uyvcCw_ZYBnIOgIlcj0wo5= 9H8F45sFAlu5v1HoE21-E4KfjaUcTykdprxOcTiCiMxET8$=20

    https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/key_messages/Late= stKeyMessage_2.png__;!!DZ3fjg!9AQ0cld342txxz0WyQR0cs1uyvcCw_ZYBnIOgIlcj0wo5= 9H8F45sFAlu5v1HoE21-E4KfjaUcTykdprxOcTii3uhEBQ$=20

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sun Jan 19 21:05:08 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 192104
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    404 PM EST Sun Jan 19 2025

    Valid 00Z Mon Jan 20 2025 - 00Z Thu Jan 23 2025

    ...Great Lakes...
    Days 1-3...

    Broad cyclonic flow encompassing much of the eastern CONUS will be
    reinforced by dual shortwaves - one moving east of the Great Lakes
    to start the period, and a second more amplified wave Tuesday
    night. The overall flow pattern is reflective of a true mid-winter
    airmass with cross-polar flow surging extremely cold air into the
    eastern 2/3 of the CONUS, with 850mb temps progged to fall from
    around -15C to as low as -30C (falling to below the 1st percentile
    within the CFSR climatology). This will create persistent CAA
    favorable for lake effect snow (LES).=20

    Notably, the water temperatures across the Great Lakes have cooled
    considerably thanks to a cold January, and ice is now evident in=20
    satellite imagery and as analyzed by GLERL, which may somewhat=20
    limit the intensity of LES. However, with such an extremely cold=20
    airmass in place, and surges of enhanced ascent associated with the aforementioned shortwaves, inversion depths to 10,000 ft and lake-
    induced instability of 500-1000 J/kg will still support periods of
    intense LES, especially downstream of Lakes Erie and Ontario, with
    2"/hr rates or more possible.

    WPC probabilities D1 are high (70%+) for 4+ inches of snow across
    the Western U.P, and northern L.P. of MI, as well as downstream of
    Lakes Erie and Ontario. The heaviest LES commences D2 downstream of
    Lakes Erie and Ontario where WPC probabilities for 8+ inches reach
    above 50%, although upstream snowfall across MI may lessen in
    coverage and intensity. Another surge of CAA will enhance LES
    across the L.P. of MI once again D3, but the heaviest snow will
    continue into the Tug Hill Plateau where event-total snowfall of=20
    2-4 feet is forecast.


    ...South-Central Plains...=20
    Day 1...

    A shortwave digging through the broad cyclonic flow encompassing
    much of the eastern 2/3 of the CONUS will dig E/SE from the Great
    Basin as a southern stream impulse. This will eventually interact
    with a northern stream shortwave to drive a full-latitude trough
    development, and while it remains positively tilted, it will drive
    downstream jet intensification, with the resulting overlap of PVA, jet
    level diffluence, and mid-level isentropic ascent causing an
    expansion of snowfall Monday afternoon through Monday night. Total
    ascent is modest and the best ascent does not seem to overlap with
    the DGZ, but an extremely cold column should still result in
    efficient/fluffy SLR where snowfall occurs. This will cause some
    modest snowfall accumulations for the TX/OK Panhandles and points
    east into OK/KS, where WPC probabilities are as high as 30-50% for
    2 inches of snow.


    ...Mid-Atlantic and Northeast...=20
    Day 1...

    Fast moving low pressure will bring significant snow to the Mid-
    Atlantic and Northeast through Monday as it tracks northeast just
    offshore the coast.

    This low is being driven by an overlap of a negatively tilted
    shortwave trough currently emerging from the TN VLY, with its track
    likely to take it over the Washington, D.C. area before lifting
    over Cape Cod and Downeast Maine overnight. A potent 150+ kt jet
    streak arcing poleward will overlap with this shortwave, resulting
    in a favorable environment for low pressure strengthening just
    offshore. The resultant surface wave will deepen at a moderate
    pace, but lift rapidly northeast, exiting into Canada by late
    Monday morning. Despite the rapid pace of this system, a swath of
    heavy snow is likely just inland from the coast, with the heaviest
    snowfall accumulations likely just NW of I-95 from Washington,=20
    D.C. to Boston, MA.=20

    The primary driver of this heavy snow will be an overlap of
    enhanced moisture rotating around the system on the accompanying
    isentropic ascent, and a corridor of strengthening 700-600mb fgen.
    While the forecast soundings do not scream intense snowfall due to
    very dry air above the DGZ resulting in modest available PWs, the
    most intense fgen does appear to overlap efficiently with the DGZ
    suggesting potential for banded snow structures, within which the
    WPC prototype snowband tool indicates the potential for 1-2"/hr
    snowfall. The progressive nature of this system will limit overall accumulations, and precip may start as a rain/snow mix in many
    areas before cooling dynamically to support all snow, but WPC
    probabilities feature a high risk (>70%) for more than 4 inches of
    snow in a continuous swath from far eastern Upstate NY through much
    of southern and central New England from 00Z tonight through 18Z
    Monday. Locally, more than 8 inches is possible (30-50% chance) in
    Downeast Maine. With snowfall rates exceeding 1"/hr at times, this
    will result in hazardous travel in many areas.

    The progressive nature of this system will limit more substantial
    impacts, but heavy snow and hazardous travel impacting much of the
    northeast I-95 urban corridor has prompted the issuance of
    collaborative Key Messages linked below (KeyMessage_2).


    ...Texas, Gulf Coast, and Southeast...
    Days 2-3...

    ...Significant winter storm likely across portions of the Southern
    U.S. this week...

    A rare Gulf-Coast and Southeast Atlantic Coast winter storm is
    becoming more likely beginning Tuesday as an anomalously cold
    airmass settles across the eastern 2/3 of the CONUS and sets the
    stage for the upcoming low pressure system.

    Amplified troughing deepening across the east will spill cold air
    all the way to the Gulf Coast as reflected by ECMWF EFI for
    minimum temperatures falling below -0.9 on Tuesday, and
    expanding/intensifying on Wednesday. This cold air will be
    entrenched even before the low develops, and despite some
    variability in model solutions among the various ensemble camps,
    the colder ECMWF is favored at this time.

    As this cold air floods across the region, an intensifying
    shortwave will dig out of the Great Basin and then sharpen as it
    pivots eastward from West Texas through the Gulf Coast Tuesday into
    Wednesday. As this occurs, some interaction with a northern stream
    impulse will yield a positively tilted full latitude trough
    shifting east, with the resultant downstream jet streak
    intensifying and shifting poleward to place the favorable RRQ atop
    the Gulf Coast. The overlap of height falls and upper diffluence
    will help spawn a wave of low pressure across the Gulf of Mexico,
    and as 300K isentropic ascent maximizes to the north, precipitation
    will begin to overspread eastern Texas Tuesday morning, before
    becoming more expansive across the Gulf Coast and eventually
    coastal Southeast Tuesday night into Wednesday.

    The challenge with this event is where the snow/sleet/freezing rain
    transition will occur, and where the northern cutoff of
    precipitation will occur. Some very cold and dry air to the north
    will likely cause a sharp precip gradient, but south of there will
    be a swath of heavy snow driven by strong WAA, and places across
    LA/MS/AL that rarely seen snow could experience 1"/hr snow rates
    just north of the mixed transition zone. While there is still some
    uncertainty into the placement of the mixed precip axis, especially
    farther east into the Carolinas/Georgia/Florida, the guidance has
    trended a bit colder and farther south, which is impacting the
    recent WPC probabilities.

    At this time, WPC probabilities indicate a high chance (50-90%)=20
    for at least 2" of snow from far eastern TX through southern/central
    LA and into southern MS. Locally, 4-6" of snow is possible,=20
    especially where any banding sets up which could produce snowfall=20
    rates above 1"/hr. The combination of the heavy snow, very cold=20 temperatures, and the simply rarity of this event could result in=20
    major impacts and considerable disruptions to daily life. Farther=20
    east, as the event translates downstream, WPC probabilities for 2+=20
    inches of snow are as high as 30-50%, focused in the eastern=20
    Carolinas, however uncertainty here is higher due to latitudinal=20 discrepancies in the axis of QPF from the available models.=20
    Additionally, southeast of the heaviest snow, especially from the=20
    Florida Panhandle east to the northern Peninsula and parts of=20
    coastal GA/SC, freezing rain is likely, which has a 30-50% chance=20
    of producing at least 0.1" of ice.

    This event has prompted the issuance of collaborated Key Messages (KeyMessage_1) linked below.

    Weiss



    ...Winter Storm Key Messages are in effect. Please see current=20
    Key Messages below...

    https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/key_messages/Late= stKeyMessage_1.png__;!!DZ3fjg!-nxEdZlTvQqjZY-_gv4eLYH3AbEq7u3ccz9oaX-qQu_AI= UPRGlwaoRUZz9Do_f317VHSQc-Mt4kkdYfSYzUFFCTAwc8$=20

    https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/key_messages/Late= stKeyMessage_2.png__;!!DZ3fjg!-nxEdZlTvQqjZY-_gv4eLYH3AbEq7u3ccz9oaX-qQu_AI= UPRGlwaoRUZz9Do_f317VHSQc-Mt4kkdYfSYzUFtVKDYtE$=20

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Mon Jan 20 08:25:22 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 200824
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    324 AM EST Mon Jan 20 2025

    Valid 12Z Mon Jan 20 2025 - 12Z Thu Jan 23 2025

    ...Great Lakes...
    Days 1-3...

    Broad cyclonic flow courtesy of a massive upper low over eastern=20
    Canada will direct a series of shortwave troughs over the Great
    Lakes and eastern U.S. the first half of the week. An exceptionally
    strong shortwave trough on Tuesday (500mb heights as low as the 1st climatological percentile 12Z Tuesday) will deliver 1000-850mb=20
    temps that are also below the 1st climatological percentile. While
    the Great Lakes are gradually icing over with each passing day, the exceptionally colder air-mass traversing the Great Lakes paired
    with the favorable upper-level synoptic-scale ascent will be more
    than enough to support persistent and potent lake effect snow (LES)
    bands. In fact, lake-induced instability of >500 J/kg would support
    exceptional LES bands, particularly downstream of Lakes Erie and
    Ontario where single-banded LES streamers are most likely. LES
    bands should finally weaken by Wednesday morning as high pressure
    moves over the Mid-Atlantic and a weak Alberta Clipper approaches
    from the northwest. This will weaken the pressure gradient and
    shift winds our of the southwest. Some light snow is possible in
    the Great Lakes region on Wednesday as a result of the Clipper, but
    snowfall rates will pale in comparison to the LES bands that will
    be around through Tuesday afternoon.

    WPC probabilities for Monday and Tuesday depict moderate chances
    (40-60%) for snowfall >8" along the western-most portions of
    Michigan's Mitten and along the northern coasts of the eastern
    Michigan U.P., The heaviest LES bands take shape Monday night and
    into Tuesday downstream of Lakes Erie and Ontario. By Wednesday
    morning, WPC probabilities show high chances (>70%) for snowfall
    18" in some of the South Towns near Buffalo and in the Tug Hill
    Plateau. The event total snowfall in the Tug Hill is likely to
    range between of 2-4 feet through Wednesday.


    ...Texas, Gulf Coast, and Southeast...
    Days 1-3...

    ...Significant winter storm likely across portions of the Southern
    U.S. this week...

    A rare Gulf-Coast and Southeast Atlantic Coast winter storm is
    becoming more likely beginning Tuesday as an anomalously cold
    airmass settles across the eastern 2/3 of the CONUS and sets the
    stage for the upcoming low pressure system.

    As this cold air floods across the region, an intensifying
    shortwave will dig out of the Great Basin and then sharpen as it
    pivots eastward from West Texas through the Gulf Coast Tuesday into
    Wednesday. As this occurs, some interaction with a northern stream
    impulse will yield a positively tilted full latitude trough
    shifting east, with the resultant downstream jet streak
    intensifying and shifting poleward to place the favorable RRQ atop
    the Gulf Coast. The overlap of height falls and upper diffluence
    will help spawn a wave of low pressure across the Gulf of Mexico,
    and as 300K isentropic ascent maximizes to the north, precipitation
    will begin to overspread eastern Texas Tuesday morning, before
    becoming more expansive across the Gulf Coast and eventually
    coastal Southeast Tuesday night into Wednesday.

    Guidance is keying in on the snow/sleet/freezing rain transition=20
    from south-central TX on east to along and south of the I-10
    corridor. The mechanisms for this vary, however, as in south-
    central TX, it has more to do with the lack of moisture above 700mb
    and an exceptional warm nose between 850-700mb, and from the Upper
    Texas Coast to the the FL Panhandle, there is no shortage of
    moisture but the warm nose is stronger. Some very cold and dry air
    to the north will likely cause a sharp precip gradient as well,=20
    but to the south of the precip gradient, a swath of heavy snow=20
    driven by strong WAA and 850mb FGEN will result in eastern TX/LA/MS/AL witnessing up to 1"/hr snowfall rates just north of the mixed=20
    transition zone, which is rare for the central Gulf Coast region.=20
    Guidance has continued to suggest more suppression of the QPF axis
    over the last 12 hours, and thus WSO and WSSI-P probabilities have
    decreased in parts of northern GA and the central Carolinas=20
    Tuesday night. That said, from the coastal Carolinas on south to=20
    northern Florida, a combination of snow and ice will make for=20
    treacherous travel conditions Tuesday night and likely into=20
    Wednesday morning stubbornly remaining below freezing.=20

    WPC probabilities indicate a moderate chances chance (40-60%) for=20
    at least 4" of snow from far eastern TX through south-central LA=20
    and into southern MS. Locally, 4-6" of snow is possible in south-
    central Louisiana with locations such as Lake Charles and Baton
    Rouge seeing such totals. These areas referenced above also ave the
    better chances of witnessing up to 1"/hr snowfall rates. The=20
    combination of the heavy snow, very cold temperatures, and the=20
    rarity of this event could result in major impacts and=20
    considerable disruptions to daily life. Elsewhere, WPC=20
    probabilities for 2+ inches of snow are as high as 40-60% from the
    northern Houston suburbs to as far east as just north of Mobile
    Bay. Farther east, recent trends in guidance has reduced snowfall
    probabilities in parts of GA and the central Carolinas with WPC=20 probabilities showing low chances (10-30%) for over 2" of snow.=20 Additionally, southeast of the heaviest snow, especially from the=20
    Florida Panhandle east to the northern Peninsula and parts of=20
    southern GA, freezing rain is expected with a 40-60% chance of=20
    producing at least 0.1" of ice. Most icing totals in South-central
    Texas should generally remain below 0.1", but these totals are
    still highly unusual for these parts of the Lone Star State and are
    likely to result in hazardous travel conditions Monday night and
    Tuesday morning.

    This event has prompted the issuance of collaborated Key Messages (KeyMessage_1) linked below.

    Mullinax/Weiss



    ...Winter Storm Key Messages are in effect. Please see current=20
    Key Messages below...

    https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/key_messages/Late= stKeyMessage_1.png__;!!DZ3fjg!8WKOWRNHqJyy1sAB3dnJe0J2N2CUDn1l12XERyIjCAaRO= kU-D0A9X6u_09bWoIRYqh0gkEY5vVrmyYw_Lz6ANgUjg0s$=20


    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Mon Jan 20 19:33:43 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 201933
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    233 PM EST Mon Jan 20 2025

    Valid 00Z Tue Jan 21 2025 - 00Z Fri Jan 24 2025

    ...Great Lakes...
    Days 1-2...

    A large cyclonic gyre encompassing much of the eastern 2/3 of the
    CONUS and draped from a massive upper low centered over eastern
    Canada will maintain CAA across the Great Lakes through Thursday,
    with periodic shortwave impulses rotating through the flow and
    overhead the region. The impressive upper low will maintain height
    anomalies well below normal into Thursday, with persistent CAA
    pushing W/NW flow atop the Great Lakes. The most impressive ascent
    will accompany a sharp shortwave which will cross the region from
    the west to east on Tuesday, driving enhanced ascent through height
    falls and strong PVA. This will also result in one final subsequent
    cold surge reflected by 850mb temps crashing to as low as -20C to
    -30C over the Lakes, coldest across the U.P. of MI.

    The continuous cyclonic flow aloft with embedded shortwaves will
    result in a favorable environment for rounds of lake effect snow
    (LES) in the favored W/NW snow belts downstream of all the lakes.
    Despite lake surface temperatures that have cooled dramatically the
    past few weeks (now generally 0C to +5C, with ice present in some
    areas according to GLERL), the extreme cold air funneling through=20
    will produce steep lapse rates, inversion depths towards 10,000=20
    ft, and lake-induced instability of 500-1000 J/kg. This will=20
    support heavy bands of LES, with single bands off of Lakes Erie and
    Ontario supporting 2-3"/hr rates at times, and 1"/hr rates=20
    elsewhere. The heaviest and most widespread snow is likely D1 into=20
    D2 behind the potent shortwave and accompanying weakening front,=20
    and coverage/intensity is likely to wane D2 into D3. However, at=20
    least modest LES is progged to persist into the early part of D3=20
    across the eastern lakes.

    2-day snowfall probabilities from WPC ending 00Z/Thursday indicate
    a high chance (>70%) for more than 8 inches for portions of the NW
    L.P. of MI, as well as downstream of Lakes Erie and Ontario,=20
    especially into the Chautauqua Ridge and Tug Hill Plateau. The
    heaviest snow totals are likely in the Tug Hill, however, where WPC probabilities for more than 24 inches reach 30-50%, and locally 2-4
    feet of snow is possible.

    ...Texas, Gulf Coast, and Southeast...
    Days 1-3...

    ...Significant, potentially historic, winter storm to spread across
    the Gulf Coast and portions of the Southeast through Wednesday...

    A rare, potentially historic, Gulf-Coast and Southeast Atlantic
    Coast winter storm begins tonight and spread across the region
    through Wednesday. The anomalous to extreme cold plaguing the
    eastern 2/3 of the CONUS will set the stage for this upcoming low
    pressure system.

    The primary mechanism driving this impressive event will be a
    shortwave digging across the Great Basin and then
    sharpening/intensifying as it pivots towards the Gulf Coast
    Tuesday morning. This will interact with a northern stream impulse
    to produce a positively tilted full-latitude trough surging
    eastward through Wednesday. Downstream of this amplification, a SW
    to NE oriented jet streak will amplify to above 150 kts, leaving
    its favorable diffluent RRQ atop the Gulf Coast, leading to
    pronounced deep layer ascent. At the same time, the aforementioned
    Great Basin shortwave will continue to sharpen to produce
    impressive height falls/PVA, overlapping with the upper diffluence
    and the baroclinic zone positioned across the Gulf of Mexico to
    spawn a wave of low pressure moving east across it.

    Downstream of this developing wave, moisture advection will rapidly
    intensify on 300K isentropic ascent and accompanying WAA, driving
    PWs northward into the Gulf Coast and Southeast, with PW anomalies
    approaching +1 sigma to fuel widespread and expanding
    precipitation. While there remains some uncertainty as far as where
    the mixed precip zone will occur, the guidance has continued to
    trend a bit farther south/colder, suggesting that even the
    immediate beaches from Houston to Panama City will experience
    snowfall. Additionally, with extremely cold and dry air positioned
    just to the north, and low-level northerly flow ageostrophically
    enhancing the low-level baroclinic gradient, some increased fgen is
    expected from eastern TX through the FL Panhandle. This will be
    enhanced by the response to the upper jet aloft, and the WPC
    prototype snowband tool indicates a high chance for 1+"/hr snow
    rates from near Houston to Mobile Bay despite an elevated DGZ. This
    could additionally cool the column causing the mixed precip zone to
    push even farther south. These types of snow rates in areas that do
    not typically receive them will create major to extreme impacts,
    and historic snowfall is possible across this area. WPC
    probabilities are moderate to high (50-70%) for more than 4 inches
    on D1 from near Beaumont, TX through southern LA, with locally more
    than 6 inches possible (30% chance) where the most intense banding
    occurs. Surrounding this region, there exists a broad moderate
    chance (30-70%) for more than 2 inches from east-central TX through
    the NW Florida Panhandle.

    Farther east into Georgia, the northern Florida Peninsula, and the
    Carolinas, the guidance has been flip-flopping as far as the
    northern extent of moisture. However, today's runs have pushed the
    moisture a bit farther north despite the dry/cold airmass
    positioned to the north, so even these areas may see rare
    significant snowfall accumulations, despite more modest rates
    overall. In this region, and generally on D2, WPC probabilities for
    more than 2 inches are 30-50% from southern AL and south-central GA
    eastward to Cape Fear and the Outer Banks of NC.

    Finally, across portions of south Texas, and areas from the FL
    Panhandle to the northern FL Peninsula, a mixed zone of snow,
    sleet, and freezing rain is likely. There continues to be
    uncertainty in the latitudinal placement of the heaviest freezing
    rain/icing amounts, but current WPC probabilities for at least 0.1"
    of ice are as high as 30% in south Texas, and 50-70% across the
    northern FL Peninsula, where locally more than 0.25" of ice is
    possible.

    This event has prompted the issuance of collaborated Key Messages (KeyMessage_1) linked below.

    Weiss


    ...Winter Storm Key Messages are in effect. Please see current=20
    Key Messages below...

    https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/key_messages/Late= stKeyMessage_1.png__;!!DZ3fjg!6e-O5Gpp8S2L_Q3YY_MWP1vXyey2AlBFNQSVwN2hFs3wn= ZFX2F8o-4XcBQFtJH5NMHtrg2BucxQJs7WuJ7JhCWxz_UA$=20

    https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/key_messages/Late= stKeyMessage_2.png__;!!DZ3fjg!6e-O5Gpp8S2L_Q3YY_MWP1vXyey2AlBFNQSVwN2hFs3wn= ZFX2F8o-4XcBQFtJH5NMHtrg2BucxQJs7WuJ7JhLauubDo$=20

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Tue Jan 21 08:00:03 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 210759
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    259 AM EST Tue Jan 21 2025

    Valid 12Z Tue Jan 21 2025 - 12Z Fri Jan 24 2025

    ...Great Lakes...
    Days 1-2...

    A potent shortwave trough rotating beneath the base of an expansive
    longwave trough that stretches from the Great Lakes to the Davis=20
    Strait will enhance an already favorable LES setup thanks to the
    added upper level ascent out ahead of the approaching shortwave
    trough. Not only will this trough aid in upper-level ascent, but
    strong CAA via 850mb temps plummeting from an already very cold -20C
    to an even colder -30C over the Lakes. The coldest of the 850mb=20
    temps will reside over the Michigan U.P., but the more favored wind
    convergence will be located over Lakes Erie and Ontario. This will
    allow for robust LES single-banded streamers to form and produce=20
    prolific snowfall rates today and into Tuesday night. This is due=20
    to lake-induced instability that tops 500 J/kg at the peak of=20
    these LES bands intensity, resulting in snowfall rates between=20
    2-3"/hr. LES bands will taper off down wind of Lakes Erie and=20
    Ontario by Wednesday morning as a clipper system tracks through the
    Upper Midwest, bringing a broader WAA snow setup to the Great=20
    Lakes. LES streamers off Lake Michigan will produce locally heavy=20
    snowfall totals in the western lower MI peninsula. By Thursday,=20
    some LES streamers may return over the eastern Great Lakes as weak=20
    CAA returns, but are likely to be less intense compared to=20
    Tuesday's LES bands.

    WPC probabilities show, through 00Z Thursday, high chances (>70%)
    for additional snowfall totals >18" just east of Lake Ontario and
    over the Tug Hill with similar probabilities for >12" in the South
    Towns of Buffalo. Along the western coasts of Michigan's Mitten,
    there are moderate chances (40-70%) for snowfall totals >8" through
    Wednesday night. The WSSI shows Major to even locally Extreme
    Impacts in the Tug Hill and South Towns of NY, while the western-
    most portions of Michigan's Mitten witness Minor Impacts (locally
    Moderate in areas with heavier snowfall totals).=20
    =20
    ...Northern Rockies/High Plains...
    Days 1-3...

    These regions remain sufficiently cold enough to support snow ahead
    of series of upper level troughs that have modest 700-300mb
    moisture to work with and divergence aloft to support periods of
    snow through Thursday. The mountainous terrain of Montana and
    Wyoming, as well as the Black Hills, are favored for locally heavy
    snowfall. WPC probabilities shows moderate-to-high chances (50-70%)
    for snowfall >8" over the next few days in these ranges with the
    Little Belt and Big Snowy of Montana sporting moderate chances
    (40-60%) for snowfall amounts >12". Minor accumulations (1-4") are
    possible in the High Plains of central Montana and northeast
    Wyoming with WPC probabilities showing low-to-moderate chances
    (20-40%) for snowfall totals >2".=20


    ...Texas, Gulf Coast, and Southeast...
    Days 1-3...

    ...Significant, potentially historic, winter storm to spread across
    the Gulf Coast and portions of the Southeast through Wednesday...

    A rare, potentially historic, Gulf-Coast and Southeast Atlantic=20
    Coast winter storm has begun thanks to a positively-tilted upper=20
    level trough tracking through the Southern Plains this morning.
    Ahead of the upper-trough, a healthy and anomalous SWrly IVT
    500 kg/m/s, >90th climatological percentile per NAEFS) will be
    directed in the direction of an Arctic-airmass that, per NAEFS,
    are below the 1st climatological percentile and well below
    freezing. This overrunning setup will produce a robust 850-700mb
    FGEN signal that results in snow bands that would support 1-2"/hr
    snowfall rates per WPC's Snowband Probability Tracker. Lastly, a
    250mb SW to NE oriented jet streak will top 150 kts while placing
    its diffluent right-entrance region over the Gulf Coast and
    Southeast, thus fostering deep layer ascent. All of these
    ingredients; lift, moisture, frigid air-mass, and mesoscale
    influence, will result in a swath of impactful winter weather from
    the Upper Texas Coast to the Carolina coast today and through=20
    Wednesday morning. In fact, there are low chances (10-30%) for=20
    localized snowfall amounts in southwest LA that could surpass 8"=20
    Tuesday.=20

    In South Texas, an ongoing wintry mix will make for treacherous
    travel conditions tonight and into Tuesday morning. Focusing on=20
    amounts and impacts along the Gulf Coast next, snow will be=20
    heaviest this morning from the Upper Texas Coast on east along the=20
    I-10 corridor. This band will move east along I-10 through the New
    Orleans on east towards Mobile Bay through Tuesday afternoon with=20
    1"/hr snowfall rates possible. WPC probabilities show moderate-to-
    high chances (50-70%) for >4" of snowfall from the lower TX/LA=20
    state border on east towards Lake Pontchartrain. Farther east,=20
    east of NOLA, WPC probabilities show those same moderate-to- high=20
    chances (50-70%) for >2" of snowfall in southern MS/AL, the western
    FL Panhandle, and southwest GA.=20

    Farther east into Georgia, the northern Florida Peninsula, and the
    Carolinas, guidance shows a similar significant snow/ice event in
    these regions Tuesday afternoon and into Tuesday night. Similar to
    the central Gulf Coast, snowfall rates along the Southeast coast
    could approach 1"/hr in northern FL, southern GA, and along the
    Carolina coast. Meanwhile, in the northern FL Peninsula freezing
    rain and sleet will make for exceptionally dangerous travel
    conditions for areas very unfamiliar with >0.1" of ice. Snow and=20
    ice should be finished not long after sunrise Wednesday morning.=20
    WPC probabilities for >2" are 40-60% from Cape Fear to the Outer=20
    Banks of NC. For freezing rain, WPC probabilities show moderate-to-
    high chances for >0.1" of ice accumulation in the northern FL=20
    Peninsula and far southern GA with even some moderate chances=20
    (40-50%) for >0.25" of ice in northern FL. Such amounts would make
    for incredibly dangerous travel conditions that residents are not=20
    used to seeing, and could also result in some tree damage and power
    outages.=20

    This event has prompted the issuance of collaborated Key Messages (KeyMessage_1) linked below.

    Mullinax



    ...Winter Storm Key Messages are in effect. Please see current=20
    Key Messages below...

    https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/key_messages/Late= stKeyMessage_1.png__;!!DZ3fjg!5eFSmN_ygSVVcSU05r-5RM271QIbndQzSGtjROQ0h3B05= HnbcELhjoMS8mxtiPc9BL5lJDGwhIDqUOH4-KjeICTFhpA$=20

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Tue Jan 21 20:04:37 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 212004
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    304 PM EST Tue Jan 21 2025

    Valid 00Z Wed Jan 22 2025 - 00Z Sat Jan 25 2025

    ...Great Lakes...
    Days 1-3...

    Upper troughing centered near the Davis Strait will send=20
    shortwaves around its base across the Great Lakes for the next=20
    couple of days, maintaining the lake-effect snow with some breaks=20
    in between events and accentuated with a broader area of light=20
    snow. Ongoing heavy snow east of Lake Ontario into the Tug Hill=20
    will slowly weaken overnight as the trough axis passes through,=20
    while the multi-band event over the Upper Great Lakes continues in=20
    advance of a surface feature. That area of low pressure will=20
    traverse Lake Superior and head eastward through southern Canada,=20
    spreading light snow over the region tomorrow into Thursday before=20 weakening. 850mb temperatures are cold (-20C and lower) resulting=20
    in more than enough lake-850 delta-T with fluffy snow given the=20
    cold air mass.=20

    The heaviest snow will be on D1 east of Lake Ontario and also over
    northwestern Lower MI and the eastern U.P. on SSW winds. WPC=20
    probabilities for at least 8 inches of snow over the next 72 hours=20
    are highest in these locations (>40%) with a broader area of >4"=20
    probs >50% over the northwestern U.P. and downwind of Lake Erie=20
    just south of Buffalo.=20

    =20
    ...Northern Rockies/High Plains...
    Days 1-3...

    Upper ridge axis over CA/OR will favor northerly flow across the=20
    Northern Rockies onto the western High Plains with a few waves of=20
    snowfall over the next three days. Though moisture is rather=20
    limited, favorably-enhanced terrain will help wring out several=20
    additional inches of the Little Belt and Big Snowy mountains into=20
    the Bighorns and Black Hills. Lighter snow is expected for much of=20
    the rest of the region days 1-2. The next system on D3 will focus=20
    over western MT as the 120-kt jet moves through. WPC probabilities=20
    for at least 8 inches of snow for the period are highest over the=20 aforementioned mountains.=20


    ...Texas, Gulf Coast, and Southeast...
    Day 1...

    ...Significant and historic winter storm pushing through the=20 Southeast/southern Mid-Atlantic tonight...

    The winter storm responsible for significant and record-breaking=20
    snowfall over parts of the northwest Gulf Coast will continue=20
    eastward and northeastward tonight. Cold air mass supports snow all
    the way into the FL Panhandle with a mix of sleet/freezing rain=20
    just to the south over the eastern portions of the I-10 corridor=20
    and along the I-95 corridor from near Charleston southward to south
    of Jacksonville. For the period after 00Z tonight, snow will=20
    spread quickly into eastern NC (and even up into southeast MA/Cape=20 Cod/Islands) with the Southeast in the RRQ of a 200kt jet exiting=20
    the East Coast into Atlantic Canada and a strong baroclinic zone=20
    just offshore as the Arctic air has been entrenched to the coast.=20
    Question remains how much mixing there will be on the=20
    southern/southeastern side (southeast GA/coastal SC/northern FL)=20
    and how quickly there may be ptype transition. So far for this=20
    storm, things have been colder rather than warmer so have nudged in
    this direction for the first few periods of this forecast=20
    (starting 00Z tonight). With the long positively-tilted trough axis
    approaching the East Coast 00-06Z tonight, broad SW flow will=20
    continue to funnel moisture up and over the cold dome with enhanced
    FGEN out of southeast GA northeastward to the NC Outer Banks.=20
    There, WPC probabilities for at least 4 inches of snow are >30%=20
    and even >50% over eastern NC.=20

    Colder air will continue to push through the FL Panhandle this=20
    evening with a mix changing to snow into the Tallahassee area where
    WPC probabilities for at least an inch of snow are >50% (extending northeastward across southeastern GA and increasing to >70%. To=20
    the south/southeast, a mix of sleet/freezing rain will likely=20
    result in a zone of icing over northeastern GA into=20
    southeastern/coastal GA/SC (roughly TLH-CHS-JAX-GNV) where enough=20
    WAA above the surface may prevent a changeover to all snow until=20
    perhaps the end of the event. WPC probabilities of at least a=20
    hundredth of an inch of ice are >30% over northern FL into=20
    southeastern GA and up to Charleston, SC. Within this region, WPC=20 probabilities for at least 0.10" icing are highest (>30%) between=20
    TLH and JAX northward to around Brunswick, GA.=20

    Travel will be severely impacted tonight in much of the region.=20
    See our Key Messages for more information that cover this system as
    well as the extreme cold over much of the eastern half of the=20
    Lower 48.

    Fracasso


    ...Winter Storm Key Messages are in effect. Please see current=20
    Key Messages below...

    https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/key_messages/Late= stKeyMessage_1.png__;!!DZ3fjg!8gpedAsCx7E8ZQR3vNfRrdKioWHQff0zoOjV8mlqPiLEm= lS7Posz1lg-uVKMbfRo5OLzpah_cukxPk9WGyMdseV7gx8$=20

    https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/key_messages/Late= stKeyMessage_2.png__;!!DZ3fjg!8gpedAsCx7E8ZQR3vNfRrdKioWHQff0zoOjV8mlqPiLEm= lS7Posz1lg-uVKMbfRo5OLzpah_cukxPk9WGyMdqebfQMk$=20

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Wed Jan 22 08:17:06 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 220816
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    316 AM EST Wed Jan 22 2025

    Valid 12Z Wed Jan 22 2025 - 12Z Sat Jan 25 2025

    ...Great Lakes...
    Days 1-2...

    The lake effect snow (LES) machine will continue for one more day
    across the upper Great Lakes while the wind shifts out of the SW
    over the eastern Great Lakes lead to the single bands off Lakes
    Ontario and Erie tapering off. A clipper system tracking through
    Lake Superior today will lead to modest WAA over Lakes Superior and
    Michigan that, thanks in large part to the air-mass still remaining
    plenty cold throughout the depth of the troposphere, will support
    periods of snow through this evening. Cyclonic flow will persist in
    wake of the weakening clipper system on Thursday which may trigger
    a few LES bands off Lakes Superior and Michigan. This keeps snow
    showers in the forecast on Thursday, but snow should taper off by
    Friday as high pressure builds in throughout the region.

    WPC 2-day probabilities showed moderate chances (40-60%) for
    snowfall >8" along the western coast of Michigan's Mitten. There
    are high chance probabilities (>70%) for snowfall totals >4" along
    much of the northern tier communities of the Michigan U.P.. The
    WSSI shows Minor Impacts in these areas through Friday morning.

    =20
    ...Northern Rockies/High Plains...
    Days 1-3...

    Over the next few days, a series of upper level shortwave troughs
    will track from NW to SE across the region, providing both upper-
    level forcing and periodic rounds of Pacific moisture that foster
    periods of snow. The progressive nature of these disturbances and
    lack of deep moisture at mid-levels will help to keep most areas of
    heavy snow limited to the mountain ranges of central Montana,
    northern Wyoming, and the Black Hills. WPC probabilities show high
    chances (>70%) for >8" of snow in the Little Belt, Big Snowy,
    Absaroka, Big Horns, and Black Hills through Friday. The mountains
    that are most likely to see 1-2 feet of snow are the Little Belt,=20
    Big Snowy, and Big Horns, specifically in their taller/more remote
    peaks.


    ...Southeast...
    Day 1...

    ...Significant and historic winter storm concludes later this
    morning...

    The historic winter storm that produced heavy snowfall and
    disruptive ice accumulations along the Gulf Coast yesterday is=20
    producing heavy snow this morning in the Southeast from northern
    Florida to the southern Mid-Atlantic coast. Snow and ice should
    finally conclude around midday today, leaving frigid and near-=20
    record cold in its wake for the remainder of the week. WPC=20
    probabilities shows moderate-to-high chances (50-70%) for=20
    additional ice accumulations >0.01" in northern FL, especially=20
    west of the Jacksonville metro area. Additional snowfall=20
    accumulations of 1-2" are expected along the Southeast coast with=20
    the NC Outer Banks potentially receiving as much as 3" in some=20
    locations.

    In wake of this storm, travel will remain severely impacted=20
    tonight throughout much of the South with lingering icy conditions.
    See our Key Messages for more information that cover the final
    stages of this system, as well as the extreme cold over much of=20
    the eastern half of the Lower 48.


    Mullinax



    ...Winter Storm Key Messages are in effect. Please see current=20
    Key Messages below...

    https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/key_messages/Late= stKeyMessage_1.png__;!!DZ3fjg!8SXu954Ppynob-NwireG6rZaEFrz03Xzu8NBak4Id9UqL= 3AG2a08kcUkdE5rOTGb4rDeb0861PQw4ho2i4BOiMIfgSo$=20

    https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/key_messages/Late= stKeyMessage_2.png__;!!DZ3fjg!8SXu954Ppynob-NwireG6rZaEFrz03Xzu8NBak4Id9UqL= 3AG2a08kcUkdE5rOTGb4rDeb0861PQw4ho2i4BOxTPf1CQ$=20

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Wed Jan 22 19:11:41 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 221911
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    211 PM EST Wed Jan 22 2025

    Valid 00Z Thu Jan 23 2025 - 00Z Sun Jan 26 2025

    ...Great Lakes...
    Days 1-3...

    A clipper system tracking through Lake Superior today will lead to
    modest WAA-driven snow over the region from northwest to southeast
    tonight into Thursday. With the in situ air mass still plenty=20
    cold, periods of light snow are expected with the passage of the=20
    system with some lake enhancement as well. Cyclonic flow will=20
    persist in the wake of the weakening clipper system which may=20
    trigger a few lake snow bands off Lakes Superior and Michigan=20
    tomorrow then off Lakes Erie/Ontario tomorrow night before snow=20
    winds down. Lastly, another fast-moving clipper should brush=20
    through the region D3 (Sat) with another round of light snow but=20
    perhaps some modest amounts over the Keweenaw Peninsula. WPC=20
    probabilities for at least 8 inches of the 3-day period are highest
    30%) over the Keweenaw, western Lower Michigan, and southeast of
    Lake Ontario.

    =20
    ...The West...
    Days 1-3...

    Upper ridge axis just off the West Coast will reorient itself=20
    westward, allowing height falls to sink through the near-interior=20
    West Fri/Sat. Lead/weaker height falls on the southwest side of a=20
    trough axis out of central Canada tomorrow will bring some light=20
    snow to the northern Rockies with amounts generally 1-4". For days=20
    2-3, height falls combined with a modest 120-kt jet moving through=20
    MT will promote broad lift over the northern Rockies (Fri),=20
    especially western MT into northwestern WY, with some local=20 enhancement/upslope. By D3 (Sat), the jet will increase over the=20
    central Plains, favoring additional lift over the central Rockies=20
    (southern WY into CO) with continued local upslope on easterly flow
    as high pressure noses down the western High Plains. Core of the=20
    height falls will be farther west over NorCal/Great Basin but=20
    moisture will be a bit lacking. Generally light snow is expected=20
    over the northern/central Sierra and across northern NV/UT, though=20
    this may increase toward the end of the period as the trough=20
    sharpens and may close off into a closed low over NorCal late Sat.

    WPC probabilities of at least 8 inches of snow over the next three
    days are highest (>50%) over central Montana and northern Wyoming=20
    (Little Belt, Big Snowy, Absaroka, and Big Horns) as well as into=20
    the CO Rockies and southern WY (Medicine Bow and Park Range).


    For the days 1-3 period, the probability of significant icing=20
    greater than 0.10" is less than 10 percent.


    Fracasso


    ...Winter Storm Key Messages are in effect. Please see current=20
    Key Messages below...

    https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/key_messages/Late= stKeyMessage_2.png__;!!DZ3fjg!8Ii1K-TB9siLZqPW2TdzuQALLYs9kRyu1tIITL9I7nMXg= y2R_BK66nRafQNgnOibq4tF4tQivh8bpDqVKV7J_t_nGs4$=20

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Thu Jan 23 07:18:22 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 230718
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    218 AM EST Thu Jan 23 2025

    Valid 12Z Thu Jan 23 2025 - 12Z Sun Jan 26 2025

    ...Great Lakes...
    Days 1-3...

    Cyclonic flow across the east will be amplified by a shortwave
    moving through the flow which will push a cold front eastward
    across the Great Lakes late Thursday into Friday, followed by
    renewed CAA. This CAA will be somewhat short lived as a brief
    period of shortwave ridging follows in its wake, primarily
    resulting in subtle WAA D2, before a second, but weaker and
    displaced farther north, shortwave digs across the region driving=20
    another cold front eastward. This will result in two rounds of CAA
    across the now cold lakes (GLERL total ice coverage up to 24%), so
    despite steepening lapse rates the duration and intensity of any
    subsequent lake effect snow (LES) will be modest.=20

    This results in the heaviest snow likely occurring D3 as reflected
    by WPC probabilities for more than 6 inches reaching 30-50% east of
    Lake Ontario and across the Keweenaw Peninsula, but D1=20
    probabilities for 4+ inches are also high (70%) in the eastern=20
    U.P., along the eastern shore of Lake Michigan, and east of Lake=20
    Ontario. 3-day total snowfall may eclipse 12 inches in the most=20
    prolonged snow bands.

    =20
    ...The West...
    Days 1-3...

    An upper ridge dominating the flow across much of the West will
    quickly be replaced by an amplifying trough beginning the latter
    half of D1. This will occur in response to a shortwave trough
    digging across British Columbia/Alberta and connecting with
    secondary energy from the Pacific moving into the Pacific
    Northwest. Together, these will force a longwave trough to deepen,
    with height falls rapidly beginning Friday across the Pacific and
    Interior Northwest as secondary energy digs southward through the
    trough. With time, this feature is progged to become even more
    impressive, taking on a negative tilt near CA Saturday and then
    potentially closing off into an amplified low as reflected by both
    ECMWF and GFS deterministic 500mb fields, and supported by NAEFS
    700-500mb height anomalies falling to below the 10th percentile
    over CA and portions of the Great Basin.

    This synoptic evolution will help push a cold front southward
    through the Central Rockies and Great Basin, while the placement of
    the upper low results in downstream divergence and pronounced SW
    flow atop the sinking front. The result of this will be increasing
    isentropic ascent and expanding precipitation, generally in the
    form of snow as the swath of precip pivots south from the Northern
    Rockies through the Great Basin, accompanied by snow levels falling
    from 1500-3000 ft ahead of the front to less than 500 ft below it.
    Most of the precipitation should be light to moderate as PW
    anomalies are generally normal to below normal, but some heavier
    snowfall is possible, especially D3 as a stripe of fgen develops in
    the LFQ of a strengthening jet streak collocated with the
    WAA/isentropic ascent from the Great Basin east to the Front Range
    of CO. Some enhanced ascent will also occur in this area due to=20
    increasing upslope flow on the NE flow around a high pressure to=20
    the north.

    This evolution will spread a swath of snowfall southward each day.
    On D1, WPC probabilities for 4+ inches are moderate (50-70%) across
    some of the higher terrain of central Montana. By D2 the coverage
    of moderate probabilities increases and spread across the
    Absarokas, NW WY ranges, and into the CO Rockies including the Park
    Range. By D3, WPC probabilities for 4 inches or more are highest
    across the Front Range and Park Range of CO, with some lower
    probabilities as far east as the Sierra. Days 2-3 snowfall could
    exceed 1 foot in parts of the Colorado Rockies.


    For the days 1-3 period, the probability of significant icing=20
    greater than 0.10" is less than 10 percent.


    Weiss



    ...Winter Storm Key Messages are in effect. Please see current=20
    Key Messages below...

    https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/key_messages/Late= stKeyMessage_2.png__;!!DZ3fjg!50lahX5_yCKcjhnoIGMwfw8hINyLOuIiVeKkUO87i-5Of= o9ncFFPMjhQU-ApIxLUR0M0Nvu3iqZgSh_fb0IqDDeaAaY$=20

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Thu Jan 23 19:09:43 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 231908
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    208 PM EST Thu Jan 23 2025

    Valid 00Z Fri Jan 24 2025 - 00Z Mon Jan 27 2025

    ...Great Lakes...
    Days 1-3...

    Cyclonic flow across the east and three separate shortwaves
    crossing the Great Lakes will promote continued CAA as well as
    upslope flow and pulses of LES throughout the region. The initial
    shortwave and period of CAA will be somewhat short lived tonight as
    a brief period of shortwave ridging follows in its wake, primarily
    resulting in subtle WAA on Friday, before a second, but weaker and
    displaced farther north, shortwave digs across the region driving
    another cold front eastward. Then, a third system will quickly
    trail and enter the Upper Great Lakes by the end of D3, but with
    better forcing and lake-enhancement north of the U.S. - Canadian
    border. In total, this will result in two rounds of CAA across the cold
    lakes (GLERL total ice coverage up to 24% with Lake Erie up to
    80%), so despite steepening lapse rates the duration and intensity
    of any subsequent lake effect snow (LES) will be modest.

    This results in the heaviest snow likely occurring D2-D3 as
    reflected by WPC probabilities for more than 6 inches reaching
    70-90% east of Lake Ontario and across the Keweenaw Peninsula, but
    D1 probabilities for 4+ inches are also high (70%) east of Lake
    Ontario. 3-day total snowfall may eclipse 12 inches in the most
    prolonged snow bands.


    ...The West...
    Days 1-3...

    An upper ridge dominating the flow across much of the West will
    quickly be replaced by an amplifying trough beginning D1. This
    will occur in response to a shortwave trough digging across British Columbia/Alberta and connecting with secondary energy from the
    Pacific moving into the Pacific Northwest. Together, these will
    force a longwave trough to deepen, with height falls rapidly
    beginning Friday across the Pacific and Interior Northwest as
    secondary energy digs southward through the trough. With time, this
    feature is progged to become even more impressive, taking on a
    negative tilt near CA Saturday and then potentially closing off
    into an amplified low as reflected by both ECMWF and GFS
    deterministic 500mb fields, and supported by NAEFS 700-500mb height
    anomalies falling to below the 10th percentile over CA and
    portions of the Great Basin.

    This synoptic evolution will help push a cold front southward
    through the Central Rockies and Great Basin, while the placement of
    the upper low results in downstream divergence and pronounced SW
    flow atop the sinking front. The result of this will be increasing
    isentropic ascent and expanding precipitation, generally in the
    form of snow as the swath of precip pivots south from the Northern
    Rockies through the Great Basin, accompanied by snow levels falling
    from 1500-3000 ft ahead of the front to less than 500 ft behind
    it. Most of the precipitation should be light to moderate as PW
    anomalies are generally normal to below normal, but some heavier
    snowfall is possible, especially D2 as a stripe of fgen develops
    in the LFQ of a strengthening jet streak collocated with the
    WAA/isentropic ascent from the Great Basin east to the Front Range
    of CO. Some enhanced ascent will also occur in this area due to
    increasing upslope flow on the NE flow around a high pressure to
    the north.

    As the closed upper low lazily sinks southward on D3 along the
    central CA coastline, periods of light to moderate snow are also
    likely to develop across the southern Sierra Nevada and southern
    California ranges. Precipitation will be mostly driven off of upper
    divergence due to a strengthening southwesterly jet over the
    Southwest and most importantly steep lapse rates (>7.5C 700-500 mb
    per the ECMWF). This will allow for snowfall levels to fall to
    around 4000ft in southern CA, with levels a bit higher in the San
    Jacinto range though Sunday.

    This evolution will spread a swath of snowfall southward each day.
    On D1, WPC probabilities for 4+ inches are moderate (50-70%) across
    some of the higher terrain of central/western Montana and western
    WY. By D2 the coverage of moderate probabilities spreads southward
    into the central Great Basin and the CO Rockies, including the
    Park Range, Medicine Bow Range, and immediate Front Range. WPC
    probabilities for 4 inches or more are highest from the Front
    Range to the Park Range of CO, with some lower probabilities as
    far east as the Sierra. By D3 these moderate probabilities then
    center over the southern Sierra and southern CA ranges. Days 1-3
    snowfall could exceed 1 foot in parts of the Colorado Rockies.


    For the days 1-3 period, the probability of significant icing
    greater than 0.10" is less than 10 percent.


    Weiss/Snell






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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Fri Jan 24 08:20:11 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 240819
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    319 AM EST Fri Jan 24 2025

    Valid 12Z Fri Jan 24 2025 - 12Z Mon Jan 27 2025

    ...Great Lakes...
    Days 1-3...

    Cyclonic flow will persist across the Great Lakes and Northeast
    through the period, although modest amplitude of this troughing
    will result in generally progressive flow. Within this flow several
    shortwaves will traverse WNW to ESE atop the region, each one
    driving renewed surges of CAA across the Great Lakes. There may be
    as many as 4 weak shortwaves through the period, with subtle
    thickness rises in between each feature, and this will result in
    waves of lake effect snow (LES) with variable wind direction
    driven by CAA behind each impulse. The Great Lakes have cooled
    dramatically in the past 7-10 days, reflected by the warmest
    waters now generally around +5 C, and regional ice coverage up to
    24% (85% on Lake Erie now), which will somewhat limit the intensity
    of any LES, and the heavy snow during this period will be more
    driven by repeated rounds of moderate snow than very heavy rates.
    The exception will most likely be east of Lake Ontario and across
    the Keweenaw Peninsula. This is reflected by WPC probabilities for
    4+ inches exceeding 70% both D2 and D3 east of Lake Ontario and
    into the Tug Hill Plateau where 3-day snowfall of 1-2+ feet is
    possible, and by 4+ inch probabilities exceeding 90% across the
    Keweenaw on D2 where locally as much as 12 inches is possible.


    ...The West...
    Days 1-3...

    A shortwave digging south from British Columbia will begin to
    amplify as its accompanying vorticity surges into WA/OR this aftn.
    This feature will continue to dive southward while amplifying,
    reaching CA by the start of D2, and most guidance now supports the
    development of a closed low over central CA Saturday aftn/evening
    where 500-700mb heights fall as low as the 1st percentile according
    to the NAEFS climatology. This feature will likely then crawl
    southward as it becomes cutoff, with multiple closed height
    contours, over CA through D3, reaching potentially only as far
    south as the Los Angeles area by the end of the forecast period.
    This amplified closed low development and the accompanying
    longwave trough will force downstream jet development, as the
    subtropical jet arcs northeast from near Baja into the Central
    Plains, reaching as high as 110 kts D2, and then as high as 150kts
    D3 as secondary enhancement occurs over CA.

    This evolution will have a two-pronged effect on the precipitation
    and snowfall across the West. First, the shortwave digging south
    will push a cold front southward beneath it, causing snow levels to
    crash rapidly in its wake from 3000-5000 ft to below 500 ft,
    although across the southern Great Basin and southern CA snowfall
    levels will fall only to around 3000 ft. Most of the precipitation
    D1-D2 associated with this front will be modest due to normal, to
    below normal, PWs. However, the developing jet streak combined with
    the frontal passage and post-frontal upslope flow will result in an
    axis of stronger ascent through fgen (and the upslope), leading to
    a swath of heavy snowfall from the Absarokas of MT southward
    through WY, and most impressively into the Colorado Rockies,
    including the Park Range, D1-2. The strongest fgen will likely
    reside west-to-east from CO through the Sierra, providing
    additional heavy snow accumulations for portions of UT and NV. WPC probabilities D1-2 are moderate to high (50-90%) for 4+ inches
    across these areas, with the most substantial snowfall likely
    across CO where 12-18 of total snowfall is possible.

    D2-D3 snowfall begins to ramp up downstream of the slowly sinking
    closed low, in response to increasing WAA/moist advection and
    impressive deep layer ascent as mid-level divergence overlaps with
    increasing LFQ jet-level diffluence. This will spread periods of
    moderate to heavy precipitation northeast into the Sierra, as well
    as the Transverse and Peninsular Ranges of CA, with some moisture
    spilling into the Great Basin (including Mt. Charleston) as well.
    The airmass across this region is likely to be characteristically
    different from that farther to the north as the front stalls, so
    snowfall in this area will be more elevated and with lower SLR.
    Still, the favorable ascent and moisture overlap will likely
    produce rounds of heavy snow, and WPC probabilities D2 are
    moderate (50-70%) for 4+ inches in the Sierra, and expand D3 into
    the southern CA ranges, reaching 70-90% for 4+ inches, and as high
    as 10-30% for 8+ inches, with the highest accumulations expected
    above 5000 ft.


    For the days 1-3 period, the probability of significant icing
    greater than 0.10" is less than 10 percent.


    Weiss



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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Fri Jan 24 18:37:36 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 241837
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    137 PM EST Fri Jan 24 2025

    Valid 00Z Sat Jan 25 2025 - 00Z Tue Jan 28 2025

    ...Great Lakes...
    Days 1-3...

    Cyclonic flow will persist across the Great Lakes and Northeast
    through the period, although modest amplitude of this troughing
    will result in generally progressive flow. Within this flow several
    shortwaves will traverse WNW to ESE atop the region, each one
    driving renewed surges of CAA across the Great Lakes. There may be
    as many as 4 weak shortwaves through the period, with subtle
    thickness rises in between each feature, and this will result in
    waves of lake effect snow (LES) with variable wind direction
    driven by CAA behind each impulse. The Great Lakes have cooled
    dramatically in the past 7-10 days, reflected by the warmest
    waters now generally around +5 C, and regional ice coverage up to
    24% (85% on Lake Erie now), which will somewhat limit the intensity
    of any LES, and the heavy snow during this period will be more
    driven by repeated rounds of moderate snow than very heavy rates.

    The exception will most likely be east of Lake Ontario and across
    the Keweenaw Peninsula, where more persistent westerly fetch will
    promote continued LES. For areas east of Lake Ontario (Tug Hill and
    western Adirondacks) a heavier burst is likely on Sunday as a
    potent short wave crosses over the region with uniform westerly
    flow through the column and near the LFQ of a departing upper jet.
    This will promote a single LES band with the potential of
    containing 1-2"+ /hr rates. This is reflected by WPC probabilities
    for 8+ inches exceeding 70% both D2 and D3 east of Lake Ontario and
    into the Tug Hill Plateau where 3-day snowfall of 1-2+ feet is
    possible. 4+ inch probabilities exceeding 90% also exist across
    the Keweenaw on D1 where locally as much as 12 inches is possible.


    ...The West...
    Days 1-3...

    A shortwave digging south and amplifying as it exits the Pacific
    Northwest tonight will continue to strengthen and eventually close
    off over central CA late on Saturday. 500-700mb height falls are
    forecast to dip as low as the 1st percentile according to the NAEFS climatology. This feature will likely then crawl southward as it
    remains cutoff, with multiple closed height contours, over CA
    through D3, reaching potentially as far south as the Los Angeles
    area by the end of the forecast period. This amplified closed low
    development and the accompanying longwave trough will force
    downstream jet development, as the subtropical jet arcs northeast
    from near Baja into the Central Plains, reaching as high as 110 kts
    D2, and then as high as 150kts D3 as secondary enhancement occurs
    over CA.

    This evolution will have a two-pronged effect on the precipitation
    and snowfall across the West. First, the shortwave digging south
    will push a cold front southward beneath it, causing snow levels to
    crash rapidly in its wake from 3000-5000 ft to below 500 ft,
    although across the southern Great Basin and southern CA snowfall
    levels will fall only to around 3000 ft. Most of the precipitation
    D1-D2 associated with this front will be modest due to normal, to
    below normal, PWs. However, the developing jet streak combined with
    the frontal passage and post-frontal upslope flow will result in an
    axis of stronger ascent through fgen (and the upslope), leading to
    a swath of heavy snowfall from the Absarokas of MT southward
    through WY, and most impressively into the Colorado Rockies,
    including the Park Range, D1-2. The strongest fgen will likely
    reside west-to-east from CO through the Sierra, providing
    additional heavy snow accumulations for portions of UT and NV. WPC probabilities D1-2 are moderate to high (50-90%) for 4+ inches
    across these areas, with the most substantial snowfall likely
    across CO where 12-18 of total snowfall is possible.

    D2-D3 snowfall begins to ramp up downstream of the slowly sinking
    closed low, in response to increasing WAA/moist advection and
    impressive deep layer ascent as mid-level divergence overlaps with
    increasing LFQ jet-level diffluence. This will spread periods of
    moderate to heavy precipitation northeast into the Sierra, as well
    as the Transverse and Peninsular Ranges of CA, with some moisture
    spilling into the Great Basin (including Mt. Charleston) as well.
    The airmass across this region is likely to be characteristically
    different from that farther to the north as the front stalls, so
    snowfall in this area will be more elevated and with lower SLR.
    Still, the favorable ascent and moisture overlap will likely
    produce rounds of heavy snow, and WPC probabilities D2 are
    moderate (50-70%) for 4+ inches in the Sierra, and expand D3 into
    the southern CA ranges, reaching 70-90% for 4+ inches, and as high
    as 20-50% for 8+ inches. The highest accumulations expected above
    5000 ft, but snow levels could dip as low as 3500 ft underneath the
    upper low.


    For the days 1-3 period, the probability of significant icing
    greater than 0.10" is less than 10 percent.


    Weiss/Snell




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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sat Jan 25 07:41:35 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 250741
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    241 AM EST Sat Jan 25 2025

    Valid 12Z Sat Jan 25 2025 - 12Z Tue Jan 28 2025

    ...Great Lakes and Interior Northeast...
    Days 1-3...


    Cyclonic flow will persist across the Great Lakes and Northeast
    through the period, although modest amplitude of this troughing
    will result in generally progressive flow. Within this flow several
    shortwaves will traverse WNW to ESE atop the region, each one
    driving renewed surges of CAA across the Great Lakes. Two
    additional shortwaves are progged to move across the region, one
    Saturday night, and another Sunday night, with subtle thickness
    rises in between each feature, and this will result in waves of
    lake effect snow (LES) with variable wind direction driven by CAA
    behind each impulse. The Great Lakes have cooled dramatically in
    the past 7-10 days, reflected by the warmest waters now generally
    around +5 C, and regional ice coverage up to 24% (85% on Lake Erie
    now), which will somewhat limit the intensity of any LES, and the
    heavy snow during this period will be more driven by repeated
    rounds of moderate snow than very heavy rates, but favorable fetch
    across Lake Superior D1, and Ontario D2 will produce rounds of
    heavy LES with rates 1"/hr or more possible. This is reflected by
    WPC probabilities that are moderate (50-70%) for 6+ inches across
    the Keweenaw Peninsula D1, and high (>90%) for 6+ inches D2 into
    the Tug Hill Plateau.

    Then on D3, the core of the cyclonic gyre begins to drop south
    from the Hudson Bay, driving sharp height falls and extremely
    confluent mid-level flow to its south. As this dives southward, it
    will push a cold front draped west to east from Saskatchewan to
    Upstate NY by the end of D3, causing enhanced ascent and strong
    flow across the Lakes. This will result in additional moderate to
    heavy snow, with expansion into Upstate NY, especially in the
    upslope region of the Adirondacks, Monday. While moisture is
    expected to be significant across due to both synoptic and lake
    enhancement, there is some uncertainty as to how the snowfall will
    accumulate due to SLRs that may be extremely fractured due to
    strong winds within an otherwise favorable DGZ. The models have
    trended upward with snowfall, however, and current WPC
    probabilities for more than 4 inches of snow are as high as 70-90%
    downstream of Lake Ontario and into the Adirondacks.


    ...The West...
    Days 1-3...

    A strung out lobe of vorticity emanating from a shortwave closing
    off over Northern California this morning will help push a cold
    front southward, but with only a lazy loss of latitude through the
    period. This slow evolution will be in response to the
    amplification of the mid-level pattern, as the shortwave deepens
    into a closed low and then drifts over central CA through at least
    Sunday night before finally dropping farther south towards northern
    Baja late Monday /D3/. Height falls, although slow, will be
    impressive as 500-700mb heights drop to around the 1st percentile
    according to the NAEFS climatology, helping to drive deep layer
    ascent through the region. This ascent will be additionally
    enhanced by two distinct downstream jet streaks, one lifting away
    into the Central Plains Sunday, with a more intense jet streak
    developing over southern CA/northern Baja Monday. The overlap of
    the LFQ of this jet streak, the mid-level height falls, and
    impressive downstream mid-level divergence will result in
    increasing lift across the Desert SW and Great Basin, leading to
    expanding rounds of precipitation Sunday and Monday before
    weakening and drying out late in the period. This will be in
    addition to a round of heavy snow along the front and enhanced by
    isentropic ascent, fgen, and upslope flow from the Sierra east to
    the CO Rockies on D1.

    WPC probabilities for heavy snow D1 are aligned west to east just
    north of the surface front, from the central Sierra through the
    northern CO Rockies, where they reach 70-90% for 6+ inches, highest
    in the Park Range of CO, the Wasatch Front of UT, and the Sierra
    in CA where locally as much as 10" of snow is possible on D1.
    Although amounts are less otherwise, a fairly continues stripe of
    2-4" of snow is possible along this axis today and tonight.

    As the upper low consolidates, moisture and ascent become focused
    in the southern half of CA, the Great Basin, reaching the Four
    Corners by D3. Snow levels will hover around 3000-4000 ft during
    this time, resulting in heavy snow in much of the higher terrain as
    far south as the San Bernardino and San Jacinto Mountains. WPC
    probabilities D2 are moderate (30-50%) for 6+ inches in portions of
    the southern Sierra, as well as most of the Peninsular and
    Transverse ranges, and also for Mt. Charleston in NV. By D3,
    precipitation expands east, and WPC probabilities for 4+ inches
    reach 10-30% across the Kaibab Plateau of AZ, with additional
    significant snowfall again progged over Mt. Charleston and the San
    Bernardino Mountains.


    For the days 1-3 period, the probability of significant icing
    greater than 0.10" is less than 10 percent.


    Weiss



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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sat Jan 25 19:18:30 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 251918
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    218 PM EST Sat Jan 25 2025

    Valid 00Z Sun Jan 26 2025 - 00Z Wed Jan 29 2025

    ...Great Lakes and Interior Northeast...
    Days 1-3...


    Cyclonic flow will persist across the Great Lakes and Northeast
    through the period, although modest amplitude of this troughing
    will result in generally progressive flow. Within this flow several
    shortwaves will traverse WNW to ESE atop the region, each one
    driving renewed surges of CAA across the Great Lakes. Two
    additional shortwaves are progged to move across the region this
    weekend, one tonight and another Sunday night, with subtle
    thickness rises in between each feature. This will result in waves
    of lake effect snow (LES) with variable wind direction driven by
    CAA behind each impulse. The Great Lakes have cooled dramatically
    in the past 7-10 days, reflected by the warmest waters now
    generally around +5 C, and regional ice coverage up to 25% (80% on
    Lake Erie), which will somewhat limit the intensity of any LES. The
    heavy snow during this period will be more driven by repeated
    rounds of moderate snow rather than very heavy rates, with the
    setup for more favorable fetch across Lake Ontario D1 into early
    D2. This is reflected by WPC probabilities that are moderate
    (50-70%) for 8+ inches into the Tug Hill Plateau.

    Then on D3, the core of the cyclonic gyre begins to drop south
    from the Hudson Bay, driving sharp height falls and extremely
    confluent mid-level flow to its south. As this dives southward, it
    will push a cold front draped west to east from Saskatchewan to
    northern New England early Tuesday, causing enhanced ascent and
    strong flow across the Lakes. This will result in additional
    moderate to heavy snow, with expansion into Upstate NY, especially
    in the upslope region of the Adirondacks, beginning Monday night.
    While moisture is expected to be significant (IVT above the 97.5th climatological percentile per the 00z NAEFS) due to both synoptic
    and lake enhancement, there is some uncertainty as to how the
    snowfall will accumulate due to SLRs that may be extremely
    fractured due to strong winds within an otherwise favorable DGZ.
    Additionally, as the cold front crosses the Northeast and more
    specifically New England Tuesday morning, low to mid-level lapse
    rates increasing to around 5-7 degrees C/km could prompt snow
    squalls making eastward across the elevated terrain. Most guidance
    highlights elevated snow squall parameters extending from NY and
    northern PA through New England during the first half of Tuesday.
    For snowfall, current WPC probabilities for at least 6 inches of
    snow are as high as 70-90% downstream of Lake Ontario and into the
    Adirondacks.

    Additionally, a trailing clipper system on the heels of this arctic
    front is forecast to slide into the Upper Great Lakes by the end of
    Day 3, with favorable mid-level fgen ahead of an associated surface
    low. WPC probabilities for at least 4 inches of snow ending 00z
    1/29 are currently low (10-30%) from the Minnesota Arrowhead to
    northern Michigan.


    ...Southwest, Great Basin, and Central Rockies...
    Days 1-3...

    A potent upper trough extending from northern CA to the northern
    Rockies will see the bottom lobe of vorticity completely close off
    tonight and help push a cold front southward across the Southwest.
    This upper low will then gradually lose latitude before crossing
    southern CA D2 and entering the Southwest D3. This slow evolution
    will be in response to the amplification of the mid- level pattern,
    as the closed low meander underneath the building upper ridge
    arching over top into the Pacific Northwest and British Columbia.
    Height falls, although slow, will be impressive as 500-700mb
    heights drop to around the 1st percentile according to the NAEFS
    climatology, helping to drive deep layer ascent through the region.
    This ascent will be additionally enhanced by two distinct
    downstream jet streaks, one lifting away into the Central Plains
    Sunday, with a more intense jet streak developing over southern
    CA/northern Baja Monday. The overlap of the LFQ of this jet streak,
    the mid-level height falls, and impressive downstream mid-level
    divergence will result in increasing lift across the Desert SW and
    Great Basin, leading to expanding rounds of precipitation Sunday
    and Monday before weakening and drying out late in the period. This
    will be in addition to a round of heavy snow along the front and
    enhanced by isentropic ascent, fgen, and upslope flow from the
    Sierra east to the CO Rockies early on D1.

    WPC probabilities for heavy snow D1 are confined to the Sierra
    Nevada and Park Range of CO as snowfall weakens across the
    Intermountain West tonight, with low chances (10-30%) across the CO
    Rockies and high chances (70-90%) in the central/southern Sierra.
    Amounts in the Sierra could approach 1 foot by the end of D1.

    As the upper low consolidates, moisture and ascent become focused
    in the southern half of CA, the Great Basin, reaching the Four
    Corners through D3. Snow levels will hover around 3000-4000 ft
    during this time, resulting in heavy snow in much of the higher
    terrain as far south as the San Bernardino and San Jacinto
    Mountains. WPC probabilities D2 are moderate (30-50%) for 6+ inches
    in portions of the southern Sierra, and higher (50-70%) across the
    San Gabriel Mts and northern San Jacinto Mts, and also for Mt.
    Charleston in NV. By D3, precipitation expands east, and WPC
    probabilities for 4+ inches reach 10-30% across the Kaibab Plateau
    of AZ.


    For the days 1-3 period, the probability of significant icing
    greater than 0.10" is less than 10 percent.


    Weiss/Snell




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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sun Jan 26 07:46:33 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 260746
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    246 AM EST Sun Jan 26 2025

    Valid 12Z Sun Jan 26 2025 - 12Z Wed Jan 29 2025

    ...Great Lakes and Interior Northeast...
    Days 1-3...

    A cold and snowy period is expected through Wednesday morning
    across all of the Great Lakes. A persistent longwave trough will
    remain in place through the period, with several disturbances
    moving through. These shortwave disturbances will locally enhance
    the coverage and intensity of snowfall over and downwind (south and
    east) of the lakes. Cyclonic flow will keep a steady supply of cold
    air moving over the lakes, which in turn will keep the lake-effect
    snows going almost constantly through Tuesday, especially east of
    Lake Ontario. This morning, the first of these disturbances will
    cross over the lower lakes. The associated cold front will briefly
    lower temperatures and increase forcing, resulting in heavier
    lake-effect behind the front through the day today. Surface ridging
    will quickly build in behind the front, but the second disturbance
    quickly approaches behind the ridging. This back-and-forth between disturbance/trough and ridging will result in rapid sloshing of the
    lake-effect over a larger area downwind of the lakes. However, the
    bands won't stay in any one place very long, limiting the
    accumulations for most. The disturbances themselves will largely
    track well north of the Canadian border, so the souther/eastern
    lakes should have the more persistent lake-effect since the
    associated wind direction changes will be a bit slower to occur.

    A third disturbance in the form of a clipper low will move across
    all of the lakes Tuesday night into Wednesday, which will simply
    maintain the lake-effect while shifting the bands with the wind.
    The clipper itself will make for a general light snowfall over
    areas outside of the lake-effect bands as well, though where the
    bands are most persistent and where topography can uplift
    additional moisture (such as on the Tug Hill Plateau of NY), is
    where the greatest snowfall totals are expected.

    GLERL analysis of the lakes shows the average lake temperature of
    around 40 degrees for Lakes Michigan, Huron, and Ontario. Lake Erie
    is over 80% ice covered, and Lake Superior is around 37 degrees.
    This would correspond to 850 mb temperatures needing to be at or
    colder than -9 to -10 degrees Celsius in order to maintain the
    minimum instability for lake-effect. Through this period, only on
    Monday ahead of the second disturbance's cold front will this
    criterion not be met.

    In addition to the lake-effect, the cold fronts associated with
    each disturbance, especially the second one on Monday/Monday Night,
    will be capable of causing snow squalls outside of the lake-effect
    areas. The snow squall parameter will be over 5 at times as the
    front moves over the U.P. late Monday afternoon, and the St.
    Lawrence Valley Monday night. The parameter will lower a bit to
    between 2 and 4 as it moves over the rest of New York State and New
    England through Tuesday morning.

    WPC probabilities for over 8 inches of snow through D3/Wednesday
    morning are high (>80%) across the Tug Hill Plateau and western
    Adirondacks of northern New York. Probabilities are moderate
    (50-70%) across the Lake Superior shoreline of the eastern U.P.,
    and low (10-30%) for northern Michigan and far western New York
    south of Buffalo, due to Lake Erie being largely frozen over.

    ...Southwest, Great Basin, and Central Rockies...
    Days 1-3...

    An upper level cutoff low will begin the period this morning over
    central California. This feature will be the focus for wintry
    weather across the mountains of the Southwest through Wednesday
    morning. The upper level low will drift south into southern
    California through Monday, then drift eastward into Arizona through
    Wednesday morning. Due to the slow movement of the low and the cold
    air associated therewith, snow will be the dominant precipitation
    type over many of the higher elevations. The low will also bring
    much needed rainfall to the fire stricken areas in and around Los
    Angeles.

    While the cutoff low itself will be slow-moving, plentiful upper
    level energy/shortwaves rotating around the low will locally
    increase precipitation intensity, especially where flow off of the
    Pacific lines up orthogonal to the terrain. This is most likely in
    the southern Sierras and portions of the Transverse Ranges,
    especially northeast/inland of Los Angeles. WPC probabilities of 8+
    inches of snow are low (10-40%) for the southern Sierras and
    portions of the Transverse Ranges through Wednesday.

    By Tuesday, the cutoff low moving into Arizona will shift the
    greatest lift and divergence east into the Four Corners region. A
    lack of moisture generally over this area should confine the areas
    of potential heavy snow to the higher elevations of Utah and
    Colorado, but amounts are generally unlikely to exceed 8 inches.


    For the Days 1-3 period, the probability of significant icing
    greater than 0.10" is less than 10 percent.

    Wegman



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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sun Jan 26 19:26:43 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 261925
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    225 PM EST Sun Jan 26 2025

    Valid 00Z Mon Jan 27 2025 - 00Z Thu Jan 30 2025

    ...Great Lakes and Interior Northeast...
    Days 1-3...

    A cold and snowy period is expected through Wednesday across the
    Great Lakes and Interior Northeast as cyclonic flow and several
    disturbances continue to influence a favorable pattern for bouts of light-to-moderate snowfall. These shortwave disturbances will
    locally enhance the coverage and intensity of snowfall over and
    downwind (south and east) of the lakes. The Great Lakes have cooled significantly over the last few weeks, with overall ice coverage
    around 24% and Lake Erie alone up to 85%. The warmest lake
    temperatures remain around 5 degrees C across lakes Ontario, Huron,
    and Michigan, which is still favorable for LES as 850 mb temps drop
    to as low as -20 degrees C. For the D1 period (00z Mon- 00z Tues)
    brief ridging between systems will lower LES coverage due to more
    southwesterly flow as a potent arctic cold front approaches the
    Upper Great Lakes Monday evening. As this front crosses the region
    and enters the Northeast Tuesday morning, a period of lighter
    snowfall ahead of the front is likely across and just downwind of
    the Great Lakes associated weak WAA, and with somewhat lower SLRs
    given the very strong low- to- mid level flow fracturing dendrites.
    Of somewhat more concern with the arctic boundary will be
    associated with gusty winds and the potential for snow squalls as
    the front progresses south and east. CAMs and other global guidance
    continue to highlight elevated snow squall parameters as strong
    fgen and relatively steep low-mid-level lapse rates promote a quick
    burst of snow along the front through early Tuesday in the Interior
    Northeast and New England. The greatest potential exists across
    the Upper Great Lakes Monday evening and early Tuesday morning
    across Upstate New York. These values and the snow squall threat
    greatly decrease by mid- morning as the front loses it's punch once
    it reaches the northern Mid- Atlantic.

    A second disturbance in the form of a clipper low will move across
    the Great Lakes Tuesday night into Wednesday, beginning in the
    Upper Lakes and sliding eastward to New England on Wednesday. This
    will maintain the lake- effect/enhanced snow while shifting the
    bands with the wind. The clipper itself will make for a general
    light snowfall over areas outside of the lake- effect bands as
    well, though where the bands are most persistent and where
    topography can uplift additional moisture (such as on the Tug Hill
    Plateau of NY), is where the greatest snowfall totals are expected.

    WPC probabilities for over 8 inches of snow on D2-D3 are highest
    (50-70%) across the Tug Hill Plateau and western Adirondacks of
    northern New York. Probabilities for at least 4 inches of snow are
    medium (40-70%) across the Arrowhead of MN, U.P. and northern L.P.
    of Michigan and high (>80%) across far western NY.

    ...Southwest and Central/Southern Rockies...
    Days 1-3...

    An upper level cutoff low will continue to impact the southern
    Sierra and southern CA ranges through D1 until the system slides
    inland and moves very slowly across the Southwest D2-D3. Due to
    the slow movement of the low and the cold air aloft associated
    therewith, snow will be the dominant precipitation type over many
    of the higher elevations with snow levels D1 across southern CA
    around and slipping just under 4000 ft.

    While the cutoff low itself will be slow-moving, plentiful upper
    level energy/shortwaves rotating around the low will locally
    increase precipitation intensity, especially where flow off of the
    Pacific lines up orthogonal to the terrain. A strong, but weakening
    upper southwesterly oriented jet off the Pacific will also allow
    for increased diffluence just to the north across the Southwest
    through midweek. D1-D2 WPC probabilities for at least 4 inches are
    high (>70%) across the southern Sierra, southern CA ranges, and
    into the higher terrain of the Southwest, including parts of the
    Mogollon Rim of AZ.

    By Wednesday, the cutoff low moving into Arizona will meander east
    with the greatest lift and divergence situated into the Four
    Corners region and southern Rockies. A lack of moisture generally
    over this area to begin with should confine the areas of
    potentially heavy snow to the higher elevations of southern Utah
    and Colorado, but by late D3 a resurging upper level jet streak
    developing at the base of the upper low will strengthen and bring
    another round of upper level divergence with enhanced moisture
    advection entering the southern Plains (>90th climatological
    percentile per the ECMWF). This leads to medium chances (40-60%)
    for at least 4 inches of snowfall on D3 across the higher
    elevations of the Four Corners, Mogollon Rim of AZ, and southern
    Rockies of CO/NM. Greater coverage of snowfall is expected just
    after the end of the D3 forecast period (00z Thurs) throughout the
    southern Rockies. Snow levels are currently forecast to range from
    around 4000 ft under the upper low over AZ and up to 5300 ft
    across the Southern Rockies on Wednesday.


    For the Days 1-3 period, the probability of significant icing
    greater than 0.10" is less than 10 percent.

    Snell






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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Mon Jan 27 08:35:52 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 270835
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    335 AM EST Mon Jan 27 2025

    Valid 12Z Mon Jan 27 2025 - 12Z Thu Jan 30 2025

    ...Great Lakes, Northeast, Mid-Atlantic...
    Days 1-3...

    An active period of winter weather is expected through mid-week as
    progressive flow drives multiple impulses with rounds of snow from
    the Great Lakes through the Northeast.

    The period begins with a lead shortwave exiting New England into
    the Atlantic, leaving sharp NW CAA in its wake. THe most impressive
    CAA is likely to linger primarily across Lake Ontario and into
    Upstate NY, at least early in the period before a subtle surge of
    WAA occurs ahead of the next front. This will result in a band of
    heavy LES waning right at the start of the period, with minimal
    additional LES accumulation.

    However, the respite will be short as a potent shortwave,
    basically demarcating the edge of the larger cyclonic gyre digging
    south from Hudson Bay will drop south Monday night. This will
    drive a potent cold front southward, first into the U.P and L.P. of
    MI late Monday evening, and then continue to race east through the
    interior Northeast and New England Monday night into Tuesday
    morning. Impressive CAA along the front will drive an intense
    baroclinic boundary, leading to a stripe of impressive low-level
    fgen, especially in the 925-850mb layer. This will drive strong
    mesoscale lift into a saturating column reflected by high low-level
    RH, and as lapse rates steepen, some weak to modest instability
    will develop. The high-res guidance has become more aggressive
    showing a band/corridor of convective snow showers and snow
    squalls, with HREF probabilities showing a 20-30% chance for 1"hr
    snowfall rates within these elements. The accompanying steep lapse
    rates will help mix down strong winds, encouraging the development
    of low visibility during heavy snow showers. The limiting factor to
    true snow squalls may be a relative dearth of 0-2km CAPE, and it
    is beneficial that the most significant impacts will occur at
    night, but still, convective snow showers and isolated snow squalls
    are expected Monday night into Tuesday morning from the U.P. of
    Michigan through much of the interior Northeast and New England,
    and potentially as far southeast as the Mid-Atlantic.
    Accumulations during this time will generally be minor, but some
    LES and some upslope flow with the front across the Adirondacks has
    resulted in WPC probabilities reaching 70-90% for 4 inches on D1,

    Some modest LES will follow in the wake of this front, but more
    significant and widespread snow will occur D2 into D3, as yet
    another fast moving impulse dives through the broad cyclonic flow
    across the east. This third impulse will track along the residual
    baroclinic gradient left by the potent cold front, and will be
    overlapped by a strengthening jet streak downstream of the trough
    axis to produce more robust deep layer ascent. This will support
    modest cyclogenesis as a clipper-type low swings southeast from
    Minnesota Tuesday aftn, to Upstate New York Wednesday morning, and
    then across New England, exiting into Atlantic Canada by Wednesday
    evening. Brief but impressive WAA downstream of this low will
    result in expanding precipitation falling as moderate to heavy snow
    across many areas.

    Then, in the wake of this system, additional LES will develop as
    NW flow causes additional accumulations in the favored NW snow
    belts, and with strong winds, some of this could push as far SE as
    the coastal Mid-Atlantic states by the end of the forecast period.
    WPC probabilities D2 are high (70-90%) for 4+ inches across the
    U.P., the NW L.P. near Traverse City, and east of Lakes Erie and
    Ontario, with a swath of moderate probabilities for 2+ inches
    surrounding those areas for the more synoptically forced snowfall.
    For D3, the greatest risk for 4+ inches of snow shifts into the
    Adirondacks and Greens where WPC probabilities feature a high risk
    70%) while additional modest LES occurs east of Lakes Erie and
    Ontario. Locally 1-2 feet is possible in some areas through the
    period.

    Finally, a second round of convective snow showers or snow squalls
    is becoming more likely on Wednesday, this time a little south of
    the event Tuesday morning. These convective snow showers will occur
    during a more favorable time of day to support better CAPE behind
    the secondary front, and the SnSq parameter is suggesting a risk
    across areas from eastern OH through southern Upstate NY and PA.
    This secondary set of squalls, if they occur, will again be
    accompanied by strong winds and heavy snow rates leading to the
    potential for significant travel impacts despite modest snowfall
    accumulations.

    The two rounds of potential snow squalls have prompted the issuance
    of Key Messages linked below.


    ...Southwest through the Four Corners...
    Days 1-3...

    The anomalous upper low pivoting slowly across CA will begin to
    slip east this week, bringing snowfall across the Southwest US
    through Thursday. This cutoff begins the period quite amplified,
    with 500-700mb heights as low as -2 sigma over CA according to the
    NAEFS ensemble tables. Two distinct spokes of vorticity will dance
    around the core of this upper low, helping to elongate it with
    time as it becomes stretched NE to SW into the Four Corners by
    Tuesday night. The interaction of these vorticity impulses
    rotating around the closed center will help keep the low amplified,
    but also very slow moving, reaching NM/CO by the end of the
    forecast period.

    During this synoptic evolution, the upper pattern will alter
    considerably as well. Initially, a strong 250mb jet streak will be
    arced downstream of the upper low, lifting northeast into the
    Southern Plains. However, this feature will weaken D1 as the upper
    low elongates, leaving less substantial diffluent-caused ascent
    into D2. However, a secondary surge of jet level energy will occur
    Wednesday into Thursday as the jet streak re-amplifies and arcs
    meridionally from the Gulf of California into the Southern Plains,
    placing intense LFQ diffluent ascent over the Four Corners. This
    jet evolution, combined with the mid-level closed low, and at least
    subtle low-level baroclinicity in the vicinity of a weakening front
    will cause waves of low pressure to move eastward from CA to the
    Four Corners D1-D2. This will cause periods of snowfall from the
    Transverse and Peninsular Ranges of CA eastward through the
    Mogollon Rim and Kaibab Plateau where WPC probabilities are
    moderate (30-50%) D1 for 4 inches of snow, and high (>70%, but only
    in higher elevations of AZ) on D2.

    However, the most significant snowfall is likely to begin D3 as a
    low pressure develops near the TX Big Bend and moisture advection
    surges on isentropic ascent across TX. The accompanying theta-e
    ridge is progged to lift cyclonically into a TROWAL, with the most
    intense theta-e advection being directed into the DGZ over NM/CO.
    There is still quite a bit of uncertainty regarding the placement
    and evolution of this system, but snowfall chances are increasing,
    especially in the higher terrain above 5000 ft in the Sangre de
    Cristos and San Juans. Here, WPC probabilities D3 are as high as
    70% for 6+ inches, and impactful snow is becoming more likely for
    parts of this area Wednesday into Thursday.


    For the Days 1-3 period, the probability of significant icing
    greater than 0.10" is less than 10 percent.


    Weiss



    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Mon Jan 27 08:56:43 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 270856
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    356 AM EST Mon Jan 27 2025

    Valid 12Z Mon Jan 27 2025 - 12Z Thu Jan 30 2025

    ...Great Lakes, Northeast, Mid-Atlantic...=20
    Days 1-3...

    An active period of winter weather is expected through mid-week as
    progressive flow drives multiple impulses with rounds of snow from
    the Great Lakes through the Northeast.

    The period begins with a lead shortwave exiting New England into
    the Atlantic, leaving sharp NW CAA in its wake. THe most impressive
    CAA is likely to linger primarily across Lake Ontario and into
    Upstate NY, at least early in the period before a subtle surge of
    WAA occurs ahead of the next front. This will result in a band of
    heavy LES waning right at the start of the period, with minimal
    additional LES accumulation.=20

    However, the respite will be short as a potent shortwave,
    basically demarcating the edge of the larger cyclonic gyre digging
    south from Hudson Bay will drop south Monday night. This will=20
    drive a potent cold front southward, first into the U.P and L.P. of
    MI late Monday evening, and then continue to race east through the
    interior Northeast and New England Monday night into Tuesday=20
    morning. Impressive CAA along the front will drive an intense=20
    baroclinic boundary, leading to a stripe of impressive low-level=20
    fgen, especially in the 925-850mb layer. This will drive strong=20
    mesoscale lift into a saturating column reflected by high low-level
    RH, and as lapse rates steepen, some weak to modest instability=20
    will develop. The high-res guidance has become more aggressive=20
    showing a band/corridor of convective snow showers and snow=20
    squalls, with HREF probabilities showing a 20-30% chance for 1"hr=20
    snowfall rates within these elements. The accompanying steep lapse=20
    rates will help mix down strong winds, encouraging the development=20
    of low visibility during heavy snow showers. The limiting factor to
    true snow squalls may be a relative dearth of 0-2km CAPE, and it=20
    is beneficial that the most significant impacts will occur at=20
    night, but still, convective snow showers and isolated snow squalls
    are expected Monday night into Tuesday morning from the U.P. of=20
    Michigan through much of the interior Northeast and New England,=20
    and potentially as far southeast as the Mid-Atlantic.=20
    Accumulations during this time will generally be minor, but some=20
    LES and some upslope flow with the front across the Adirondacks has
    resulted in WPC probabilities reaching 70-90% for 4 inches on D1,

    Some modest LES will follow in the wake of this front, but more
    significant and widespread snow will occur D2 into D3, as yet
    another fast moving impulse dives through the broad cyclonic flow
    across the east. This third impulse will track along the residual
    baroclinic gradient left by the potent cold front, and will be
    overlapped by a strengthening jet streak downstream of the trough
    axis to produce more robust deep layer ascent. This will support
    modest cyclogenesis as a clipper-type low swings southeast from=20
    Minnesota Tuesday aftn, to Upstate New York Wednesday morning, and=20
    then across New England, exiting into Atlantic Canada by Wednesday=20
    evening. Brief but impressive WAA downstream of this low will=20
    result in expanding precipitation falling as moderate to heavy snow
    across many areas.=20

    Then, in the wake of this system, additional LES will develop as
    NW flow causes additional accumulations in the favored NW snow=20
    belts, and with strong winds, some of this could push as far SE as=20
    the coastal Mid-Atlantic states by the end of the forecast period.
    WPC probabilities D2 are high (70-90%) for 4+ inches across the
    U.P., the NW L.P. near Traverse City, and east of Lakes Erie and
    Ontario, with a swath of moderate probabilities for 2+ inches
    surrounding those areas for the more synoptically forced snowfall.
    For D3, the greatest risk for 4+ inches of snow shifts into the
    Adirondacks and Greens where WPC probabilities feature a high risk
    70%) while additional modest LES occurs east of Lakes Erie and
    Ontario. Locally 1-2 feet is possible in some areas through the
    period.

    Finally, a second round of convective snow showers or snow squalls
    is becoming more likely on Wednesday, this time a little south of=20
    the event Tuesday morning. These convective snow showers will occur
    during a more favorable time of day to support better CAPE behind=20
    the secondary front, and the SnSq parameter is suggesting a risk=20
    across areas from eastern OH through southern Upstate NY and PA.=20
    This secondary set of squalls, if they occur, will again be=20
    accompanied by strong winds and heavy snow rates leading to the=20
    potential for significant travel impacts despite modest snowfall=20 accumulations.=20

    The two rounds of potential snow squalls have prompted the issuance
    of Key Messages linked below.


    ...Southwest through the Four Corners...=20
    Days 1-3...

    The anomalous upper low pivoting slowly across CA will begin to
    slip east this week, bringing snowfall across the Southwest US
    through Thursday. This cutoff begins the period quite amplified,
    with 500-700mb heights as low as -2 sigma over CA according to the
    NAEFS ensemble tables. Two distinct spokes of vorticity will dance
    around the core of this upper low, helping to elongate it with=20
    time as it becomes stretched NE to SW into the Four Corners by=20
    Tuesday night. The interaction of these vorticity impulses=20
    rotating around the closed center will help keep the low amplified,
    but also very slow moving, reaching NM/CO by the end of the=20
    forecast period.

    During this synoptic evolution, the upper pattern will alter
    considerably as well. Initially, a strong 250mb jet streak will be
    arced downstream of the upper low, lifting northeast into the
    Southern Plains. However, this feature will weaken D1 as the upper
    low elongates, leaving less substantial diffluent-caused ascent
    into D2. However, a secondary surge of jet level energy will occur
    Wednesday into Thursday as the jet streak re-amplifies and arcs
    meridionally from the Gulf of California into the Southern Plains,
    placing intense LFQ diffluent ascent over the Four Corners. This
    jet evolution, combined with the mid-level closed low, and at least
    subtle low-level baroclinicity in the vicinity of a weakening front
    will cause waves of low pressure to move eastward from CA to the
    Four Corners D1-D2. This will cause periods of snowfall from the
    Transverse and Peninsular Ranges of CA eastward through the
    Mogollon Rim and Kaibab Plateau where WPC probabilities are
    moderate (30-50%) D1 for 4 inches of snow, and high (>70%, but only
    in higher elevations of AZ) on D2.

    However, the most significant snowfall is likely to begin D3 as a
    low pressure develops near the TX Big Bend and moisture advection
    surges on isentropic ascent across TX. The accompanying theta-e
    ridge is progged to lift cyclonically into a TROWAL, with the most
    intense theta-e advection being directed into the DGZ over NM/CO.
    There is still quite a bit of uncertainty regarding the placement
    and evolution of this system, but snowfall chances are increasing,
    especially in the higher terrain above 5000 ft in the Sangre de
    Cristos and San Juans. Here, WPC probabilities D3 are as high as
    70% for 6+ inches, and impactful snow is becoming more likely for
    parts of this area Wednesday into Thursday.


    For the Days 1-3 period, the probability of significant icing
    greater than 0.10" is less than 10 percent.


    Weiss




    ...Winter Storm Key Messages are in effect. Please see current=20
    Key Messages below...

    https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/key_messages/Late= stKeyMessage_1.png__;!!DZ3fjg!46-Xa_0_7L_F2cVP-1Gcpks77p8WJG_3BDNL_OZU18mwx= 1YGTcFck7IMmHGlCYuYOkhNHU9hMyKNM-e2GjD-1i4zQw4$=20

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Tue Jan 28 07:10:00 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 280709
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    209 AM EST Tue Jan 28 2025

    Valid 12Z Tue Jan 28 2025 - 12Z Fri Jan 31 2025

    ...Great Lakes, Northeast, Mid-Atlantic...=20
    Days 1-2...

    Progressive pattern continues across the east as a cyclonic gyre
    centered near the Hudson Bay drifts east, but vorticity lobes
    shedding around it will maintain/re-amplify the upper trough into
    Thursday.=20

    The first of these shortwaves will be racing east across Upstate NY
    and northern New England this morning, pushing an arctic front
    southeast in tandem. Scattered convective snow showers and isolated
    snow squalls will remain possible along this front through the
    morning hours, with briefly heavy snow rates above 1"/hr and gusty
    winds combining to produce scattered impacts as far east as I-95 to
    NYC and Boston. However, the intensity of these features is likely
    to be much less substantial than occurring overnight into Tuesday
    morning.

    Behind this front, a brief respite in snowfall will occur before a
    second impulse digs rapidly from Alberta, Canada towards the Great
    Lakes and Northeast. The interaction of this shortwave trough with
    the leftover baroclinic boundary behind the cold front will yield
    surface cyclogenesis in the form of an "Alberta Clipper" which is
    progged to track quickly from the Arrowhead of MN this afternoon
    through the Upper Great Lakes tonight, and then across New England
    on Wednesday. Weak secondary development is possible east of Massachusetts/Maine Wednesday as well, but should have marginal
    impact on the winter impacts. Ahead of this clipper, intensifying
    SW flow will drive enhanced WAA and moist isentropic ascent,
    especially along 285-290K surfaces, to produce an expanding swath
    of moderate to heavy snow. The DGZ becomes exceptionally deep
    during this time as reflected by SREF probabilities of 90% for
    100+mb of depth during the period of most impressive WAA. This will
    create a near iso-thermal layer within the -12C to -18C
    temperatures, explaining this deep DGZ. PWs are progged to exceed
    the 97th percentile over MN/MI according to NAEFS, which will help
    additionally enhance snowfall, and despite PWs falling to the east
    with time, a period of heavy snow is likely within this downstream
    WAA.

    Then, in the wake of this system and behind a subsequent cold front
    Wednesday morning, lake effect snow (LES) will develop as NW flow=20
    causes additional accumulations in the favored NW snow belts. With
    strong winds progged in forecast soundings, some of this could=20
    push as far SE as the coastal Mid-Atlantic states by Wednesday
    night. WPC probabilities D1 and D2 for areas that receive both the
    WAA snow and then the subsequent LES are moderate to high (50-90%)
    for 4+ inches from the western U.P. southeast through Traverse City
    area, east of Lakes Ontario and Erie, and into the western
    Adirondacks, Greens of VT, and Whites of NH. Storm total snow of
    12-18" is possible across the U.P. and the Tug Hill, with 6-12" in
    lollipops elsewhere across this swath, especially in the higher
    terrain.

    Finally, a second round of convective snow showers or snow squalls
    continues to look likely Wednesday. These convective snow showers=20
    will occur during a more favorable time of day to support increased
    CAPE forecast to reach 100-200 J/kg in the 0-2km layer, overlapping
    some impressive low-level fgen from central New England, Upstate
    NY, and into the northern Mid-Atlantic states. This secondary set=20
    of squalls will again be accompanied by strong winds and heavy=20
    snow rates leading to the potential for significant travel impacts=20
    despite modest snowfall accumulations.=20

    After this second front pushes east and snow squalls wind down
    Wednesday evening/night, much of D3 will be quiet across the
    region. A larger scale storm system is likely to approach late D3=20
    from the south with increasing moisture and some light mixed=20
    precipitation, but at this time any impacts from that event are=20
    most likely into D4, just beyond this forecast period, and WPC
    probabilities for 0.01" of ice peak around 50% across northern PA
    before the end of the forecast period.

    The two rounds of potential snow squalls continue the issuance of=20
    Key Messages linked below.


    ...Southwest through the Four Corners...=20
    Days 1-3...

    Modestly anomalous upper cutoff low (NAEFS 700-500mb heights
    falling to below the 10th percentile of the CFSR climatology) will
    roll slowly eastward from southern CA this morning. This feature
    will move slowly (such is the nature of cutoffs) across the Desert
    Southwest and Four Corners Wednesday before pinwheeling into the
    Central Plains on Thursday. The exact track and placement of this
    upper low remains uncertain due to vorticity lobes which will
    periodically dance around the central gyre, tugging it in subtly
    different directions at different times, but the large scale
    pattern is well agreed upon at this time by the various global=20
    models.

    This evolution will result in pronounced synoptic forcing across
    the region from west to east, primarily due to height falls,
    divergence, and periods of PVA. However, other forcing at play=20
    will enhance deep layer ascent. This includes increasing LFQ
    diffluence as a subtropical jet streak intensifies downstream of
    the closed low, especially Wednesday into Thursday across NM/CO,
    and periods of upslope flow embedded within isentropic ascent.
    There has also been an increase this morning in post-system
    deformation as a surge of wrap-around precipitation develops over
    eastern CO Thursday morning and then pivots southward. These
    parameters together should produce sufficient lift in an area of
    increasing moisture to produce warning-level snow above generally
    4000-5000 ft in the Sangre de Cristos, San Juans, and Jemez
    Mountains. However, there remains some uncertainty as to the
    movement of an accompanying dry slot, which could lower
    accumulations in some areas.

    WPC probabilities for 4+ inches on D1 are minimal, but by D2 expand considerably and amplify into the San Juans and Sangre de Cristos,
    where they reach as high as 70-90% for 6+ inches, with locally over
    1 foot possible in the highest terrain. Additionally WPC
    probabilities are high (70-90%) for 4+ inches across the Raton Mesa
    and higher elevations of I-25 near the NM/CO border. By D3 the=20
    event begins to ramp down, but WPC probabilities for 4+ inches=20
    above 30% continue in the Sangre de Cristos, and expand into parts=20
    of the Palmer Divide as well.


    ...Pacific Northwest...
    Day 3...

    A trough moving eastward across the Northern Pacific will generate
    an intensifying jet streak downstream, pivoting ascent and moisture
    into the region after 00Z Friday. This will manifest as a corridor
    of enhanced IVT as high as 500 kg/m/s (above the 90th CFSR
    percentile according to NAEFS) reaching as far inland as Idaho
    before the end of the period. This will drive an expanding area of precipitation spreading eastward, but with the accompanying WAA
    driving snow levels to as high as 5500 ft, much of this will fall
    as rain. However, in the Olympics and Cascades, a heavy wet snow is
    likely, which could accumulate to more than 4 inches before 12Z
    Friday as reflected by WPC probabilities reaching 30-50% in these
    areas.


    For the Days 1-3 period, the probability of significant icing
    greater than 0.10" is less than 10 percent.


    Weiss



    ...Winter Storm Key Messages are in effect. Please see current=20
    Key Messages below...

    https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/key_messages/Late= stKeyMessage_1.png__;!!DZ3fjg!89A0arGloreIKXQotadXhZgzOZWkTEDqObqSoaulhMJ-l= yNdVH-z-6fzkoR_y-dCV1OP1GMqdkfYjMeMmFHQVd3TBwA$=20

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Tue Jan 28 20:06:18 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 282005
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    305 PM EST Tue Jan 28 2025

    Valid 00Z Wed Jan 29 2025 - 00Z Sat Feb 01 2025

    ...Great Lakes, Northeast, Mid-Atlantic...=20
    Days 1-3...

    ...Snow squalls racing across the Great Lakes tonight, then through
    the Northeast on Wednesday may lead to hazardous travel...

    A progressive area of low pressure will track through the Upper
    Great Lakes this evening with both its warm front and cold front
    featuring prominent roles in the development of heavy snow over the
    next 24-36 hours. Regarding the warm front, modest 925-700mb WAA
    aloft will overrun the sufficiently cold air-mass in place from
    western NY on east through the rest of Upstate NY this evening.
    This favorable WAA configuration aloft will support isentropic
    ascent as far east as the New England coastline by early Wednesday
    morning, while at the same time, the region resides beneath the
    diffluent left-exit region of a 140kt 250mb jet streak. The areas
    favored to see the heaviest snowfall through Wednesday are the Tug
    Hill and Adirondacks which not only reside beneath the best
    synoptic and mesoscale atmospheric drivers aloft, but WSWrly 40-50kt
    850mb winds will also favorably upslope into these areas, thus
    maximizing snowfall rates would support >1"/hr snowfall rates
    tonight. Look for the White Mountains, Green Mountains, and
    Berkshires to also witness periods of heavy snow tonight and
    through Wednesday via the same processes as their NY neighboring
    mountain ranges. WPC probabilities show moderate-to-high (50-70%)
    chances for >12" of snow through Wednesday evening with similar
    probabilistic chances exist over the Adirondacks for >8" of snow.
    The taller peaks of the Berkshires, Green, and White Mountains
    sport moderate chances (40-60%) for snowfall totals >6" through
    Wednesday evening.

    The improving FGEN along the New England coast Wednesday morning,
    combined with the aforementioned left-exit region of the 250mb jet
    streak overhead, will help spawn a new coastal low off the MA
    Capes. Easterly flow north of the low will tap into Atlantic=20
    moisture that in turn allows for periods of snow throughout much of
    southern Maine and Downeast Maine. The progressive nature of the=20
    storm system will keep periods of heavy snowfall short in duration,
    but there are low chances (10-30%) for snowfall totals >4" along=20
    the immediate Maine coastline.=20

    Meanwhile, on the western flank of the low traversing the Great
    Lakes tonight, an Arctic front will spark snow squalls over
    northern MN that will race southeastward this evening through the
    Great Lakes. By Wednesday morning, the front will head for the
    eastern Great Lakes. Out ahead of the front, daytime heating will=20
    help to steepen low-level lapse rates while 850mb winds, ranging=20
    between 40-50kts, are above the 90th climatological percentile.=20
    Areas most at risk for snow squalls stretch from northeast OH and=20
    much of northern PA through Upstate NY and into central New=20
    England. At the same time, periods of LES are forecast across=20
    Michigan's U.P. and the northern tip of Michigan's Mitten. Even as=20
    the snow squall threat winds down Wednesday evening, LES will=20
    continue in northeast PA and west-central NY as brisk low-level=20
    NWrly winds continue. LES bands should finally taper off by=20
    Thursday morning as NWrly flow weakens. Day 1 WPC probabilities=20
    show moderate chances (40-60%) for >4" of snowfall in the central=20
    and eastern Michigan U.P., as well as localized northern areas of=20
    Michigan's Mitten. For more on the potential snow squall impacts,=20
    please visit our latest Key Messages below.

    Following a brief reprieve Wednesday night and into Thursday
    morning, the next round of unsettled weather arrives Thursday=20
    night as a closed 500mb low over the Central Plains directs a=20
    fetch of precipitation at the Mid-Atlantic. There remains modest=20
    uncertainty in timing of the precipitation's arrival, how far north
    QPF can reach into New England, and how much of a sub-freezing=20
    air-mass remains as the storm's precipitation shield arrives on=20
    Friday. That said, the mountainous terrain of the Northeast likely=20
    sports the best chances for measurable snowfall late Friday, while=20
    valleys and coastal areas will not be as favored to see heavy snow=20
    given the lack of a sufficiently cold air-mass by the time the=20
    storm arrives on Friday.=20


    ...Southwest through the Four Corners...=20
    Days 1-2...

    A large closed upper-low located over the Southwest is rather
    anomalous for the time of year, sporting 500mb heights as low as
    the 2.5 climatological percentile near the northern Gulf of
    California coast. Temperatures are also rather cold by this time=20
    of year's standards with 500-700mb temps generally below the 2.5=20 climatological percentile according to NAEFS over much of AZ
    tonight and over western NM during the day on Wednesday. There is
    just enough 700-300mb moisture aloft, combined with favorable
    250-500mb diffluence aloft ahead of the closed low and modest
    upslope ascent to support heavy snow in mountain ranges such as the
    San Juans, the Mogollon Rim, the Gila Mountains, and as far east as
    the Sangre De Cristo. The heaviest snowfall will reside in the San
    Juans tonight through Wednesday, then late Wednesday into Thursday
    in the Sangre De Cristo and as far north as the Palmer Divide as
    easterly upslope flow helps with dynamic cooling of the atmospheric
    column and supports heavier snow rates. Lower elevation snowfall=20
    will be harder to come by given the lack of a cold continental
    polar (cP) air-mass, but minor accumulations (<3") are possible in
    the central High Plains. The tallest peaks of the San Juans and
    Sangre De Cristos sport moderate-to-high chances (50-70%) for >8"
    of snowfall with localized areas likely surpassing a foot by the
    time the event concludes Thursday afternoon. The Palmer Divide does
    sport low-to-moderate chances (30-50%) for snowfall totals >4", but
    at elevations <6,000ft, probabilities are generally <20%. Still,
    minor accumulations of 1-3" could result in slick travel conditions
    for travelers along the I-25 corridor on Thursday.=20


    ...Pacific Northwest...
    Day 3...

    Multi-vort mid-level trough will approach the PacNW early Friday
    with downstream moisture advection (IVT >90th percentile) and
    rising snow levels (from ~2500-4000ft up to 3500-5500ft north to
    south through the WA/OR Cascades). This will favor snow in the=20
    higher elevations, mostly above pass level, especially as the WAA
    drives in higher QPF. Guidance differs on how much snow levels will
    rise, with a spread of 2500ft or so (near and higher than
    Snoqualmie). For the higher elevations above 4000ft, WPC=20
    probabilities for at least 8 inches of snow are high (>70%) through
    00Z Sat (with additional precipitation thereafter). A heavy and wet
    snow can be expected around the oscillating snow level, which is
    shown in the WSSI-P snow load parameter.


    For the Days 1-3 period, the probability of significant icing
    greater than 0.10" is less than 10 percent.


    Mullinax/Fracasso




    ...Winter Storm Key Messages are in effect. Please see current=20
    Key Messages below...

    https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/key_messages/Late= stKeyMessage_1.png__;!!DZ3fjg!4o-nP5-Iiez8E4mPjD6onPfrhtLiTl_5cXYvJBOrPdpp7= _5QIziYcdwW1HMtsNpSD-9Bx_zJtJRu6DRHQke0aQB9QdQ$=20

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Wed Jan 29 07:49:57 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 290749
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    249 AM EST Wed Jan 29 2025

    Valid 12Z Wed Jan 29 2025 - 12Z Sat Feb 01 2025

    ...Great Lakes, Northeast, Mid-Atlantic...=20
    Days 1 & 3...

    An Alberta Clipper type low will be racing east across New England
    and into the Gulf of Maine to start D1, driving an arctic cold
    front southward in its wake. This evolution will result in three=20
    areas of moderate snowfall D1.

    First, the guidance continues to indicate that the environment=20
    will be favorable to support widespread and impressive snow squalls
    today, especially across the interior Northeast and as far east as
    I-95 from near Philadelphia, PA through Portland, ME. While=20
    snowfall within any snow squalls will result in minimal=20
    accumulations (less than 1" most areas), snowfall rates in excess
    of 1"/hr as reflected by HREF probabilities in areas with
    impressive overlap of 0-2km fgen and CAPE will create dangerous
    driving due to highly variable visibilities and snow covered roads.
    The strongest squalls are likely along and just behind the front,
    and many areas will likely experience squalls through sunset on
    Wednesday, and Key Messages (linked below) are in effect for this
    event.

    Behind the front, strong CAA across the Lakes will help support
    another round of lake effect snow (LES) in the favored W/NW snow
    belts, especially across the eastern U.P. of MI, and east of Lakes
    Erie and Ontario. The heaviest accumulations are likely across the
    Tug Hill and western Adirondacks (somewhat aided by upslope flow as
    well), with lighter accumulations elsewhere. Overall, LES D1=20
    should be modest, but WPC probabilities feature a high risk=20
    (70-90%) for 4+ inches of snow in the Tug Hill, western=20
    Adirondacks, portions of the Greens, and the higher elevations of=20
    the Whites.

    Finally, Downeast Maine will also likely experience a narrow
    corridor of moderate to heavy snow as secondary low pressure
    developing offshore beneath the LFQ of an upper jet streak angles
    moist isentropic ascent onshore. The axis of moderate snow is
    likely to be narrow, but a ribbon of snow accumulating to several
    inches is likely, as reflected by WPC probabilities for 4+ inches
    as high as 50% along the immediate coast.

    Thursday appears quiet across the region, but this changes quickly
    late Thursday night/Friday morning as a larger scale storm system
    approaches from the SW. This system will emerge from the Central
    Plains as a strong closed low, opening slowly as it approaches the
    Mid-Atlantic Friday evening, and reaching the Atlantic coast by
    Saturday morning. Impressive downstream divergence initially will
    somewhat weak as the low fills, but will still overlap directed
    moisture as a theta-e ridge surges northward from the Gulf of
    Mexico leading to PWs that reach above the 90th climatological
    percentile according to NAEFS. The antecedent airmass is modestly
    cold for wintry precipitation, so much of the accompanying
    precipitation will likely be rain across the Mid-Atlantic, but the
    higher terrain of PA (around the Poconos) and into Upstate
    NY/southern New England will likely receive some mixed
    precipitation of sleet/freezing rain, with snow farther north.
    There will also likely be some gradual cooling of the column from
    north to south late in the forecast period in response to dynamic
    effects and ageostrophic drainage as the low pulls away, resulting
    in at least a brief period of heavy snow. WPC probabilities D3 for
    heavy snow exceeding 4 inches are confined to the Adirondacks and
    northern New England, where they are generally 10-50%.

    There remains quite a lot of uncertainty into the placement of the
    mixed precip zone, and how much moisture will lift northward, but=20
    current WPC probabilities for freezing rain are 10-30% for more
    than 0.1" of ice near the Poconos, with a broad swath of 30-70% for
    0.01" of ice encompassing much of the interior northern Mid-
    Atlantic and southern New England.


    ...Southwest through the Four Corners...=20
    Days 1-2...

    Anomalous closed low will continue to advect slowly northeast
    across the Four Corners today before moving into the Central Plains
    on Thursday. This feature will maintain amplitude, reflected by
    500mb heights fall towards the 2.5 percentile according to NAEFS,
    suggesting ascent will persist downstream as it moves. The most
    impressive lift is likely immediately east of the upper low where=20
    height falls and divergence combined with the diffluent LFQ of a=20 strengthening and poleward arcing jet streak, which is also where=20
    the greatest moisture is expected as a PW plume surges and lifts=20 cyclonically into NM/CO. With a generally cold air mass in place,=20
    and steep lapse rates beneath the upper low persisting, rounds of=20
    heavy snow are expected to continue, especially in the higher=20
    terrain above 5000 ft from the Mogollon Rim to the San Juans,=20
    Sangre de Cristos, and even as far east as the Raton Mesa and=20
    Palmer Divide. However, the moisture is expected to get cutoff and
    pivot east into the Plains during D2, bringing an end to the=20
    snowfall in the region.=20

    Before that happens, heavy snow will accumulate in the higher=20
    terrain of the Four Corners reflected by WPC probabilities D1 of=20
    50-90% in the White Mountains of AZ, as well as the San Juans and=20
    Sangre de Cristos. During D2, the focus shifts east, with heavy=20
    snow likely confined to the Sangre de Cristos once again.

    Farther east into the High Plains including the I-25 urban=20
    corridor, wraparound snow aided by upslope could result in=20
    impactful accumulations across these areas. Even just by D2 there=20
    is uncertainty in the amount of available moisture due to extremely
    different camps in the guidance, but WPC probabilities currently=20
    suggest a 50-90% chance of at least 2 inches both D1 and D2,=20
    greatest in the higher elevations in the vicinity of the Raton Mesa
    and Palmer Divide.


    ...Pacific and Interior Northwest...
    Days 2-3...

    A more active period begins in the West Thursday as an atmospheric
    river (AR) begins to push onshore the coasts of WA/OR before
    spilling inland on Friday. IVT within this AR has a high
    probability (>60%) of exceeding 500 kg/m/s according to both ECENS
    and GEFS probabilities, with this AR being surged onshore in=20
    response to a deepening trough across the Pacific moving eastward.
    The overlap of confluent mid-level flow with a surging Pacific jet
    streak reaching the coast will drive the moisture onshore,=20
    reflected by IVT eclipsing the 90th percentile Friday, with a core=20
    above the 99th percentile in the northern Great Basin overnight=20
    into Saturday morning. This increased moisture will manifest as an=20
    expanding area of precipitation, but with WAA accompanying the AR,=20
    snow levels will climb steadily to as high as 4000-5000 ft on=20
    Friday before collapsing to as low as 1000 ft by the end of the=20
    forecast period, lowest in WA state, behind a cold front.

    The result of this will be increasing snowfall, primarily in the WA
    Cascades and Olympics D2, expanding along the Cascades and into
    northern CA, while concurrently reaching as far east as the
    Northern Rockies and Salmon River/Sawtooth Ranges D3. SLRs will
    likely be quite low ahead of the cold front, but should rise
    steadily as snow levels crash late in the forecast period. This is
    reflected by high WSSI-P probabilities for snow load late D2 into
    D3, creating impacts at higher elevations. WPC probabilities are=20
    moderate (30-50%) for 6+ inches D2 in the higher elevations of WA.=20
    By D3 these probabilities increase and expand, with a high risk=20
    90%) for more than 6 inches along the Cascades of WA and OR, the=20
    Olympics, Northern Rockies, Salmon River, and Sawtooth Ranges.


    Weiss



    ...Winter Storm Key Messages are in effect. Please see current=20
    Key Messages below...

    https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/key_messages/Late= stKeyMessage_1.png__;!!DZ3fjg!_6DWZg4T43ym23gfzWMYmZixow3aTP8tnQVTpa8YJ9ChZ= 19McCfg_OPK8WdfkQCQ05Q4G38sEhWXkW5W_vfADoHQCFg$=20

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Wed Jan 29 20:09:47 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 292009
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    309 PM EST Wed Jan 29 2025

    Valid 00Z Thu Jan 30 2025 - 00Z Sun Feb 02 2025

    ...Northeast & Northern Mid-Atlantic...
    Days 2-3...

    Any lingering snow squalls and LES bands ongoing this afternoon
    will dissipate tonight as winds weaken gradually and high pressure
    builds in from the southeast.=20

    Thursday appears quiet across the region, but this changes Thursday night/Friday morning as a storm system approaches from the SW. By
    12Z Friday, the positively tilted 500mb low located over the
    Middle Mississippi Valley will have directed an exceptional IVT=20
    over the eastern third of the U.S. with values topping 1,000 kg/m/s
    over the TN Valley. However, the air-mass over the northern Mid-=20
    Atlantic will have moderated to a point where most expected=20
    snowfall will be confined to the mountain ranges of the Northeast=20
    and throughout much of Maine. On Friday, boundary layer/surface=20
    temperatures will initially start out <32F from central PA on=20
    north through the Catskills, Southern Tier of NY, and the Lower=20
    Hudson Valley, and into central New England while a burgeoning warm
    nose aloft causes precipitation to fall as a sleet/freezing rain=20
    mix. Farther north, boundary layer temperatures will remain below=20
    freezing and allow for snow to be the primary precipitation type=20
    from the Tug Hill and Adirondacks on east through the Green and=20
    White Mountains.=20

    As the primary low weakens Friday evening across NY, a new coastal
    low will form east of the MA Capes Friday night. The low will be a
    fast mover with periods of snow Friday night concluding by Saturday
    morning. WPC probabilities show low-to-moderate chances (30-50%)
    for snowfall >4" across the Adirondacks, Green and White Mountains,
    and northern Maine with low chances (10-30%) for >6" in these same
    areas. WPC probabilities depict low chances (10-30%) through=20
    northern PA, the Poconos, and Catskills for ice accumulations=20
    0.1". The Probabilistic WSSI (WSSI-P) shows low-to-moderate=20
    chances (30-50%) for Minor Impacts in all of these aforementioned=20
    areas.=20


    ...Southwest through the Four Corners...=20
    Day 1...

    An anomalous closed low will continue to advect slowly northeast=20
    across the Four Corners this afternoon before moving into the=20
    Central Plains on Thursday. This feature will maintain amplitude,=20
    reflected by 500mb heights fall towards the 2.5 percentile=20
    according to NAEFS, providing strong ascent downstream of the low as
    it moves east. The most impressive lift is likely immediately east
    of the upper low where height falls and divergence combined with=20
    the diffluent LFQ of a strengthening and poleward arcing jet=20
    streak, which is also where the greatest moisture is expected as a=20
    PW plume surges and lifts cyclonically into NM/CO. Heavy snow will=20 accumulate in the higher terrain of the Southern Rockies,
    highlighted by WPC probabilities that show moderate-to-high chances
    (50-80%) for snowfall >8" of snowfall the San Juans and Sangre de=20
    Cristos, as well as the Raton Mesa.

    Farther east into the High Plains, including the I-25/I-70
    corridors and Palmer Divide, wraparound snow aided by upslope may=20
    result in impactful accumulations across these areas. Latest CAMs=20
    guidance has keyed in on a narrow band of heavy snow from the=20
    Palmer Divide and along I-25 on east towards the I-70 corridor
    between 12-18Z Thursday. Latest HREF guidance shows moderate
    chances (40-60%) for snowfall rates >1"/hr in that span, which
    could lead to rapid accumulations on roadways and rapid reductions
    in visibilities. WPC probabilities show moderate-to-high chanceS
    (50-70%) for snowfall >6" along the I-25 corridor over the Palmer
    Divide. There are low-to-moderate chances (30-50%) for snowfall
    amounts >4" along I-25 in Elbert County on Thursday. It is
    possible, should mesoscale banding manifest itself as CAMs suggest,
    may result in localized amount of 8-10" from the Palmer Divide on
    northeast to the I-70 corridor east of the Denver metro. Travelers
    on these interstates and connecting thoroughfares should anticipate
    the potential for hazardous travel Thursday morning in these=20
    areas. Snow should conclude Thursday afternoon as the closed upper-
    low tracks east.=20

    ...Pacific and Interior Northwest...
    Days 2-3...

    A more active period begins in the Northwest beginning on Thursday
    as an atmospheric river (AR) arrives over the coasts of WA/OR=20
    before spilling inland on Friday. IVT within this AR ranges between
    300-500 kg/m/s Friday morning, which is as high as the 99th
    climatological percentile per NAEFS. This increased moisture stream
    will coincide with an expanding area of precipitation, but as WAA=20
    increases as a byproduct of the AR's arrival, snow levels will=20
    climb to as high as 4000-5000 ft on Friday before plummeting to as
    low as 1000ft by the end of the forecast period, lowest in WA=20
    state, behind a cold front. Upslope flow into the Cascades/Olympics
    will continue through Saturday with heavy snow also expected=20
    farther east into the northern Rockies. Farther south, the westerly
    IVT will continue to pump copious amounts of Pacific moisture into
    the West with the northern California ranges, most notably, seeing
    the heaviest precipitation. While this is the case, snow levels=20
    will be rather high with elevations >7,000ft most subjected to the
    heavy snow in the Sierra Nevada, and >5,000ft in the=20
    Trinity/Shasta.

    WPC probabilities are highlighting the Cascades and Olympics above
    3,500ft as having high chances (>70%) for snowfall totals >24"=20
    through Saturday afternoon. A couple other regions likely to=20
    measure snowfall in feet are the Sawtooth of central ID and the=20
    Tetons where some of the peaks of these ranges are may surpass 30"=20
    through Saturday night. Elsewhere, snowfall totals >12" are
    moderate-to-high chance (50-70%) according to WPC probabilities in
    the peaks of the Trinity/Shasta, the OR Cascades, and peaks of the
    northern ID panhandle. There is concern for icy conditions at
    lower elevations of northeast WA, northern ID, and western MT=20
    where surface temps have rarely gotten above freezing in recent=20
    days. Should snow transition over to a sleet/rain mix, ground=20
    conditions are so cold that freezing rain could ensue on these=20
    surfaces even with air temperatures above freezing. Expect wintry=20
    conditions to linger through Sunday as the IVT to the south=20
    persists and a more frigid air-mass inches its way south from=20
    southwest Canada, resulting in more mountain snow and possibly icy=20 conditions in some valleys of the Pacific Northwest and=20
    Intermountain West.

    Mullinax



    ...Winter Storm Key Messages are in effect. Please see current=20
    Key Messages below...

    https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/key_messages/Late= stKeyMessage_1.png__;!!DZ3fjg!4T8K6qXV823lpoN5sq4BqzwEaU2fXh1CrA4XInAtgYuIQ= Ea4xsbpe0_y9gq5spQg9dVKVmmhql2RDEcVAj3udN2qbKw$=20

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Thu Jan 30 08:58:29 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 300858
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    358 AM EST Thu Jan 30 2025

    Valid 12Z Thu Jan 30 2025 - 12Z Sun Feb 02 2025

    ...Northeast & Northern Mid-Atlantic...
    Days 1-3...


    Deep low pressure over eastern CO this morning will eject east to
    the Middle Mississippi Valley tonight with copious Gulf moisture
    available will have directed an exceptional IVT over the eastern
    third of the U.S. with values topping 1,000 kg/m/s over the TN
    Valley. Pockets of freezing rain are likely late tonight into
    Friday over northeast PA and southern NY with Day 1.5 ice probs for
    0.1" in the 20-30% range. Farther north, boundary layer
    temperatures will remain below freezing and allow for snow to be
    the primary precipitation type Friday/Friday night from south of
    Lake Ontario across the Adirondacks on east through the Green and
    White Mountains and southern/eastern Maine.

    As the primary low weakens Friday evening across NY, a new coastal
    low will form east of the MA Capes Friday night. The low will be a
    fast mover with periods of snow Friday night concluding by Saturday
    morning. The EC remains more suppressed/quicker with the solution
    resulting in less snow than the stronger/slower/snowier GFS. Day 2
    WPC probabilities for >4" are 10-30% for lower elevations from
    east of Buffalo and through eastern Maine and 30-60% in terrain of
    the Adirondacks, Green and White Mountains. However, should banding
    develop on the northern end of the precip shield, the motion would
    be along the west-east orientation and lead to localized heavy
    snow of several inches. Hopefully the variation in track and
    magnitude improves in the next model suite.


    ...Southern Rockies and Central High Plains...
    Day 1...

    Mid-level is now over the CO High Plains where it will continue to
    develop through this morning. Strong ascent around and under this
    low will persist into the afternoon with moisture aiding snow,
    heavy at times, for the southern Front Range and Sangre de Cristos
    and Raton Mesa. Banding extends northeast from the Palmer Divide
    with snow accum to the eastern CO border. Day 1 snow probs for >4"
    after 12Z are 40-70% for these areas. Snow should conclude
    this afternoon as the low tracks east.


    ...Pacific and Interior Northwest...
    Days 1-3...

    An atmospheric river (AR) crosses the WA/OR coasts tonight as an
    approaching trough gets drawn into a deep low drifting south from
    the southern AK coast. IVT within this AR ranges between 300-500
    kg/m/s Friday morning, which is as high as the 99th climatological
    percentile per NAEFS. WAA increases with the AR, causing snow
    levels to rise tonight through Friday morning to 4000-5000ft for
    the Cascades and west. However, height falls from both the trough
    crossing and the approaching cold-core low causes snow levels to
    plummet Friday night through Saturday. Snow levels reach sea level
    in western WA on Saturday with a strong baroclinic zone over OR
    and into the northern Rockies. Upslope flow into the
    Cascades/Olympics will continue through Friday night before
    diminishing to more moderate rates under the colder trough Saturday
    night. Heavy snow persists through Saturday for the northern
    Rockies. Farther south, the westerly IVT will continue to pump
    copious Pacific moisture into the West with the northern California
    ranges seeing the heaviest precipitation Saturday and continuing
    into next week in a prolonged onshore flow. Snow levels will be
    notably higher on that side of the baroclinic zone with snow levels
    7,000ft in the Sierra Nevada, and >5,000ft in the Trinity/Shasta.

    Day 1.5 WPC snow probabilities for >6" are high (60-90%) in the
    WA Cascades and 50-80% in the OR/CA Cascades and northern
    Bitterroots. These probabilities greatly expand Friday night with
    Day 2.5 snow probs for >6" high (50-90% for the length of the
    Cascades/High Sierra, Sawtooths, Bitterroots, and Absarokas/Wind
    River around and south of Yellowstone.
    There is concern for ice accretion at lower elevations of eastern
    WA and northern ID, and western MT where surface temps have rarely
    gotten above freezing in recent days. Should snow transition over
    to a sleet/rain mix, ground conditions are so cold that freezing
    rain would occur on these surfaces even with air temperatures above
    freezing. Expect wintry conditions to linger through Monday as the
    IVT to the south persists and a more frigid air- mass inches its
    way south from southwest Canada, resulting in more mountain snow
    and possibly icy conditions in some valleys of the Pacific
    Northwest and Intermountain West.

    Jackson



    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Thu Jan 30 19:43:30 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 301943
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    243 PM EST Thu Jan 30 2025

    Valid 00Z Fri Jan 31 2025 - 00Z Mon Feb 03 2025

    ...Northeast & Northern Mid-Atlantic...
    Days 1-3...


    An anomalous closed upper-low over the Mississippi Valley Friday
    morning will direct a broad and strong IVT at the Northeast U.S..
    Rich moisture from the south and increasing low-mid level WAA aloft
    will overrun boundary layer temperatures that start out below
    freezing in the interior northern Mid-Atlantic and Northeast on
    Friday. Pockets of freezing rain are most likely to occur from
    northern PA on east through the Poconos, Upstate NY, and into
    central New England beginning Friday morning and lasting for the
    more northern locations through Friday evening. WPC probabilities
    show low chances (10-30%, pockets of 40% in some areas) in north-
    central PA and the Catskills for ice accumulations >0.1" through
    Friday evening. Minor ice accumulations <0.1" are possible as far
    south as the Lehigh Valley in PA, but with a quickly modifying air-
    mass, a changeover to plain rain should limit the impact- potential
    in these more southern areas. Meanwhile, the mountain ranges of
    northern New York and northern New England will have better chances
    of staying primarily snow for the duration of this event (Friday
    afternoon through Saturday night). WPC probabilities show low-to-
    moderate chances (30-50%) for snowfall totals >4" in these areas
    with localized amounts within the peaks of the Adirondacks, Green,
    and White Mountains topping 6" by early Saturday morning.


    As the primary low weakens Friday night across NY, a new coastal
    low will form east of the MA Capes Friday night. Some guidance
    shows an increasingly low-level easterly fetch to the north of the
    low may deliver some Atlantic moisture over southern and central
    Maine Friday night and into Saturday morning. Snow should taper off
    by midday as the low races into the North Atlantic Saturday
    afternoon. WPC probabilities show low chances (10-30%) for snowfall
    totals >4" across southern and central Maine, which may result
    minor impacts for travelers Saturday morning.


    ...Upper Great Lakes...
    Days 2-3...

    A fast moving upper level shortwave trough tracking across the
    Northern Plains will coincide with the diffluent left-exit region
    of a 250mb jet streak to provide modest ascent over the Upper
    Midwest. In addition, as a warm front lifts north Saturday evening,
    increasing 850-700mb WAA will provide additional low-level ascent
    that results in periods of snow from northern MN on east across the
    Upper Great Lakes. The combination of best lift and elevation is
    currently being highlighted over northern WI and the southern MI
    Upper Peninsula. By 06Z Sunday, a consolidating area of low
    pressure will allow for southeast-to-easterly flow to allow for
    added lake-enhancement along the MN Arrowhead. Light snow may ensue
    over northern MI through the day on Sunday while the heavier
    snowfall over northern MN/northern WI tapers off Sunday afternoon.
    WPC probabilities show moderate chances (40-60%) for snowfall
    amounts >6" along the MN Arrowhead and low-to-moderate chances for
    snowfall totals >6" in parts of northeast Wisconsin through Sunday
    morning.


    ...Pacific and Interior Northwest/Great Basin...
    Days 1-3...

    The start of an active and increasingly wintrier pattern for much
    of the Pacific Northwest/Interior West/Great Basin is now in sight
    as the lead atmospheric river event starts tonight. Initially mild
    temperatures will limit heavier snow to the higher mountain
    locations, but colder air will become entrenched as light to
    modest precipitation continues to spread across the region. This
    will support snow into the lowlands by the end of the period.

    For D1, strong IVT (>90th percentile over much of the region
    tonight into Fri) and WAA will drive snow levels up to 4000-5000ft
    along the Cascades and northern Rockies/Great Basin (and over
    6000-7000ft over NorCal into the Sierra). With over an inch QPF in
    the terrain of the Cascades, well over a foot to two feet of snow
    are likely well above pass level. Light to modest snow is likely
    farther east into eastern WA/northern ID/western MT along with some
    light icing due to very cold surface/ground temperatures even as
    2m temps warm up to just over 32F.

    Into D2-3, colder air will filter in (in typical fashion) then
    rush in with a vengeance by Sunday as the upper low over coastal BC
    sinks closer to the region. Though QPF will be lighter overall
    over WA/OR as the moisture plume focuses into NorCal/northern
    Sierra, SLRs will rise and snow levels will fall, bringing
    accumulating and impactful snow to the passes D2 then into the
    lowlands D3 and beyond. For areas north of CA/NV, continued onshore
    flow ahead of the upper low will lead to less QPF each day but
    more snow overall.

    For the D2-3 period, WPC probabilities of at least 8 inches of
    snow are high (>70%) above 1000-2000ft (north) to around 4000ft
    (south) along the Cascades and across much of the Bitterroots,
    Sawtooth, Tetons, Absarokas where 1-3ft of snow is likely. By D3
    with colder air mostly in place (at least aloft and mostly to the
    sfc), snow levels will drop to near sea level which will favor some accumulation depending on 2m temps and time of day. WPC
    probabilities for at least an inch of snow D3 is non-zero through
    the I-5 corridor from WA into OR though higher chances may be into
    D4. To the south, with the strong AR settling into NorCal, snow
    levels will remain on the higher side (6000-8000ft) into the
    northern and central Sierra with WPC probabilities for at least 12
    inches of snow >50% above these elevations. Low SLRs over much of
    CA will promote a heavy and wet snow ("Sierra cement") esp Sat/Sat
    night. Impacts per the WSSI may be at least moderate to major
    (considerable disruptions).


    Mullinax/Fracasso






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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Fri Jan 31 09:16:10 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 310915
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    415 AM EST Fri Jan 31 2025

    Valid 12Z Fri Jan 31 2025 - 12Z Mon Feb 03 2025

    ...Northeast...
    Days 1 & 3...

    Mid-level low pressure over OK early this morning will shift ENE
    over the Midwest today and continue to direct broad and strong
    moisture advection to the east. A few pockets of freezing rain are
    likely over northern PA and Upstate NY on the leading edge of the
    warm air advection through this evening with a few hundredths of an
    inch possible. Meanwhile, the northern edge of the precip shield
    will feature snow bands east from Buffalo across the Adirondacks,
    Green, and White Mountains, along with southern NH and far southern
    Maine where Day 1 snow probabilities for >4" are around 20%,
    perhaps 40% for the higher terrain. Uncertainty has reigned with
    the banding potential, but the consensus has agreed on moderate
    banding at best starting later this afternoon with max potential
    around 6" despite the w-e orientation of the bands in the direction
    of motion. Snow tapers off by sunrise Saturday.

    The next shortwave trough is currently well off the PacNW Coast,
    but rides a strong jet over the Great Lakes on Sunday and the
    Northeast Sunday evening. This allows a warm front to lift over the
    Northeast with a fairly quick hitting round of snow. Day 3 snow
    probabilities for >4" are currently 20 to 40% for only the Tug
    Hill, Presidential Range of the Whites in NH and southern Maine.


    ...Upper Great Lakes...
    Day 2...

    A fast moving upper level shortwave trough tracking across the
    Northern Plains Saturday night will coincide with the diffluent
    left- exit region of a 250mb jet streak to provide modest ascent
    over the Upper Midwest with an eastward surface low track over
    northern MN Saturday night. The warm front ahead of the low lifts
    north Saturday evening, increasing 850-700mb WAA to provide
    additional low- level ascent and periods of snow from northern MN
    on east across the Upper Midwest Saturday afternoon/evening.
    Northern WI and the southern MI Upper Peninsula see moderate snow
    with locally enhanced lift on the North Shore of Lake Superior on
    southeast-to- easterly flow. Light snow spreads over much of MI
    early Sunday while the heavier snowfall over northern MN/northern
    WI tapers off by Sunday afternoon. WPC snow probabilities for >4"
    are 20-50% over northern WI/western U.P. and the MN Arrowhead with
    60% probabilities for >6" along the North Shore escarpment.


    ...Pacific and Interior Northwest/Great Basin...
    Days 1-3...

    An active and prolonged wintry pattern for much of the Pacific Northwest/Interior West/Great Basin is expected through midweek. Mild temperatures in an atmospheric river (AR) will limit heavier snow
    to the higher mountain locations with Cascades snow levels around
    5000ft through this evening. Colder air under a trough axis and an
    approaching cold-core upper low drifting down the BC coast will
    become entrenched over the Northwest as precip rates decrease to
    light to moderate Snow levels drop to sea level over western WA and
    possibly northwest OR on Saturday where they remain through midweek.
    The AR will remain focused into northern CA Saturday through
    Tuesday with high snow levels (8000ft and up) on the south side of
    a strong baroclinic zone.

    For D1, strong IVT (>90th percentile over much of the region
    today) and WAA will drive heavy precip and multiple feet of snow
    above pass level in the Cascades. Day 1 Probabilities for >8" are
    50-80% for the Bitterroots and Sawtooths, and 40-60% for the High
    Sierra Nevada and western WY ranges.

    Starting tonight colder air will filter in (in typical fashion)
    then rush in with a vengeance by Sunday as the upper low over
    coastal BC sinks closer to the region. Though QPF will be lighter
    overall over WA/OR as the moisture plume focuses into
    NorCal/northern Sierra, SLRs will rise and snow levels will fall,
    bringing accumulating and impactful snow well below pass level by
    Saturday afternoon then into the lowlands/Seattle and possibly
    Portland metro by Saturday night. For areas north of CA/NV,
    continued onshore flow ahead of the upper low will lead to less QPF
    each day but more snow coverage from the cold.

    Days 2 and 3 snow probabilities for >8" are focused over
    OR/northern CA east across the north-central Rockies with the
    heaviest snow continuing over the Sawtooths, Absarokas/Wind River
    south through the Wasatch and higher ridges of northern Nevada.


    Jackson


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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Fri Jan 31 19:25:55 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 311925
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    225 PM EST Fri Jan 31 2025

    Valid 00Z Sat Feb 01 2025 - 00Z Tue Feb 04 2025

    ...Northeast...
    Days 1 & 3...

    Mid-level low pressure over the Mid-Mississippi Valley early this
    afternoon will shift ENE over the Midwest today and continue to
    direct broad and strong moisture advection to the east. This
    feature will then become strung-out as an open, but sharp wave as
    it exits the East Coast early Saturday. A few pockets of freezing
    rain may linger over northern PA and Upstate NY through this
    evening with a few hundredths of an inch possible. Meanwhile, the
    northern edge of the precip shield will feature snow bands east
    from Buffalo across the Adirondacks, Green, and White Mountains,
    along with southern NH and far southern Maine. This expanding
    northern snow shield is being driven by a ribbon of confluent flow
    between the approaching shortwave and a deeper trough to the north
    over southeast Canada, which promotes extended mid-level fgen and
    dynamic cooling throughout the column at least initially tonight.
    Cold air advection will shortly trail the system late tonight as a
    surface low pressure system transfers to the coast. This may lead
    to locally heavy east-west oriented bands of snow from Upstate NY
    through southern VT/NH and northern MA, which is highlighted by 12z
    HREF 1-hr snow rates up to 1". Day 1 snow probabilities (beginning
    00z tonight) for >4" are around 10-30%, perhaps 40% for the higher
    terrain. Snow tapers off by Saturday morning.

    The next shortwave trough to impact the Northeast is currently
    entering the PacNW, but rides a strong jet over the Great Lakes on
    Sunday and reaches the Northeast Sunday evening. This allows a warm
    front to lift over the Northeast with a fairly quick hitting round
    of snow. Day 3 snow probabilities for >4" are currently 20 to 40%
    for only the Tug Hill, Presidential Range of the Whites in NH and
    southern Maine.


    ...Upper Great Lakes...
    Day 2...

    A fast moving upper level shortwave trough tracking across the
    Northern Plains Saturday night will coincide with the diffluent
    left- exit region of a 250mb jet streak to provide modest ascent
    over the Upper Midwest with an eastward surface low track over
    northern MN Saturday night. The warm front ahead of the low lifts
    north Saturday evening, increasing 850-700mb WAA to provide
    additional low- level ascent and periods of snow from northern MN
    on east across the Upper Midwest Saturday afternoon/evening.
    Northern WI and the southern MI Upper Peninsula see moderate snow
    with locally enhanced lift on the North Shore of Lake Superior on
    southeast-to- easterly flow. Light snow spreads over much of MI
    early Sunday while the heavier snowfall over northern MN/northern
    WI tapers off by Sunday afternoon. WPC snow probabilities for >4"
    are 20-50% over northern WI/western U.P. and 40-60% in the MN
    Arrowhead with 70% probabilities for >6" along the North Shore
    escarpment.

    Snell/Jackson

    An unsettled and wintry pattern is underway for the Pacific
    Northwest and will be quickly spreading into the interior/northern
    Rockies this evening. Mild temperatures coincident with the
    atmospheric river (AR) moisture plume axis will support snow levels
    4000-5000ft across the Cascades this evening before dropping after
    midnight as the cold air mass pushes in from the west. 160-170kt
    jet will support broad lift on its poleward exit region across the
    northern Great Basin into the Rockies tomorrow as QPF generally
    decreases and focuses farther south into NorCal. There, snow levels
    will be quite high (5000-8000ft from north to south) with plenty
    of rain initially even up toward the Sierra passes before changing
    over to snow. With a strong baroclinic zone settling into
    NorCal/southeastern OR later this weekend, snow levels will remain
    high over the Sierra.

    For D1, the heaviest snow will fall over the Cascades while
    increasing into lower elevations, eventually reaching below 500ft
    Saturday. Ratios will be on the lower side given the strong Pacific
    influence esp along/west of the Cascades. WPC probabilities for at
    least 8 inches of snow are >50% above 2000-3000ft or so over the
    WA-OR Cascades. Eastward, jet-enhanced snowfall will focus over the
    Bitterroots and western MT into the Absarokas/Tetons/Wasatch with
    WPC probabilities of at least 12 inches >50% above 6000-7000ft or
    so from north to south.

    For D2-3 on the colder side of the AR, QPF will decrease as the
    jet extends into the western High Plains and the upper low over
    coastal BC slowly migrates to near Vancouver Island by the end of
    this forecast period. The moisture plume is forecast to dip
    southward, stall, then lift back north a bit over the Sun-Mon
    period, focusing the heaviest snowfall over the CA/OR border
    northeastward across central ID and into western WY (lifting back
    into southwestern MT Monday). To the north, snow levels will remain
    low (near sea-level or valley floors for the interior) over WA/OR
    though 2m temperatures may limit snowfall accumulation along the
    I-5 corridor especially during the day. WPC probabilities for at
    least 8 inches of snow D2-3 are >50% above 1500ft or so across
    western WA/OR but above 5000ft or so into the northern Great Basin
    and northern Rockies. Areas of the Tetons and Wind River Range may
    see several feet of snow over the next few days.

    To the south, higher snow levels will keep the highest snow totals
    above 6000-8000ft from north to south across NorCal into the
    Sierra as the warm side of the system remains more or less in place
    there. Across northern NV and into UT, snow levels will remain
    high as well with significant snow above 8000-9000ft.

    For lowland areas, lighter QPF and marginal daytime temperatures
    may preclude appreciable snow, but WPC probabilities for at least
    two inches of snow are at least 20-30% over western WA into
    northwestern OR.


    Fracasso



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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Fri Jan 31 19:54:32 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 311954
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    254 PM EST Fri Jan 31 2025

    Valid 00Z Sat Feb 01 2025 - 00Z Tue Feb 04 2025

    ...Northeast...
    Days 1 & 3...

    Mid-level low pressure over the Mid-Mississippi Valley early this
    afternoon will shift ENE over the Midwest today and continue to
    direct broad and strong moisture advection to the east. This
    feature will then become strung-out as an open, but sharp wave as
    it exits the East Coast early Saturday. A few pockets of freezing
    rain may linger over northern PA and Upstate NY through this
    evening with a few hundredths of an inch possible. Meanwhile, the
    northern edge of the precip shield will feature snow bands east
    from Buffalo across the Adirondacks, Green, and White Mountains,
    along with southern NH and far southern Maine. This expanding
    northern snow shield is being driven by a ribbon of confluent flow
    between the approaching shortwave and a deeper trough to the north
    over southeast Canada, which promotes extended mid-level fgen and
    dynamic cooling throughout the column at least initially tonight.
    Cold air advection will shortly trail the system late tonight as a
    surface low pressure system transfers to the coast. This may lead
    to locally heavy east-west oriented bands of snow from Upstate NY
    through southern VT/NH and northern MA, which is highlighted by 12z
    HREF 1-hr snow rates up to 1". Day 1 snow probabilities (beginning
    00z tonight) for >4" are around 10-30%, perhaps 40% for the higher
    terrain. Snow tapers off by Saturday morning.

    The next shortwave trough to impact the Northeast is currently
    entering the PacNW, but rides a strong jet over the Great Lakes on
    Sunday and reaches the Northeast Sunday evening. This allows a warm
    front to lift over the Northeast with a fairly quick hitting round
    of snow. Day 3 snow probabilities for >4" are currently 20 to 40%
    for only the Tug Hill, Presidential Range of the Whites in NH and
    southern Maine.


    ...Upper Great Lakes...
    Day 2...

    A fast moving upper level shortwave trough tracking across the
    Northern Plains Saturday night will coincide with the diffluent
    left- exit region of a 250mb jet streak to provide modest ascent
    over the Upper Midwest with an eastward surface low track over
    northern MN Saturday night. The warm front ahead of the low lifts
    north Saturday evening, increasing 850-700mb WAA to provide
    additional low- level ascent and periods of snow from northern MN
    on east across the Upper Midwest Saturday afternoon/evening.
    Northern WI and the southern MI Upper Peninsula see moderate snow
    with locally enhanced lift on the North Shore of Lake Superior on
    southeast-to- easterly flow. Light snow spreads over much of MI
    early Sunday while the heavier snowfall over northern MN/northern
    WI tapers off by Sunday afternoon. WPC snow probabilities for >4"
    are 20-50% over northern WI/western U.P. and 40-60% in the MN
    Arrowhead with 70% probabilities for >6" along the North Shore
    escarpment.

    Snell/Jackson

    ...Western U.S. into the Northern Plains...
    Days 1-3...

    An unsettled and wintry pattern is underway for the Pacific
    Northwest and will be quickly spreading into the interior/northern
    Rockies this evening. Mild temperatures coincident with the
    atmospheric river (AR) moisture plume axis will support snow levels
    4000-5000ft across the Cascades this evening before dropping after
    midnight as the cold air mass pushes in from the west. 160-170kt
    jet will support broad lift on its poleward exit region across the
    northern Great Basin into the Rockies tomorrow as QPF generally
    decreases and focuses farther south into NorCal. There, snow levels
    will be quite high (5000-8000ft from north to south) with plenty
    of rain initially even up toward the Sierra passes before changing
    over to snow. With a strong baroclinic zone settling into
    NorCal/southeastern OR later this weekend, snow levels will remain
    high over the Sierra.

    For D1, the heaviest snow will fall over the Cascades while
    increasing into lower elevations, eventually reaching below 500ft
    Saturday. Ratios will be on the lower side given the strong Pacific
    influence esp along/west of the Cascades. WPC probabilities for at
    least 8 inches of snow are >50% above 2000-3000ft or so over the
    WA-OR Cascades. Eastward, jet-enhanced snowfall will focus over the
    Bitterroots and western MT into the Absarokas/Tetons/Wasatch with
    WPC probabilities of at least 12 inches >50% above 6000-7000ft or
    so from north to south.

    For D2-3 on the colder side of the AR, QPF will decrease as the
    jet extends into the western High Plains and the upper low over
    coastal BC slowly migrates to near Vancouver Island by the end of
    this forecast period. The moisture plume is forecast to dip
    southward, stall, then lift back north a bit over the Sun-Mon
    period, focusing the heaviest snowfall over the CA/OR border
    northeastward across central ID and into western WY (lifting back
    into southwestern MT Monday). To the north, snow levels will remain
    low (near sea-level or valley floors for the interior) over WA/OR
    though 2m temperatures may limit snowfall accumulation along the
    I-5 corridor especially during the day. WPC probabilities for at
    least 8 inches of snow D2-3 are >50% above 1500ft or so across
    western WA/OR but above 5000ft or so into the northern Great Basin
    and northern Rockies. Areas of the Tetons and Wind River Range may
    see several feet of snow over the next few days. Farther east over
    the western High Plains into the northern Plains, combination of
    the jet extension and increasing N-S baroclinicity will support frontogenetically-forced snowfall in a west-to-east band from near
    the Black Hills across SD late Sun into early Mon (north of a
    forming area of low pressure). WPC probabilities for at least 4
    inches of snow there D3 are 25-55% with potential for some higher
    accumulations in any bands that may set up parallel to the frontal
    zone.

    To the south, higher snow levels will keep the highest snow totals
    above 6000-8000ft from north to south across NorCal into the
    Sierra as the warm side of the system remains more or less in place
    there. Across northern NV and into UT, snow levels will remain
    high as well with significant snow above 8000-9000ft.

    For lowland areas in WA/OR, lighter QPF and marginal daytime
    temperatures may preclude appreciable snow, but WPC probabilities
    for at least two inches of snow are at least 20-30% over western WA
    into northwestern OR.


    Fracasso






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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sat Feb 1 09:27:23 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 010925
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    425 AM EST Sat Feb 1 2025

    Valid 12Z Sat Feb 01 2025 - 12Z Tue Feb 04 2025


    ...Western U.S. across the Northern Plains...
    Days 1-3...

    ...Prolonged heavy snow Oregon, Idaho, western Wyoming tonight
    through Tuesday night with locally extreme impacts...

    ...This heavy snow spreads south down the Sierra Nevada Monday
    night into Wednesday...

    A prolonged Atmospheric River (AR) and cold-core low maintain an
    extreme wintry pattern over much of the western U.S. through the
    middle of next week. The cold core low over the Queen Charlotte
    Sound will drift south over Vancouver Island through Sunday and
    linger around/west of Washington through the middle of the week.
    Height falls from troughs rounding the low are bringing a sharply
    colder profile western WA/northwestern OR this morning with snow
    levels quickly descending to sea level over the PacNW Lowlands/Seattle/Portland. As seen in recent years, these cold core
    lows often have little QPF in global guidance with much of the low
    land snowfall coming in narrow/transient bands that are just now
    starting to be realized in CAMs. As of now general snow totals from
    Seattle through Portland are generally around 2", but given the
    three-day cold spell, localized higher totals can be expected.

    A strong baroclinic zone in the AR has been shunted south to far
    northern CA. Mild temperatures in the AR moisture plume axis with
    snow levels over the Sierra Nevada over 8000ft with heavy precip
    that lingers into Sunday night. A narrow stripe of heavier/
    prolonged snow occurs on the northern side of the baroclinic zone
    where sufficient moisture meets colder air. Southern OR/ID through
    western WY sees pivoting bands/swaths of moderate to heavy snow in
    this stalled pattern tonight through Tuesday night. Day 1 snow
    probs for >12" are fairly spread out from the WA Cascades, highest
    OR Cascades and High Sierra (above pass level) along the Wasatch
    and western WY ranges.

    The northern side of the baroclinic zone becomes the focus for
    western heavy snow late tonight. Day 2 snow probs for >12" is
    30-50% over much of southern OR into far northern CA, the
    Sawtooths, and all western WY ranges. Similar probs merely drift
    north for Day 3 making for the risk for several feet of snow in
    48hrs in these areas.
    As the trough over the NW becomes more positively tilted, height
    falls are directed south over CA Monday night with Day 3 snow probs
    for >12" 40-80% over the Shasta/Siskiyou and northern/central
    Sierra Nevada.

    Banding under the zonal jet Sunday night spreads east over the
    Dakotas with intensity forecast to weaken as they cross MI/the
    Great Lakes Monday, but that should continue to be monitored. Day
    2.5 snow probs for >4" are 30-70% from southeast MT east over
    northern SD.


    ...Upper Great Lakes and Northeast...
    Days 1-3...

    A progressive shortwave trough shifts east over the Northern
    Plains today ahead of a diffluent left-exit region of a 130kt jet
    streak to provide ascent and allow snow to develop later this
    morning over MN on increasing 850-700mb WAA. Northern WI and the
    MI Upper Peninsula see moderate snow this afternoon/evening with
    locally enhanced lift on the North Shore of Lake Superior on
    southeasterly flow. Light snow spreads over much of MI early Sunday
    while the heavier snowfall over northern MN/northern WI tapers off
    by Sunday afternoon. Day 1 WPC snow probabilities for >6" are
    40-80% from greater Duluth through the North Shore with 30-60% for
    4" for the rest of the Arrowhead of MN and over most of the U.P.

    The WAA continues to shift east over the Northeast Sunday afternoon
    into Monday. Day 2 snow probs for >4" are 20-30% for the Tug Hill
    and higher Greens/Whites.

    The next wave strengthens a bit over the Northeast Monday night
    with Day 3 snow probs for >4" 20-50% over the Adirondacks, and
    northern VT/NH into northern Maine.


    Jackson

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sat Feb 1 19:03:13 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 011902
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    202 PM EST Sat Feb 1 2025

    Valid 00Z Sun Feb 02 2025 - 00Z Wed Feb 05 2025


    ...Western U.S. across the Northern Plains...
    Days 1-3...

    ...Atmospheric River (AR) event to bring prolonged heavy mountain
    snow to parts of the West and Rockies...

    Combination of a strong upper low over coastal British Columbia
    and another upper low north of Hawaii moving eastward will maintain
    onshore flow into the West over the next several days, focusing a
    plume of moisture into NorCal and the northern Great Basin to the
    northern Rockies. The moisture axis will ebb and flow north then
    south as the two players jockey for prominence but the net result
    will be lighter snow in the lower elevations north of NorCal,
    moderate to heavy snow in the mountains (especially from NorCal
    across southeastern Oregon into central Idaho and western WY) with
    very heavy snow at the highest peaks. Much of the Sierra will
    remain on the warmer side of the AR event which will retain higher
    snow levels.

    For Day 1, the focus will be over central Idaho into western WY
    with moderate to heavy snow in the mountains, generally above
    5000-7000ft depending on location. Snow will gradually lessen
    across the WA and northern OR Cascades but not shut off
    completely. Into Day 2, the approach of the upper lows will help
    raise heights a bit over the interior, helping to nudge the
    moisture axis northward and increase QPF over NorCal into southern
    OR. Downstream, extended jet and an approaching arctic front from
    the north will help spread snow into southern/southeastern MT and
    into the High Plains/northern Plains in the fast flow. Guidance
    continues to waver on the north-south QPF axis across ND/SD, but
    potential remains for several inches of snow where modest FGEN sets
    up (albeit briefly). WPC probabilities for at least 4 inches of
    snow D2 are moderate (40-70%) along the ND/SD border.

    Into D3, the northern upper low will meander just west of
    Vancouver Island as the southern ex-upper low moves into NorCal
    with another surge of moisture that will favor the northern to
    central Sierra. The moisture plume will move inland and sink a bit
    southward, allowing snow levels to fall a bit but still promoting
    heavy snow above 7000ft where WPC probabilities for at least a foot
    of snow just D3 are >50%. Over the northern Great Basin to the
    northern Rockies, the moisture plume will continue to lift
    northward as well in response to the upstream digging heights,
    favoring central Idaho into western Montana atop the cold air mass
    in place from D2.

    Three-day snowfall totals will exceed 1-3 feet in the higher
    mountain elevations with lighter snow of an inch or two (or a few)
    on the valley floors in most locations across OR/ID. Much more snow
    is likely over most of Montana due to the increased low-level
    convergence via the arctic front beneath the moisture plumes,
    supporting light and fluffy snow. Over western WA/OR, precipitation
    will be light and mostly snow or a mix of some rain/snow during
    the day with marginal temperatures. This should lead to light
    accumulations through the I-5 corridor where WPC probabilities of
    at least two inches of snow during the next three days are >20-50%
    (especially away from the water and with at least some elevation).


    ...Upper Great Lakes and Northeast...
    Days 1-3...

    A progressive shortwave trough slides east over the Northern
    Plains through tonight ahead of a diffluent left-exit region of a
    130kt jet streak. This will continue to provide ascent along with
    modest 850-700mb WAA and allow for an area of light to moderate
    snow initially across MN, northwest WI, and the MI Upper Peninsula
    to eventually shift east across the Upper Great Lakes into Sunday.
    The heaviest snow on D1 is forecast on the North Shore of Lake
    Superior across far northeast MN on southeasterly flow, where WPC
    probabilities for at least 6 inches of snow are greater than 70%.
    Otherwise, light snowfall spreading over northern WI and MI is
    expected to remain under 4 inches, with scattered 20-40% WPC
    probabilities for more than 4 inches in the MI Upper Peninsula.

    The WAA continues to shift east over the Northeast Sunday afternoon
    into Monday, with largely light snowfall and the potential for
    light icing (less than 0.1") in the Allegheny Mts of PA and
    locations east of the Continental Divide where low-level cold air
    damming is more favorable. Day 2 snow probs for >4" are 20-30% for
    the Tug Hill and higher Greens/Whites.

    The next wave enters the Upper Great Lakes on D2 (Monday) as a
    subtle shortwave riding along mostly zonal, but fast flow across
    the north- central United States creates the potential for a stripe
    of moderate to locally heavy snowfall stretching eastward out of
    the Dakotas. The first system on Sunday is expected to push a cold
    front well south across the central Plains and Midwest on Monday,
    with briefly strong 850-700mb fgen and a strengthening upper jet
    streak over the Great Lakes. This will prompt an east-west oriented
    band of snowfall across central MN, northern WI, and northern MI
    on Monday. WPC probabilities on D2 of at least 4 inches of snow are
    between 20-40% across this region. By D3 (Tuesday) this 850-700mb
    fgen axis slides into the Interior Northeast and along with
    trailing CAA and upslope flow into northern NY, VT, NH, and ME,
    locally heavy snow is possible. WPC probabilities for at least 4
    inches of snow are high (70-80%) from the Adirondacks to the
    northern White Mts.


    Fracasso/Snell


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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sun Feb 2 09:15:45 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 020914
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    414 AM EST Sun Feb 2 2025

    Valid 12Z Sun Feb 02 2025 - 12Z Wed Feb 05 2025


    ...Western U.S. across the Northern Plains...
    Days 1-3...

    ...Atmospheric River (AR) and upper low maintain prolonged heavy
    snow from Oregon/California border to the Northern Rockies through
    Monday...

    Deep upper low persists over Vancouver Island through Monday before
    drifting southwest off the PacNW coast with troughing lingering
    there through Thursday. Another upper low moving east to the north
    of Hawaii moving eastward will maintain onshore flow into the West
    over the next several days, focusing the moisture axis from CA/OR
    border through southern Idaho through western WY terrain through
    Monday before shifting south over CA Monday night through Tuesday
    night. Tight baroclinic zone north of this moisture axis maintains
    lower elevation snow with enhanced totals in terrain through this
    time.

    48hr probs for >2' ending 12Z Tuesday are 50-90% over terrain from
    the Shasta/Siskiyou. Fremont Mtns in southern OR, the Sawtooths,
    and Yellowstone through Wind Rivers. Beneficial precip for this
    area, but major impacts to any passes in this area with snow levels
    around 4000ft in the heavier snow. Snow levels are 5000-8000ft in
    the core of the AR moisture axis over northern CA/NV/UT. However,
    on Monday afternoon height falls as troughing expands over the NW
    low brings snow farther south into CA. Heavy snow reaches the
    northern Sierra Nevada by Monday evening with a slow progression of
    heavy snow down the length of the Sierra with hourly rates
    exceeding 2"/hr into Wednesday. Day 3 probs for >1' are 60-95% for
    the length of the Sierra Nevada with a few feet in the High Sierra
    (snow levels generally 5000-6000ft in the heaviest snow.

    Cold continues over western WA/OR with occasional snow in the
    Seattle/Portland metro areas through Tuesday night. A few to
    several inches at a time are possible given the banding potential under/adjacent to the upper low just to the north.

    The tilting axis that brings snow to CA Monday night also shifts
    snow across the northern Rockies through MT through Tuesday night.
    Day 3 snow probs for >4" are high over the Sawtooths and Absarokas
    (adding to the extreme totals of the previous two days) with 40-60%
    probs over the Bitterroots and all western MT ranges into the
    north-central MT Plains.


    ...Northern Plains, Great Lakes, Northeast...
    Days 1-3...

    Zonal flow sends two shortwave troughs east over the northern tier
    through Monday night.

    Shortwave trough axis over MN shifts east across the Great Lakes
    and New England through tonight. Final snow band works over the
    North Shore in MN through mid-morning with locally heavy rates from southeasterly flow lifting over the Arrowhead. Expanding precip
    shield over MI rest of the morning where a couple inches are
    possible with more moderate snow across the Northeast late
    afternoon through the evening. Local terrain enhancements over the
    Tug Hill/southern Adirondacks/Berkshires/Greens/Whites and coastal
    Maine where Day 1 snow probs for >4" are 20-40%.

    The next shortwave trough enters the northern Plains this afternoon
    with east-west oriented snow bands forming in the left exit region
    of a 130kt+ jet streak producing a narrow axis of moderate snow
    from southeast MT and along the SD/ND border where Day 1 snow probs
    for >4" are 30 to 60%. These bands maintain their strength as they
    shift east across central MN/northern WI and the northern L.P. late
    tonight through Monday morning where Day 1.5 snow probs for >4" are
    30-60%.

    This jet induced swath of snow shifts across Ontario Monday, then
    grazes northern NY and northern New England Monday night. Day 2
    snow probs for >4" are 40-80% for the northern Adirondacks,
    northern VT/NH, and northern Maine.


    Jackson


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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sun Feb 2 19:33:06 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 021932
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    232 PM EST Sun Feb 2 2025

    Valid 00Z Mon Feb 03 2025 - 00Z Thu Feb 06 2025


    ...Western U.S. across the Northern Rockies...
    Days 1-3...

    ...Atmospheric River (AR) and upper low maintain prolonged heavy
    snow from Oregon/California border and Sierra Nevada to the
    Northern Rockies through Wednesday...

    Deep upper low (under the 1st climatological percentile tonight per
    the GEFS) persists over Vancouver Island through Monday before
    drifting southwest off the PacNW coast with troughing lingering
    there through Thursday. Another upper low moving east to the north
    of Hawaii will maintain onshore flow into the West over the next
    several days, focusing the primary moisture axis from CA/OR border
    through southern Idaho and western WY terrain before a brief break
    later on Wednesday. Along the West Coast, this moisture axis will
    shift south over CA beginning on Tuesday as the next upper low
    approaching interacts with the larger upper system churning off the
    PacNW. The prolonged nature of anomalous IVT (+4 to 8 standardized
    anomaly per the 00z NAEFS) will likely lead to a corridor of very
    high snowfall totals in excess of 2 feet, with the most anomalous
    snowfall totals expected across southern OR east of the Cascades as
    highlighted by ECMWF EFI values of 0.95-1.0. A tight baroclinic
    zone north of this moisture axis will also maintain lower elevation
    snow with enhanced totals in terrain through this time.

    72hr probs for >2' ending 00Z Thursday are 50-90% over terrain
    from the Shasta/Siskiyou, Fremont Mtns in southern OR, the
    Sawtooths, and Yellowstone through Wind Rivers. Beneficial precip
    for this area, but major impacts to any passes in this area with
    snow levels around 4000ft in the heavier snow. Snow levels are
    5000-8000ft in the core of the AR moisture axis over northern
    CA/NV/UT. However, on Monday afternoon height falls as troughing
    expands over the NW low brings snow farther south into CA. Heavy
    snow reaches the northern Sierra Nevada by Monday evening with a
    slow progression of heavy snow down the length of the Sierra with
    hourly rates exceeding 2"/hr into Wednesday. Day 2 and Day 3 probs
    for >1' are 60-95% for the length of the Sierra Nevada with totals
    over 3' likely in the High Sierra (5000-6000ft).

    Cold continues over western WA/OR with occasional snow in the
    Seattle/Portland metro areas through Tuesday night. A few to
    several inches at a time are possible given the banding potential under/adjacent to the upper low just to the north. Total 72hr
    probabilities for at least 2 inches are 20-40% for Seattle and
    40-60% in Portland.

    The moisture plume extending across the northern Great Basin and
    into the Northern Rockies on Day 1 will gradually lift north on Day
    2 and Day 3 as the tilting axis that brings snow to CA Monday
    night also shifts snow across the northern Rockies through MT
    into Wednesday. Day 1 snow probs for >8" are high (70-90%) over
    the Sawtooths, Absarokas, and much of the greater Yellowstone
    region of western WY, with 40-60% probs over all the southern and
    southwestern MT ranges. Low probs (10-30%) for at least 8" extend
    east into the adjacent northern High Plains of southeastern MT. By
    Day 2 these heavy snow probabilities shift north into the
    Bitterroot Range and all of the northern ID and western MT ranges.
    For Day 2 and Day 3 the highest WPC probabilities for at least 8"
    remains in the Sawtooths, but with 40-60% probabilities into
    northern ID and western MT.


    ...Northern Plains, Great Lakes, Northeast...
    Days 1-2...

    Zonal flow sends two shortwave troughs east over the northern tier
    through Monday night followed by a third over the Northern Plains
    on Wednesday.

    Shortwave trough axis over the Great Lakes speeds across New
    England tonight with light to locally moderate snow spreading
    across the Interior Northeast and New England before sunrise on
    Monday. Local terrain enhancements over the Tug Hill/southern Adirondacks/Berkshires/Greens/Whites and coastal Maine where Day 1
    snow probs for >4" are 20-40%. Elsewhere, amounts are generally
    expected to remain in the 1-3" range throughout New England.
    Additionally, some light icing is possible across central/southern
    PA, but with amounts expected to remain below 0.1".

    The next shortwave trough entering the northern Plains this
    afternoon will trigger east-west oriented snow bands forming in
    the left exit region of a 130kt+ jet streak stretching across the
    northern Plains, Upper Midwest and Great Lakes through Monday
    afternoon. This will lead to a narrow axis of moderate snow along
    the SD/ND border through central MN, northern WI, and the northern
    MI Lower Peninsula, where Day 1 snow probs for >4" are 30-60%.
    These bands slide mainly north of and weaken near northern New
    England as precipitation crosses the region Monday night along a
    cold front. However, upslope and some lake enhancement off Lake
    Ontario lead to Day 1-2 probabilities for at least 4" of 30-60% for
    the northern Adirondacks, northern VT/NH, and northern ME.

    By Day 3 another short wave trough exits east of the Northern
    Rockies and spreads another round of snow into the northern
    Plains. For now probabilities of at least 4" are low (10-30%)
    across northern MT and northern ND with the expectation that this
    snowfall would expand eastward across the Upper Midwest Wednesday
    night.


    ...Midwest to Mid-Atlantic...
    Day 3...

    By the end of Day 3 (Wednesday) a couple of subtle short waves
    within a weak trough traversing the Midwest will help blossom a
    precipitation shield to the north of a stalled stationary front
    expected to drape from the southern Mid-Atlantic to the middle
    Mississippi Valley. With surface high pressure reaching across the
    Great Lakes and more prominent over the Northeast, while above
    average 500mb height anomalies span the region, icing is
    anticipated to the main winter weather hazard between the Midwest
    and Mid-Atlantic through Wednesday night. WPC probabilities for at
    least 0.1" are currently low (10-30%) from northern MO and
    southeast IA across northern IL and IN. Additionally, low
    probabilities show up across the Allegheny Mts of western MD and
    WV, with these probabilities expected to increase and expand
    throughout the Mid-Atlantic once the forecast period includes
    Thursday.


    Snell/Jackson





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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Mon Feb 3 08:07:31 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 030807
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    307 AM EST Mon Feb 3 2025

    Valid 12Z Mon Feb 03 2025 - 12Z Thu Feb 06 2025


    ...Western U.S. across the Northern Rockies...
    Days 1-3...

    ...Atmospheric River (AR) and upper low maintain prolonged heavy
    snow from Oregon/California border and Sierra Nevada to the
    Northern Rockies through Wednesday...

    Current WV satellite imagery pinpoints our two distinct features
    that have been controlling the ambient weather pattern across the
    Western half of the CONUS. The first is an analyzed ULL centered
    over Vancouver island that has provided significantly lower heights
    across the PAC Northwest. The steady onshore component of the mean
    flow has provided waves of small mid-level perturbations to meander
    onshore with light precip in-of the Cascades of WA/OR. The main
    player in the ULL positioning is the aid it has provided for our
    second "player" within atmospheric schema; a progression of
    shortwave troughs moving ashore within a west to east aligned
    stationary boundary bisecting NorCal through the Northern Sierra,
    extending inland to as far east as the Absaroka and Wind River
    Ranges in western WY. Each shortwave pulse has aided in increased
    IVT advection with a highly anomalous (+5 to +8 deviations via
    NAEFS) transport of PAC moisture into the confines of the above
    locations and everywhere in-between (Northern NV thru ID). This
    direct moisture source has provided a steady ground for moderate to
    heavy snowfall within the higher terrain confined over the above
    locations with the upslope component within the Shasta/Siskiyou
    areas aiding in heavy snow totals >12" above 6500ft.

    This pattern will maintain general continuity given the prolonged
    structure of the AR wave train with some adjustment in the aligned
    flow likely to occur later this afternoon. A more amplified
    shortwave trough coupled with a southwestern retrograde of the ULL
    off the BC coast will provide a slightly more meridional component
    to the flow with a greater southwest-northeast alignment shifting heavier precip further south compared to the past 24-36 hrs. This will
    generate a better signal for heavy snow within the Northern Sierra
    with areas along I-80 getting into the greater potential for
    significant snowfall Monday night and beyond. The pattern evolution
    will manifest itself for a period of 24-36 hrs before the primary
    shortwave trough currently centered over the Pacific finally shunts
    eastward with a landfall timing centered around Tuesday night,
    kicking out of the area later Wednesday morning. This will lead to
    significant snowfall across the Northern and Central Sierra on
    Tuesday through that Wednesday morning time frame totals >12"
    highly likely within the latest snowfall probability fields for D1
    and D2 (50-80%).

    Further inland, the pattern progression will provide some changes
    in the overall time frames of impact as the realignment of the mean
    flow will allow for the heavier snowfall encompassing portions of
    ID through western WY to scale back in intensity with more
    lingering light to moderate snowfall anticipated late Monday night
    through much of Tuesday. Current snowfall totals across the
    Absaroka and Wind River Ranges have been pretty significant since
    the beginning of the pattern evolution with the inland extension
    of the AR so any additional accumulation will still provide
    impacts, but will at least curb the heaviest precip threat to
    points further northwest. Conditions will deteriorate over Central
    ID into the Northwest Rockies in MT thanks to the flow alignment
    and shortwave perturbations advecting overhead. Probs for >8" over
    those areas will rise to 70-90% during the D2 time frame, a
    considerable adjustment compared to the previous periods.

    The aforementioned shortwave over the Pacific will move inland of
    CA with sights downstream over the Northern Rockies during the D3
    time frame leading to a secondary pulse of heavier snowfall back
    across the interior with an emphasis on the Absaroka and Wind River
    Ranges once again. Associated upper-level speed max with the
    disturbance will nose inland with the Northern Rockies situated
    within the LER of a 125kt jet streak providing ample support for a
    better defined QPF maxima that will situate itself over the above
    areas. High probs are forecast for >8" (40-70%) on D3 likely
    bringing totals over the course of 5-days to 3 to 6' thanks to the
    onslaught of heavier precip and broad upslope flow within the
    interior ranges of the west.


    ...Great Lakes, Upper Midwest, & Northeast...

    Day 1...

    Persistent zonal flow regime will continue through D1 with an
    analyzed speed max over the Northern Plains this morning pushing
    eastward within the west to east aligned flow. Nose of the 25H jet
    will push through the Upper Midwest, eventually nosing into the
    northern Lower Peninsula of MI with a swath of snowfall breaking
    out just before the beginning of the period. As the jet core moves
    overhead, increasing ascent under the influence of the jet will
    generate a period of moderate to heavy snowfall as regional omega
    improves significantly within the 850-600mb layer as progged by
    recent bufr soundings in the zone of interest. A solid 3500' of
    favorable DGZ depth provides a sufficient layer for better crystal
    growth that will promote a better defined dendrite scheme during
    peak snowfall later this morning and afternoon before the setup
    wanes. The progressive nature of the event will limit the max
    potential below double-digits, however west-east aligned banding
    signatures within recent CAMs signal areas that could benefit from
    prolonged longitudinal banding with the storm motion also focused
    on a similar west to east alignment. Areas that can situate within
    persistent banding will likely experience rates ~1"/hr for several
    hours before the event fades as primary forcing shifts eastward
    into Ontario and eventually the Northeast U.S. Snowfall probs for
    4" are forecast between 40-70% across the Door Peninsula of WI,
    extending east through the northern half of the Lower MI peninsula
    with a maxima focused downwind of Grand Traverse Bay, including the
    town of Gaylord.

    Further downstream over Upstate New York and New England, the same
    jet presence upstream over the Great Lakes will shift focus into
    the interior Northeast with increasing ascent generally aligned
    over areas downwind of Lake Ontario within the Tug Hill and
    Adirondacks, eventually encompassing Northern New England with the
    greatest impacts in-of the Green and White Mountains of VT/NH. The
    strongest signal for heavy snow is within the Adirondacks and
    adjacent North Country with probs for >4" upwards of 70-90% within
    those zones with 40-70% extending back towards the Tug Hill and
    points west near Pulaski and north along I-81. Snow levels across
    New England will be sufficient for snowfall above 1000', however
    greater impacts will be mainly relegated to zones above 2000' with
    a strong gradient in the snow probability fields for >4" with <20%
    in those lower elevations with a solid 50-80% within the highest
    elevations of the Green and White Mountains.

    Light ice accumulations will be found across areas of Northern PA
    and Western NY within a shallow moist layer present south of the
    main axis of lift, especially in the post-frontal regime that will
    transpire as the disturbance exits through Northern New England.
    Totals will be solidly <0.1" with a majority of the ice accretion
    likely relegated to a glaze to perhaps 0.01-0.05" at max.

    Day 3...

    Secondary disturbance(s) originating upstream across the Northern
    and Central Rockies will eject eastward within a very progressive
    upper flow evolution. Northern wave over WY/MT will progress east-
    northeast across the Northern Plains with snowfall breaking out
    downstream within a increasingly diffluent mid-level pattern.
    Light to moderate snow will transpire over Dakotas with the
    greatest impactful snowfall likely to occur over the Upper Midwest
    in MN, especially as the disturbance moves into the Arrowhead by
    the end of D3. Modest probabilities of >4" exist within northern MN
    and the Arrowhead with a swath of 40-60% located over Duluth and
    points northeast, as well as the northern most reaches of MN with
    the highest probs long the Canadian border.


    ...Midwest to Mid-Atlantic...
    Day 3...

    Second disturbance referenced in the section above will motion more
    west to east across the Plains into the Ohio Valley and Mid
    Atlantic by the second half of D3. High pressure over the Great
    Lakes will shift eastward into the Northeast U.S by the beginning
    of D3 with cold air funneling south into the Mid Atlantic with
    guidance signaling a classic CAD wedge pattern initiating east of
    the Appalachian front. Limited blocking downstream over the North
    Atlantic will preclude any chance for the high pressure to hang on
    across the region with the continued eastward progression of the
    surface ridge eventually shifting off the Atlantic seaboard.
    Despite its positioning, time frame of interest for precipitation
    across the Ohio Valley and Northeast will be occurring after peak
    diurnal heating with wet bulb temperatures into the upper 20s and
    low 30s by the time precipitation breaks out across areas of IN/OH
    over into the Central Mid-Atlantic. Primary concern with the
    pattern is the low to mid-level WAA regime as the surface
    reflection encroaches from the west leading to a mixed ptype likely
    correlating to more icy (IP/ZR) hydrometeors compared to plain
    snow that we will see for points well to the north. Recent trends
    within deterministic have been for colder wedge to hang on more
    thoroughly for places east of the Apps with the highest ice probs
    located in- of the Laurel Highlands due to elevation factors
    leaning colder at precip onset, as well as a secondary ice maxima
    over the northern Ohio Valley where cold air will be able to hang
    on through much of the event given stronger WAA pattern displaced
    further downstream into the Mid-Atlantic comparatively.

    Ice probs of >0.1" are very high (80+%) across west-central PA
    with the focus in-of the Laurel Highlands where even some modest
    20-40% probs for >0.25" of ice accretion are forecast as of the
    latest WWD progs. Northern Ohio Valley doesn't carry the
    probabilistic maxima for >0.25" like the mountains to the east,
    however >0.1" ice accretion is sufficiently within the 40-70%
    range, very much a non-trivial depiction that will have to be
    monitored closely. Lower probs exist within the Central Mid
    Atlantic east of the Blue Ridge, however a similar prob of 40-70%
    for >0.1" of ice exists for locations northwest of the fall line
    across MD extending into southern PA with lower, non-zero probs
    further east into the I-95 corridor and adjacent lowlands. Setup is
    delicate with multiple variables involved including depth of cold
    air, strength of LLJ providing WAA pattern, as well as timing of
    precip onset. These factors will determine the magnitude of ice
    potential in-of the Mid-Atlantic and Ohio Valley with guidance
    starting to hone in on specifics as we move closer to the event.

    Kleebauer


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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Mon Feb 3 19:54:39 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 031954
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    254 PM EST Mon Feb 3 2025

    Valid 00Z Tue Feb 04 2025 - 00Z Fri Feb 07 2025

    ...Western U.S. across the Northern Rockies...=20
    Days 1-3...

    ...Atmospheric River (AR) and upper low to sustain prolonged heavy
    snow from Oregon/California border and Sierra Nevada to the=20
    Northern Plains through Wednesday...

    A positively-tilted upper-low off the Pacific NW coast trapped=20
    beneath a strong upper ridge over Alaska is responsible for an=20
    active jet stream pattern that is resulting in a highly active
    storm track to open the month of February. The 200mb jet stream
    pattern today sets the diffluent right-entrance region over
    interior Northwest with a strong 1040mb+ high located over
    southwest Canada (NAEFS shows the dome of high pressure tops the
    97.5 climatological percentile over North Dakota by Tuesday AM).
    This expansive area of high pressure will work to lock a cold
    Canadian air-mass in place along and east of the Continental
    Divide, while also causing easterly upslope flow to enhance
    precipitation rates along the leeward-facing slopes of the Northern
    Rockies. In tandem with the busy Pacific jet stream pattern, which
    will deliver wave after wave of IVT surges into the western U.S.,
    periods of heavy mountain snow will common from the West Coast=20
    ranges (Sierra Nevada, OR/CA coastal ranges) on east to the=20
    Sawtooth, Bear River, Bitterroot, Teton, Absaroka, Wind River, and=20
    Lewis Ranges.

    In terms of the time line, a stream of precipitation associated=20
    with low pressure in the Great Basin is tied to period of mountain
    snow this afternoon from the northern Sierra Nevada on north and=20
    east to the Northern Plains. By Tuesday morning, the next wave of=20
    low pressure approaches the CA coast with IVT values topping the=20
    99.5 climatological percentile over the Sierra Nevada by Tuesday=20
    afternoon. Strong WAA will keep the heaviest snowfall in the=20
    Trinity/Shasta and northern Sierra NEvada to elevations >6,000ft,=20
    while in the central and southern Sierra Nevada, snowfall will be=20
    heaviest at elevations >7,000ft Tuesday afternoon and through=20
    Tuesday evening. This same stream of moisture will keep heavy snow=20
    in the forecast in parts of southeast OR, the Blue Mountains, and=20
    both the Sawtooth and Bitterroots through Tuesday night. By=20
    Wednesday morning, heavy snow will be common in the Teton and Wind
    River Ranges. A brief reprieve in the heavy snowfall (sans some=20
    ongoing upslope flow into the Cascades, Olympics, and coastal=20
    ranges along the Pacific NW coast) will arrive Wednesday afternoon=20
    and linger into Wednesday night, but the next Pacific storm system=20
    arrives on Thursday with colder 700mb temps over northern CA this=20
    time around per NAEFS. This should allow for heavier snowfall to=20
    occur at lower elevations throughout the northern California=20
    (excluding elevations <3,000ft) with some light snow accumulations=20
    as low as 1,000ft western OR.

    Through Thursday afternoon, WPC probabilities paint a very wintry
    picture for much of the northwestern U.S.. Snow will be measured in
    feet from the Sierra Nevada >7,000ft and the Trinity/Shasta/Salmon
    mountains of northern CA >5,000ft through the Sawtooth, Bitterroots,
    Absaroka, Tetons, and Wind River Ranges. The Sierra Nevada,=20
    Sawtooth, and Tetons in particular could are forecast to see as=20
    much as 3-5 feet of snowfall through Thursday. For western OR/WA,=20
    parts of the Cascades, Olympics, and coastal ranges could see up to
    a foot of snow with even light accumulations possible along the=20
    I-5 corridor from the Willamette Valley on north through the=20
    Seattle metro area. In fact, WPC probabilities through Tuesday=20
    afternoon show low chances (10-30%) for snowfall >2" from the=20
    Olympia on south to just north of the Columbia River. In the=20
    Northern Plains, WPC probabilities show high chances (70-90%) for=20
    4" of snowfall for areas east of the Lewis Range and surrounding=20
    the Big Snowy/Little Belt mountains on east through northwest=20
    North Dakota. In fact, these area event show low-to-moderate=20
    chances (30-50%) for snowfall amounts >8". The WSSI shows the worst
    impacts (Extreme Impacts mostly due to Snow Amount and Snow Load))
    for the Sierra Nevada above 7,000ft. These areas are likely to=20
    contend with dangerous to even impossible travel conditions, as=20
    well as extensive closures and disruptions. Major Impacts=20
    (considerable disruptions and dangerous travel conditions) are=20
    highlighted in the Sawtooth, the Trinity/Shasta/Salmon of northern=20
    CA and southern OR, and even some isolated areas of the OR coastal=20
    ranges. Lastly, Moderate Impacts (hazardous driving conditions) are
    most common in these areas lower elevated areas (still generally=20
    above 2,000ft) from northern CA and the WA/OR coastal ranges=20
    through southeast OR and into the northern Rockies.=20

    Mullinax


    ...Northeast and Upper Great Lakes...=20

    Day 1...

    Persistent zonal flow regime will continue through D1 with an
    analyzed speed max over the Great Lakes this afternoon pushing=20
    eastward toward New England within the west to east aligned flow.

    Over Upstate New York and New England, this jet presence upstream=20
    over the Great Lakes will shift focus into the interior Northeast=20
    with increasing ascent generally aligned over areas downwind of=20
    Lake Ontario within the Tug Hill and Adirondacks, eventually=20
    encompassing Northern New England with the greatest impacts in-of=20
    the Green and White Mountains of VT/NH. The strongest signal for=20
    heavy snow is within the Adirondacks and adjacent North Country=20
    with probs for >4" upwards of 70-90% within those zones. Snow=20
    levels across New England will be sufficient for snowfall above=20
    1000', however greater impacts will be mainly relegated to zones=20
    above 2000' with a strong gradient in the snow probability fields=20
    for >4" with <20% in those lower elevations with a solid 50-80%=20
    within the highest elevations of the Green and White Mountains.=20


    ...Upper Midwest...
    Days 2-3...

    Disturbance originating upstream across the Northern and Central=20
    Rockies will eject eastward by midweek within a very progressive=20
    upper flow evolution. Northern wave over WY/MT will progress east-=20
    northeast across the Northern Plains and Upper Midwest with=20
    snowfall breaking out downstream within a increasingly diffluent=20
    mid-level pattern. Light to moderate snow will transpire over=20
    north-central MT, far northern ND, and into northern MN with the=20
    greatest impactful snowfall likely to occur over the Arrowhead of=20
    MN. Modest probabilities (30-50%) of >4" exist from north- central=20
    MT on D2 and passes just north of the ND-Canada border before=20
    expanding into the Arrowhead of MN.


    ...Midwest to Mid-Atlantic...
    Days 2-3...

    System referenced in the section above will motion more west to=20
    east across the Plains into the Ohio Valley and Mid Atlantic by the
    late-D2 into much of D3. High pressure over the Great Lakes will=20
    shift eastward into the Northeast U.S by Wednesday night with cold
    air funneling south into the Mid Atlantic and guidance signaling a
    classic CAD wedge pattern initiating east of the Appalachian=20
    front. Limited blocking downstream over the North Atlantic will=20
    preclude any chance for the high pressure to hang on across the=20
    region with the continued eastward progression of the surface ridge
    eventually shifting off the Atlantic seaboard. Despite its=20
    positioning, time frame of interest for precipitation across the=20
    Ohio Valley and Northeast will be occurring after peak diurnal=20
    heating with wet bulb temperatures into the upper 20s and low 30s=20
    by the time precipitation breaks out across areas of IN/OH over=20
    into the Central Mid-Atlantic. Primary concern with the pattern is=20
    the low to mid-level WAA regime as the surface reflection=20
    encroaches from the west leading to a mixed ptype likely=20
    correlating to more icy (IP/ZR) hydrometeors compared to plain snow
    that we will see for points well to the north. Recent trends=20
    within deterministic have been for colder wedge to hang on more=20
    thoroughly for places east of the Apps. This colder trend is=20
    partly in response to greater confluence downstream across the Gulf
    of Maine. The highest ice probs located in- of the Laurel=20
    Highlands of PA, western MD, and the WV Panhandle due to elevation
    factors leaning colder at precip onset, as well as a secondary but
    weaker ice maxima over the northern Ohio Valley where cold air=20
    will be able to hang on through much of the event given stronger=20
    WAA pattern displaced further downstream into the Mid- Atlantic=20 comparatively.=20

    Ice probs of >0.1" are very high (80+%) across west-central PA=20
    with the focus in-of the Laurel Highlands where even some modest
    30-60% probs for >0.25" of ice accretion are forecast as of the=20
    latest WWD progs. Northern Ohio Valley doesn't carry the=20
    probabilistic maxima for >0.25" like the mountains to the east,=20
    however >0.1" ice accretion is sufficiently within the 50-80%=20
    range, very much a non-trivial depiction that will have to be=20
    monitored closely. Ice probabilities also exist within the Central
    Mid Atlantic east of the Blue Ridge, however a similar prob of=20
    50-70% for >0.1" of ice exists for locations northwest of the fall
    line across MD extending into southern PA with lower, non-zero=20
    probs further east into the I-95 corridor and adjacent lowlands.=20
    Setup is delicate with multiple variables involved including depth=20
    of cold air, strength of LLJ providing WAA pattern, as well as=20
    timing of precip onset. These factors will determine the magnitude=20
    of ice potential in-of the Mid-Atlantic and Ohio Valley with=20
    guidance starting to hone in on specifics as we move closer to the=20
    event. While there may be some snow at onset across the Mid-
    Atlantic on Wednesday and throughout the Interior Northeast and New
    England as WAA increases on D3, probabilities for >4" remains low
    and confined to parts of VT and ME.

    Given the relatively large geographic coverage of at least 0.10"=20
    ice potential and the increasing chances for over 0.25" of ice=20
    accretion in parts of WV, MD, and PA... Key Messages have been=20
    initiated for this event.

    Kleebauer/Snell


    ...Winter Storm Key Messages are in effect. Please see current=20
    Key Messages below...

    https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/key_messages/Late= stKeyMessage_1.png__;!!DZ3fjg!76BKJeK4WDZz8dhcSrSdtbYfnXFwGLJx2JenAkneZ5sUX= Rl-uSZVW7Vs20Evp249u0dna6xfOcz8r1HLrQDUphRKLNo$=20

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Tue Feb 4 08:59:24 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 040859
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    359 AM EST Tue Feb 4 2025

    Valid 12Z Tue Feb 04 2025 - 12Z Fri Feb 07 2025

    ...Western U.S. across the Northern Rockies...=20
    Days 1-3...

    ...Atmospheric River (AR) and upper low maintain heavy snow from=20 Oregon/California border through the Northern Rockies and down the
    Sierra Nevada through tonight. A separate low tracks through
    California Thursday night bringing further heavy snow for the
    Sierra Nevada...

    A positively-tilted trough around an upper low off Vancouver Island
    will continue to drift southwest off Pacific NW beneath a strong=20
    upper ridge over Alaska through Wednesday before weakening in place
    through Thursday. A zonal jet streak exceeding 130kt punches
    through north-central CA today with the increasingly diffluent=20
    left exit region over northern CA/NV today and across the=20
    northern Great Basin/Rockies tonight. This will maintain the swath
    of heavy snow over far northern CA into southern OR and northeast
    through the Bitterroots. Day 1 snow probs for additional >18" are
    40-70% for the Klamath/Siskiyou, Sawtooth/Salmon River and
    Bitterroots with 70-90% probs for the Sierra Nevada above 6500ft.=20=20
    A strong 1042mb high centered over the Canadian Prairies will=20
    maintain the cold air on easterly upslope flow to enhance snow=20
    rates along the leeward slopes of the Montana Rockies where Day 1
    probs for >4" are 30-60%.

    Low pressure ahead of the jet streak reaches the CA coast this
    afternoon and northern NV tonight, bringing heavy precip to the
    Sierra Nevada. Strong WAA with the low will keep snow levels=20
    6000-7000ft. Heavy snow crosses the Teton and Wind River Ranges=20
    late tonight into Wednesday.=20
    Onshore flow will cause moderate snow over the Cascades and=20
    coastal ranges Wednesday (where Day 2 snow probs for >8" are=20
    50-80%) while the rest the Northwest enjoys a reprieve in snow.=20
    However, the next Pacific storm system arrives Thursday with lower
    heights and snow levels 3000-5000ft over northern CA Heavy snow=20
    with prolonged 1-2"/hr rates is expected along the length of the=20
    Sierra Nevada Thursday afternoon through the night. Day 3 snow
    probs for >18" are 50-80%.


    ...Upper Midwest/Great Lakes...=20
    Days 2-3...

    Reinforcing shortwave trough that crosses OR tonight on the nose=20
    of a powerful zonal jet will track over the northern Great Plains
    Wednesday night. Warm air advection ahead of the wave allows=20
    snowfall to breakout Wednesday afternoon over central MN, expanding
    over northern MN/WI through the evening before tracking over the
    U.P. into Thursday. Day 2.5 snow probs for >4" are 20-50%, highest
    over the MN Arrowhead.

    Jackson


    ...Midwest to Mid-Atlantic...
    Days 2-3...

    Very progressive shortwave ejecting eastward off the Pacific will=20
    make quick headway to the east crossing the Continental Divide by=20
    Wednesday morning with sights downstream on the Ohio Valley and=20
    Mid-Atlantic by the end of D2. Further downstream, high pressure=20
    will usher eastward out of the Great Lakes with a cold front=20
    progression through the Mid- Atlantic and Northeast, solidifying a=20 relatively formidable polar airmass with a classic CAD wedge=20
    situated east of the Appalachian front by Wednesday morning.=20
    Consensus of forecast soundings across the region signal a shallow,
    yet firmly entrenched airmass by Wednesday afternoon with a modest
    CAA regime ongoing until later that evening. Limited blocking=20
    across the North Atlantic will allow the surface ridge to propagate
    eastward fairly quickly leading to a shift to modest return flow=20
    by the very end of the D2 period allowing for warmer air to=20
    protrude the boundary layer from south to north. This is important=20
    as the approach of the aforementioned trough will couple with the=20
    surface high off the Atlantic seaboard creating a modifying low to=20
    mid- level airmass as the two work in tandem.

    There's a growing consensus within the 00z deterministic suite for
    a bout of mixed precipitation developing downstream across the=20
    Ohio Valley and Mid-Atlantic within the increasing mid-level=20
    difluence pattern ahead of the mean trough. Smaller shortwave=20
    perturbations will also eject out ahead of the trough axis which=20
    could spawn some scattered light precip ahead of the main QPF axis=20
    that will approach more during the overnight time frame on=20
    Wednesday night into early Thursday morning. The initial ptype may=20
    start as a very brief period of snow for places further northeast=20
    away from the nose of the budding 85H LLJ (50-55kts) initiating=20
    over the Shenandoah. Any snowfall will quickly transition over to=20
    sleet and/or freezing rain/drizzle before the main swath of precip=20
    makes its way through the Appalachian and Allegheny front into the=20
    rest of the Mid- Atlantic.

    =46rom here, the approach of the shortwave trough will create a=20 strengthening v-vector component of the wind field allowing for=20
    enhanced meridional flow capable of advecting much warmer air=20
    poleward within the 925-650mb layer as indicated via bufr soundings
    from locations across the Mid- Atlantic. Further west over the=20
    Appalachian front extending from northern WV up through the Laurel=20 Highlands, a very shallow yet stern surface cold air pattern will=20
    lock in and become very difficult to erode despite the increasing=20
    warm air depth being advected overhead. The main thermodynamic=20
    process for warming will likely have to come from latent heat=20
    release of ice accretion processes to slowly maneuver the=20
    temperature to near freezing by the end of the D2 window when much=20
    of the precipitation will be shutting off. Wet bulb temps in the=20
    higher elevations and elevated valleys west of the Blue Ridge will=20
    likely be within 24-27F creating a large gap for any latent heat=20
    processes to effectively kick the shallow cold layer out of the=20
    lowest portions of the PBL. This is one of the main reasons this=20
    area is the focus for the most significant ice accumulation=20
    forecasts thus far with agreement among much of the deterministic=20
    suite and national blend. Areas east of the Blue Ridge will likely=20
    see the surface pattern erode a bit faster, especially those east=20
    of the fall line within the Piedmont. Places between the Blue Ridge
    and the fall line will be slower to erode as is customary within=20
    these synoptic scale evolutions, especially when you factor in the=20
    fresh CAA pattern that transpired less than 24 hrs before.=20

    Ice probs of >0.1" remain very high (80+%) across west-central PA=20
    with the focus in-of the Laurel Highlands where now 50-70% probs=20
    for >0.25" of ice accretion are now forecast as of the latest WWD=20
    progs. Northern Ohio Valley doesn't carry the probabilistic maxima=20
    for >0.25" like the mountains to the east, however >0.1" ice=20
    accretion is sufficiently within the 50-80% range, very much a non-
    trivial depiction that has been consistent within NWP outputs. Ice probabilities also exist within the Central Mid Atlantic east of=20
    the Blue Ridge with a similar prob of 50-70% for >0.1" of ice=20
    existing for locations northwest of the fall line across MD=20
    extending into southern PA. Newest WWD progs have introduced small=20
    areas in-of the higher terrain of north-central MD within the Parrs
    Ridge and Catoctin Mtn domains. These areas also have=20
    probabilities for >0.25" now upwards of 30-40% for the event,=20
    something we'll have to monitor closely as we move closer to the=20
    event. Lower non-zero probs (20- 50%) exist for totals >0.1"=20
    further east into the I-95 corridor and adjacent lowlands. Setup is
    delicate with multiple variables involved including depth of cold=20
    air, strength of LLJ providing WAA pattern, as well as timing of=20
    precip onset. These factors will determine the magnitude of ice=20
    potential in-of the Mid-Atlantic and Ohio Valley with guidance=20
    starting to hone in on specifics as we move closer to the event.=20
    While there may be some snow at onset across the Mid-Atlantic on=20
    Wednesday and throughout the Interior Northeast and New England as=20
    WAA increases on D3, probabilities for >4" remains low (10-40%) and
    confined to mainly higher elevations of NY, VT, NH and ME.

    Given the relatively large geographic coverage of at least 0.10"=20
    ice potential and the increasing chances for over 0.25" of ice=20
    accretion in parts of WV, MD, and PA... Key Messages continue for=20
    this event.

    Kleebauer



    ...Winter Storm Key Messages are in effect. Please see current=20
    Key Messages below...

    https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/key_messages/Late= stKeyMessage_1.png__;!!DZ3fjg!55ZGO0kmXlJMSOLOdySuP5k5U9km6UPbTmZ4wOEja5ADf= _PR_mVVma02h8M9SV2dBtxRuD6lr4WJvAgzyiBLP_f_wnk$=20

    $$

    =3D =3D =3D
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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Tue Feb 4 19:27:38 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 041927
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    227 PM EST Tue Feb 4 2025

    Valid 00Z Wed Feb 05 2025 - 00Z Sat Feb 08 2025

    ...Pacific Coast to the Northern Rockies...=20
    Days 1-3...

    An active period of weather will bring repeating rounds of active
    wintry weather to much of the west, as a series of Atmospheric
    Rivers (ARs) and varying snow levels occur through the week.

    The forecast period begins with an impressive closed low
    positioned just west of the WA/B.C. coast. 500mb height anomalies
    within this low are progged by NAEFS to fall below the lowest ever
    recorded in the CFSR climatology offshore these states by Wednesday
    morning, indicating the intensity of this feature. In response,
    downstream ascent will be impressive through mid-level divergence
    and an intensifying jet streak exceeding 140kts Wednesday pivoting
    into central CA. The overlap of this jet streak with confluent
    mid-level flow downstream of the closed low will surge moisture
    into the West as an AR, with both GEFS and ECENS probabilities
    indicating a high risk (>90% chance) for 500 kg/m/s IVT lifting
    into northern CA. With impressive mid and upper level winds
    driving this AR, spillover moisture could also be significant,
    aided by a wave of low pressure shifting east towards the Northern
    Rockies beneath a spoke of vorticity shedding from the main low.
    This will help spread an axis of moderate to heavy snowfall from
    central CA through the northern Great Basin and into the Northern
    Rockies D1. WPC probabilities are high (>70%) for more than 6
    inches along the Sierra, across much of the northern CA ranges
    including the coastal range, across the Blue Mountains, much of the
    Northern Rockies, and into the Wind Rivers/Tetons. As much as 4-6
    feet of snow is possible in the Sierra, with 1-2 feet possible in
    the higher terrain of the other ranges. Additionally, with snow
    levels crashing to the surface, lowland snow and coastal range snow
    will also be impactful in Oregon.

    The wave of low pressure D1 will push a cold front eastward behind
    it, which when combined with the approach of the upper low will
    lower heights and steepen lapse rates considerably late D1 and into=20
    D2. This will result in snow levels falling to less than 500 ft as=20
    far south as central Oregon, which when combined with the steep=20
    lapse rates (dry adiabatic through the mid-levels as reflected by=20
    regional forecast soundings) and increasing synoptic ascent, could=20
    result in heavy snow into the coastal ranges and even the lowlands=20
    of WA/OR and northern CA. Available moisture with this second wave=20
    is somewhat suppressed from the prior day, but should still support
    rounds of moderate to heavy precipitation falling as snow. There=20
    is a lot of uncertainty involving the snowfall amounts due to the=20
    likelihood for more periodic rounds of snow rather than a=20
    continuous plume of precipitation, but theta-e lapse rates AOB=20
    0C/Km will support convective rates which could quickly and=20
    efficiently cause snowfall accumulations. Despite the transient=20
    nature of heavy snow showers, WPC probabilities across the lowlands
    of OR and southern WA, as well as some of the lower elevations of=20
    northern CA reach 50-70% for 2 inches, and around 30% for the=20
    Portland, OR metro area. The coastal ranges will likely receive=20
    significant snowfall D2 reflected by a 50-70% chance for 4+ inches. Additionally, the continued moisture fetch onshore will bring=20
    heavy snow again into the OR Cascades and northern CA ranges where=20
    WPC probabilities for 6+ inches are at least 70%.

    Then, during D3 /00Z Fri - 00Z Sat/ the closed low offshore WA/OR
    opens, but remains amplified in response to a maxima and=20
    accompanying shortwave trough rotating around it, through the base=20
    of the trough, and onshore northern CA once again. This will be=20
    accompanied by a renewed surge of deep layer ascent through=20
    secondary jet intensification and downstream height=20
    falls/divergence, to push another swath of heavy precipitation=20
    onshore. Much of this will be in the vicinity of a surface low=20
    which will develop just downstream of this vorticity lobe, and this
    low is progged to move progressively northeast through the Great=20
    Basin, reaching the Central Rockies by the end of the forecast=20
    period. Snow levels will rise south and east of this low, but as it
    tracks along a stationary front, there will likely be continued=20
    low snow levels to the north, with an axis of frontogenesis and=20
    accompanying enhanced ascent into a deepening DGZ driving a swath=20
    of heavy snowfall across the area. A weaker AR will accompany this=20
    low, reflected by GEFS and ECENS probabilities for 250 kg/m/s IVT=20
    peaking around 70%, but this will still be sufficient to produce=20
    heavy snow, especially in regions of upslope or the strongest fgen.
    The global models still feature quite a bit of variability in=20
    placement and timing for this second AR and low, so confidence in=20
    is somewhat modest this far out. However, WPC probabilities are
    already high (above 70%) for 12+ inches in the Sierra D3,
    especially above 4000 ft. Heavy snow exceeding 6 inches is also
    likely (>70%) for the ranges of NW WY.



    ...Upper Midwest/Great Lakes...=20
    Day 2...

    The lead shortwave ejecting downstream of the closed low west of
    WA/OR will spin east out of Montana, reaching the Northern Plains
    by Thursday morning and then racing east within pinched/progressive
    flow to the Great Lakes Thursday night. This feature will help
    spawn a weak wave of low pressure moving from the Northern Plains,
    with accompanying downstream WAA and isentropic ascent resulting in
    an expanding area of precipitation falling as snow on Thursday. The
    overlap of synoptic lift with this isentropic ascent could result
    in axis of heavy snow, especially along the international border
    with Canada in MN and into WI and the U.P. of MI where the DGZ
    depth is greatest as reflected by moderate probabilities (50-70%)
    for at least 50mb of DGZ depth. The system is progressive which
    will limit overall accumulations, but heavy rates of 1"/hr at times
    will still produce heavy snow exceeding 4" as reflected by WPC
    probabilities of 30-70% in the Arrowhead of MN, as well as the
    Western U.P. of MI and Bayfield Peninsula of WI.


    ...Midwest to Northeast...
    Days 2-3...

    A fast moving upper-level disturbance over the Central Plains
    Wednesday AM will be the primary feature in providing upper-level=20
    ascent from the Midwest Wednesday evening to the Northeast on
    Thursday. The progressive 500mb shortwave trough will be located
    beneath the divergent left-exit quadrant of a roaring 150kt 250mb
    jet streak located over the Rockies. At lower-levels, an 850mb
    ridge over the subtropical Atlantic will work in tandem with
    longwave 850mb troughing over the Northern Plains to create a 50kt
    850mb jet over the Mississippi/Ohio River Valleys Wednesday night
    that will act to deliver modest low-mid level moisture. NAEFS shows
    IVT values by 06Z Thursday are topping 750 kg/m/s over the OH
    Valley, which is above the 97.5 climatological percentile in the
    CFSR climatology. In addition, 850-700mb WAA and 290K isentropic=20
    glide amidst SWrly flow will lead to an gradual incline of the FGEN
    axis over the OH Valley on east to the Mid- Atlantic Wednesday=20
    evening. Last but not least in the overview of the key contributors
    in this icy setup is the presence of a colder/dry air-mass that
    will be anchored initially by a 1028+mb high that is above the 90th
    percentile according to NAEFS. The high will be moving well
    offshore by Thursday morning, but the linger cold-air damming
    signature (CAD) will stick around for much of the event.

    In these classic "overrunning a CAD wedge" setups, most guidance
    tends to erode the <32F near-surface wet-bulb temperatures too
    quick. Timing-wise, an icy wintry mix looks to get started in=20
    northern IL around 00Z Thurs with some freezing drizzle, sleet, and
    even light snow breaking out across the Ohio Valley and Mid-
    Atlantic between 00-06Z Thurs. The heaviest FZRA occurs in the=20
    Lower Great Lakes states between 03-09Z Thursday, then from the=20
    central Appalachians to southeast PA and northern MD between=20
    06-15Z. Sub- freezing surface temperatures will stick around=20
    longest in the Laurel and Potomac Highlands, the Blue Ridge=20
    Mountains, and into parts of the Shenandoah Valley where sub-=20
    freezing air is harder to erode. By midday Thursday, a coastal low=20
    begins to take shape off the Mid-Atlantic coast that would allow=20
    for some Atlantic moisture to be advected into the Northeast=20
    Thursday afternoon. The air-mass is more supportive of snow in=20
    southern New England and as far north as the Adirondacks. While=20
    most totals should generally be in the 2-4" range in these areas,=20
    should the coastal low strengthen sooner, some mesoscale banding to
    the north of the coastal low could occur over southern New=20
    England.=20

    Most guidance has come into better agreement on the timing
    and amounts with a swath of >0.1" of ice accumulations from central
    IL and across the Lower Great Lakes states to southeast PA. WPC
    probabilities have focused on the Laurel and Potomac Highlands, as
    well as parts of the Alleghenies and Blue Ridge as having the
    better odds of seeing >0.25" ice accumulation. The Laurel Highland,
    most notably, sport moderate chances (40-60%) for ice accumulations
    0.25". Most ice accumulations that are observed will generally
    fall below 0.25" but even amounts around 0.1" can result in
    hazardous travel conditions. WPC probabilities show at least
    moderate chance probabilities (>50%) for >0.1" of ice for northern
    IN, northern OH, much of western PA (excluding areas south of
    Pittsburgh), western VA, and along the Mason-Dixon line on east ot
    I-83. There could be some portions of the western DC/Baltimore
    suburbs that receive as much as 0.1" of ice as well for the
    Thursday morning rush hour. The WSSI does depict Moderate Impact
    potential (hazardous driving conditions and disruptions to daily
    life such as closures/delays) in the DC/Baltimore metro areas,=20
    particularly west of I-95 and north of I-66. Moderate Impacts are
    also shown in the Laurel and Potomac Highlands, the Blue Ridge
    Mountains, and the northern extent of the Shenandoah Valley. All
    other areas previously mentioned from northern IL on east through
    the Lower Great Lakes, central PA, and into New England are
    forecast to see Minor Impacts from this event, highlighting the
    potential for some slick roads and troublesome travel conditions.

    Given the relatively large geographic coverage of at least 0.10"=20
    ice potential and the increasing chances for over 0.25" of ice=20
    accretion in parts of WV, MD, VA, and PA... Key Messages continue=20
    for this event.

    Weiss/Mullinax




    ...Winter Storm Key Messages are in effect. Please see current=20
    Key Messages below...

    https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/key_messages/Late= stKeyMessage_1.png__;!!DZ3fjg!_gWTm10JCuUOHHJgr_CLDVIFJZ6S5pfdlnOoqN6hW_00q= Vq5hpB-ASusc25nG7Hn1QGVuPX4vPtu85GAtg2w1tYI1zo$=20

    $$

    =3D =3D =3D
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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Wed Feb 5 09:22:46 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 050922
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    422 AM EST Wed Feb 5 2025

    Valid 12Z Wed Feb 05 2025 - 12Z Sat Feb 08 2025

    ...Pacific Coast through the Northern Rockies and Northern Plains...
    Days 1-3...

    ...Particularly active winter period across the west ends with a
    potent low that tracks across California Thursday night, the
    northern Rockies Friday, and the northern Plains Friday night...

    Cold core low off the WA coast this morning shears into a
    positively tilted trough through today from the zonal 150kt jet
    streak to its south. Reinforcing shortwave energy takes the base=20
    of the trough and pushes it through northern CA Thursday night as
    another zonal jet streak intensifies sending the trough into the
    northern Plains Friday night (before tracking through New England
    Sunday).=20

    Day 1: The low heights and SEly low level flow provide moderate=20
    snow to the Cascades and PacNW Coastal Ranges through this=20
    evening. Terrain enhancements allow 1"/hr rates there and snow
    levels will be at or near sea level. Day 1 snow probs for >12" are
    40-70% above about 2000ft in the OR Cascades and Klamath Mtns.=20
    While Seattle and Portland have been generally spared impactful=20
    snow through this cold phase so far, there are now 30-50% Day 1=20
    snow probs for >2" in the Lowlands. Heavy snow continues this=20
    morning over the Northern Rockies where probs for >8" additional=20
    after 12Z are 40-70%, particularly in the Absarokas and Wind River.

    Day 2: An atmospheric river with PW of 1" reaches the central CA=20
    coast on Thursday south of the wave that consolidates and ejects=20
    east. Another swath of heavy precipitation crosses CA with snow=20
    levels over the Sierra Nevada rising to 6500ft by Thursday evening.
    Day 2 snow probs for >18" are 50-80% for the Sierra Nevada and the Shasta/Siskiyou.

    Another surface low track is then traceable through northern NV=20
    early Friday which means more moderate to locally heavy snow for=20
    interior southern Oregon and the Sawtooth/Salmon River and the
    western WY ranges Thursday night through Friday where Day 2.5 snow
    probs for >8" are 30-80%.

    Day 3: The still positively-tilted trough shifts over the northern
    High Plains Friday night with strong lee-side cyclogenesis tracking
    over southern KS. Gulf moisture streams north up the Great Plains
    ahead of this low and, combined with increasing upper divergence
    including kissing jets over SD Friday evening, allows snow bands=20
    to flourish over the Dakotas Friday night. Despite the progression
    from the intensifying zonal jet to the south of trough, sufficient
    cyclonic flow allows west-east bands to move with their=20
    orientation and maximize snowfall over a somewhat narrow swath. The
    GFS remains north of the Canadian with this axis depiction and the
    EC is a bit more diffuse with the intensity. However, Day 3 probs=20
    for 20-50% for >6" over northern SD are reasonable at this time.


    ...Upper Midwest/Great Lakes...=20
    Days 1-2...

    Lead shortwave downstream of the closed upper circulation off the=20
    Pacific Northwest will eject downstream through the Northern Plains
    later this afternoon with increased mid-level ascent focused=20
    within the difluent axis ahead of the mean trough. A progressive=20
    forward motion of the disturbance will limit the upper bounds of=20
    the potential snowfall across the Upper Midwest into the Great=20
    Lakes, however sufficient forcing and modest omega within a DGZ=20
    depth of 50mb will generate snowfall rates capable of reaching=20
    0.5-1"/hr during the height of the event. Snowfall will likely=20
    break out after 18z with increased areal coverage as we move=20
    through the evening today, ending the tail end of the D1 period.=20
    Models have been insistent on the greatest potential over Northern=20
    MN near the International border over into the Arrowhead, Bayfield=20
    Peninsula of WI, and the U.P. of MI where synoptic snow persists=20
    into Thursday morning. Latest WPC probabilities for >4" are running
    between 40-70% with some small pockets of ~80% located over the MN
    Arrowhead near the Canadian border and along the north shores of=20
    Lake Superior. Lower probs exist for >6" of snowfall (10-40%)=20
    within the same areas, but the progressive nature of the storm will
    likely limit widespread heavier totals with more isolated pockets=20
    of those higher totals in areas where banding persists the longest.
    Very cold air with subterranean DGZ returns Thursday across Lake=20
    Superior. LES continues into Friday for the U.P., but for now Day 2
    snow probs for >4" are 30-60% for the Keweenaw Peninsula and the=20
    eastern U.P.


    ...Midwest to Northeast including the Central Appalachians...
    Days 1-2...

    Progressive shortwave trough over southern CO early this morning=20
    will rapidly advance eastward across the Great Plains today and
    reach the Mid-Atlantic late tonight. Smaller shortwave=20
    perturbations will also advect over the aforementioned regions with
    lighter precip development over the Mid-Atlantic today ahead of=20
    the main slug of moisture associated with the primary shortwave=20
    trough. The separation of the deeper layer moisture can be inferred
    from the higher IVT signatures advecting eastward into the Mid-=20
    Atlantic, a solid +3 deviations according to the latest NAEFS=20
    anomalies with values approaching 600-700 kg/ms on the 00z=20
    GFS/ECMWF output. Moisture advection regime will be prominent=20
    within the 925- 650mb layer as noted within relevant bufr soundings
    within the zones of expected impact. A strengthening v-vector wind
    component across the Southern Ohio Valley and points east into the
    Central Mid- Atlantic indicate a prolific meridional response to=20
    the amplifying 5H pattern as the trough approaches. 850mb LLJ being
    forecast within the latest deterministic maintain posture of a=20
    fairly robust 50-60kt jet core, a significant contributor to not=20
    only the advection of moisture, but also of a prominent WAA regime=20
    that will allow for a general mixed ptype pattern as we move=20
    through the event this afternoon through Thursday.

    Across the Ohio Valley and Mid-Atlantic, antecedent airmass under=20
    the influence of a 1034mb surface high over Quebec will lead to=20
    sufficient cooling within the lower confines of the boundary layer=20
    with drier air focused within the 925-700mb layer, a setup that will=20
    be come relevant with regards to anticipated wet bulb temperatures=20
    as moisture from the west and southwest approaches. There is a=20
    general consensus on the timing of the advancement of the precip=20
    core for each region with the afternoon and early evening time frame=20
    the initial stages for precip onset across the Midwest and Ohio=20
    Valley as the main axis of difluence downstream of the approaching=20
    mid-level shortwave provides focused ascent in-of the above areas.=20
    Wintry precip is expected to breakout in the form of ZR over IL/IN=20
    before shifting eastward into OH with an IP/ZR mix transitioning to=20
    all ZR before precip field decays the very end of the D1 period.=20
    Further east into the highlands of Western PA and WV, increasing=20
    warm air advection pattern will transpire ahead of the trough with a=20
    tongue of warmer air flooding a significant portion of the primary=20
    thermal layers leading to primary ptype beginning as a liquid=20
    hydrometeor. The issue becomes the cold air positioned within the=20
    lowest confines of the PBL as the surface ridge to the north allows=20
    for a filtering of a very shallow polar airmass across much of the=20 Mid-Atlantic and Northeast before shifting eastward as blocking=20
    remains diffuse across the Northwest Atlantic. Anticipate=20
    temperatures in the Laurel Highlands down through Western MD and the=20
    High Country of WV to settle into the upper 20s prior to initial=20
    precip with wet bulb temperatures within the range of 24-27F, a=20
    textbook signature for prolonged ZR within the terrain leading to=20 significant ice accretion >0.25".=20

    Across he central Mid-Atlantic east of the Blue Ridge,=20
    temperatures will exhibit similar evolution with cold air filtering
    east of the Appalachian front with a fresh cold/dry air injection=20
    into the PBL leading to colder temperatures leading with widespread
    upper 20s to low 30s readings likely as precip encroaches from the
    west. Despite the high shifting off the coast, limited mixing=20
    within the lower PBL will thwart a rapid warming of the primary=20
    thermal layer located from the surface to 850mb, however the layers
    above will be warm quickly with a sharp nose of WAA being progged=20
    within the 850-650mb layer leading to a mixed ptype after perhaps a
    very short window of light snow prior to the main moisture plume=20
    reaching east of the mountains. IP/ZR combo will be present across=20
    the Central Mid- Atlantic within the Piedmont with the majority of=20
    precip shifting to all ZR prior to sunrise for all locations. The=20
    question becomes the depth of the cold air and the process of cold=20
    air damming within the confines of the northern Shenandoah to=20
    places west of the Chesapeake over VA/MD/PA. The trends are for a=20
    sharp delineation of prolonged freezing rain and rain along the=20
    fall line northwest of I- 95 with greater potential for ice=20
    accretion further northwest away from that marker. This will allow=20
    for a sharp gradient in the ice accumulation forecast with <0.1"=20
    likely east of the fall line, including the DC/Balt/Philadelphia=20
    metros with >0.1" likely northwest with upwards of 0.2 plausible in
    the topographically favored areas of the northern neck of VA, WV=20
    Panhandle, Blue Ridge, Catoctins, and Parrs Ridge across NoVA up=20
    through Central MD and far Southern PA.=20

    Farther north and northeast across the Northern Mid-Atlantic,=20
    initial burst of snow is anticipated before shifting to more IP and
    ZR with IP being a more dominant ptype south of I-80 with snow=20
    more common north and northeast of the interstate leading to WWD=20 probabilities for >4" to run between 40-60% for the higher=20
    elevations of Upstate NY and Northern New England that include=20
    areas like the Tug Hill, Adirondacks, Green and White Mountains of=20
    VT/NH. Light ice accumulations are anticipated for a large area=20
    encompassing much of the Northern Ohio Valley through the Mid-=20
    Atlantic and Northeast. WPC probs for >0.1" of ice accretion is=20
    between 40-70% across Northern Ohio Valley and the Piedmont east of
    the Blue Ridge to the fall line northwest of I-95. Areas west of=20
    the Blue Ridge to the Laurel Highlands of PA and Highlands of MD/WV
    are upwards of 80-90% for similar totals with probs greater than=20
    40% for >0.25" leading to Ice Storm Warning issuance this past=20
    forecast cycle. Latest WSSI continues to predict a large area of at
    least moderate impacts within those zones expecting greater than=20
    0.2" of ice accretion due to impending disruptions in travel with=20
    impacts that could include closures and delays that impact daily=20
    life. Despite lighter accums further east into the Megalopolis,=20
    light ice accumulations will still provide some hazardous travel=20
    conditions for many during the Thursday AM commute. These impacts=20
    will span through the Shenandoah Valley up through much of Central
    and Eastern PA, highlighted by widespread Minor WSSI depictions=20
    all across the affected areas.=20

    Given the relatively large geographic coverage of at least 0.10" ice=20 potential and the increasing chances for over 0.25" of ice accretion=20
    in parts of WV, MD, and PA, Key Messages continue for this event=20
    which are linked below.


    Jackson/Kleebauer



    ...Winter Storm Key Messages are in effect. Please see current=20
    Key Messages in the link below...

    https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/key_messages/Late= stKeyMessage_1.png__;!!DZ3fjg!8l1lpCDOEaPU5xsdUX7v8hnRE4k0S3pY5T3LNeH3W1qij= mZQC3DCZpJSPMK1DobMjIxw4FZBuuAlU8V3XGD0TnTX1BU$=20

    $$

    =3D =3D =3D
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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Wed Feb 5 19:54:50 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 051954
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    254 PM EST Wed Feb 5 2025

    Valid 12Z Wed Feb 05 2025 - 12Z Sat Feb 08 2025

    ...Pacific Coast through the Northern Rockies and Northern Plains...
    Days 1-3...

    ...Active winter period across the west ends with a potent low=20
    that tracks across California Thursday night, the northern Rockies=20
    Friday, and the northern Plains Friday night...

    The stormy pattern that has been ongoing across the West for
    several days now will come to an end by this weekend. But until
    then, periods of mountains and lowland snow will stick around the
    Pacific Northwest this afternoon and evening thanks to an elongated
    and positively tilted upper level trough over the northwest
    Pacific. Farther south, a potent 500mb shortwave trough caught up
    in the SWrly flow aloft will race towards California on Thursday.
    NAEFS shows this system will have a healthy AR associated with it
    and direct a >500 kg/m/s IVT (climatological percentiles topping
    the 99th percentile) into the western U.S. Mandatory heights
    associated with this trough are all below the 10th climatological
    percentile as well, which should lead to a lowering of the snow
    levels as it moves ashore on Friday. The heaviest snowfall in the
    central and southern Sierra Nevada will generally reside above
    6,000ft, while the northern Sierra Nevada and the
    Shasta/Salmon/Siskiyou see heavy snowfall as low as 4,000ft in=20
    some cases.=20

    As the storm moves inland Friday morning, a cold Canadian air-mass
    anchored by a 1030+mb high over the northern High Plains will be in
    place, allowing for snow to the remain the primary precip type from
    eastern Oregon and the Blue Mountains through the Sawtooth,
    Bitterroots, Absaroka, Tetons, and Wind River Ranges. Snowfall=20
    will be heavy in these ranges, including ranges farther south such=20
    as the Bear River and Uinta ranges thanks to a highly anomalous IVT
    300 kg/m/s (>99.5 climatological percentile at 18Z Fri) and these
    ranges placement beneath the left-exit region of a 90kt 500mb jet=20
    streak. Snow will push east through central and eastern Montana=20
    Friday afternoon, then into the Dakotas by Friday night. Snowfall=20
    rates will increase along the ND/SD border Friday night and into=20
    Saturday morning as 850-700mb frontogenesis (FGEN) ensues and WAA=20
    aloft supports heavy snow.

    WPC probabilities through Saturday morning show high chance
    probabilities (>70%) for snowfall totals >24" above 7,000ft in the
    central and southern Sierra Nevada, and above 6,000ft in the
    northern Sierra Nevada and Shasta ranges. Similar high chance
    probabilities for >12" of snowfall are present in the Siskiyou and
    Salmon mountains, as well as the Tetons, Bear River, and Wind=20
    River Ranges. The Blue, Sawtooth, and Absaroka above 6,000ft are
    also forecast to receive as much as a foot of snow, while the High
    Plains of central and eastern Montana have moderate-to-high chances
    (50-70%) for snowfall totals >4". The WSSI shows Major Impacts
    (dangerous to impossible travel, widespread closures and
    disruptions) along the spine of the Sierra Nevada, in the Siskiyou,
    Salmon, Shasta, and southwest OR coastal ranges. There are
    expansive areas of Moderate Impacts (hazardous driving conditions)
    from the northern OR coastal ranges and along the OR Cascades on
    east through most of the aforementioned Northern Rockies Ranges.
    Minor Impacts are also being depicted at the moment in central and
    eastern Montana for late Friday into Saturday.


    ...Northern Plains through the Great Lakes and Ohio Valley...=20
    Days 1-3...

    Potent shortwave trough (700mb heights falling below the 1st
    percentile of the CFSR climatology according to NAEFS) will advect=20
    across the Dakotas and into Minnesota Thursday and Thursday night=20
    before racing east and out of the area by Friday morning. Rapid=20
    height falls and impressive PVA downstream of a strung out lobe of=20
    vorticity rounding the base of this trough will combine with the=20
    LFQ of a modestly poleward arcing jet streak to produce large scale
    ascent into the region. At the same time, moisture will increase=20
    as modestly veered flow leads to robust moist isentropic ascent at=20
    285-290K which will result in an expanding area of precipitation.=20
    This precip will occur entirely as snow from ND through MI as the=20
    column is quite cold, and the WAA accompanying this isentropic=20
    ascent will help deepen the DGZ impressively (SREF probabilities=20
    for 100mb of DGZ depth 30-70%, highest along the Canadian border).=20
    This will result in high SLR snow accumulating rapidly as snowfall=20
    rates may exceed 1"/hr at times (30-50% chance according to the=20
    HREF). The system is progressive, limiting total accumulations, but
    WPC probabilities indicate a 50-70% chance of at least 4 inches in
    NE MN, including the Arrowhead, and into the western U.P. of MI.

    Farther downstream and to the east, the accompanying WAA will
    overrun a retreating high pressure to the east, leading to an axis
    of moderate mixed precipitation from the Corn Belt into the Ohio
    Valley. The WAA will lift rapidly northward, but will drive a brief
    period of robust fgen, in the 925-700mb region, leading to a period
    of moderate to heavy sleet/freezing rain before precipitation
    changes over to rain. WPC probabilities D1 are as high as 50-70%
    for 0.1" of ice, highest across north/central Ohio.

    After a brief respite on D2, the progressive flow across much of
    the CONUS will surge another winter storm system eastward into the
    Northern Plains to begin D3. This system is progged to be much more
    impressive as the potent driving trough ejects from the Pacific
    Northwest and into the Northern Plains by Saturday morning. The
    overall mid-level pattern across the Northern Plains is progged to
    remain generally flat, but rapid height falls and a potent
    subtropical jet streak reaching 150kts will help push IVT exceeding the
    90th percentile from NAEFS into the region. At the same time,
    strengthening WAA downstream of a low pressure moving across the
    Central Plains will draw higher moisture northward, and the overlap
    of this WAA with the diffluent portion of the upper jet streak will
    produce a stripe of impressive 850-600mb fgen, efficiently lifting
    ascent into a deepening DGZ (SREF probabilities for 100mb of depth
    exceeding 30%). This will result in a swath of snow from the
    Dakotas through Wisconsin, with an embedded band of heavier snow
    likely. There is still quite a bit of longitudinal (timing) and
    latitudinal (placement) uncertainty amongst the global members, but
    ensembles suggest high confidence for this event and impactful snow
    is likely across the Dakotas and into Minnesota/Wisconsin. WPC
    probabilities have increased dramatically today, and now support a
    high risk (>70%) for more than 6 inches D3 near Aberdeen, SD,
    surrounded by a larger expanse of >50% from far western SD through
    western WI.

    Then farther to the southeast, the WAA will lift a warm nose more
    robustly immediately downstream of the surface low into the Upper
    Midwest and Ohio Valley. This will cause a stripe of mixed
    precipitation to develop before the end of the period from Illinois
    through eastern Ohio, and WPC probabilities increase once again,
    now featuring a 30-50% chance for at least 0.01" from near
    Davenport, IA through Cleveland, OH.


    ...Mid-Atlantic and Northeast...=20
    Days 1-3...

    Generally flat and fast flow within the mid-levels will dominate=20
    the eastern half of the CONUS, keeping systems progressive into the
    weekend. This will allow for a series of winter storms to impact
    the region.

    The first of these will develop tonight as a modest shortwave
    trough ejects from the Central Plains and lifts E/NE across the
    Ohio Valley, reaching New England Thursday evening. A weak jet
    streak will accompany this feature as it moves east, producing some
    subtly enhanced deep layer lift, but most of the ascent will be
    driven instead by impressive 850mb warm advection, which will
    intensify especially over New England Thursday afternoon. This WAA
    overrunning a retreating high pressure will drive intensifying
    isentropic ascent, especially within the 290-300K layer, and
    moisture will be copious as reflected by mixing ratios exceeding
    6g/kg. This will allow PWs surging northward from the Gulf of
    Mexico to exceed the 90th, and in some places the 97th percentile
    of the CFSR climatology according to NAEFS ensemble tables. At the
    same time, a wave of low pressure will develop offshore and move up
    the coast from NC to New England on Thursday, additional enhancing
    ascent across the region.

    As WAA/isentropic ascent increases, precipitation will overspread
    the area from SW to NE, with a mixture of rain, snow, freezing
    rain, and sleet expected. The p-type challenges are significant
    with this event.=20

    Across the Mid-Atlantic states, into Upstate NY, and as far north
    as southern New England, precipitation will feature a mix of all
    p-types, and sorting out the predominant is challenging. The column
    initially starts cold enough that everywhere north of the Mason-
    Dixon line could start as a burst of snow within the WAA, with
    sleet the initial p-type farther south. What happens thereafter
    makes the difference with respect to impacts. Although the high
    retreats quickly, a wedge of high pressure will remain embedded
    south into the Mid-Atlantic, and initially surface wet-bulb
    temperatures are well below 0C due to large T-Td depressions. This
    suggests that as precip begins, the wedge will be reinforced and
    hold firmer than guidance indicates, despite the overwhelming=20
    influence of the WAA. The high-res models have warmed a little bit=20
    today compared to previous runs, but the initial cold depth is=20
    still well above the 75th% percentile for freezing rain for parts=20
    of VA/MD/PA, suggesting a long period of sleet before WAA wins out=20
    turning precip over to ZR. Of course, farther north into PA and=20
    Upstate NY may experience more IP than ZR, while the higher terrain
    of WV/MD/PA (Appalachians, Alleghenies, and Laurel Highlands) have
    the best chance for damaging freezing rain accretions due to being
    above the cold layer. Overall, the system is progressive, but=20
    significant QPF falling into the cold layer will produce=20
    significant icing for the Mid-Atlantic with hazardous commutes=20
    likely Thursday morning. WPC probabilities are moderate (30-50%)
    for 0.25" in the central Appalachians, surrounded by a much larger
    area of at least 50% for 0.01" or more across much of the Mid-
    Atlantic and into southern New England. This event continues to be=20
    the source of key messages linked below (Keymessage_1).

    Farther north into Upstate NY and New England, much of the
    precipitation is expected to fall as snow. The intensifying WAA=20
    will result in a band of heavy snow as the resultant 850-700mb fgen
    drives intense ascent into the DGZ just above. This will cause a
    burst of snow lifting SW to NE Thursday, first in the Poconos, then
    all points northeast, including New York City and Boston. Snowfall
    rates within this burst could reach 1-2"/hr as reflected by the WPC
    prototype snowband tool and HREF probabilities, but rapid=20
    translation of this band northeast will somewhat limit total=20
    accumulations. Still, substantial impacts are likely, and WPC
    probabilities are high (>70%) for more than 4" of snow in the
    higher terrain from the Adirondacks into the Greens and Whites,
    with lesser accumulations likely in the lower elevations.

    As this first low pulls away into Canada, a second wave of low
    pressure moving across Ontario will drive a potent cold front
    eastward from the Great Lakes and through New England Friday
    morning/aftn. This cold front will have a two-pronged effect on
    winter weather. First, the passage of the cold front may incite
    some convective snow showers or snow squalls from Upstate NY
    through Maine as low-level fgen and some modest 0-2km instability
    combine in an area of elevated RH. This is reflected by the SnSq
    parameter exceeding 1 Friday morning in this area. While
    accumulations within any squalls will be limited, brief intense
    snowfall rates could cause hazardous travel.=20

    Then behind this front, increasing CAA on W/NW flow will cause
    modest lake effect snow (LES), especially downstream of Lake
    Ontario where water temps are still marginally warm (+5) while Lake
    Erie is completely ice covered at this point. With 850mb temps
    falling to as low as -15C, this will steepen lapse rates
    sufficiently to produce heavy snow into the Tug Hill and western
    Adirondacks, although total accumulations are expected to be
    somewhat modest as reflected by WPC probabilities that are 50-70%
    for 4 inches D1 and D2.

    Finally, as the active pattern continues, another shortwave trough
    will dig out of the Central Plains Saturday, reaching the eastern
    Great Lakes/Ohio Valley by the end of the forecast period. In a
    pattern similar to that on Thursday, an accompanying surface wave
    will develop across the Ohio Valley and then track progressively
    eastward. The downstream WAA will again be impressive, and surge
    another round of mixed precipitation into the Mid-Atlantic states.
    There is still quite a bit of uncertainty as to both timing and
    placement of the heaviest snow and icing amounts Saturday, but
    current WPC probabilities indicate a moderate risk (30-50%) for at
    least 0.01 inches from central VA through southern PA.


    ...Winter Storm Key Messages are in effect. Please see current=20
    Key Messages below...

    https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/key_messages/Late= stKeyMessage_1.png__;!!DZ3fjg!5gCMie6L0ODqw7xDgP4Z53w5livP4KYNj0fZqouup9Z0v= A5pkdxiTtbZyxnREAlqbJha6dVppLuP8-lATjM2lD-QkSo$=20

    $$

    =3D =3D =3D
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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Wed Feb 5 21:37:03 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 052136
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    436 PM EST Wed Feb 5 2025

    Valid 00Z Thu Feb 06 2025 - 00Z Sun Feb 09 2025

    ...Pacific Coast through the Northern Rockies and Northern Plains...
    Days 1-3...

    ...Active winter period across the west ends with a potent low=20
    that tracks across California Thursday night, the northern Rockies=20
    Friday, and the northern Plains Friday night...

    The stormy pattern that has been ongoing across the West for
    several days now will come to an end by this weekend. But until
    then, periods of mountains and lowland snow will stick around the
    Pacific Northwest this afternoon and evening thanks to an elongated
    and positively tilted upper level trough over the northwest
    Pacific. Farther south, a potent 500mb shortwave trough caught up
    in the SWrly flow aloft will race towards California on Thursday.
    NAEFS shows this system will have a healthy AR associated with it
    and direct a >500 kg/m/s IVT (climatological percentiles topping
    the 99th percentile) into the western U.S. Mandatory heights
    associated with this trough are all below the 10th climatological
    percentile as well, which should lead to a lowering of the snow
    levels as it moves ashore on Friday. The heaviest snowfall in the
    central and southern Sierra Nevada will generally reside above
    6,000ft, while the northern Sierra Nevada and the
    Shasta/Salmon/Siskiyou see heavy snowfall as low as 4,000ft in=20
    some cases.=20

    As the storm moves inland Friday morning, a cold Canadian air-mass
    anchored by a 1030+mb high over the northern High Plains will be in
    place, allowing for snow to the remain the primary precip type from
    eastern Oregon and the Blue Mountains through the Sawtooth,
    Bitterroots, Absaroka, Tetons, and Wind River Ranges. Snowfall=20
    will be heavy in these ranges, including ranges farther south such=20
    as the Bear River and Uinta ranges thanks to a highly anomalous IVT
    300 kg/m/s (>99.5 climatological percentile at 18Z Fri) and these
    ranges placement beneath the left-exit region of a 90kt 500mb jet=20
    streak. Snow will push east through central and eastern Montana=20
    Friday afternoon, then into the Dakotas by Friday night. Snowfall=20
    rates will increase along the ND/SD border Friday night and into=20
    Saturday morning as 850-700mb frontogenesis (FGEN) ensues and WAA=20
    aloft supports heavy snow.

    WPC probabilities through Saturday morning show high chance
    probabilities (>70%) for snowfall totals >24" above 7,000ft in the
    central and southern Sierra Nevada, and above 6,000ft in the
    northern Sierra Nevada and Shasta ranges. Similar high chance
    probabilities for >12" of snowfall are present in the Siskiyou and
    Salmon mountains, as well as the Tetons, Bear River, and Wind=20
    River Ranges. The Blue, Sawtooth, and Absaroka above 6,000ft are
    also forecast to receive as much as a foot of snow, while the High
    Plains of central and eastern Montana have moderate-to-high chances
    (50-70%) for snowfall totals >4". The WSSI shows Major Impacts
    (dangerous to impossible travel, widespread closures and
    disruptions) along the spine of the Sierra Nevada, in the Siskiyou,
    Salmon, Shasta, and southwest OR coastal ranges. There are
    expansive areas of Moderate Impacts (hazardous driving conditions)
    from the northern OR coastal ranges and along the OR Cascades on
    east through most of the aforementioned Northern Rockies Ranges.
    Minor Impacts are also being depicted at the moment in central and
    eastern Montana for late Friday into Saturday.


    ...Northern Plains through the Great Lakes and Ohio Valley...=20
    Days 1-3...

    Potent shortwave trough (700mb heights falling below the 1st
    percentile of the CFSR climatology according to NAEFS) will advect=20
    across the Dakotas and into Minnesota Thursday and Thursday night=20
    before racing east and out of the area by Friday morning. Rapid=20
    height falls and impressive PVA downstream of a strung out lobe of=20
    vorticity rounding the base of this trough will combine with the=20
    LFQ of a modestly poleward arcing jet streak to produce large scale
    ascent into the region. At the same time, moisture will increase=20
    as modestly veered flow leads to robust moist isentropic ascent at=20
    285-290K which will result in an expanding area of precipitation.=20
    This precip will occur entirely as snow from ND through MI as the=20
    column is quite cold, and the WAA accompanying this isentropic=20
    ascent will help deepen the DGZ impressively (SREF probabilities=20
    for 100mb of DGZ depth 30-70%, highest along the Canadian border).=20
    This will result in high SLR snow accumulating rapidly as snowfall=20
    rates may exceed 1"/hr at times (30-50% chance according to the=20
    HREF). The system is progressive, limiting total accumulations, but
    WPC probabilities indicate a 50-70% chance of at least 4 inches in
    NE MN, including the Arrowhead, and into the western U.P. of MI.

    Farther downstream and to the east, the accompanying WAA will
    overrun a retreating high pressure to the east, leading to an axis
    of moderate mixed precipitation from the Corn Belt into the Ohio
    Valley. The WAA will lift rapidly northward, but will drive a brief
    period of robust fgen, in the 925-700mb region, leading to a period
    of moderate to heavy sleet/freezing rain before precipitation
    changes over to rain. WPC probabilities D1 are as high as 50-70%
    for 0.1" of ice, highest across north/central Ohio.

    After a brief respite on D2, the progressive flow across much of
    the CONUS will surge another winter storm system eastward into the
    Northern Plains to begin D3. This system is progged to be much more
    impressive as the potent driving trough ejects from the Pacific
    Northwest and into the Northern Plains by Saturday morning. The
    overall mid-level pattern across the Northern Plains is progged to
    remain generally flat, but rapid height falls and a potent
    subtropical jet streak reaching 150kts will help push IVT exceeding the
    90th percentile from NAEFS into the region. At the same time,
    strengthening WAA downstream of a low pressure moving across the
    Central Plains will draw higher moisture northward, and the overlap
    of this WAA with the diffluent portion of the upper jet streak will
    produce a stripe of impressive 850-600mb fgen, efficiently lifting
    ascent into a deepening DGZ (SREF probabilities for 100mb of depth
    exceeding 30%). This will result in a swath of snow from the
    Dakotas through Wisconsin, with an embedded band of heavier snow
    likely. There is still quite a bit of longitudinal (timing) and
    latitudinal (placement) uncertainty amongst the global members, but
    ensembles suggest high confidence for this event and impactful snow
    is likely across the Dakotas and into Minnesota/Wisconsin. WPC
    probabilities have increased dramatically today, and now support a
    high risk (>70%) for more than 6 inches D3 near Aberdeen, SD,
    surrounded by a larger expanse of >50% from far western SD through
    western WI.

    Then farther to the southeast, the WAA will lift a warm nose more
    robustly immediately downstream of the surface low into the Upper
    Midwest and Ohio Valley. This will cause a stripe of mixed
    precipitation to develop before the end of the period from Illinois
    through eastern Ohio, and WPC probabilities increase once again,
    now featuring a 30-50% chance for at least 0.01" from near
    Davenport, IA through Cleveland, OH.


    ...Mid-Atlantic and Northeast...=20
    Days 1-3...

    Generally flat and fast flow within the mid-levels will dominate=20
    the eastern half of the CONUS, keeping systems progressive into the
    weekend. This will allow for a series of winter storms to impact
    the region.

    The first of these will develop tonight as a modest shortwave
    trough ejects from the Central Plains and lifts E/NE across the
    Ohio Valley, reaching New England Thursday evening. A weak jet
    streak will accompany this feature as it moves east, producing some
    subtly enhanced deep layer lift, but most of the ascent will be
    driven instead by impressive 850mb warm advection, which will
    intensify especially over New England Thursday afternoon. This WAA
    overrunning a retreating high pressure will drive intensifying
    isentropic ascent, especially within the 290-300K layer, and
    moisture will be copious as reflected by mixing ratios exceeding
    6g/kg. This will allow PWs surging northward from the Gulf of
    Mexico to exceed the 90th, and in some places the 97th percentile
    of the CFSR climatology according to NAEFS ensemble tables. At the
    same time, a wave of low pressure will develop offshore and move up
    the coast from NC to New England on Thursday, additional enhancing
    ascent across the region.

    As WAA/isentropic ascent increases, precipitation will overspread
    the area from SW to NE, with a mixture of rain, snow, freezing
    rain, and sleet expected. The p-type challenges are significant
    with this event.=20

    Across the Mid-Atlantic states, into Upstate NY, and as far north
    as southern New England, precipitation will feature a mix of all
    p-types, and sorting out the predominant is challenging. The column
    initially starts cold enough that everywhere north of the Mason-
    Dixon line could start as a burst of snow within the WAA, with
    sleet the initial p-type farther south. What happens thereafter
    makes the difference with respect to impacts. Although the high
    retreats quickly, a wedge of high pressure will remain embedded
    south into the Mid-Atlantic, and initially surface wet-bulb
    temperatures are well below 0C due to large T-Td depressions. This
    suggests that as precip begins, the wedge will be reinforced and
    hold firmer than guidance indicates, despite the overwhelming=20
    influence of the WAA. The high-res models have warmed a little bit=20
    today compared to previous runs, but the initial cold depth is=20
    still well above the 75th% percentile for freezing rain for parts=20
    of VA/MD/PA, suggesting a long period of sleet before WAA wins out=20
    turning precip over to ZR. Of course, farther north into PA and=20
    Upstate NY may experience more IP than ZR, while the higher terrain
    of WV/MD/PA (Appalachians, Alleghenies, and Laurel Highlands) have
    the best chance for damaging freezing rain accretions due to being
    above the cold layer. Overall, the system is progressive, but=20
    significant QPF falling into the cold layer will produce=20
    significant icing for the Mid-Atlantic with hazardous commutes=20
    likely Thursday morning. WPC probabilities are moderate (30-50%)
    for 0.25" in the central Appalachians, surrounded by a much larger
    area of at least 50% for 0.01" or more across much of the Mid-
    Atlantic and into southern New England. This event continues to be=20
    the source of key messages linked below (Keymessage_1).

    Farther north into Upstate NY and New England, much of the
    precipitation is expected to fall as snow. The intensifying WAA=20
    will result in a band of heavy snow as the resultant 850-700mb fgen
    drives intense ascent into the DGZ just above. This will cause a
    burst of snow lifting SW to NE Thursday, first in the Poconos, then
    all points northeast, including New York City and Boston. Snowfall
    rates within this burst could reach 1-2"/hr as reflected by the WPC
    prototype snowband tool and HREF probabilities, but rapid=20
    translation of this band northeast will somewhat limit total=20
    accumulations. Still, substantial impacts are likely, and WPC
    probabilities are high (>70%) for more than 4" of snow in the
    higher terrain from the Adirondacks into the Greens and Whites,
    with lesser accumulations likely in the lower elevations.

    As this first low pulls away into Canada, a second wave of low
    pressure moving across Ontario will drive a potent cold front
    eastward from the Great Lakes and through New England Friday
    morning/aftn. This cold front will have a two-pronged effect on
    winter weather. First, the passage of the cold front may incite
    some convective snow showers or snow squalls from Upstate NY
    through Maine as low-level fgen and some modest 0-2km instability
    combine in an area of elevated RH. This is reflected by the SnSq
    parameter exceeding 1 Friday morning in this area. While
    accumulations within any squalls will be limited, brief intense
    snowfall rates could cause hazardous travel.=20

    Then behind this front, increasing CAA on W/NW flow will cause
    modest lake effect snow (LES), especially downstream of Lake
    Ontario where water temps are still marginally warm (+5) while Lake
    Erie is completely ice covered at this point. With 850mb temps
    falling to as low as -15C, this will steepen lapse rates
    sufficiently to produce heavy snow into the Tug Hill and western
    Adirondacks, although total accumulations are expected to be
    somewhat modest as reflected by WPC probabilities that are 50-70%
    for 4 inches D1 and D2.

    Finally, as the active pattern continues, another shortwave trough
    will dig out of the Central Plains Saturday, reaching the eastern
    Great Lakes/Ohio Valley by the end of the forecast period. In a
    pattern similar to that on Thursday, an accompanying surface wave
    will develop across the Ohio Valley and then track progressively
    eastward. The downstream WAA will again be impressive, and surge
    another round of mixed precipitation into the Mid-Atlantic states.
    There is still quite a bit of uncertainty as to both timing and
    placement of the heaviest snow and icing amounts Saturday, but
    current WPC probabilities indicate a moderate risk (30-50%) for at
    least 0.01 inches from central VA through southern PA.


    Weiss/Mullinax


    ...Winter Storm Key Messages are in effect. Please see current=20
    Key Messages below...

    https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/key_messages/Late= stKeyMessage_1.png__;!!DZ3fjg!5tPhRn2Zs7FAIu5VEjJyezLhh0L0FF0Y7B7p7Cjz_8zGx= rF-KHEmuJ7rmyzHAssvmGm33xyd99gfS9LjWbDw3jIVJcY$=20

    https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/key_messages/Late= stKeyMessage_2.png__;!!DZ3fjg!5tPhRn2Zs7FAIu5VEjJyezLhh0L0FF0Y7B7p7Cjz_8zGx= rF-KHEmuJ7rmyzHAssvmGm33xyd99gfS9LjWbDw9DeXYzM$=20

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sun Feb 9 08:36:00 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 090835
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    335 AM EST Sun Feb 9 2025

    Valid 12Z Sun Feb 09 2025 - 12Z Wed Feb 12 2025

    ...Great Lakes and Northeast...
    Days 1-2...

    A significant winter storm will wind down this morning across New
    England as an area of low pressure pulls away from southern New
    England leading to rapid drying and renewed CAA. Light snow should
    finally come to an end along coastal regions by about 16z or so.
    However, the CAA behind the accompanying cold front will setup an
    environment favorable for LES E/SE of Lake Ontario and SE Lake
    Superior. Shifting winds (more N/NW early, becoming more W D2 and
    weakening by D3) will result in a shifting band of LES. Latest
    Great Lakes ice analysis shows Lake Ontario remaining mostly ice
    free with surface water temperatures around 3 to 4 degrees C. For
    D1, the most significant accumulations are likely in the northern
    Finger Lakes region, where they have a 70-90% chance of exceeding
    4" near the lake shore, with D3 probabilities for 4+ inches
    reaching 50-70% focused in the Tug Hill Plateau. Additionally,
    probabilities for 4+ inches are 30-50% D1-2 across the Keweenaw
    Peninsula and near Whitefish Point in the U.P. of MI.


    ...Central Plains through the Mid-Atlantic...
    Days 2-3...

    The next in this parade of systems across the CONUS begins to
    develop D2/Monday as a shortwave trough ejects from near Baja and
    then moves east into the Southern Plains by Tuesday evening. This
    shortwave will remain embedded within a longwave trough axis as it
    moves east through its evolution, but 00z guidance has trended
    slightly more amplified with the longwave pattern. This subtle change
    can be traced to a more consolidated western trough and faster Pac
    NW shortwave that pumps up the eastern U.S. ridge ever so slightly
    in order to prompt more southwesterly upper flow as opposed to
    straight zonal winds. This trend, should it persist, would give the
    impressive IVT (up to the 97.5th climatological percentile per the
    12z NAEFS) the ability to bring the precipitation shield a bit
    farther north across the Ohio Valley and Mid-Atlantic, where snow
    is the dominant ptype. Additionally, upper diffluence will likely
    increase with time as a downstream jet streak intensifies towards
    150kts and arcs sufficiently poleward while leaving its tail across
    the Central Plains and into the Lower MS VLY by Tuesday evening.
    This will provide additional deep layer ascent as the system
    organizes over the Mid-Atlantic through D3 and promoting a longer
    duration moderate to heavy snowfall. Snow ratios for a majority of
    the event are expected to remain around climo or slightly below
    (8-11:1) due to an elevated DGZ and strong winds through it. So,
    the main question remains how far north and how heavy QPF is should
    the more amplified trend continue.

    Light snow is expected to develop first across the central Plains
    and Mid-Mississippi Valley on D2 as the upper jet begins to
    intensify over the central U.S., which then begins to quickly
    expand eastward into the Mid-Atlantic and central Appalachians on
    D3.

    WPC probabilities at this time for snowfall are highest for 4+
    inches in the higher elevations of WV/VA where they peak above 70%,
    and locally 6+ inches of snow is possible. Elsewhere, WPC
    probabilities for 4" have increased and reach 40-60% across
    central/northern VA, MD, and DE. Probabilities for at least 2" are
    low 10-20% across the central Plains and Mid-Mississippi Valley,
    but increase to above 70% across eastern KY and western WV.

    There also exists the potential for an area of mixed ptype
    associated with this system, one over the Ozarks of AR and a more
    impressive area extending from western NC to southwest VA. The set
    up supports a potentially significant ice storm in the Piedmont
    and Foot Hills of the central/southern Appalachians where a
    classic CAD setup and overrunning precip combine to create an
    environment ripe for freezing rain. Large high pressure spanning
    across the northern and eastern U.S. through Tuesday will
    consolidate and reposition over southern Quebec by early Wednesday.
    As a constant flow of precipitation remains aimed at the southern
    Appalachians, cold northerly flow at the surface also continues
    along and just east of the Blue Ridge Mts. while modest mid-level south-southwesterly flow brings the warm nose into central VA. As
    a result, WPC probabilities for at least 0.25" of ice have
    increased to around 20-40% from northwest NC to much of southwest
    VA east of the continental divide. Additional freezing rain is also
    likely during the period following D3, with moderate- level WSSI-P
    values up to 40-60%. Lower probabilities of 10-30% for at least
    0.1" of ice exist across the AR Ozarks.


    ...Central Rockies and Central Plains...
    Day 3...

    Another winter storm will quickly develop by the end of D3 (Tuesday
    night) across the central Rockies/Plains as the aforementioned long
    wave trough over the West begins to lift northeastward due to
    interacting shortwaves initially over the Northeast and near
    northern Baja California. This interaction reinvigorates the
    extended and strong jet streak arching from the Mid-Mississippi
    Valley to New England, prompting optimal upper diffluence in the
    central Plains. At the surface, large high pressure up to the 99th climatological percentile per the 12z NAEFS will supply cold air
    throughout much of the Plains and a cold front well south to the
    Southern Plains. Thus, forcing will be mostly elevated and for the
    northern parts of the precipitation shield a very deep DGZ (over
    300 mb for parts of KS, NE, and IA Monday morning per the 00z GFS)
    and very light winds could support snow ratios well above climo.
    WPC probabilities through the end of the forecast period (12z
    Wednesday) reach above 70% in the highest terrain of the CO Rockies
    and are 40-70% for much of western and central KS, with the
    majority of snowfall expected from this event after 12z Wednesday.


    Snell



    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sun Feb 9 20:22:55 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 092022
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    322 PM EST Sun Feb 9 2025

    Valid 12Z Sun Feb 09 2025 - 12Z Wed Feb 12 2025

    ...Great Lakes...
    Days 1-2...

    Low pressure exiting New England this afternoon will be followed
    almost immediately by a secondary shortwave racing across the Great
    Lakes and across New England on Monday morning, with a third
    impulse racing across the region Tuesday morning as
    flat/progressive flow persists across the CONUS. Each of these
    subsequent shortwaves will be accompanied by a weak cold front,
    driving enhanced CAA across the Great Lakes to support periods of
    lake effect snow (LES). On D1, 850mb temps fall to -15C or more,
    steepening low-level lapse rates sufficiently to lift inversion
    levels to nearly 10,000 ft, which with ascent maximizing into the
    lowering DGZ will cause bands of heavy snow with rates of 1"/hr or
    more across the U.P. of MI, as well as SE of Lake Ontario and into
    the northern Finger Lakes region. WPC probabilities D1 are high
    70%) for 6+ inches along the SE lake shore of Ontario, as well as
    across the Keweenaw Peninsula of the U.P. of MI.

    During D2, the next impulses pushes across the Northern Great
    Lakes and into Ontario, Canada, driving a stronger cold front
    across the Great Lakes. 850mb temperatures behind this front drop
    even more significantly, to as low as -25C over Lake Superior and
    -15 to -20C farther east. Despite lake surface temperatures that
    are continuing to cool, this will again support renewed LES, and
    WPC probabilities are again high (>70%) for 6 inches, but focused a
    bit farther north into the Tug Hill Plateau.


    ...Mid-Mississippi Valley to the Mid-Atlantic...
    Days 2-3...

    Confluent mid-level pattern will maintain progressive flow across
    the CONUS as the next in this parade of storms develops over the
    Central Plains Monday evening. This system will strengthen in
    response to vorticity energy shedding from the base of a longwave
    trough initially over Baja, combining with the RRQ of a southern
    stream jet streak which begins to amplify and arc meridionally,
    leaving favorable diffluence atop the mid-level PVA/divergence. The
    downstream confluence of the northern and southern streams should
    result in suppression of this wave, keeping it fast and generally
    flat from west to east, but will also result in significant ascent
    and a prolonged period of precipitation as isentropic ascent from
    the Gulf surges northward and spokes of vorticity continue to lag
    back to the SW leaving a long duration of ascent.

    The trends for this system had been steadily southward, but
    overnight and early runs today have started to trend a bit farther
    north, especially into the Mid-Atlantic. This appears to be in
    response, as noted by the previous shift, a deeper/faster Pacific
    NW shortwave interacting with the Baja trough more significantly.
    This has led to stronger height falls over the Intermountain West
    by Tuesday aftn, with downstream ridging pulsing more strongly
    northward into the Ohio Valley/Mid-Atlantic. At this time, the
    surface features appear modest Tue/Wed, so expect there is some
    maximum latitudinal push of this precipitation, but will need to
    continue to monitor trends to determine where the heaviest
    precipitation will occur, as well as how far north the accompanying
    WAA will push.

    Based on current guidance, this is beginning to look like a
    significant winter event containing snow and sleet and freezing
    rain, generally from the Ozarks almost due east into the Central
    Appalachians and the I-95 corridor from Richmond, VA to Baltimore,
    MD. The downstream confluence of the mid-level pattern will force
    this generally west-to-east axis of heavy precipitation, with
    290-295K isentropic ascent and accompanying WAA fueling the
    elevated PWs progged by NAEFS to exceed the 90th climatological
    percentile as far north as the TN VLY and southern Mid-Atlantic
    (NC/VA border). This will supply plentiful moisture for heavy
    precipitation, and the sharpening baroclinicity on the WAA leading
    to impressive 850-700mb fgen will help to concurrently enhance
    ascent. This suggests that precipitation rates will be heavy at
    times, although in areas with snow the DGZ appears elevated and the
    best fgen is well below that, which when combined with modestly
    "warm" temperatures should keep SLRs low and this could be a heavy
    and wet snow for most of the area. Although guidance has struggled
    with any consistency so far, and further updates are likely,
    current WPC probabilities are high (>70%) in the Central
    Appalachians D2, and remain high while extending into the Mid-
    Atlantic D3 for 4+ inches. This includes the area between Richmond
    and Philadelphia.

    Farther to the south, there is likely to be a transition zone from
    rain to snow which will include axes of moderate to heavy freezing
    rain, especially in the higher elevations around the Ozarks, as
    well as across portions of the Central Appalachians from eastern KY
    through SW VA. There remains a lot of uncertainty as to the
    amounts of icing, especially noting that rates could be heavy at
    times which don't efficiently accrete, and with the general
    synoptic uncertainty continuing, but there is high confidence
    70%) for warning-level icing (above 0.25") of ice in SW VA, with
    locally as much as 0.5" of damaging ice possible.

    As vorticity lobes continue to shed eastward from the Baja trough,
    and as the developing full latitude trough (merging northern and
    southern streams over the Intermountain West) lags the first
    impulse, a second system with additional precipitation will
    approach this same area from the SW late D3 /Wednesday aftn./ This
    will again produce an axis of all p-types from the Ozarks eastward
    to the Mid-Atlantic, and its possible in some areas there will not
    even be much of a break before this second impulse. The Wednesday
    system developing in the Central Plains will likely be more intense
    with respect to the surface feature, so more warm air should flood
    northward downstream, but the evolution of this second wave will
    be somewhat dependent on the track of the first event. At this
    time, WPC probabilities for 0.1" of freezing rain D3 generally just
    feature patch 10-30% from the Ozarks into northern KY.


    ...Central Rockies/Plains/Mid-MS Valley...
    Days 2-3...

    As the longwave trough over the West passes the Rockies Tuesday
    into Wednesday, precipitation will expand across the central
    Plains. Snow over the Rockies will accumulate several inches
    Tuesday afternoon and overnight through early Wednesday over the
    Medicine Bow mountains with at least 6 inches above 10,000ft likely
    (probs >50%). Positive tilt and broad SW flow will favor a
    progressive system D3, but the potential exists for moderate to
    heavy snow across much of Kansas Tuesday night into Wednesday.
    Upper jet will extend from TX northeastward to the Midwest with
    speed divergence over the Plains helping to promote ascent into a
    moistening column on WAA from the south in the lower levels. A
    large high pressure to the north will supply NE winds to the region
    but the gradient is not expected to be strong enough to produce
    much blowing snow. By early Wednesday, snow could fall heavy at
    times over central KS as favorable FGEN aligns with sufficient lift
    into a potentially very deep DGZ and/or isothermal layer, but
    these smaller scale features are hard to pinpoint this far out. In
    addition, SLRs may be close to 20:1 or higher in these favorable
    areas but otherwise waver around 15:1 given the colder air mass.
    Northern edge of the precipitation shield has more uncertainty at
    this point but a blend of the latest guidance offered a reasonable
    starting point, with tapering amounts of snow into Nebraska. WPC
    probabilities of at least 4 inches of snow are >50% over nearly all
    of KS and focused along I-70 right into the Kansas City, MO area
    as well (continuing into D4). Within this same region, lower
    probabilities (10-50%) of at least 8 inches of snow are present.
    Snowfall will expand rather quickly to the northeast toward the
    Chicago metro by Wednesday afternoon/evening where WPC
    probabilities

    Southern side of the precipitation shield over OK and into the
    Ozarks will likely be more marginal, and a mix or sleet and
    freezing rain is likely due to the overrunning of the cold surface
    with warmer air aloft. There, WPC probabilities of at least 0.10"
    icing are low (10-30%).


    ...Pacific Coast...
    Day 3...

    Although still far out in time with limited confidence, it appears
    the West will begin to become more active again mid-to-late week
    as moisture begins to stream onshore from the Pacific. During D3,
    there is considerable spread as to where the best moisture plume
    will go as it gets restricted to the SW on the periphery of a large
    trough over the CONUS and beneath a short-wavelength ridge over
    the Pacific Northwest. At the same time, a deepening trough over
    the Pacific will begin to track eastward, leading to a push of
    moisture a bit farther NW and into southern/central CA. This could
    result in some light to moderate snow reaching the Sierra before
    00Z Thursday, but unquestionably more active weather with much
    heavier snow will develop beyond this current forecast period. At
    this time, WPC probabilities are moderate (30-50%) for 6+ inches in
    the Sierra, generally above what could be very low snow levels of
    2000-2500 ft.



    Weiss/Fracasso



    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sun Feb 9 23:22:37 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 092321
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    621 PM EST Sun Feb 9 2025

    Valid 00Z Mon Feb 10 2025 - 00Z Thu Feb 13 2025

    ...Great Lakes...
    Days 1-2...

    Low pressure exiting New England this afternoon will be followed=20
    almost immediately by a secondary shortwave racing across the Great
    Lakes and across New England on Monday morning, with a third=20
    impulse racing across the region Tuesday morning as=20
    flat/progressive flow persists across the CONUS. Each of these=20
    subsequent shortwaves will be accompanied by a weak cold front,=20
    driving enhanced CAA across the Great Lakes to support periods of=20
    lake effect snow (LES). On D1, 850mb temps fall to -15C or more,=20
    steepening low-level lapse rates sufficiently to lift inversion=20
    levels to nearly 10,000 ft, which with ascent maximizing into the=20
    lowering DGZ will cause bands of heavy snow with rates of 1"/hr or=20
    more across the U.P. of MI, as well as SE of Lake Ontario and into=20
    the northern Finger Lakes region. WPC probabilities D1 are high=20
    70%) for 6+ inches along the SE lake shore of Ontario, as well as
    across the Keweenaw Peninsula of the U.P. of MI.

    During D2, the next impulses pushes across the Northern Great=20
    Lakes and into Ontario, Canada, driving a stronger cold front=20
    across the Great Lakes. 850mb temperatures behind this front drop=20
    even more significantly, to as low as -25C over Lake Superior and=20
    -15 to -20C farther east. Despite lake surface temperatures that=20
    are continuing to cool, this will again support renewed LES, and=20
    WPC probabilities are again high (>70%) for 6 inches, but focused a
    bit farther north into the Tug Hill Plateau.


    ...Mid-Mississippi Valley to the Mid-Atlantic...=20
    Days 2-3...

    Confluent mid-level pattern will maintain progressive flow across=20
    the CONUS as the next in this parade of storms develops over the=20
    Central Plains Monday evening. This system will strengthen in=20
    response to vorticity energy shedding from the base of a longwave=20
    trough initially over Baja, combining with the RRQ of a southern=20
    stream jet streak which begins to amplify and arc meridionally,=20
    leaving favorable diffluence atop the mid-level PVA/divergence. The
    downstream confluence of the northern and southern streams should=20
    result in suppression of this wave, keeping it fast and generally=20
    flat from west to east, but will also result in significant ascent=20
    and a prolonged period of precipitation as isentropic ascent from=20
    the Gulf surges northward and spokes of vorticity continue to lag=20
    back to the SW leaving a long duration of ascent.

    The trends for this system had been steadily southward, but=20
    overnight and early runs today have started to trend a bit farther=20
    north, especially into the Mid-Atlantic. This appears to be in=20
    response, as noted by the previous shift, a deeper/faster Pacific=20
    NW shortwave interacting with the Baja trough more significantly.=20
    This has led to stronger height falls over the Intermountain West=20
    by Tuesday aftn, with downstream ridging pulsing more strongly=20
    northward into the Ohio Valley/Mid-Atlantic. At this time, the=20
    surface features appear modest Tue/Wed, so expect there is some=20
    maximum latitudinal push of this precipitation, but will need to=20
    continue to monitor trends to determine where the heaviest=20
    precipitation will occur, as well as how far north the accompanying
    WAA will push.

    Based on current guidance, this is beginning to look like a=20
    significant winter event containing snow and sleet and freezing=20
    rain, generally from the Ozarks almost due east into the Central=20 Appalachians and the I-95 corridor from Richmond, VA to Baltimore,=20
    MD. The downstream confluence of the mid-level pattern will force=20
    this generally west-to-east axis of heavy precipitation, with=20
    290-295K isentropic ascent and accompanying WAA fueling the=20
    elevated PWs progged by NAEFS to exceed the 90th climatological=20
    percentile as far north as the TN VLY and southern Mid-Atlantic=20
    (NC/VA border). This will supply plentiful moisture for heavy=20
    precipitation, and the sharpening baroclinicity on the WAA leading=20
    to impressive 850-700mb fgen will help to concurrently enhance=20
    ascent. This suggests that precipitation rates will be heavy at=20
    times, although in areas with snow the DGZ appears elevated and the
    best fgen is well below that, which when combined with modestly=20
    "warm" temperatures should keep SLRs low and this could be a heavy=20
    and wet snow for most of the area. Although guidance has struggled=20
    with any consistency so far, and further updates are likely,=20
    current WPC probabilities are high (>70%) in the Central=20
    Appalachians D2, and remain high while extending into the Mid-=20
    Atlantic D3 for 4+ inches. This includes the area between Richmond=20
    and Philadelphia.=20

    Farther to the south, there is likely to be a transition zone from
    rain to snow which will include axes of moderate to heavy freezing
    rain, especially in the higher elevations around the Ozarks, as=20
    well as across portions of the Central Appalachians from eastern KY
    through SW VA. There remains a lot of uncertainty as to the=20
    amounts of icing, especially noting that rates could be heavy at=20
    times which don't efficiently accrete, and with the general=20
    synoptic uncertainty continuing, but there is high confidence=20
    70%) for warning-level icing (above 0.25") of ice in SW VA, with=20
    locally as much as 0.5" of damaging ice possible.

    As vorticity lobes continue to shed eastward from the Baja trough,
    and as the developing full latitude trough (merging northern and=20
    southern streams over the Intermountain West) lags the first=20
    impulse, a second system with additional precipitation will=20
    approach this same area from the SW late D3 /Wednesday aftn./ This=20
    will again produce an axis of all p-types from the Ozarks eastward=20
    to the Mid-Atlantic, and its possible in some areas there will not=20
    even be much of a break before this second impulse. The Wednesday=20
    system developing in the Central Plains will likely be more intense
    with respect to the surface feature, so more warm air should flood
    northward downstream, but the evolution of this second wave will=20
    be somewhat dependent on the track of the first event. At this=20
    time, WPC probabilities for 0.1" of freezing rain D3 generally just
    feature patch 10-30% from the Ozarks into northern KY.


    ...Central Rockies/Plains/Mid-MS Valley...=20
    Days 2-3...

    As the longwave trough over the West passes the Rockies Tuesday=20
    into Wednesday, precipitation will expand across the central=20
    Plains. Snow over the Rockies will accumulate several inches=20
    Tuesday afternoon and overnight through early Wednesday over the=20
    Medicine Bow mountains with at least 6 inches above 10,000ft likely
    (probs >50%). Positive tilt and broad SW flow will favor a=20
    progressive system D3, but the potential exists for moderate to=20
    heavy snow across much of Kansas Tuesday night into Wednesday.=20
    Upper jet will extend from TX northeastward to the Midwest with=20
    speed divergence over the Plains helping to promote ascent into a=20
    moistening column on WAA from the south in the lower levels. A=20
    large high pressure to the north will supply NE winds to the region
    but the gradient is not expected to be strong enough to produce=20
    much blowing snow. By early Wednesday, snow could fall heavy at=20
    times over central KS as favorable FGEN aligns with sufficient lift
    into a potentially very deep DGZ and/or isothermal layer, but=20
    these smaller scale features are hard to pinpoint this far out. In=20
    addition, SLRs may be close to 20:1 or higher in these favorable=20
    areas but otherwise waver around 15:1 given the colder air mass.=20
    Northern edge of the precipitation shield has more uncertainty at=20
    this point but a blend of the latest guidance offered a reasonable=20
    starting point, with tapering amounts of snow into Nebraska. WPC=20 probabilities of at least 4 inches of snow are >50% over nearly all
    of KS and focused along I-70 right into the Kansas City, MO area=20
    as well (continuing into D4). Within this same region, lower=20
    probabilities (10-50%) of at least 8 inches of snow are present.=20
    Snowfall will expand rather quickly to the northeast toward the=20
    Chicago metro by Wednesday afternoon/evening where WPC=20
    probabilities=20

    Southern side of the precipitation shield over OK and into the=20
    Ozarks will likely be more marginal, and a mix or sleet and=20
    freezing rain is likely due to the overrunning of the cold surface=20
    with warmer air aloft. There, WPC probabilities of at least 0.10"=20
    icing are low (10-30%).


    ...Pacific Coast...
    Day 3...

    Although still far out in time with limited confidence, it appears
    the West will begin to become more active again mid-to-late week=20
    as moisture begins to stream onshore from the Pacific. During D3,=20
    there is considerable spread as to where the best moisture plume=20
    will go as it gets restricted to the SW on the periphery of a large
    trough over the CONUS and beneath a short-wavelength ridge over=20
    the Pacific Northwest. At the same time, a deepening trough over=20
    the Pacific will begin to track eastward, leading to a push of=20
    moisture a bit farther NW and into southern/central CA. This could=20
    result in some light to moderate snow reaching the Sierra before=20
    00Z Thursday, but unquestionably more active weather with much=20
    heavier snow will develop beyond this current forecast period. At=20
    this time, WPC probabilities are moderate (30-50%) for 6+ inches in
    the Sierra, generally above what could be very low snow levels of=20
    2000-2500 ft.



    Weiss/Fracasso




    ...Winter Storm Key Messages are in effect. Please see current=20
    Key Messages below...

    https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/key_messages/Late= stKeyMessage_1.png__;!!DZ3fjg!61kbvuEzGWlsYlaEQFrXiGBGJmhLa7oHs8PPWIGF-Op6J= v0Ajcdn6kgnNYYmmMQEZ3XmADzzHa8h4mqoDKUh_RAJ5-A$=20

    https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/key_messages/Late= stKeyMessage_2.png__;!!DZ3fjg!61kbvuEzGWlsYlaEQFrXiGBGJmhLa7oHs8PPWIGF-Op6J= v0Ajcdn6kgnNYYmmMQEZ3XmADzzHa8h4mqoDKUhvwKHBnE$=20

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sun Feb 16 08:46:50 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 160846
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    346 AM EST Sun Feb 16 2025

    Valid 12Z Sun Feb 16 2025 - 12Z Wed Feb 19 2025


    ...Great Lakes/Northeast...=20
    Days 1-3...

    A powerful multi-hazard winter storm will continue to push=20
    into/through the Northeast today as the sharpening shortwave=20
    beneath the 160kt jet exits the Midwest. Cold air over the=20
    Northeast will eventually be scoured out nearly up to the Canadian=20
    border as low pressure lifts from near PIT this morning to central=20
    NYS this afternoon. By then, a new area of low pressure over Cape=20
    Cod will start to become the dominant low and lift into the Gulf of
    Maine as the old parent low weakens into western New England. The=20
    new low will then move into Atlantic Canada tonight. The evolution=20
    will favor all snow near the Canadian border and into interior=20
    Maine where it will stay coldest thanks to the transfer of energy=20
    to the coast, a transient mixed area of sleet/freezing rain to the=20
    south, and rain surging northward after starting as snow this=20
    morning farther south. Icing will hang on longer in the colder=20
    terrain areas like the Adirondacks, Catskills, Berkshires/Greens,=20
    and Worcester Hills/Monadnocks but also across coastal Maine on the
    north side of the new area of low pressure. The low pressure=20
    center will continue to deepen as it pulls away tonight into the=20
    low 970s mb and the synoptic snow will end Monday morning.=20

    WPC probabilities for at least 6 inches of snow today are highest=20
    north of I-90 in NY, north of the MA/VT/NH border, and=20
    north/northwest of I-95 through Maine. Totals near the Canadian=20
    border and over northern Maine may eclipse a foot (probs 30-70%+).=20
    Between the coast and I-90 or so, ice will be the main problem=20
    before some areas change over, briefly, to a cold rain (esp the=20
    valleys via strong southerly flow). WPC probabilities for at least=20
    0.25" icing are highest (40-70%) in the Berkshires/southern Greens=20
    and into the Worcester Hills/Monadnocks.

    On the backside of the system, colder air will rush in across the=20
    Great Lakes and into the central Appalachians, supporting lake=20
    effect snow and upslope snow, respectively. Over eastern WV into=20
    the MD Panhandle and the Laurel Highlands, upslope will provide for
    modest snow totals with WPC probabilities of at least 4 inches=20
    70%. Though that area will see snow ending on Monday, the lake=20
    effect machine will keep cranking for the next few days as an upper
    low swings through the region out of Canada. The flow will back=20
    from NW to WNW and favor the typical lake belts, but especially=20
    over the eastern U.P. of Michigan and southeast of Lake Ontario.=20
    There, WPC probabilities for at least 8 inches of snow over the=20
    next few days are high (>70%) and are moderate (40-70%) for 18=20
    inches of snow in localized areas that remain under banding.=20



    ...Pacific Northwest/Rockies/Northern High Plains...
    Days 1-3...

    An active Pacific jet will guide a lead system into the Northwest=20
    today, followed by onshore flow into Monday, then another system by
    Tuesday into Wednesday. Snow levels will be a bit below pass level
    and waver there for the next couple of days. East of the Divide a=20
    very cold air mass will be in place thanks to high pressure over=20
    Canada that pushes southward through the Plains, setting up upslope
    flow into western MT. For the first system, Sun-Mon (though into=20
    Tue over WY), the highest snow totals will be over the Cascades=20
    eastward into the central Idaho ranges, western MT/WY and into=20
    northern CO/southern WY. Several feet of snow are likely in the=20
    higher terrain with only a brief break between systems. IVT values=20
    exceeding the 90th percentile will move through the region today,=20
    but then drop after tonight as the jet flattens out a bit.=20
    Nevertheless, the nearly continuous terrain-enhanced snow will=20
    accumulate well over 1-2 ft with WPC probs > 70% in the mountains.=20
    Snow will be fairly heavy over western-central MT on the upslope=20
    side as well, where WPC probs for at least 8 inches of snow are=20
    50% around Billings up to Great Falls.=20

    The next system will enter the PacNW D3 (Tues afternoon) with some
    light snow for the Cascades. This will push eastward into D4.


    ...Central Plains/Mid-MS Valley/Mid-South...=20
    Days 1-3...

    Eastward extension of the Western US moisture will reach the=20
    central Plains later this evening as WNW flow rushes through the=20
    region. 700mb WAA will help drive light to modest snow across the=20
    Black Hills southeastward into Nebraska overnight with fairly high=20
    SLRs >15:1. Light snow will extend farther into northern MO by=20
    early Monday before tapering off thereafter as the pattern shifts a
    bit. WPC probabilities for at least 4 inches of snow D1-1.5 are=20
    30-80% in this NW to SE stripe but diminish to <30% over northern=20
    MO.=20

    Overnight Mon into Tue, height falls will dig through the Four=20
    Corners with a multi-stream jet east of 100W. A strong Arctic front
    will push southward and increase low-level convergence, helping to
    drive an expansion of snow through KS and into northern OK and=20
    eastward, growing heavier as the shortwave aloft reaches the Plains
    Tues evening. Heavy snow is expected to develop over eastern KS=20
    into western MO beneath a quickening upper jet east of the=20
    Mississippi, bleeding southward into northern/northeastern OK and=20
    northern AR overnight. By the end of the period, the shortwave will
    continue into the Mid-South with light to moderate snow into TN.=20
    On the southern side of the precip shield, colder air at the=20
    surface will undercut the milder >0C thermals aloft over central AR
    where freezing rain is likely to form (with some sleet to the=20
    north).=20

    WPC probabilities for at least 4 inches of snow are >50% from=20
    northwestern KS eastward to southern IL/western KY/northwestern TN,
    including northern OK/AR. Within this broad region, an axis of=20
    heavier snow is likely to develop with rates >1"/hr and snow totals
    8". WPC probabilities for at least 8" are >50% over southeastern=20
    KS and southern MO. Farther south, ice probs for at least 0.10" are
    30% around the Ouachita Mountains.=20


    Fracasso


    ...Winter Storm Key Messages are in effect. Please see current=20
    Key Messages below...

    https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/key_messages/Late= stKeyMessage_1.png__;!!DZ3fjg!4AZw-ucawhkep6Z6Gn1ZandzoOVlwTL2kJqJJdio1FJHQ= 7BS2cc3thylAk2S-6orJQfQ1EdnbZkzg86Q7WqlfzYEiOs$=20

    https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/key_messages/Late= stKeyMessage_2.png__;!!DZ3fjg!4AZw-ucawhkep6Z6Gn1ZandzoOVlwTL2kJqJJdio1FJHQ= 7BS2cc3thylAk2S-6orJQfQ1EdnbZkzg86Q7Wqlj-uEOzY$=20

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sat Feb 15 20:05:33 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 152003
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    303 PM EST Sat Feb 15 2025

    Valid 12Z Sat Feb 15 2025 - 12Z Tue Feb 18 2025


    ...Corn Belt/Midwest/Great Lakes/Northeast...=20
    Days 1-3...

    A dynamic storm system, forecast to produce a myriad of weather
    related hazards over the next 48 hours, will gather strength over
    the Mid-South this afternoon and rapidly intensify as it tracks
    northeast through the northeastern U.S. on Sunday. The current
    areas of wintry weather affecting the Great Lakes and Northeast are
    largely due to 850-700mb WAA and 300K isentropic ascent into an
    air-mass that is sufficiently cold enough to produce snow from the
    northern Great Lakes to the Northeast. A little farther south,
    lingering CAD in place over the northern Mid-Atlantic will be ripe
    for a wintry mix of sleet and freezing rain this afternoon and this
    evening. By 00Z this evening, the surface low tracking into the
    Ohio Valley will begin to deepen rapidly as the 500mb trough aloft
    sharpens and the divergent right-entrance region of a >175kt 200mb
    jet streak maximizes upper level ascent. 850-700mb WAA will=20
    increase over the Northeast, as will an IVT along the East Coast=20
    Sunday morning that exceeds an impressive 1,500 kg/m/s. According
    to NAEFS, these values would surpass all observed IVT values for=20
    this time of year according to the CFSR climatology (1979-2009).=20
    Some of this moisture will wrap around the strengthening 850mb low=20
    in the in the Ohio Valley Sunday morning and result in a period of=20
    heavy snowfall from the Lower Ohio Valley on north and east through
    eastern IN, northern OH, and western NY through Sunday afternoon.

    Over the Northeast, a banana-shaped area of high pressure will act
    to reinforce the CAD signature over New England and the northern=20 Appalachians. This means despite the growing >0C warm nose at low-
    levels aloft, surface temperatures will remain below freezing long
    enough to support a lengthy period of freezing rains. This is the
    case primarily in the Poconos, Adirondacks, Berkshires, Worcester
    Hills, Green and White Mountains, and across southern Maine. The
    latter is particularly prone to significant ice accumulations given
    surface temperatures will struggle to top the mid 20s through
    Sunday evening. Some of the heavier rates may limit ice
    accumulations to some extent, but given the exceptionally cold
    surface-925mb temperatures in place, expect ice to still accumulate
    at a healthy clip Sunday afternoon in New England. By 00Z Monday,
    the storm is forecast to be in the low 970mb range with strong
    winds bringing about additional hazards from the Great Lakes to the
    Northeast. In the Great Lakes, strong CAA will support numerous
    lake-effect snow (LES) showers from the Michigan U.P. to the=20
    eastern Great Lakes. Farther south, NWrly flow with ~40kt 850 mb=20
    winds (above the 90th climatological percentile via NAEFS) will=20
    also produce upslope snow enhancement along the spine of the=20
    Central Appalachians through Monday morning. Lastly, for trees and=20
    power lines that have lingering heavy icing in the Northeast,=20
    strong winds will only add further stress to trees and power lines
    and could exacerbate the potential for downed trees and power=20
    outages.=20

    The worst impacts of this event are likely to be felt in the
    Northeast where the combination of heavy snow, significant icing,
    and strong winds will make for dangerous to even impossible travel
    conditions, along with the growing concern for numerous power
    outages and downed trees. WPC probabilities show moderate-to-high
    chances (50-70%) for >0.25" of ice accumulation in the Catskills
    and Berkshires. Similar probabilistic guidance exists for >8" of=20
    snowfall in the Adirondacks, Green, and White Mountains, as well as
    much of northern Maine. Farther west, there are moderate chances=20
    (40-60%) for >6" of snow from eastern Michigan on south to=20
    northeast IN and northwest OH. As the storm departs, LES will cause
    locally heavy snowfall to occur along the Michigan U.P. and along=20
    the Tug Hill in northern NY. The Tug Hill in particular has=20
    moderate-to-high chances (50-70%) for snowfall totals >8" through=20
    Monday night. With very cold temperatures pouring in in wake of the
    storm, expect LES to continue over the Tug Hill into Tuesday with=20
    any lingering snowpack sticking around through mid-week.


    ...Pacific Northwest/Rockies/Northern High Plains...
    Days 1-3...

    An active Pacific jet stream pattern will direct a stream of mid-
    upper level moisture into the northwestern U.S. tonight, through
    Sunday, and through Monday. A series of 500mb disturbances embedded
    ejecting out of the base of a longwave upper trough in the
    northeast Pacific will provide upper-level ascent from the Pacific
    Northwest to the Northern Rockies through Monday as well.=20
    Snow levels in the Olympics and WA Cascades will drop to as low as
    2,500ft today but rise to above 3,000ft by Sunday. Snow will pick
    up in intensity Saturday night and through Sunday in the OR
    Cascades, as well as the Blue, Sawtooth, Bitterroot, Absaroka, and
    Tetons. This active jet stream pattern will also direct an
    anomalous IVT well inland across the central Rockies. NAEFS shows
    200 kg/m/s IVT stretching from the CA coast to the Front Range of
    the Central Rockies Sunday afternoon and through Monday morning (values
    that are well above the 90th climatological percentile). This will
    support periods of heavy snow in the Bear River, Uinta, Wasatch,=20
    and Rockies of southern WY and western CO. Snow will peak in
    intensity across these ranges on Monday and gradually taper off on
    Tuesday as a pair of upper level troughs (one in eastern Montana,
    the other in the Southwest) track south and east, allowing for more
    subsidence and a reduction in moisture to ensue. As much as 1-2
    feet of snow are expected across many of these aforementioned
    mountain ranges, although the WA/OR Cascades, Blue, Bitterroot,
    Teton, and CO/southern WY Rockies are the ranges that could see
    localized totals approach 3 feet between this afternoon and Tuesday
    afternoon.

    Farther east, the active jet stream and persistent stream of
    Pacific moisture will track across the High Plains of Montana and
    into mountain ranges such as the Big Snowy, Little Belt, and Lewis
    Range. However, adding to the heavy snow potential is the placement
    of strong high pressure of southern Canada (NAEFS shows >1040mb=20
    high with >97.5 climatological percentiles present) and low
    pressure over the the Pacific Northwest will support SErly low-
    level upslope flow into these ranges starting Saturday night and
    lasting through early Tuesday. While precipitation amounts and
    rates will be moderate for the most part, high SLRs of 16-19:1 will
    make use of the available precipitation and produce dry/efficient
    snowfall over the region. The forecast calls for anywhere from
    8-14" in the central Montana, which includes Billings and Great=20
    Falls. In the Big Snowy, Little Belt, Lewis Range, and even as
    south as the Big Horns, 1-2 feet of snow is forecast with some
    of the peaks seeing as much as 30" through Tuesday.=20


    ...Central Plains...
    Days 2-3...

    The same anomalous IVT that is aiding in the heavy mountain snow in
    the Rockies will also accompany a period of 700mb WAA that allows
    for a stripe of moderate-to-heavy snow from the Black Hills and
    eastern WY through central NE through Monday morning. The band of
    snow will stretch as far east as the IA/MO border through Monday
    morning before a brief break in the moderate snowfall arrives
    Monday afternoon. By Monday night, one of the shortwave troughs
    entering the Central Rockies will gradually deepen while upper-
    level diffluence increases at the nose of a 250mb jet streak
    rounding the base of the trough. By Tuesday morning, that
    aforementioned 250mb jet streak will co-locate it's divergent
    left-exit region the divergent right-entrance region of the 250mb
    jet over the eastern U.S.. Periods of heavy snow will break out to
    the north of the mean 850-700mb FGEN axis over eastern OK and
    northern AR on Tuesday, although not all guidance is in agreement=20
    with a good consensus on both totals and where the heaviest=20
    snowfall occurs. That said, the setup favors heavy snow and=20
    potentially significant ice accumulations given the favorable=20
    synoptic-scale lift and strong WAA aloft overrunning a very cold=20
    air-mass that will be anchored by a frigid Canadian high pressure=20
    system to the north.=20

    At the moment, WPC probabilities paint moderate-to-high chances=20
    (50-70%) for snowfall totals >6" from central and eastern KS to=20
    south- central MO through Tuesday afternoon. There is the potential
    for disruptive ice accumulations from eastern OK on east to the=20
    Ozarks of northern AR and southern MO as well. WPC's Probabilistic=20
    WSSI shows high chances (>70%) for Moderate Impacts (disruptions=20
    to daily life; hazardous driving conditions and closures) in the=20
    areas mentioned above for snowfall, although there could very well=20
    be treacherous travel conditions from eastern OK to the Ozarks due=20
    to accumulating ice. This forecast remains fluid, so continue to=20
    check in for the latest forecast information from your local=20
    weather forecast office.=20

    Mullinax



    ...Winter Storm Key Messages are in effect. Please see current=20
    Key Messages below...

    https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/key_messages/Late= stKeyMessage_1.png__;!!DZ3fjg!96rLQ7GiGebg9WNbVMen3cDVuUCrWBgEBWdHsZXTb24Gm= CDeaG_9JZylW4kT0RiMNgtJwB0BNltmB9DjHZtBdicIBYc$=20

    https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/key_messages/Late= stKeyMessage_2.png__;!!DZ3fjg!96rLQ7GiGebg9WNbVMen3cDVuUCrWBgEBWdHsZXTb24Gm= CDeaG_9JZylW4kT0RiMNgtJwB0BNltmB9DjHZtBTJH9HRY$=20

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sun Feb 16 20:16:01 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 162015
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    315 PM EST Sun Feb 16 2025

    Valid 12Z Sun Feb 16 2025 - 12Z Wed Feb 19 2025


    ...Great Lakes/Northeast...=20
    Days 1-2...

    A dynamic winter storm is unfolding today with heavy snow across
    northern Maine, while a protruding warm nose of >0C air at low
    levels causes precipitation to fall in the form of sleet and/or
    freezing rain from central Maine and the northern Appalachians to
    the Maine coast. WPC's Snowband Probability Tracker shows the HREF
    guidance suite has members that are producing as much as 1-2"/hr
    snowfall rates across northern Maine through this evening. Heavy
    snow is expected in parts of NY's North Country this evening, and=20
    on the western flank of the storm as it tracks into Maine tonight.=20
    WPC probabilities show high chances (>70%) for snowfall >8" in the=20
    North Woods, Central Aroostook, and St. John Valley, with the=20
    latter of the three having high chances (>70%) for over a foot of=20
    snow. A couple additional inches of snow are possible in the=20
    Adirondacks and the rest of VT as the storm pulls away. Meanwhile,=20
    soundings will be more supportive of freezing rain and sleet=20
    farther south with another tenth to a quarter inch of ice expected=20
    from southern and central NH/VT on east through the southern tier=20
    of Maine. Strong wind gusts topping 50 mph could add further stress
    to trees and power lines with heavy/wet snow or ice, keeping the=20
    potential for additional power outages and tree damage as a=20
    potential impact through Monday morning.=20

    On the backside of the winter storm, much colder air races across=20
    the Great Lakes and into the central Appalachians, giving rise to=20
    lake effect snow bands and upslope snow in these regions. For
    the Potomac Highlands of eastern WV on north to the Laurel=20
    Highlands, upslope flow will generate locally heavy snow totals=20
    with WPC probabilities sporting moderate-to-high chances (50-70%)
    for >6" in these mountain ranges. Snow will taper off in the
    central Appalachians by midday Monday, while the lake effect snow
    machine looks to keep producing bands of heavy snow through Tuesday=20
    as an upper low heads for the eastern Canadian Maritime and an
    elongated 500mb trough axis moves in overhead. Low level flow=20
    backs from NW to WNW and favor the typical lake belts, but most=20
    notably over the eastern U.P. of Michigan and southeast of Lake=20
    Ontario. WPC probabilities for at least 8" of snow over the next=20
    few days are high (>70%) and are moderate-to-high (50-70%) for 18=20
    inches of snow downwind of Lake Ontario.


    ...Pacific Northwest/Rockies/Northern High Plains...
    Days 1-3...

    An active Pacific jet will direct a storm system and its associated
    IVT to the south of the storm into the Northwestern U.S. through
    Monday, followed by another system by Tuesday into Wednesday. Snow
    levels will dip just below pass level and oscillate there through
    Monday night. East of the Continental Divide a very cold air mass=20
    will be in place thanks to high pressure over Canada that pushes=20
    southward through the Plains, setting up upslope flow into western=20
    MT. For the first system, Sun-Mon (though into Tue over WY), the=20
    highest snow totals will be over the Cascades eastward into the=20
    central Idaho ranges, western MT/WY and into northern CO/southern=20
    WY. Several feet of snow are likely in the higher terrain with only
    a brief break between systems. IVT values exceeding the 90th=20
    percentile will move through the region today, but then drop after=20
    tonight as the jet flattens out. Nevertheless, the nearly=20
    continuous terrain- enhanced snow will accumulate well over 1-2 ft=20
    with WPC probs > 70% in the mountains. Snow will be fairly heavy=20
    over western-central MT on the upslope side as well, where WPC=20
    probs for at least 8" of snow are >50% around Billings up to Great=20
    Falls.=20

    The next system will enter the Pacific Northwest starting Tuesday
    Night with some periods of snow for the Cascades. Snow will then
    extend into the Northern Rockies throughout the day on Wednesday.
    WPC probabilities shows moderate-to-high chances (50-70%) for >6"
    of snowfall for the Cascades, Blue, and Sawtooth mountain ranges.


    ...Central Plains/Mid-MS Valley/Mid-South...=20
    Days 1-3...

    The anomalous IVT responsible for periods of heavy snow in the=20
    Rockies will accompany a period of 700mb WAA over the Central=20
    Plains. The combination of 700mb FGEN and an accelerating 250mb=20
    jet aloft will support a stripe of moderate snow from the Black
    Hills on south and eats through NE and into the Lower Missouri
    River Valley tonight and into Monday. This band eventually weakens
    to where mainly light snow is expected in these areas through
    Monday afternoon. By Monday night, the stronger 500mb shortwave
    trough tracking across the Central Rockies will gradually deepen
    while upper-level diffluence increases at the nose of a 250mb jet=20
    streak rounding the base of the Central Rockies trough. By early=20
    Tuesday morning, the aforementioned jet streak will co-locate its=20
    divergent left-exit region with the divergent right-entrance=20
    region of a strengthening jet streak over the eastern U.S.. As=20
    southerly and moist 850mb winds increase over Texas and low-level=20
    WAA results in 850mb FGEN from the OK/TX Panhandles to as far east=20
    as the Ozarks and Ouachita Mountains, periods of heavy snow will=20
    envelope these regions with deteriorating travel conditions=20
    throughout the day.=20

    There are still some different scenarios on guidance as to where=20
    and how long the heaviest bands of snow take shape. WPC
    probabilities are keying in on southeast KS, southern MO, and as=20
    far east as the Mississippi River bordering southeast MO and=20
    western KY as most likely to witness heavy snow where there are=20
    high chances (>70%) for snowfall amounts topping 6". In fact, there
    are low-to-moderate chances (30-50%) in southern MO for >12" of=20
    snowfall. Farther south across northern OK, northern AR, and=20
    northwest TN, a disruptive blend of snow and ice would make for=20
    treacherous travel conditions Tuesday and continuing into Tuesday=20
    night. As the storm tracks east into the Mid-South on Wednesday,=20
    heavy snow will blanket areas from the OH-MS River Confluence on=20
    east into the Ohio Valley. WPC probabilities do depict moderate=20
    chances (40-60%) for snowfall totals >4" in these areas. For ice=20 accumulations, the Ouachita Mountains sport low-to-moderate chances
    (30-50%) for ice accumulations >0.1" through Wednesday morning.=20
    WPC's WSSI-P shows low-to-moderate chances (30-50%) for Major=20
    Impacts (dangerous or impossible travel conditions; widespread=20
    closures and disruptions) for northeast OK, southeast KS, southern=20
    MO, and far northern AR. As high as 60% chances exist for Moderate=20
    Impacts (hazardous driving conditions; some closures and=20
    disruptions) stretch as far west as Wichita and the I-35 corridor=20
    on east to northern TN and western KY.

    ...Central Appalachians/Mid-Atlantic...
    Day 3...

    As the upper-level trough driving the Mid-South storm system tracks
    east on Wednesday, modest PVA aloft combined with 850-700mb WAA
    will direct the shield of heavy snow in the Mid-South towards the
    Appalachians and Mid-Atlantic. What guidance largely agrees upon is
    the southern stream storm system tracking ENE towards the Southeast
    coast Wednesday afternoon and steadily strengthening beneath the
    divergent right-entrance region of a strengthening 140kt 250mb jet
    streak to the north. There is an anomalous IVT topping 500 kg/m/s
    over the Southeast that will help direct plenty of moisture into=20
    the southern Mid-Atlantic. As 850-700mb FGEN occurs over southern
    VA, bands of heavy snow should take shape and lead to hazardous
    travel conditions from southwest VA and the central Appalachians=20
    of WV and western VA to the VA Tidewater Wednesday afternoon.=20

    Probabilistic guidance is suggesting an area from eastern KY and=20
    the WV/western VA Appalachians to the DelMarVa Peninsula as having=20
    the best odds of seeing heavy snow. WPC probabilities show a=20
    growing area of moderate-to-high chance probabilities (50-70%) for
    snowfall >4" in southwest VA through Wednesday evening, with heavy
    snow spreading across southern VA and the DelMarVa Peninsula by=20
    Wednesday evening. With the storm also deepening as it reaches the=20
    coast Wednesday night, blowing snow and heavy snowfall rates of=20
    1-2"/hr would cause near whiteout conditions, especially for the=20
    DelMarVa Peninsula. There is also the concern for significant icing
    as WPC probabilities show moderate-to-high chances (50-70%) for=20
    0.01" of ice over central NC and north-central SC. These areas=20
    would be most at risk for treacherous driving conditions on=20
    Wednesday.

    However, 500mb skewness plots continue to show some subtle=20
    difference in the depth/strength of the large upper low over the=20
    Midwest and how it interacts with the lead shortwave trough in the=20 Southeast. Farther southeast, while not as pronounced there are=20
    also lingering discrepancies in the depth/speed of the lead trough
    in the Southeast as well. While most ensemble guidance has started
    to come into focus with southern VA and the DelMarVa Peninsula=20
    being most favored for heavy snow, a deeper/more phased upper-
    level pattern would allow for heavy snow to creep northward up=20
    I-95 and get closer to the major metro centers of Washington D.C. and Baltimore. There are also some solutions that show the lead=20
    shortwave could be flatter as well, and make northern NC and far=20
    southeast VA the focus for heavy snow. Residents in the Mid-
    Atlantic should keep a close eye on the forecast as any subtle
    adjustment in speed/timing/phasing of these atmospheric variables
    could mean 50-100 mile shifts in where the heavy snowfall axis sets
    up.


    Mullinax



    ...Winter Storm Key Messages are in effect. Please see current=20
    Key Messages below...

    https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/key_messages/Late= stKeyMessage_1.png__;!!DZ3fjg!-ZoJKdSTM0rtBdKVKAsgGJqkg_h4PrpvucnwYCtuDzsBq= O-QkTOyCqteq1A3C4I2ImzcUSU3iBYCpbVwB4luOkqaL60$=20

    https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/key_messages/Late= stKeyMessage_2.png__;!!DZ3fjg!-ZoJKdSTM0rtBdKVKAsgGJqkg_h4PrpvucnwYCtuDzsBq= O-QkTOyCqteq1A3C4I2ImzcUSU3iBYCpbVwB4luwwI2AJs$=20

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Mon Feb 10 08:43:47 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 100843
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    343 AM EST Mon Feb 10 2025

    Valid 12Z Mon Feb 10 2025 - 12Z Thu Feb 13 2025

    ...Great Lakes...
    Days 1-2...

    Large surface high pressure stretching from the northern Plains
    through Mid-Atlantic creates enough of a pressure gradient across
    the Great Lakes to promote continuing westerly 850mb wind up to 35
    kts at times thanks to a couple passing shortwaves. The first=20
    shortwave is racing across the Great Lakes and New England this=20
    morning with a third impulse speeding across the region Tuesday=20
    morning as flat/progressive flow persists across the CONUS. Each of
    these subsequent shortwaves will be accompanied by a weak cold=20
    front, driving enhanced CAA across the Great Lakes to support=20
    periods of lake effect snow (LES). On D1, 850mb temps fall to -15C=20
    or more, steepening low-level lapse rates sufficiently to lift=20
    inversion levels to nearly 10,000 ft, which with ascent maximizing=20
    into the lowering DGZ will cause bands of heavy snow with rates of=20
    1"/hr or more across the U.P. of MI, as well as SE of Lake Ontario=20
    and into the northern Finger Lakes region early D1 before flow=20
    shifts more westerly into the Tug Hill by tonight. WPC=20
    probabilities D1 are moderate (40-60%) for 6+ inches along the SE=20
    lake shore of Ontario and Tug Hill, as well as across the Keweenaw
    Peninsula of the U.P. of MI.


    ...Mid-Mississippi Valley to the Mid-Atlantic...=20
    Days 2-3...

    Confluent mid-level pattern will maintain progressive flow across=20
    the CONUS as the next in this parade of storms develops over the=20
    Central Plains and Ozarks Monday evening. This system will=20
    strengthen in response to vorticity energy shedding from the base=20
    of a longwave trough initially over Baja, combining with the RRQ of
    a southern stream jet streak which begins to amplify and arc=20
    meridionally, leaving favorable diffluence atop the mid-level=20 PVA/divergence. The downstream confluence of the northern and=20
    southern streams should result in suppression of this wave, keeping
    it fast and generally flat from west to east, but will also result
    in significant ascent and a prolonged period of precipitation as=20
    isentropic ascent from the Gulf surges northward and spokes of=20
    vorticity continue to lag back to the SW leaving a long duration of
    ascent.

    The north-south trends with this system appear to have stabilized
    as most upper features settle into place with only subtle changes=20
    in the forecast expected at this point. This aims the heaviest=20
    axis of overlapping QPF and subfreezing thermals from northeast KY,
    through central VA into the Delmarva.=20

    Based on current guidance, this is beginning to look like a=20
    significant winter event containing snow and sleet and freezing=20
    rain, generally from the Ozarks almost due east into the Central=20 Appalachians and the I-95 corridor from Richmond, VA to Baltimore,=20
    MD. The downstream confluence of the mid-level pattern will force=20
    this generally west-to-east axis of heavy precipitation, with=20
    290-295K isentropic ascent and accompanying WAA fueling the=20
    elevated PWs progged by NAEFS to exceed the 90th climatological=20
    percentile as far north as the TN VLY and southern Mid-Atlantic=20
    (NC/VA border). This will supply plentiful moisture for heavy=20
    precipitation, and the sharpening baroclinicity on the WAA leading=20
    to impressive 850-700mb fgen will help to concurrently enhance=20
    ascent. This suggests that precipitation rates will be heavy at=20
    times, although in areas with snow the DGZ appears elevated and the
    best fgen is well below that, which when combined with modestly=20
    "warm" temperatures should keep SLRs low and this could be a heavy=20
    and wet snow for most of the area. The end of the latest 00z HREF
    depicts the potential for snowfall rates up to 1"/hr in the
    heaviest band. Current WPC probabilities are high (>70%) in=20
    northeast KY, the central Appalachians, central VA into southern MD
    and the central Delmarva D2 for 4+ inches of snow. Medium probs=20
    (40-70%) expand northward through northern VA, MD, DE, and southern
    NJ, with a very tight gradient expected along the northern and=20
    southern fringes. This places the highest potential for significant
    snow between Richmond, VA and Washington, D.C.

    Farther to the south, there is likely to be a transition zone from
    rain to snow which will include axes of moderate to heavy freezing
    rain, especially in the higher elevations around the Ozarks, as=20
    well as across portions of the Central Appalachians from eastern KY
    through SW VA. There remains a lot of uncertainty as to the=20
    amounts of icing, especially noting that rates could be heavy at=20
    times which don't efficiently accrete, and with the general=20
    synoptic uncertainty continuing, but there is high confidence=20
    70%) for warning-level icing (above 0.25") of ice in SW VA, with=20
    locally as much as 0.6" of damaging ice possible through Thursday
    morning.

    As vorticity lobes continue to shed eastward from the Baja trough,
    and as the developing full latitude trough (merging northern and=20
    southern streams over the Intermountain West) lags the first=20
    impulse, a second system with additional precipitation will=20
    approach this same area from the SW late D3 /Wednesday aftn./ This=20
    will again produce an axis of all p-types from the Ozarks eastward=20
    to the Mid-Atlantic, and its possible in some areas there will not=20
    even be much of a break before this second impulse. The Wednesday=20
    system developing in the Central Plains will likely be more intense
    with respect to the surface feature and crossing west of the
    Appalachians, so more warm air should flood northward downstream,=20
    but the evolution of this second wave will be somewhat dependent on
    the track of the first event. At this time, WPC probabilities for=20
    0.1" of freezing rain D3 generally just feature patch 10-30% from=20
    the Ozarks into northern KY.


    ...Central Rockies/Plains/Midwest/Great Lakes...=20
    Days 2-3...

    As the longwave trough over the West passes the Rockies Tuesday=20
    into Wednesday, precipitation will expand across the central=20
    Plains. Snow over the Rockies will accumulate several inches=20
    Tuesday afternoon and overnight through early Wednesday over the=20
    Medicine Bow mountains with at least 6 inches above 10,000ft likely
    (probs >50%). Positive tilt and broad SW flow will favor a=20
    progressive system D3, but the potential exists for moderate to=20
    heavy snow across much of Kansas Tuesday night into Wednesday.=20
    Upper jet will extend from TX northeastward to the Midwest with=20
    speed divergence over the Plains helping to promote ascent into a=20
    moistening column on WAA from the south in the lower levels. A=20
    large high pressure to the north will supply NE winds to the region
    but the gradient is not expected to be strong enough to produce=20
    much blowing snow. By early Wednesday, snow could fall heavy at=20
    times over central KS as favorable FGEN aligns with sufficient lift
    into a potentially very deep DGZ and/or isothermal layer, but=20
    these smaller scale features are hard to pinpoint this far out. In=20
    addition, SLRs may be close to 20:1 or higher in these favorable=20
    areas but otherwise waver around 15:1 given the colder air mass.
    Dry air is always a concern along northern areas of the
    precipitation shield, but the duel jet structure developing over
    the central U.S. and a broad moist forecast in upper air relative=20
    humidity fields, the greatest uncertainty will likely be associated
    with localized forcing and banding potential.

    By Wednesday night, the system begins to further organize and pick
    up forward speed as the surface low lifts through the Ohio and
    Tennessee valleys. Snow is expected to expand from southern IA and northern/central MO through much of IL, southern WI, northern IN,
    and the L.P. of Michigan. A narrow corridor of mixed ptype is also
    still expected somewhere from southwest MO through southern IL and
    into southern IN and western OH. The event will quickly conclude=20
    by the end of D3 across the Midwest as CAA and dry air rushes into=20
    the region. However, increasing WAA will begin to spread snow,=20
    sleet, and freezing rain northward across the Lower Great Lakes and
    Northeast by early Thursday.

    WPC probabilities of at least 4 inches of snow for this large
    system are >50% from far eastern CO across much of KS, southern=20
    NE, northern MO, southern IA, central/northern IL, southern WI,=20
    northern IN, and much of the L.P. of MI. This includes cities such=20
    as Kansas City, Des Moines, Chicago, and Milwaukee just to name a=20
    few. Within these probabilities, 20-50% chances for at least 8=20
    inches of snow follow along and just north of I-70 in KS and span=20 east-northeast across the Midwest towards lower Michigan. Maximum
    snowfall amounts of 8 to 12 inches appear most likely. Southern=20
    side of the precipitation shield over OK and into the Ozarks will=20
    likely be more marginal, and a mix or sleet and freezing rain is=20
    likely due to the overrunning of the cold surface with warmer air=20
    aloft. There, WPC probabilities of at least 0.10" icing are low=20
    (10-30%).


    ...Pacific Coast...
    Day 3...

    Although still far out in time with limited confidence and
    extending into Day 4, it appears the West will begin to become=20
    more active again mid- to- late week as moisture begins to stream=20
    onshore from the Pacific. During D3, there remains noticeable=20
    spread as to where the best moisture plume will go (GEFS quicker=20
    and north compared to the ECENS) as it gets restricted to the SW on
    the periphery of a large trough over the CONUS and beneath a=20
    short- wavelength ridge over the Pacific Northwest. At the same=20
    time, a deepening trough over the Pacific will begin to track=20
    eastward, leading to a push of moisture a bit farther NW and into=20 southern/central CA. This could result in some light to moderate=20
    snow reaching the Sierra before 00Z Thursday, but unquestionably=20
    more active weather with much heavier snow will develop beyond this
    current forecast period. At this time, WPC probabilities are=20
    moderate (30-60%) for 6+ inches in the Sierra, generally above what
    could be very low snow levels of 2000-2500 ft.



    Snell/Weiss/Fracasso





    ...Winter Storm Key Messages are in effect. Please see current=20
    Key Messages below...

    https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/key_messages/Late= stKeyMessage_1.png__;!!DZ3fjg!6sh-UaRhzxHisyvxXE6Nyb82OnQUvy0HI6iIP_OSc-pXp= O0QEd-mh5xIh5RnTwTBc2K-lWu0rz8VfaUvrMZTpBDucpw$=20

    https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/key_messages/Late= stKeyMessage_2.png__;!!DZ3fjg!6sh-UaRhzxHisyvxXE6Nyb82OnQUvy0HI6iIP_OSc-pXp= O0QEd-mh5xIh5RnTwTBc2K-lWu0rz8VfaUvrMZTPQixzH0$=20

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Mon Feb 10 20:48:52 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 102048
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    348 PM EST Mon Feb 10 2025

    Valid 12Z Mon Feb 10 2025 - 12Z Thu Feb 13 2025

    ...Great Lakes...
    Day 1...

    A strong cold front will exit into New England Tuesday morning,=20
    leaving strong CAA across the Great Lakes in its wake. 850mb temps=20 plummeting to -15C to -20C, coldest over Lake Superior, will=20
    support a renewed period of lake effect snow (LES) in the favored=20
    W/NW snow belts across the U.P. of MI and into the Tug Hill=20
    Plateau. A very cold column over Lake Superior will drive the DGZ=20
    down to the surface which will allow for a maximum intersection of=20 lake-induced ascent and the snow growth region. Farther east across
    Lake Ontario, the overlap won't be quite as efficient, but some=20
    higher moisture due to an upstream connection will additionally=20
    enhance the LES potential. Snowfall rates of 1"/hr or more are=20
    likely Monday night and Tuesday before subtle height rises bring an
    end to LES before D2. WPC probabilities for 6+ inches are above=20
    70% in the Tug Hill Plateau and portions of the eastern U.P. near=20
    Whitefish Pt on D1.


    ...Mid-Mississippi Valley to the Mid-Atlantic...=20
    Days 1-3...

    Active pattern continues with two significant winter weather=20
    events progged to impact the area with different hazards through=20
    the week.

    The first begins early Tuesday morning as precipitation begins to=20
    expand across the Ozarks, Mid-Mississippi Valley, and Tennessee=20
    Valley. This precipitation will be the result of an overlap of=20
    forcing and moisture expanding into the region from the west and=20
    south. A shortwave trough and accompanying vorticity maxima will=20
    eject from the Four Corners this evening and race eastward into the
    Southern Plains by Tuesday morning as it weakens in response to=20 confluent/flat flow across the eastern CONUS. Despite the modest=20
    amplitude of this feature, ascent will intensify through modest PVA
    and mid-level divergence overlapped with the right entrance region
    to a jet streak amplifying to the northeast. A weak surface wave=20
    may develop and skirt almost due east accompanying this system, but
    in general precipitation will be driven by the overlap of the=20
    synoptic ascent and increasingly impressive moist isentropic=20
    upglide/WAA emerging from the Gulf of Mexico.

    The moisture surging northward will be significant as reflected by
    mixing ratios within the robust 290-295K isentropic ascent=20
    reaching as high as 6-8 g/kg, drawing PWs as high as the 90th=20
    climatological percentile as far north as VA/KY. This will an=20
    expanding swath of precipitation, with rounds of heavier rates=20
    likely embedded. The guidance has generally started to stabilize=20
    the footprint and thermal structure, but some wavering is still=20
    possible especially the upstream shortwave intensity and speed=20
    continues to fluctuate. However, there is high confidence that a=20
    stripe of heavy snow will spread east from Kentucky through=20
    Delaware. Snowfall rates of 1+"/hr are likely at times, especially=20
    within a west-to-east oriented fgen band progged to setup from=20
    eastern KY into DE, where 850-700mb fgen maximizes ascent and=20
    occurs in conjunction with CSS (EPV* < 0.25) to support CSI. Where=20
    this band develops, locally higher amounts of snow are possible,=20
    but in general WPC probabilities spanning D1 and D2 are high (>70%)
    for more than 4" from eastern KY though the Central Appalachians=20
    eastward near Washington, D.C. and into southern DE. Locally more=20
    than 8 inches is possible where the most intense band tracks.

    Farther to the south, a transition zone is still expected where a=20
    mixture of snow, sleet, and freezing rain will occur. This is most=20
    likely from the Ozarks, through KY and into the Central=20
    Appalachians, especially along the Blue Ridge of NC/VA. While some=20
    sleet is possible, the predominant mixed p-type is likely to be=20
    freezing rain within this axis, and will almost certainly be=20
    significant (to locally damaging) in the vicinity of the Blue=20
    Ridge. WPC probabilities for more than 0.25" are above 70% in the=20
    vicinity of the Blue Ridge where locally more than 0.5" is possible
    (30% chance). This will cause severe impacts including power=20
    outages, scattered tree damage, and dangerous travel. Surrounding=20
    this, WPC probabilities for more than 0.1" of 10-30% encompass a=20
    much larger area including the Ozarks, parts of Kentucky, and the=20
    Central Appalachians near the MD Panhandle and Laurel Highlands.

    This first event winds down late Wednesday morning through the=20
    afternoon /D2/, but just as the column begins to dry aloft, renewed
    WAA ahead of the next system approaches within this progressive=20
    pattern. While the DGZ dries out across the Mid-=20
    Atlantic/Appalachians, the low levels re-saturate, and it is=20
    possible in some areas there is never a break in wintry=20
    precipitation due to very light snow/snow grains/freezing drizzle=20
    Wednesday. Eventually the column re-saturates though as a more=20
    intense low pressure developing over the Southern Plains lifts=20
    northeast into the Ohio Valley with another round of mixed=20
    precipitation spread into the region.

    This second wave will be stronger, but also farther inland, so=20
    many areas will begin with snow or freezing rain and eventually=20
    transition to all rain. The heaviest precipitation will likely=20
    begin right around the end of D2 in the Central Appalachians and=20
    then expand northeast into the Mid-Atlantic around 00Z/Thursday or=20
    slightly afterwards. High pressure wedging into the region will=20
    again force impressive isentropic overrunning, and locations from=20
    northern VA through PA will likely begin as a burst of moderate=20
    snowfall before quickly transitioning to sleet, freezing rain, and=20 eventually all rain before waning Thursday evening. The heaviest=20
    snowfall is likely in the Poconos where WPC probabilities for 2+=20
    inches are as high as 50%, with icing exceeding 0.1" possible=20
    30%) in the Laurel Highlands and parts of the Poconos.

    ...Central Rockies/Plains/Midwest/Great Lakes...=20
    Days 1-3...

    Troughing over the PacNW/BC this evening will dip into the Great=20
    Basin and into the central Rockies tomorrow evening, with broad WSW
    flow across CO. This will favor an expansion of snowfall over the=20
    Medicine Bow mountains and into the San Juans/Sangre de Cristos=20
    where upslope enhancement will wring out several inches of snow=20
    area-wide. For the D1.5 period, WPC probabilities for at least 6=20
    inches of snow are >50% above 10,000ft or so.=20

    By Wednesday morning, troughing will pass the spine of the Rockies
    as low-level moisture increases over the foothills to the Plains=20
    via SE to E flow. This will combine with NE flow at the surface to=20
    increase snow into the Front Range, though snow should generally be
    light overall. WPC probabilities for at least 4 inches are near=20
    30% over parts of the I-25 corridor.=20

    The more intense snowfall will manifest farther east over Kansas=20
    starting late Tuesday into Wednesday. There, the potential exists=20
    for moderate to heavy snow across much of Kansas as the upper jet=20
    extends from TX northeastward to the Midwest. Combination of WAA,=20
    tightening thermal gradient (increasing FGEN), and favorable/deep=20 DGZ/isothermal layer will promote locally heavy snow with >1"/hr=20
    rates (per WPC snowband tool). A large high pressure to the north=20
    will supply NE winds to the region but the gradient is not expected
    to be strong enough to produce much blowing snow even as low=20
    pressure deepens over the ArkLaTex. SLRs may eclipse 20:1 in the=20
    most favorable bands but otherwise hover close to 15:1 along the=20
    I-70 corridor from GLD to MCI. Trend in the recent guidance has=20
    been a bit to the N/NW especially east of the Plains, which may=20
    bring more ice into southeastern KS than what was seen 24 hours=20
    ago. There, overrunning will favor sleet and freezing rain from SW=20
    to NE from OKC to southeastern KS into southern MO. WPC=20
    probabilities for at least 0.1" ice are low-moderate in this region
    (10-50%). For snowfall, PVA and FGEN will force much of the=20
    precipitation in advance of the trough with the axis of heavier=20
    snowfall along I-70 toward/into Kansas City, then extending=20
    northeastward. WPC probabilities for at least 4 inches of snow are=20
    high (>70%) over most of central/northern KS into southern NE with=20
    some probs (30-50%) for at least 8 inches.

    By Wednesday night, the system begins to further organize and pick
    up forward speed as the surface low lifts through the Ohio and=20
    Tennessee valleys. Snow is expected to expand from southern IA and=20 northern/central MO through much of IL, southern WI, northern IN,=20
    and the L.P. of Michigan. A narrow corridor of mixed ptype is also=20
    forecast in a southwest to northeast band from southern MO through=20
    central IN and northwestern OH. Here, the NW trend in the 12Z=20
    guidance was more pronounced (esp the 12Z NAM), and WPC made a=20
    modest adjustment to the NW given other signals from other=20
    models/ensembles (which were not as dramatic or not shown at all).=20
    SLRs should increase to the NW deeper into the colder column, but=20
    pared back the NBM which could be a bit too high. Nevertheless,=20
    combination of strong PVA and lower level FGEN into a deep DGZ=20
    should provide for an axis of heavier snow, but where that=20
    materializes is bit fuzzy (including any lake enhancement off Lake=20
    Michigan on NE winds).=20

    Right now, the highest probabilities of at least 4 inches of snow=20
    maximize from northern MO through the Chicago metro and into=20
    central Lower MI, with >50% probs extending to the NW and SE by=20
    about 100 miles. This includes cities such as Kansas City, Des=20
    Moines, Chicago, Milwaukee, and Detroit, just to name a few. Within
    this region, probabilities of at least 8 inches are moderate=20
    40%) from northern MO to northern IL and across central Lower=20
    Michigan.

    Like areas farther upstream (southern Plains), a mix or sleet and=20
    freezing rain is likely closer to the track of the surface low due=20
    to the overrunning of the cold surface with warmer air aloft over=20
    portions of central IN into northwestern OH. There, WPC=20
    probabilities of at least 0.10" icing are low (10-40%).

    The positive-tilt to the pattern will help move the system along,=20
    with precipitation ending Thursday morning over Michigan, though NW
    flow on the backside will stir up some lake effect snow for U.P.=20
    and L.P. of MI. Amounts should be light at the end of this forecast
    period (12Z Thu - 00Z Fri).


    ...Pacific Coast...
    Days 2-3...

    A large trough will amplify across the Intermountain West,=20
    upstream of which shortwaves will begin to dig along the Pacific=20
    coast as vorticity impulses shed east from an amplifying closed low
    over the Pacific. While this low won't really become organized=20
    until late D3, energy pivoting onshore beginning D2 will spread an=20
    axis of moisture into central and southern CA, with snow in the=20
    terrain above generally 3000-4000 ft. This impulse is weak and will
    be directed almost due SW by the downstream trough, but WPC=20
    probabilities are moderate (30-50%) for more than 6 inches across=20
    primarily the southern Sierra D2.

    After this first impulse, the closed low offshore begins to deepen
    and pivot eastward. Height anomalies drop steadily offshore,=20
    reaching as low as 1st percentile within the CFSR climatology by=20
    00Z Friday near the CA/OR border, and the accompanying and=20
    impressive downstream divergence will begin to displace the trough=20
    with a brief period of shortwave ridging. Increasing moisture=20
    advection onshore, driven by confluent mid-level flow south of this
    closed low topped by a collocated strengthening jet streak will=20
    surge IVT as high as 500 kg/m/s into the coast late Thursday. This=20
    will manifest as expanding and intensifying precipitation, with the accompanying warm front/WAA lifting snow levels rapidly to as much
    as 6000 ft in the Sierra. However, farther north into the=20
    Shasta/Trinity region and into Oregon, pronounced cold air will be=20
    slow to retreat, leading to some lowland snow potential as well as=20 overrunning/freezing rain. There continues to be a lot of=20
    uncertainty in timing and placement, but there is high confidence=20
    that this event will eventually result in heavy wintry=20
    precipitation across the West. Current WPC probabilities are high=20
    90%) for 12+ inches across much of the Sierra, generally above=20
    4000 ft, and above 70% (above 3000 ft) in the=20
    Shasta/Trinity/Klamath region. This could be quite impactful to=20
    many area passes.


    ...Northeast...
    Days 1 & 3...

    On Tuesday, a strong cold front will race from the Great Lakes=20
    through New England, bringing with it an increased risk for=20
    convective snow showers and snow squalls. The high-res CAMs have=20
    become more aggressive with their depiction of simulated=20
    reflectivity along this front Tuesday aftn, suggesting a greater=20
    threat for snow squalls. The greatest risk appears to be from=20
    Upstate NY across northern New England which is where the best=20
    overlap of 0-2km fgen and RH overlap, and although instability is=20
    modest, the SnSq parameter does reach +2 across this region. This=20
    may end up more as convective snow showers than true squalls, but=20
    briefly intense snow rates and restricted visibility could cause=20
    dangerous travel Tuesday afternoon/evening.

    Then during D3 /00Z Thursday to 00Z Friday/ more significant=20
    precipitation will overspread the region from SW to NE. This=20
    precipitation will be associated with a robust low pressure lifting
    across the Ohio Valley, driven by a modest shortwave on the=20
    downstream edge of a deepening trough over the middle of the CONUS,
    overlapped with the RRQ of a 150 kt poleward arcing jet streak=20
    moving across the eastern Great Lakes. Downstream of this system,=20
    moist advection will maximize in response to low-level WAA on S/SE=20
    flow overrunning a retreating high pressure that will try to wedge=20
    back to the west into New England. This will result in an expansion
    of wintry precipitation, likely starting as snow everywhere before
    gradually transitioning to sleet and freezing rain, especially=20
    south of I-90, before winding down late D3 everywhere but ME/NH.

    There is still considerable spread in the speed of this system=20
    forecast by the deterministic global members, but at least moderate
    snowfall accumulations are likely, especially in higher terrain,=20
    as reflected by WPC probabilities that are above 50% for 4+ inches=20
    from the Adirondacks across much of northern New England.=20
    Additionally, light to moderate icing is possible as reflected by=20
    WPC probabilities of 10-30% for 0.1" in the Catskills, Berkshires,=20
    and Litchfield Hills.


    Weiss/Fracasso/Snell



    ...Winter Storm Key Messages are in effect. Please see current=20
    Key Messages below...

    https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/key_messages/Late= stKeyMessage_1.png__;!!DZ3fjg!924NT_I-3Zl98BzXxxOT32R60yVgs-zliGxJOIussbPLs= zH6XP1sOUErxvXjklcPTVUan4DqII6uhbTzZFV8Y2CuX1E$=20

    https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/key_messages/Late= stKeyMessage_2.png__;!!DZ3fjg!924NT_I-3Zl98BzXxxOT32R60yVgs-zliGxJOIussbPLs= zH6XP1sOUErxvXjklcPTVUan4DqII6uhbTzZFV8kZDSEIc$=20

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Mon Feb 17 08:23:53 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 170823
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    323 AM EST Mon Feb 17 2025

    Valid 12Z Mon Feb 17 2025 - 12Z Thu Feb 20 2025


    ...Great Lakes...=20
    Days 1-2...

    Behind the exiting winter storm, cyclonic flow will remain over=20
    the Great Lakes with 805mb temps < -20C. NW to WNW flow will favor=20
    the typical MI belt regions but with an emphasis over the eastern=20
    U.P. due to persistent light to moderate snow and especially=20
    downwind of Lake Ontario. There, an intense single band may set up=20
    today into Oswego and just north of Syracuse with some wavering N-S
    into Tuesday. Two-day totals could exceed 18" (WPC probs > 50%)=20
    with intense snowfall rates of 2-3"/hr. Strong pressure gradient in
    place will keep winds elevated as well, creating blowing and=20
    drifting of snow with especially hazardous whiteout conditions=20
    within the band. Snow will gradually wind down into day 3.


    ...Pacific Northwest/Rockies/Northern High Plains...
    Days 1-2...

    An active Pacific jet will maintain unsettled weather into the=20
    Northwestern U.S. for the next 24 hours or so over the Cascades=20
    into the northern Rockies. Height falls will continue moving inland
    this morning with modest snows following along out of the Cascades
    and into the Bitterroots/western MT this evening. East of the=20
    Continental Divide a very cold air mass will be in place thanks to=20
    high pressure over Canada that pushes southward through the Plains,
    setting up upslope flow into western MT. Snow totals will be light
    to modest in the higher elevations where WPC probabilities for at=20
    least 8 inches of snow are >70%. Over central MT, light snow due=20
    to upslope/easterly flow is expected from Billings to Kalispell but
    WPC probabilities for an additional 4 inches are low (<40%) in the
    lower elevations. As the height falls move into the Plains, snow=20
    will gradually diminish on Tuesday.=20

    Day 3...

    The next system will enter the Pacific Northwest starting Tuesday=20
    Night with some periods of snow for the Cascades, including into=20
    the passes. Moisture plume will aim into Oregon but then move=20
    quickly inland, helping to spread snow into the Northern Rockies=20
    throughout the day on Wednesday (especially into the Blue Mountains
    and into the central Idaho ranges). WPC probabilities for >6" of=20
    snowfall are high (>70%) in these areas.



    ...Central Plains/Mid-MS Valley/Mid-South...=20
    Days 1-2...

    The anomalous IVT responsible for periods of heavy snow in the=20
    Rockies will accompany a period of 700mb WAA over the Central=20
    Plains. The combination of 700mb FGEN and an accelerating 250mb jet
    aloft will support a stripe of light/moderate snow from the Black=20
    Hills southeastward through NE and into the Lower Missouri River=20
    Valley today, weakening later today. Then tonight, the stronger=20
    500mb shortwave trough tracking across the Central Rockies will=20
    gradually deepen while upper-level diffluence increases at the nose
    of a 250mb jet streak rounding the base of the Central Rockies=20
    trough, setting up another area of snow from NW to SE. By early=20
    Tuesday morning, KS will be within the entrance region of the upper
    jet which will help promote an area of snow across central KS=20
    where lower-level FGEN is maximized. Temperatures will be cold=20
    behind an Arctic front, which should allow for SLRs ~15:1=20
    especially in healthier bands. This area of snow will move=20
    southeastward and increase in intensity into southeastern KS and=20
    southern MO late Tue afternoon/evening where the 00Z CAM guidance=20
    shows the potential for 1-1.5"/hr rates (per WPC snowband tool). By
    early Wednesday the snow may diminish in intensity into KY as the=20
    upper jet reorients itself and shifts focus to the Gulf coast,=20
    setting up the coastal part of this event farther east. WPC=20
    probabilities of at least 4 inches of snow are high (>70%) from=20
    central KS eastward into MO and extreme southern IL. Within this=20
    region, WPC probabilities for at least 8 inches of snow are=20
    moderate (40-70%), especially over southern MO.

    To the south of this swath of snow, cold surface temperatures=20
    beneath >0C air aloft will promote an area of sleet and freezing=20
    rain over central OK eastward into AR. A few hundredths of an inch=20
    of icing is possible, especially into the Ouachita Mountains.


    ...Central/Southern Appalachians/Mid-Atlantic...=20
    Day 3...

    The next phase of the system moving out of the Mid-MS Valley has=20
    been in quite a bit of flux. Question revolves around the timing=20
    and amount of interaction between the shortwave responsible for the
    snow across KY/northern TN and the lead height falls ahead of the=20
    upper low over the western Great Lakes/Corn Belt. A surface wave=20
    should develop near the Gulf coast by early Wed and track eastward=20
    then east-northeastward just off the Southeast coast to become the=20
    new focus for QPF. Models have been wavering quite a bit on the=20
    amount of development and how close to the coast this may be,=20
    influencing how much QPF to surge into the southern Mid-Atlantic.=20
    Overall trend continues to be a flatter and drier system and have=20
    trended that way tonight.=20

    Nevertheless, there is confidence in the wave development and at=20
    least light to moderate QPF that will spread into the Southeast and
    southern Mid-Atlantic from the system. The result will be a swath=20
    of snow over southern and southeastern VA and northern NC with an=20
    area of sleet and potentially significant freezing rain to the=20
    south over eastern NC where QPF will be plentiful. WPC=20
    probabilities for at least 4 inches of snow are >50% across=20 southern/southeastern VA. Over NC, where the cold air in place=20
    behind the departing system Sunday will be overrun with >0C air=20
    aloft, the icing potential is significant. WPC probabilities for at
    least 0.25" ice are at least 30% but may rise in future updates.=20


    Fracasso



    ...Winter Storm Key Messages are in effect. Please see current=20
    Key Messages below...

    https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/key_messages/Late= stKeyMessage_2.png__;!!DZ3fjg!88JkGmUfN_py9gi_fPi9tnkICvm19DpncrXV_FjCLbGw8= W7F9D-CBFI5crUXN7rvJ_zPqTvsr4pU5RMZExfkBoS8QSo$=20

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Tue Feb 11 08:52:22 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 110852
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    352 AM EST Tue Feb 11 2025

    Valid 12Z Tue Feb 11 2025 - 12Z Fri Feb 14 2025


    ...Ohio Valley to the Mid-Atlantic...=20
    Days 1-2...

    Active pattern continues with two significant winter weather=20
    events progged to impact the area with different hazards through
    Wednesday night.

    The first is already taking shape across the Mid-Mississippi and
    Ohio valleys this morning as precipitation begins to expand from
    the Ozarks to the southern Appalachians, with snow and a wintry mix
    expected to stretch from near southern IL to southwest VA by the
    start of D1 (12z/Tues). This precipitation shield will be the=20
    result of an overlap of forcing and moisture expanding into the=20
    region from the west and south. A shortwave trough and accompanying
    vorticity maxima is racing eastward across the Southern Plains this
    morning while also weakening in response to confluent/flat flow=20
    across the eastern CONUS. Despite the modest amplitude of this=20
    feature, ascent will intensify through modest PVA and mid-level=20
    divergence overlapped with the right entrance region to a jet=20
    streak amplifying to the northeast. A weak surface wave may develop
    and skirt almost due east ejecting off the Mid-Atlantic early
    Wednesday, but in general precipitation will be driven by the=20
    overlap of the synoptic ascent and increasingly impressive moist=20
    isentropic upglide/WAA emerging from the Gulf.

    The moisture surging northward will be significant as reflected by
    mixing ratios within the robust 290-295K isentropic ascent=20
    reaching as high as 6-8 g/kg, drawing PWs as high as the 90th=20
    climatological percentile as far north as southern VA. This
    moisture flowing northward overrunning the cold airmass in place
    from the Ohio Valley to Mid-Atlantic will lead to an expanding=20
    swath of precipitation, with rounds of heavier rates likely=20
    embedded near where mid-level fgen is strongest. There remains some
    uncertainty with respect to the northern edge of the heaviest QPF,
    mainly due to dry air intrusion and if the strengthening WAA can
    overcome it. This will lead to a sharp northern gradient along the
    Mason-Dixon Line and into central NJ. Marginal surface temperatures
    at onset during the day will also limit snowfall accumulation. However,
    there is high confidence that a stripe of heavier snowfall rates
    overcoming these marginal surface temperatures will spread east=20
    from Kentucky through Delaware. Snowfall rates of 1+"/hr are likely
    at times, especially within the west-to- east oriented fgen band=20
    progged to start in eastern KY this morning and central VA by the
    afternoon before weakening and gradually lifting northward into
    southern MD and the Delmarva Peninsula. This is in conjunction=20
    with where 850-700mb fgen maximizes ascent and occurs in=20
    conjunction with CSS (EPV* < 0.25) to support CSI. Where this band=20
    develops, locally higher amounts of snow are possible, but in=20
    general WPC probabilities spanning D1 and early D2 are high (>70%)=20
    for more than 4" from eastern KY though the Central Appalachians=20
    eastward to southern MD just south of Washington, D.C. Locally=20
    higher totals are possible across the central Apps of WV and VA,=20
    where WPC probabilities for at least 8" mostly low (10-30%) outside
    of the highest elevations.=20

    Farther to the south, a transition zone is still expected where a=20
    mixture of snow, sleet, and freezing rain will occur due to an
    800-850mb warm nose aloft and a textbook winter CAD signature east
    of the Apps in the surface pressure pattern that is forecast to=20
    linger through Wednesday. This area of mixed ptype is most likely=20
    from KY and into the Central Appalachians, especially along the=20
    Blue Ridge of NC/VA. While some sleet is possible, the predominant=20
    mixed p-type is likely to be freezing rain within this axis, and=20
    will almost certainly be significant (to locally damaging) in the=20
    vicinity of the Blue Ridge.

    This first event winds down late Wednesday morning through the=20
    afternoon /D2/, but just as the column begins to dry aloft, renewed
    WAA ahead of the next system approaches within this progressive=20
    pattern. While the DGZ dries out across the Mid-=20
    Atlantic/Appalachians, the low levels re-saturate, and it is=20
    possible in some areas there is never a break in wintry=20
    precipitation due to very light snow/snow grains/freezing drizzle=20
    Wednesday. Eventually the column re-saturates though as a more=20
    intense low pressure developing over the Southern Plains lifts=20
    northeast into the Ohio Valley with another round of mixed=20
    precipitation spreading into the region.

    This second wave will be stronger, but also farther inland, so=20
    many areas will begin with snow or freezing rain and eventually=20
    transition to all rain. The heaviest precipitation will likely=20
    begin right around Wednesday evening in the Central Appalachians=20
    and then expand northeast into the Mid-Atlantic. High pressure=20
    wedging into the region will again force impressive isentropic=20
    overrunning, and locations from northern VA through PA will likely=20
    begin as a burst of moderate snowfall before quickly transitioning=20
    to sleet, freezing rain, and eventually all rain before waning=20
    Thursday evening. The heaviest snowfall is likely in the Poconos
    and central PA terrain where WPC probabilities for 2+ inches are=20
    as high as 50-70%, with icing exceeding 0.1" likely (>70%) in the=20
    Laurel Highlands and parts of the Poconos.

    WPC event total probabilities (12z/Tues to 12z Thurs) for more=20
    than 0.25" are above 70% in the vicinity of the Blue Ridge where=20
    locally more than 0.5" is also expected for some areas (50%=20
    chance). There also exists some non-zero (5-15%) probabilities for
    at least 1" of ice in terrain of far northwest NC and adjacent VA.
    This will cause severe impacts including power outages, scattered=20
    tree damage, and dangerous travel. Surrounding this, WPC=20
    probabilities for more than 0.1" of 10-30% encompass a much larger=20
    area including into parts of south- central VA and up the=20
    Appalachians to near the MD Panhandle and Laurel Highlands.


    ...Central Rockies/Plains/Midwest/Great Lakes...=20
    Days 1-3...

    Troughing over the northern Great Basin this evening will dip into
    the central Rockies tonight, with broad WSW flow across CO. This=20
    will favor an expansion of snowfall over the Medicine Bow mountains
    and into the San Juans/Sangre de Cristos where upslope enhancement
    will wring out several inches of snow area-wide. For the D1=20
    period, WPC probabilities for at least 6 inches of snow are >50%=20
    above 10,000ft or so.=20

    By late tonight into early Wednesday, troughing will pass the=20
    spine of the Rockies as low- level moisture increases over the=20
    foothills to the Plains via SE to E flow. This will combine with NE
    flow at the surface to increase snow into the Front Range, though=20
    snow should generally be light overall. WPC probabilities for at=20
    least 4 inches are near 20-30% over parts of the I-25 corridor.=20

    The more intense snowfall will manifest farther east over Kansas
    and southern Nebraska starting late tonight into Wednesday. There,
    the potential exists for moderate to heavy snow across much of=20
    Kansas as the upper jet extends from TX northeastward to the=20
    Midwest. Combination of WAA, tightening thermal gradient=20
    (increasing FGEN), and favorable/deep DGZ/isothermal layer will=20
    promote locally heavy snow with >1"/hr rates (per WPC snowband=20
    tool). A large high pressure to the north will supply NE winds to=20
    the region but the gradient is not expected to be strong enough to=20
    produce much blowing snow even as low pressure deepens over the=20
    ArkLaTex. SLRs may eclipse 20:1 in the most favorable bands but=20
    otherwise hover close to 15:1 along the I-70 corridor from GLD to=20
    MCI. Further southeast across parts of central Oklahoma through
    southeast Kansas and southern/central Missouri, overrunning will=20
    favor sleet and freezing rain. WPC probabilities for at least 0.1"
    ice are low- moderate in this region (10-50%) and highest over
    Missouri. For snowfall, PVA and FGEN will force much of the=20
    precipitation in advance of the trough with the axis of heavier=20
    snowfall along I-70 toward/into Kansas City, then extending=20
    northeastward. WPC probabilities for at least 4 inches of snow are=20
    high (>80%) over most of central/northern KS into southern NE with
    some probs (30-50%) for at least 8 inches.

    By Wednesday night, the system begins to further organize and pick
    up forward speed as a relatively weak surface low (>1000mb) lifts=20
    through the Ohio and Tennessee valleys. The lack of rapid
    deepening of the low pressure system due to the quickly lifting
    longwave trough will prevent impacts associated with blowing and
    drifting snow. Snow is expected to expand from southern IA and=20 northern/central MO through much of IL, southern WI, northern IN,=20
    and the L.P. of Michigan. A narrow corridor of mixed ptype is also=20
    forecast in a southwest to northeast band from southern MO through=20
    central IN and northwestern OH. This narrow corridor of mixed ptype
    could remain relatively stationary for a period of time across
    Indiana and northwest Ohio for measurable freezing rain and sleet.
    The combination of strong PVA and lower level FGEN into a deep DGZ
    should provide for an axis of heavier snow, but where that=20
    materializes is still bit fuzzy (including any lake enhancement=20
    off Lake Michigan on NE winds) as some uncertainty in the 700 mb
    fgen field and high SLR environment could prompt multiple areas of
    enhancement.

    Right now, the highest probabilities of at least 6 inches of snow=20
    maximize from northern MO through the Chicago metro and into=20
    central Lower MI, with >60% probs extending to the NW and SE by=20
    about 150 miles. This includes cities such as Kansas City, Chicago
    and Milwaukee just to name a few. Within this region,=20
    probabilities of at least 8 inches are moderate (>40%) from=20
    northern MO to northern IL and across central Lower Michigan.

    Like areas farther upstream (southern Plains), a mix or sleet and=20
    freezing rain is likely closer to the track of the surface low due=20
    to the overrunning of the cold surface with warmer air aloft over=20
    portions of central IN into northwestern OH. There, WPC=20
    probabilities of at least 0.10" icing have increased this forecast
    cycle and are moderate (40-60%).

    The positive-tilt to the pattern will help move the system along,=20
    with precipitation ending Thursday morning over Michigan, though NW
    flow on the backside will stir up some lake effect snow for U.P.=20
    and L.P. of MI. Amounts should be light at the end of this forecast
    period (12Z Thu - 12Z Fri).


    ...Sierra Nevada into much of the West...=20
    Days 1-3...

    As a large trough amplifies across the Intermountain West,=20
    upstream shortwaves will begin to dig along the Pacific coast as=20
    vorticity impulses shed east from an amplifying closed low over the
    Pacific. While this low won't really become organized until late=20
    D3, energy pivoting onshore beginning late D1 will spread an axis=20
    of moisture into central and southern CA, with snow in the terrain=20
    above generally 3000-4000 ft. This impulse is weak and will be=20
    directed almost due SW by the downstream trough, but WPC=20
    probabilities are moderate (30-50%) for more than 6 inches across=20
    primarily the southern Sierra D1.5.

    After this first impulse, the closed low offshore begins to deepen
    and pivot eastward. Height anomalies drop steadily offshore,=20
    reaching as low as 1st percentile within the CFSR climatology by=20
    00Z Friday near the CA/OR border, and the accompanying and=20
    impressive downstream divergence will begin to displace the trough=20
    with a brief period of shortwave ridging. Increasing moisture=20
    advection onshore, driven by confluent mid-level flow south of this
    closed low topped by a collocated strengthening jet streak will=20
    surge IVT as high as 500 kg/m/s into the coast late Thursday. This=20
    will manifest as expanding and intensifying precipitation, with the accompanying warm front/WAA lifting snow levels rapidly to as much
    as 6000 ft in the Sierra. However, farther north into the=20
    Shasta/Trinity region and into Oregon, pronounced cold air will be=20
    slow to retreat, leading to some lowland snow potential as well as=20 overrunning/freezing rain. Moisture will then quickly spread
    throughout the Intermountain West through the end of the period
    (12z/Fri) along with the progressing, but weakening upper trough.
    There continues to be some uncertainty in timing and placement,=20
    but there is high confidence that this event will eventually result
    in heavy wintry precipitation across the West. Current WPC=20
    probabilities are high (>90%) for 18+ inches across much of the=20
    Sierra, generally above 4000 ft, and above 70% for 12+ inches (above
    3000 ft) in the Shasta/Trinity/Klamath region. This could be quite
    impactful to many area passes. Further east into the Intermountain
    West and central Rockies, high probabilities (>70%) for at least 8+
    inches of snow exists across the Wasatch into the Tushar Mts of
    Utah, as well as the San Juan Mts of Colorado.


    ...Northeast...
    Days 1 & 3...

    Today, a strong cold front will race from the Great Lakes through=20
    New England, bringing with it an increased risk for convective snow
    showers and snow squalls. The high-res CAMs remain aggressive with
    their depiction of simulated reflectivity along this front Tuesday
    aftn, suggesting a greater threat for snow squalls. The greatest=20
    risk appears to be from northern Upstate NY across northern New=20
    England which is where the best overlap of 0-2km fgen and RH=20
    overlap, and although instability is modest, the SnSq parameter=20
    does reach +2 across this region on the 00z GFS. This may end up=20
    more as convective snow showers than true squalls, but briefly=20
    intense snow rates and restricted visibility could cause dangerous=20
    travel this afternoon/evening.

    Then during the end of D2 and into D3 (centered around 00Z Thursday
    to 00z Friday) more widespread significant precipitation will=20
    overspread the region from SW to NE. This precipitation will be=20
    associated with a robust low pressure lifting across the Ohio=20
    Valley, driven by a modest shortwave on the downstream edge of a=20
    deepening trough over the middle of the CONUS, overlapped with the=20
    RRQ of a 150 kt poleward arcing jet streak moving across the=20
    eastern Great Lakes. Downstream of this system, moist advection=20
    will maximize in response to low- level WAA on S/SE flow=20
    overrunning a retreating high pressure that will try to wedge back=20
    to the west into New England. This will result in an expansion of=20
    wintry precipitation, likely starting as snow everywhere before=20
    gradually transitioning to sleet and freezing rain, especially=20
    south of I-90, before winding down Thursday night.

    There is growing confidence with the speed of the system, with at=20
    least moderate snowfall accumulations likely, especially in higher
    terrain and northern Maine, as reflected by WPC probabilities that
    are above 50% for 4+ inches from the Adirondacks across much of=20
    northern New England, with >80% probs in northern Maine.=20
    Additionally, light to moderate icing is possible as reflected by=20
    WPC probabilities of 10-30% for 0.1" in the Catskills, Berkshires,=20
    and Litchfield Hills.


    Weiss/Fracasso/Snell




    ...Winter Storm Key Messages are in effect. Please see current=20
    Key Messages below...

    https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/key_messages/Late= stKeyMessage_1.png__;!!DZ3fjg!733NuN3T5tGROpnLE55wv86D3Xg26LKkO0-1wTO9LWL1n= pUm0euIqQ1AgJb2Y3CniJCu7-VPpZzRDSSb5h8hbTxccaQ$=20

    https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/key_messages/Late= stKeyMessage_2.png__;!!DZ3fjg!733NuN3T5tGROpnLE55wv86D3Xg26LKkO0-1wTO9LWL1n= pUm0euIqQ1AgJb2Y3CniJCu7-VPpZzRDSSb5h8hdACHgfk$=20

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Tue Feb 11 21:21:43 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 112121
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    421 PM EST Tue Feb 11 2025

    Valid 00Z Wed Feb 12 2025 - 00Z Sat Feb 15 2025


    ...Mid-Atlantic...=20
    Day 1...

    ...Winter Storm Ongoing Across the Mid-Atlantic with Impacts from=20 Significant Icing and Heavy Snow. Key Messages linked below...

    A winter storm ongoing across the Virginias has already produced=20
    multiple inches of snow from southern West Virginia through central=20 Virginia, with icing reports along the Blue Ridge in North Carolina.=20
    Local storm reports show the highest snowfall amounts as high as=20
    12 inches in the Allegheny Highlands of WV/VA. Meanwhile radar=20
    shows the heaviest snowfall rates in a swath across north-central=20
    Virginia into southern Maryland where snowfall rates over an inch=20
    per hour are also being reported.

    This storm is being caused by intensifying warm advection moving=20
    over a stubbornly cold air mass caused by a 1030 mb area of high=20
    pressure centered off of Nantucket. Thus, the predominant flow is=20
    easterly. This flow off the Atlantic will become increasingly warm=20
    with time as the flow turns more southeasterly. Any warming is=20
    being countered by the aforementioned heavy snow rates, leading to=20
    dynamic cooling by the sheer volume of the heavy falling snow.=20
    Meanwhile in the mid-levels (850 mb) the flow will be south to=20
    southwesterly throughout the event, though increasing in intensity=20
    through this evening. In the upper levels, all of the lift will be=20
    driven by the right entrance region (RER) of a 150+ kt jet over New
    England. It's important to note that other than the jet, there=20
    will be very little if any additional upper level support from any=20 shortwaves. Therefore, most of the support will be from warm=20
    advection of a warm air mass over the colder air mass that remains=20 persistent near the surface.

    Weak 700 mb waves will track along the plume of moisture which=20
    extends from east Texas to the Delmarva. These will lead to=20
    localized increases in intensity of the precipitation through=20
    tonight. The rain-snow line is unlikely to move much from its=20
    current position across much of southern Virginia through tonight.=20
    A weak surface low/trough will from late tonight (around 06Z) off=20
    the Virginia coast which will pull the precipitation plume east=20
    into the Atlantic and largely end the wintry side of the event from
    west to east. There is some disagreement in the high resolution=20
    models as to when this will happen however, as a secondary weaker=20
    wave may keep light frozen precipitation ongoing over northern VA=20
    and the Delmarva as late as sunrise Wednesday morning. Ultimately=20
    the snow event will end once drier air and a lack of mid-level=20
    disturbances can overcome an otherwise saturated air mass that=20
    stands ready to produce additional light precipitation at a=20
    moment's notice.

    While dynamically this snowfall event will be the weaker of the two=20
    storms (the other described below over the central Plains to the=20
    Great Lakes), it may be the longer-duration of the two for portions=20
    of the Virginias, so the highest snowfall accumulations between the=20
    two storms could very well be similar.

    To the south along the rain-snow line, there is expected to be a=20 long-duration ice event due to freezing rain for portions of the=20 Appalachians from central West Virginia through the Blue Ridge and=20 Shenandoah Valley from Roanoke, VA south into far northwestern North=20 Carolina. As mentioned above, strong warm advection in the mid-
    levels will override colder air near the surface, unlike further=20
    north where the warm air will fail to warm temperatures above=20
    freezing in the midlevels, further south the warmer air will succeed=20
    at both eroding the cold air enough to warm temperatures in the mid-
    levels above freezing, the cold air will remain stout at the=20
    surface, even as a shallow layer. This will set up the potential for=20 prolonged icing. Most of the precipitation will occur with this=20
    first storm that is ongoing now. Some areas around Roanoke have=20
    started the storm as snow but will transition to freezing rain as=20
    the warm air aloft in this area has some success at impinging=20
    northward tonight. Icing for many may exceed a quarter inch, and=20
    could approach a half inch through Wednesday morning in the areas=20
    where both the surface cold air and precipitation persist the=20
    longest.

    Late tonight into Wednesday, most of the central Mid-Atlantic will
    be dry or light drizzle with pockets of freezing rain lingering=20=20
    over the VA Piedmont and on ridges which would further add to ice
    impacts.

    WPC probabilities are moderate (50-60%) for 1/4 inch of ice along I-
    81 south of Roanoke south to extreme northwestern North Carolina,=20
    though amounts drop to very low (5-10%) for 1/2 inch of ice. On the=20
    snow side, probabilities are moderate to high (60-70%) for at least=20
    6 inches of snow north and west of Roanoke, some of those have=20
    already been realized). Farther east, those probabilities are low=20
    to moderate (30-40%) from DC south along I-95 through=20
    Fredericksburg, VA.


    ...CO Rockies/Central Plains/Midwest/Great Lakes...=20
    Days 1/2...

    ...Winter Storm expected starting over Kansas/Nebraska spreads=20
    northeast across Lower Michigan through Wednesday Night...

    Troughing over the northern Great Basin will dip into the central=20
    Rockies tonight with broad WSW flow across CO. This will favor an=20
    expansion of snowfall over the Medicine Bow mountains and into the=20
    San Juans/Sangre de Cristos where upslope enhancement will wring=20
    out several inches of snow area-wide. Snow probs after 00Z for >6"
    are 40-60% above about 8000ft in portions of the Sawatch and San
    Juan Mtns.

    Downstream, a winter storm is developing over the Central Plains=20
    while the one over the Mid-Atlantic one persists into tonight. For=20
    forcing, there will be some notable differences between the two=20
    storms. While there will certainly be some warm advection bringing=20
    Gulf moisture north into the central Plains and Midwest, this storm
    will be much more dynamic in the upper levels. A broad longwave=20
    trough over the northern Plains will begin to shift eastward as a=20
    potent shortwave trough rounds the southern periphery of the=20
    trough. This will enhance the downstream jet, which will intensify=20
    the forcing needed for surface cyclogenesis from the southern=20
    Plains and eventually into the Ohio Valley. Thus, the expected=20
    swath of snowfall associated with this low will be associated with=20
    a well- developed surface low in much more of a "classic" form.

    With the intensifying and fast-moving low providing the primary=20
    forcing for the snowfall, expect heavy snow to develop across=20
    central Kansas tonight, and track northeastward across far=20
    northwestern Missouri, central and eastern Iowa, far northern=20
    Illinois, southern Wisconsin, and across much of the Lower=20
    Peninsula of Michigan through Wednesday night. The low will be=20
    plenty strong enough to produce bands of heavy snow embedded within
    the comma- head region as it picks up Gulf moisture to its=20
    south...but due to the fast moving nature of the low, the duration=20
    of any heavy snow, especially outside of any banding will be=20
    shorter than the current Mid-Atlantic storm.

    On Wednesday, as the storm moves into the left exit region of a=20 southwest-to-northeast oriented jet, the snow will spread into the=20
    Midwest and upper Lakes. With lake-enhancement on the northeasterly=20
    winds, there may be locally heavier snow and higher accumulations=20
    southwest of Lake Michigan, which may include the Chicago and=20
    Milwaukee metros. Of course, this will be highly dependent on where=20
    any embedded bands associated with the storm can line up with the=20
    lake, resulting in the localized enhancement. Blowing and drifting=20
    of snow in the strong winds is likely right along the lake shore.=20
    Additional enhancements are possible along the Lake Huron shoreline=20
    into Wednesday night for the same reason...a rather unusual=20
    direction for Lake Huron enhanced snowfall.

    On the southern side of the comma-head region of the low, enough=20
    warm air is expected to move in around the center of the low to=20
    result in an area of mixing/freezing rain just south of the swath of=20
    snow from central Oklahoma tonight northeast across much of southern=20 Missouri, including the St. Louis area, then extending northeast=20
    across central Indiana, including the Indianapolis area, and into=20
    far northwestern Ohio, including the Toledo area. Each of these=20
    areas, and of course those in between, have the potential to see=20
    some light to moderate icing, up to 1/4 inch. Once again the timing=20
    of any icing should be shorter than areas further east, which should=20
    limit any icing accumulations and thus, the magnitude of any impacts.

    WPC probabilities for ice are moderate (40-60%) for 1/10 inch of=20 accumulation from northeast of Indianapolis northeast through=20
    Toledo, OH. Probabilities are low (5-30%) for 1/10 inch of ice from=20
    south of St. Louis northeast through Indianapolis. For snowfall,=20 probabilities for 6 inches or more are moderate (40-60%) for much of=20 northern Kansas through south-central Iowa, lower (20-40%) through
    eastern Iowa and northwestern IL, then increase back to the=20
    moderate category (40-70%) along the lakeshore in Wisconsin due to=20 lake-enhancement from Milwaukee south to northern Chicago, as well
    as for much of eastern Michigan north of Detroit.


    ...Sierra Nevada and much of the West...=20
    Days 1-3...

    Day 1...
    An expansive, positively-tilted trough lingers over the west=20
    into Wednesday with northwest flow persisting over CA. A shortwave
    impulse rides along the central CA coast tonight into Wednesday
    producing areas of light to locally moderate precip with snow
    levels around 3000ft in the southern Sierra Nevada and around
    4000ft in the SoCal transverse and peninsular ranges. Day 1 Snow
    probs for >4" are 30-50% in the southern Sierra Nevada and the
    highest SoCal ranges such as near Big Bear.=20

    Days 2-3...
    A stronger low shifts toward the OR/CA border Wednesday night,
    opening into a trough as it drifts east over the Great Basin
    through Friday. A strengthening and increasingly northerly jet
    shifts toward the West Coast Thursday night. An atmospheric river
    with IVT around 500 kg/m/s shifts over the CA coast Wednesday night
    through Thursday. A wave of moderate to topographically enhanced
    heavy precip shifts east with the accompanying warm front Wednesday
    night through Thursday. Snow levels over the Sierra Nevada are
    initially 3000ft Wednesday evening, but quickly rise to 6000ft by=20
    Thursday morning. Both Days 2 and 3 snow probs for >18" are high
    along the length of the Sierra Nevada with 4-6ft forecast for the
    High Sierra through Friday.=20
    Farther north into the Shasta/Trinity region and Oregon,=20
    pronounced cold air will be slow to retreat, with snow levels=20
    generally rising only from 2000ft to 4000ft through Thursday with=20
    lower precip rates than in the core of the AR over CA. Day 2.5
    snow probs for >12" are 50-80% for the Shasta/Siskiyou/Trinity=20
    Mtns and Day 3 snow probs for >8" are 40-70% for the OR Cascades.

    The lingering cold air brings light lowland snow potential for=20
    much of the PacNW with an appreciable threat for freezing rain=20
    mainly Thursday over northwest OR. Day 2.5 ice probs for >0.1"=20
    are 30-60% for mainly the Coast Ranges west of the Willamette=20
    Valley.=20

    Moisture quickly spreads east throughout the Intermountain West=20
    Thursday through Friday ahead of the slow moving trough axis. Day 3
    snow probs for >8" are above 70% for the Wasatch and Tushar Mtns in
    Utah as well as for western slopes of the CO Rockies and around=20
    50% for the western Sawtooths and Tetons into southeast ID.=20


    ...Northeast...
    Day 2...

    The system coming from Michigan Thursday morning will bring
    widespread precipitation from SW to NE over the Northeast.=20
    Downstream of this system, moist advection will maximize in=20
    response to low-level WAA on S/SE flow overrunning a retreating=20
    high pressure that will try to wedge back to the west into New=20
    England. This will result in an expansion of wintry precipitation
    Wednesday night through Thursday with a wintry mix expected across
    the Northeast with the far northern NY border east of Lake Ontario
    and northern Maine getting the most snow. Day 2 snow probs for >4"
    are limited to the Tug Hill, Adirondacks, Greens, Whites, and
    interior Maine with 40% for >8" over the Thousand Islands area and
    60% over northern Maine. Day 2 ice probs for > 0.1" are 20-30% in
    the Poconos, Catskills, and Berkshires into the Litchfield Hills.


    Jackson/Wegman


    ...Winter Storm Key Messages are in effect...

    Central Plains through Midwest Winter Storm tonight into Thursday: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/key_messages/Late= stKeyMessage_1.png__;!!DZ3fjg!-rnDq3Ng21EUtfmuNYpmKCeiGDMyfJH2dvW331ircDYUN= OB2Fr4KTycEWLTWwbhEP688O8_YJVs_3J-sipQIUbCqqQQ$=20

    Mid-Atlantic Winter Storm continuing tonight for snow/Wednesday
    night for ice: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/key_messages/Late= stKeyMessage_2.png__;!!DZ3fjg!-rnDq3Ng21EUtfmuNYpmKCeiGDMyfJH2dvW331ircDYUN= OB2Fr4KTycEWLTWwbhEP688O8_YJVs_3J-sipQIt47tiDE$=20

    Key messages are also in effect for the Atmospheric River into
    California Wednesday night into Friday and can be found on Weather
    Prediction Center social media.=20


    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Wed Feb 12 08:09:38 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 120808
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    308 AM EST Wed Feb 12 2025

    Valid 12Z Wed Feb 12 2025 - 12Z Sat Feb 15 2025


    ...Mid-Atlantic...=20
    Day 1...

    ...Winter Storm Ongoing Across the Mid-Atlantic with Impacts from=20 Significant Icing the Primary Concern Today. Key Messages linked=20
    below...

    Heavy precipitation is expected to wind down across the Mid-
    Atlantic early D1 (12z Wednesday) as a weak surface low exits
    eastward into the Atlantic along with the direct IVT. However,
    lingering light snow and freezing drizzle is possible during the
    day as the lower levels fail to dry out entirely due to persistent
    mid-upper level flow riding overtop the surface CAD signature.
    Then, as the central U.S. storm strengthens from a neutral turning
    negatively tilted upper trough, IVT restrengthens and even becomes
    extreme (maxing out the NAEFS climatological percentiles for 06z
    into western NC) by tonight. This allows for an increase in both=20
    WAA and precipitation this afternoon and evening across the=20
    central Appalachians and Mid-Atlantic. Given the very strong WAA,=20 precipitation type will mostly fall as freezing rain and a bit of=20
    sleet outside of some brief snow possible in northern MD/PA.=20
    Freezing rain will also confine to areas right along the Blue Ridge
    and Central Appalachians quickly this evening. For western NC and=20
    SW VA this will only add to the already reported significant ice=20
    accretion from the prior day. WPC probabilities for an additional=20
    0.25"+ of freezing rain are moderate (40-60%) across far western=20
    NC, SW VA along the Blue Ridge, and along the hilly/mountainous=20
    terrain following the VA-WV border. Additionally, low probabilities
    (<10%) exist across far western MD and the Laurel Highlands of PA.


    ...Central Plains to Great Lakes...=20
    Days 1-3...

    ...Winter Storm continues across the Central Plains and Midwest=20
    before spreading into the Great Lakes today. Heavy lake-effect=20
    snow is expected downwind of Lake Ontario beginning Thursday=20
    night...

    An upper shortwave ejecting out of the central Rockies this morning
    will take on a negative tilt and provide ample broad lift within
    strong southwesterly flow across the central U.S. directed at the
    Great Lakes. Additionally, a southwest-northeast oriented jet is
    expected to place the system into the left exit region, with a
    precipitation shield beginning this morning between CO and IA=20
    before making it's way into the Great Lakes this evening. With=20
    lake- enhancement on the northeasterly winds, there may be locally=20
    heavier snow and higher accumulations southwest of Lake Michigan,=20
    which may include the Chicago and Milwaukee metros. Of course, this
    will be highly dependent on where any embedded bands associated=20
    with the storm can line up with the lake, resulting in the=20
    localized enhancement. Blowing and drifting of snow in the strong=20
    winds is likely right along the lake shore. Additional enhancements
    are possible along the Lake Huron shoreline into Wednesday night=20
    for the same reason...a rather unusual direction for Lake Huron=20
    enhanced snowfall. Snow ratios will differ drastically depending on
    location, with extremely favorable DGZ and moist columns along the northern/northwest side of the system (GID confirmed 29:1 ratios at
    midnight CST), with less favorable conditions closer to the=20
    surface low center. This may help enhance snowfall totals across
    the northern half of the precipitation shield.

    On the southern side of the comma-head region of the low, enough=20
    warm air is expected to move in around the center of the low to=20
    result in an area of mixing/freezing rain just south of the swath of=20
    snow from central Oklahoma early this morning across much of=20
    southern Missouri, including the St. Louis area, then extending=20
    northeast across central Indiana, including the Indianapolis area,=20
    and into far northwestern Ohio, including the Toledo area. Each of=20
    these areas, and of course those in between, have the potential to=20
    see some light to moderate icing, up to 1/4 inch. Once again the=20
    timing of any icing should be shorter than areas further east,=20
    which should limit any icing accumulations and thus, the magnitude=20
    of any impacts.

    WPC probabilities for ice are moderate (40-60%) for 1/10 inch of=20 accumulation from northeast of Indianapolis northeast through=20
    Toledo, OH. Probabilities are low (5-30%) for 1/10 inch of ice from=20
    south of St. Louis northeast through Indianapolis. For additional snowfall, probabilities for 6 inches or more are low (10-30%) for much of=20
    northern Missouri through eastern Iowa and northern IL, then=20
    increase back to the moderate category (40-60%) along the=20
    lakeshore in Wisconsin due to lake- enhancement from Milwaukee=20
    south to northern Chicago, as well as for much of eastern Michigan=20
    north of Detroit (highest probs (>60%) in eastern Lower Michigan).

    Following the passage of the surface low across the Lower Great
    Lakes at the beginning of D2 (12z Thursday), strong high pressure
    building into the Mid-Mississippi Valley will prompt strong west-
    northwesterly flow over the cool, but mostly open Great Lakes
    (around 26% ice cover). After a brief period of favorable
    conditions for snow showers forming off lakes Superior and Michigan
    early D2, focus turns to Lake Ontario Thursday through Friday
    afternoon as -15 to -20C 850mb temperatures pass over the area. WPC probabilities for at least 8" are high (70-80%) from the southeast
    lakeshore through southern Oswego county, NY. Snowfall totals
    locally up to a foot are possible.


    ...Northeast...
    Day 1-2...

    The system coming from Michigan Thursday morning will bring
    widespread precipitation from SW to NE over the Northeast.=20
    Downstream of this system, moist advection will maximize in=20
    response to low-level WAA on S/SE flow overrunning a retreating=20
    high pressure that will try to wedge back to the west into New=20
    England. This will result in an expansion of wintry precipitation
    Wednesday night through Thursday with a wintry mix expected across
    the Northeast with the far northern NY border east of Lake Ontario
    and northern Maine getting the most snow. In fact, for northern
    Maine a favorable setup for a lifting WAA band of heavy snowfall
    appears likely on Thursday supporting snowfall rates up to 2" per
    hour. Model cross sections depict strong 850-700mb fgen at the
    bottom of a deep DGZ, supporting heavy QPF and efficient snow
    ratios. Day 2 snow probs for >4" are limited to the Tug Hill,=20
    Adirondacks, Greens, Whites, and interior Maine with 70% for >8" in=20
    northern Maine. Day 1-2 ice probs for > 0.1" are 20-30% in the=20
    Poconos, Catskills, and Berkshires into the Litchfield Hills.


    ...Sierra Nevada and much of the West...=20
    Days 1-3...

    An expansive, positively-tilted trough lingers over the west=20
    into today with northwest flow persisting over CA. A shortwave=20
    impulse rides along the central CA coast early this morning=20
    producing areas of light to locally moderate precip with snow=20
    levels around 3000ft in the southern Sierra Nevada and around=20
    4000ft in the SoCal transverse and peninsular ranges. Then, a=20
    stronger low shifts toward the OR/CA border tonight and into D2
    especially, opening into a trough as it drifts east over the Great
    Basin through D3. A strengthening and increasingly northerly jet=20
    shifts toward the West Coast Thursday night. An atmospheric river=20
    with IVT around 500 kg/m/s shifts over the CA coast Wednesday night
    through Thursday. A wave of moderate to topographically enhanced=20
    heavy precip shifts east with the accompanying warm front tonight=20
    through Thursday. Snow levels over the Sierra Nevada are initially=20
    3000ft Wednesday evening, but quickly rise to 6000ft by Thursday=20
    morning. Day 2 snow probs for >18" are high along the length of=20
    the Sierra Nevada with 4-6ft forecast for the High Sierra through=20
    Friday. Farther north into the Shasta/Trinity region and Oregon,=20
    pronounced cold air will be slow to retreat, with snow levels=20
    generally rising only from 2000ft to 4000ft through Thursday with=20
    lower precip rates than in the core of the AR over CA. Day 2.5 snow
    probs for >12" are 50-80% for the Shasta/Siskiyou/Trinity Mtns and
    Day 3 snow probs for >8" are 40-70% for the OR Cascades.

    The lingering cold air brings light lowland snow potential for=20
    much of the PacNW with an appreciable threat for freezing rain=20
    mainly Thursday over northwest OR up along the Coastal Ranges. Day
    2 ice probs for >0.1" are 40-67% for mainly the Coast Ranges west=20
    of the Willamette Valley.=20

    Moisture quickly spreads east throughout the Intermountain West=20
    Thursday through Friday ahead of the slow moving trough axis. Day
    2-3 snow probs for >8" are above 70% for the Wasatch and Tushar=20
    Mtns in Utah, western slopes of the CO Rockies, as well as into the
    Sawtooths of ID and western WY ranges.


    ...Upper Midwest and Great Lakes...
    Day 3...

    As the upper trough crosses the Intermountain West and Rockies on
    Friday, it prompts a strengthening southwesterly oriented jet
    streak across the Plains by late D3 and places the Upper Midwest in
    the favorable left-exit region. Additionally, model guidance
    suggests an inverted surface trough and potent axis of 700 mb WAA
    may allow for additional lift beginning across the Upper Midwest
    Friday before sliding eastward into Lower Michigan by Saturday=20
    morning. Current WPC probabilities for at least 4 inches are=20
    moderate (40-70%) across much of central/southern Wisconsin. There=20
    remains some spread in the amplitude of the western trough and=20
    influence from northern stream energy across Canada, so more=20
    forecast refinements are likely in the coming days.


    Snell



    ...Winter Storm Key Messages are in effect. Please see current=20
    Key Messages below...

    https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/key_messages/Late= stKeyMessage_1.png__;!!DZ3fjg!6JjBpX6gvHC_uwYBUq26lADdaXDk1mLzNiVsUPl3CVLgf= Y-CURvDjtFMKAmZ92DURN5bfbsu2yKWZB0fak8rkTwPUu0$=20

    https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/key_messages/Late= stKeyMessage_2.png__;!!DZ3fjg!6JjBpX6gvHC_uwYBUq26lADdaXDk1mLzNiVsUPl3CVLgf= Y-CURvDjtFMKAmZ92DURN5bfbsu2yKWZB0fak8r_znI-uw$=20

    $$

    =3D =3D =3D
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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Wed Feb 12 21:13:02 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 122112
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    412 PM EST Wed Feb 12 2025

    Valid 00Z Thu Feb 13 2025 - 00Z Sun Feb 16 2025


    ...Central Appalachians...=20
    Day 1...

    ...Next winter storm will further enhance freezing rain concerns
    over the central Appalachians into tonight. Key Messages linked=20
    below...

    A shortwave impulse is over AR/MO this afternoon which is on the
    leading edge of a sprawling, positively-tilted trough axis over the
    Rockies. This is bringing Gulf moisture up across the Southeast
    into the Ohio Valley and up the Mid-Atlantic. Precip has once again
    overspread southern VA, but given the strong warm nose, this is=20
    rain over the coastal plains and well into the Piedmont. However,=20
    afternoon temperatures are at or below freezing from the Blue Ridge
    foothills and west over Virginia to the Allegheny Plateau in=20
    central WV, then south along the crest of the Appalachians into NC
    and north through the Laurels of PA. This cold will only slowly
    erode tonight with continued freezing rain, adding to the existing
    ice impacts. WPC Day 1 ice probabilities for >0.25" additional ice
    after 00Z are around 10% for the Allegheny Highlands of VA with
    40-60% probabilities for >0.1" from southwest VA north through the
    Blue Ridge/Shenandoah Valley, Potomac Highlands, Laurels, and up
    through the Allegheny National Forecast in northwest PA.


    ...Great Lakes and Northeast...=20
    Days 1-2...

    ...Winter Storm continues over the Midwest and Great Lakes tonight,
    spreading over Northeast Thursday. Prolonged heavy lake-effect=20
    snow downwind of Lake Ontario Thursday night into Friday...

    Shortwave trough over MO will lift over the Great Lakes tonight
    before amplifying as it tracks over the Northeast Thursday. A sign
    of this amplification is a re-strengthening of SWly jet over the
    eastern Great Lakes tonight and over New England Thursday with a
    return of 150kt flow by 12Z Thursday. Decent banding lingers from Des
    Moines through Milwaukee to across MI north of Grand Rapids on the
    north side of a dry slot in the developing wave. Ideal DGZ depth is
    making for good snow rates in this band which will continue rest of
    this evening west of Lake Michigan and into the overnight over the
    L.P. of MI. This axis extrapolated ENE over the Northeast overnight
    and Thursday tracks very near the northern NY border with heavy
    snow generally over the Thousand Islands NY and across northern
    Maine. Warm air advection makes for a wintry mix over much of the
    rest of the Northeast/New England tonight/Thursday with snow=20
    changing to some sleet and freezing rain.

    Day 1 snow probs for >6" are 20-50% over eastern MI north of
    Detroit, in the 30-50% range for the Adirondacks, Greens, Whites,
    and northern Maine as well as long the northern NY border. Freezing
    rain probs for >0.1" ice is 20-40% for the Poconos, Catskills,
    Berkshires, southern Greens and Whites.=20

    Following the passage of the surface low across the eastern Great=20
    Lakes Thursday morning, 1035mb+ high pressure building into the=20
    Mid- Mississippi Valley will prompt strong WNWly flow over open=20
    Great Lakes (Erie is ice covered). After a brief period of=20
    favorable conditions for snow showers forming off lakes Superior=20
    and Michigan Thursday morning, focus turns to Lake Ontario=20
    Thursday afternoon through Friday as -15 to -20C 850mb=20
    temperatures cross. Day 2 WPC probabilities for >8" are 40-70%=20
    from the southeast lakeshore through southern Oswego county, NY to
    a line over the north side of Syracuse. Snowfall totals locally=20
    over a foot are possible.


    ...Sierra Nevada, Pacific Northwest through the Rockies...=20
    Days 1-3...

    ...Atmospheric River with heavy Sierra Nevada snow affects
    California tonight into Friday. Key Messages are linked below...=20

    Upper low centered out near 140W west of the OR/CA border is
    directing an atmospheric river (AR) that reaches the northern CA
    coast this evening and shifts south down the coast to southern CA
    through Thursday night as the low opens into a slow moving trough.

    The atmospheric river has IVT around 500 kg/m/s making for a wave=20
    of moderate to topographically enhanced heavy precip tonight
    through Thursday night over the Sierra Nevada. Snow levels over=20
    the Sierra Nevada are initially 4000ft at onset this evening,=20
    quickly rise to 7000ft by Thursday morning, then drop back to
    6000ft under the trough axis Thursday night. Both Days 1 and 2 snow
    probs for >18" are high along the length of the Sierra Nevada with=20
    4-7ft forecast for the High Sierra through Friday.=20

    Farther north into the Shasta/Trinity region and Oregon,=20
    pronounced cold air will be slow to retreat, with snow levels=20
    generally rising only from 2000ft to 4500ft through Thursday with=20
    lower precip rates than in the core of the AR over CA. Day 1.5=20
    snow probs for >12" are 50-80% for the higher Shasta/Siskiyou/=20
    Trinity Mtns and Day 2 snow probs for >8" are 50-80% for the OR=20
    Cascades.

    The lingering cold air brings light lowland snow and ice potential
    for southern WA through western OR. An appreciable freezing rain
    threat is over northwestern OR Thursday/Thursday night mainly=20
    along the Coastal Ranges. Day 1.5 ice probs for >0.1" are 40-80%=20
    for mainly the Coast Ranges west of the Willamette Valley.=20

    Moisture quickly spreads east throughout the Intermountain West=20
    Thursday through Friday ahead of the slow moving trough axis. Day
    2 snow probs for >8" are above 80% for the Tetons through the Wasatch
    and Tushar Mtns (UT) and across the western slopes of the CO=20
    Rockies with around 50% probs still for the Sawtooths of ID, and
    Kaibab Plateau in AZ and northern NM ranges. Snow rates greatly
    lower across the west Friday as the trough axis drifts over the
    Rockies, but broad light to locally moderate snow persists over=20
    much of the terrain. Most of the Rockies have over 30% probs for an
    additional 6" on Day 3.


    ...Upper Midwest and Great Lakes...
    Day 3...

    As the upper trough crosses the southern Rockies Friday night into
    Saturday, a strengthening southwesterly oriented jet streak across
    the Plains places the Upper Midwest in the favorable left-exit=20
    region over an inverted surface trough. Potent axis of 700 mb WAA=20
    may allow for additional lift beginning across the Upper Midwest=20
    Friday before sliding eastward into Lower Michigan by Saturday=20
    morning. Current WPC probabilities for >4" are around 20% over=20
    eastern Neb and western IA with >6" probs of 30-60% mainly over
    southern WI and much of the L.P. of MI. Dynamic banding is forecast
    with this re-developing wave and guidance has variability in
    placement, so further details on heavy snow banding will come into
    better agreement in subsequent shifts.


    Jackson




    ...Winter Storm Key Messages are in effect for both the Northeast
    and West as linked below...

    https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/key_messages/Late= stKeyMessage_1.png__;!!DZ3fjg!-bEaK6Cpp0K9O90p20q8XUzhJ9QNgt-dmEUHgKAl2MUfh= _Lvoug8qC7uPV-8PxWliXSB4qghi_yKuMeE2rRkeHqD994$=20

    https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/key_messages/Late= stKeyMessage_2.png__;!!DZ3fjg!-bEaK6Cpp0K9O90p20q8XUzhJ9QNgt-dmEUHgKAl2MUfh= _Lvoug8qC7uPV-8PxWliXSB4qghi_yKuMeE2rRkoz19Vdk$=20

    $$

    =3D =3D =3D
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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Thu Feb 6 09:13:38 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 060913
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    413 AM EST Thu Feb 6 2025

    Valid 12Z Thu Feb 06 2025 - 12Z Sun Feb 09 2025

    ...Pacific Coast through the Northern Rockies...
    Days 1-2...

    ...Winter Storm to impact the West as a potent low tracks across=20
    California tonight, and the northern Rockies on Friday...

    A stormy pattern across the West will finally come to an end late=20
    this week as the upper level pattern resets to a much drier pattern.=20
    In the upper levels, the previous cutoff low centered near=20
    Washington State will rejoin the main jet stream and open up into a=20
    potent trough. This upper level low has quite a bit of shortwave=20
    energy circulating around it. This shortwave energy will support=20 cyclogenesis off the California coast. The surface low will track=20 northeastward over California and into Idaho, before transferring=20
    its energy to a leeside low over Colorado. The upper level trough=20
    will be weakening through late Friday night, however the surface low=20
    will tap into quite a bit of Pacific moisture which will be moving=20
    into the Pacific Northwest. The low-turned-trough will start out=20
    positively tilted but as it moves into the interior Pacific=20
    Northwest, it will become more neutrally tilted as its energy merges=20
    with the jet stream it is rejoining.

    NAEFS continues to show this system will have a significant Pacific=20
    feed of moisture with more than 500 kg/ms of Integrated Vapor=20
    Transport, which still tops the 99th percentile. Snow levels will=20
    rise ahead of the low but lower both behind it and to the north of=20
    the track. NBM snow levels into Oregon and Idaho will be around=20
    3,000 ft. Into the southern Sierras, snow levels will rise to above=20
    8,000 ft through the first half of Thursday night, then will drop to=20
    around 5,000 ft through midday Friday behind the cold front. For the=20 northern Sierras, snow levels will stay between 6,000 and 8,000 ft.=20
    WPC probabilities for the Sierras are low to moderate (30-50%) for=20
    snow amounts above 24 inches. Into far northern California,=20
    probabilities are moderate to high (50-70%) for snowfall amounts of=20
    over 12 inches. While snow levels will be lower, there will not be=20
    nearly as much moisture available to convert to snowfall.

    =46rom late Thursday night into Friday morning, the snow will spread=20 northeastward into Idaho, Montana, and Wyoming. This will occur as=20
    the upper level shortwave trough forcing the surface low causing the=20
    snow lifts to the northeast and continues weakening. Meanwhile, a=20
    1030+ mb Arctic High will remain in place from Alberta and=20
    Saskatchewan and into the Northern Plains. This high will supply=20
    plentiful cold air to keep all of these areas as snow. Once again=20
    however, plentiful moisture from the warm side of the system will=20
    follow the cold conveyor belt into the northern Intermountain West,=20
    allowing for plenty of moisture for widespread snow. The greatest=20
    snow in this area will be into the Sawtooths of Idaho, Bitterroots=20
    of Montana and into the Wind River Range and Yellowstone/Teton N.P.=20
    areas of Wyoming. WPC probabilities in this area are moderate (40-
    60%) for 12 inches or more of snow through Saturday morning.

    WSSI values will get into the Extreme range (substantial disruptions=20
    to daily life and very difficult to impossible travel) for the=20
    southern Sierras with the heaviest snow today into tonight. Moderate=20
    to major impacts (Disruptions to daily life and avoid travel) are=20
    expected from the Klamath mountains of northern California into=20
    southern Oregon as well as through the Sawtooth and Wind River=20
    Ranges.

    Wegman


    ...Northern Plains through the Great Lakes and Ohio Valley...=20
    Days 1-3...

    A fairly potent shortwave trough can be seen over the southern
    Canadian Parries moving eastward with robust ascent focused within
    the diffluent axis of the trough. Lift is currently strongest=20
    across Northern MN into the Arrowhead north of Lake Superior.=20
    Forecast is for the disturbance to continue advancing eastward with
    the strongest forcing centered over Western Ontario into the U.P.=20
    of Michigan by the morning. Additional snow accumulations >4" are=20
    likely in-of the central and eastern side of the U.P. with the=20
    latest WWD probs ranging between 50-80% within the corridor south=20
    of Superior. Small section of elevated probs (40-70%) also exists=20
    within the Keweenaw Peninsula as well, a combination of synoptic=20
    based forcing with the potent shortwave, as well as some lingering=20
    lake effect later this afternoon.=20

    After a brief respite on D1 across the Northern Plains and Upper
    Midwest, the progressive flow across much of the CONUS will surge=20
    another winter storm system eastward into the Northern Plains to=20
    begin mid-D2. This system is progged to be much more impressive as
    a potent driving trough ejects from the Pacific Northwest and into
    the Northern Plains late-Friday night into Saturday morning. The=20
    overall mid- level pattern across the Northern Plains is progged to
    remain generally flat, but rapid height falls and a potent=20
    subtropical jet streak reaching 155kts will help push IVT=20
    exceeding the 90th percentile from NAEFS into the region. At the=20
    same time, strengthening WAA downstream of a low pressure moving=20
    across the Central Plains will draw higher moisture poleward, and=20
    the overlap of this WAA with the LER of the upper jet streak will=20
    produce a stripe of impressive 850-600mb fgen, efficiently lifting=20
    ascent into a deepening DGZ. This will result in a swath of snow=20
    from the Dakotas through Wisconsin, with an embedded band of=20
    heavier snow likely mainly intersecting the enhanced 700mb
    frontogen being depicted within all viable deterministic as of 00z.
    Spread has decreased among the deterministic with impressive probs
    for >6" being depicted by the National Blend (70-90%). Consensus
    among ensembles within the 00z GEFS/ECENS combo suggest high=20
    confidence for this event and impactful snow is likely across the=20
    Dakotas, especially northeastern SD and into Minnesota/Wisconsin.=20
    WPC probabilities have remain elevated given the latest trends,=20
    and now support a high risk (>70%) for more than 6 inches D2 over
    northeast SD through south-central MN and central WI, surrounded=20
    by a larger expanse of 40-60% from north-central SD through east-=20
    central WI. High probs >70% continue into D3 with emphasis over=20
    central WI over to the Lake Michigan shores, including the Green=20
    Bay area to the southern portion of the Door Peninsula.

    Farther to the southeast, the WAA will lift a warm nose more=20
    robustly immediately downstream of the surface low into the Upper=20
    Midwest and Ohio Valley. This will cause a stripe of mixed=20
    precipitation to develop on D3 from Illinois through eastern Ohio,=20
    and WPC probabilities increase once again, now featuring a 40-70%=20
    chance for at least 0.01" of ice over central IL through much of=20
    the northern half of OH.

    Weiss/Kleebauer


    ...Mid-Atlantic and Northeast...=20
    Days 1-3...

    Progressive moving shortwave analyzed over southern IL/LN will
    continue moving to the east-northeast with several smaller mid-
    level perturbations ejecting downstream of the mean trough. At the
    surface, cyclogenesis in-of Cape Hatteras has transpired with the
    expected low to progress rapidly to the northeast with modest
    strengthening as it approaches LI and Southern New England by
    later this morning. Further north, a formidable 1030mb high will
    continue to shunting eastward with the previous cold air filtering
    shutting off with prevailing easterlies likely occurring east of
    the Piedmont creating a textbook case of WAA nosing through a very
    shallow cold air mass. By morning, mixed precipitation will be the
    dominant ptype over the Northern Mid Atlantic with the depth of the
    cold air hanging on across New England and Upstate NY where snow
    will remain the primary ptype through the front part of D1. Higher
    elevations across New England will be the last areas to see any
    changeover from snow to IP/ZR, or at least have significantly
    degraded snow ratios due to the acceleration of warm air poleward
    into the area as southwesterly flow within the 850-650mb layer
    contributes to the mixed precipitation phases during the first half
    of the period. Maturation of the surface cyclone off the coast of
    New England should help maintain the cold air long enough within
    the confines of interior ME and Northern New England where snow
    will maintain the ptype through the period before the system moves
    out into the North Atlantic during the back half of the forecast.
    WPC probabilities for >4" remain elevated (40-70%) within those=20
    higher terrain areas of the Tug Hill, Adirondacks, Green and White=20
    Mtns., and the Southwest terrain over ME. Ice accumulations have
    trended fairly low with some prospects of 0.01-0.1" of ice
    accretion over much of PA through the Hudson Valley of NY and
    Southern New England. These areas should remain outside warning
    criteria, but there will still be some lingering hazards within
    those locales that receive any ice accretion.=20

    A sharp cold front will maneuver through the Northeastern U.S. by
    D2 creating a locally enhanced zone of LES off Lake Ontario with
    the primary fetch settled between flow between 270-290 deg.
    creating a persistent band between Oswego up towards Pulaski and
    areas downstream. The southern portion of the Tug Hill will be the
    benefactor of the LES development with general persistence in the
    band as it oscillates within that narrow corridor. Considering
    delta-T's nearing 20C off the lake behind the strong CAA regime,
    the band EL's between 15-20k ft will be sufficient for producing
    rates between 1-2"/hr at peak intensity within the band offering a
    narrow stripe of 6+" during the D2 time frame before the flow
    settles and the band falls apart. WPC probs within the anticipated
    axis is between 40-60% for >4" with a very small area of ~70% just
    downwind of the Lake near Pulaski.=20

    Finally by D3, a potent shortwave trough across the Plains and
    Midwest will continue to advancement eastward with a surface low
    spawning on the southern periphery of the trough axis across KS/MO,
    quickly moving east-northeast during the D2 into D3 period. A
    strong southwesterly WAA regime within the 850-600mb layer will
    transpire once again, only this time will generate a much more
    significant outcome of snowfall into New England. Very strong
    850-700mb frontogenesis will accompany the setup with a deep enough
    entrenched cold airmass over the Hudson Valley up through New
    England to support a significant snowfall back over the region.
    Surface low over the plains will move into the Ohio Valley with an
    expected surface low transfer off the Delmarva coast creating a
    prevailing east to northeast flow within the PBL that should create
    enough of a barrier for the WAA pattern further south penetrating
    much further than the NY state line across southeastern NY state.
    This has been signaled among much of the latest deterministic with
    a fair amount of ensemble support for this synoptic evolution. WPC probabilities are very robust for >4" with 70+% encompassing all of
    Western NY state through Central NY and the Hudson Valley. The
    higher probs extend well east into all of Southern New England with
    80% probs focused just to the west of the Boston Metro. Probs for
    8" are sufficiently within the 40-70% range across the Hudson
    Valley with the epicenter of the highest probs located over the
    Catskills and the Berkshires of western MA. Lower probs for at=20
    least 4" also exist over a large area surrounding the above zones,=20
    so there is a growing potential for an impactful snowfall occurring
    during the D3 time frame which includes much of Saturday into=20
    Sunday morning.=20

    Ice potential will also exist further south as the CAD wedge over
    the Mid-Atlantic will likely see repeating setup with WAA within
    the PBL causing issues concerning ptype transition from frozen to
    liquid hydrometeors. Similar to this past setup, areas northwest of
    the fall line in the Mid-Atlantic within the Piedmont will have the
    best chance for ice accretion after a short instance of SN/IP as
    the storm enters mid-D3. Highest probs for >0.1" of ice accretion
    still exists over the Laurel Highlands down into Western MD
    (40-60%), the same areas that are currently contending with ice
    this evening. It remains a fluid situation as guidance has not
    settled on the timing of the mixed phase to predominantly liquid
    ptype, but impacts are anticipated to be very similar to what is
    currently occurring.=20

    Kleebauer


    ...Winter Storm Key Messages are in effect. Please see current=20
    Key Messages below...

    https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/key_messages/Late= stKeyMessage_1.png__;!!DZ3fjg!49ZkWMFzJGHZmEDM90fqINVl_hfDN1vlQBkcwIKACSPQZ= f-903UL6c1SJef3KhaTON_aq4-BL-X47jYy2jPkA2_w-QA$=20

    https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/key_messages/Late= stKeyMessage_2.png__;!!DZ3fjg!49ZkWMFzJGHZmEDM90fqINVl_hfDN1vlQBkcwIKACSPQZ= f-903UL6c1SJef3KhaTON_aq4-BL-X47jYy2jPk8Sd9W_c$=20

    $$

    =3D =3D =3D
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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Thu Feb 6 19:37:38 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 061937
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    237 PM EST Thu Feb 6 2025

    Valid 00Z Fri Feb 07 2025 - 00Z Mon Feb 10 2025

    ...Pacific Coast through the Northern Rockies...
    Days 1-2...

    ...Winter Storm impacting the West as a potent low tracks into the
    Pacific Northwest tonight and the northern Rockies by Friday...

    A stormy pattern across the West will finally come to an end late=20
    this week as the upper-level pattern resets to a much drier=20
    pattern. A cutoff low centered near Washington State will rejoin=20
    the polar jet and open up into a potent (but less anomalous)=20
    trough. An associated surface low off California coast will move
    ashore tonight, tracking northeastward into northern
    California/Nevada, southwest Oregon, and into Idaho by Friday
    morning (eventually transitioning to a leeside low over Colorado
    this weekend). The upper level trough will be weakening through=20
    late Friday night, however the surface low will tap into quite a=20
    bit of Pacific moisture which will be moving into the Pacific=20
    Northwest. The low- turned-trough will start out positively tilted,=20
    but as it moves into the interior Pacific Northwest it will become
    more neutrally tilted as it is fully absorbed into the polar jet.=20

    Global model initializations (12z Thu runs) depict significant a=20
    significant feed of moisture off the Pacific with more than 500=20
    kg/ms of Integrated Vapor Transport (IVT), which still tops the=20
    99th percentile (per NAEFS climatology). Snow levels will rise=20
    ahead of the low, but lower both behind it and to the north of the=20
    track. NBM snow levels into Oregon and Idaho are indicated to be=20
    between 3-4k ft. Into the southern Sierras, snow levels will rise=20
    to above 8k ft through the first half of Thursday night, then fall=20
    to around ~5k ft through midday Friday behind the cold front. For=20
    the northern Sierras, snow levels will stay between 6-8k ft for the
    bulk of the snowfall, falling to between 3-5k ft by Friday morning
    (as snowfall begins to taper off). WPC probabilities for the=20
    Sierras are moderate to high (50-70%) for snow amounts above 24=20
    inches through mid-day Friday. Into far northern California,=20
    probabilities are moderate to high (50-70%) for snowfall amounts of
    over 12 inches for the same time period. While snow levels will be
    lower, there will not be nearly as much moisture available to=20
    convert to snowfall (as the IVTs are focused farther south of the
    front).=20

    =46rom late tonight into Friday morning, the snow will spread=20
    northeastward into Idaho, Montana, and Wyoming as the shortwave and
    associated surface low pivot to the northeast (while generally
    weakening). Meanwhile, a 1030+ mb Arctic High will remain in place
    from Alberta and Saskatchewan and into the Northern Plains. This=20
    high will supply plentiful cold air to keep all of these areas as=20
    snow. Plentiful moisture from the warm side of the system will=20
    follow the cold conveyor belt into the northern Intermountain West, facilitating widespread snow. The greatest snow in this area will=20
    be into the Sawtooths of Idaho, Bitterroots of Montana and into the
    Wind River Range and Yellowstone/Teton N.P. areas of Wyoming. WPC=20 probabilities in this area are moderate to high (50-70%) for 12=20
    inches or more of snow through late Saturday night.

    WSSI values will get into the Extreme range (substantial disruptions=20
    to daily life, travel not advised) for the southern Sierras with=20
    the heaviest snow through tonight. Moderate to major impacts=20
    (considerable disruptions to daily life, avoid travel if possible)
    are expected from the Klamath mountains of northern California=20
    into southern Oregon as well as through the Sawtooth and Wind River
    Ranges.=20

    Churchill/Wegman


    ...Northern Plains through the Great Lakes and Ohio Valley...=20
    Days 1-3...

    A potent shortwave will eject from the interior Northwest Friday
    evening and begin to race east within flat/progressive flow=20
    entrenched across the CONUS. This shortwave trough will remain=20
    positively tilted through its evolution across the region, but=20
    have plenty of vorticity and accompanying PVA to produce impressive
    omega. This will additionally be enhanced by a potent subtropical=20
    jet streak exceeding 150kts which will both additionally enhance=20
    deep layer lift but also enhance IVT (progged to exceed the 90th=20
    percentile of the CFSR climatology into the Plains/Upper Midwest).

    This moisture will be additionally enhanced by a surge of
    WAA/isentropic ascent, especially along the 285-295K surfaces,
    downstream of the parent shortwave. This WAA will manifest as well
    as a stripe of enhanced fgen, especially within the 700-600mb
    layer. This will additionally improve ascent, and there is likely
    to be a region of intense omega driving heavy snowfall rates as the
    system moves rapidly eastward. At the same time, the DGZ is progged
    to deepen considerably in response to this WAA, which is reflected
    by SREF DGZ 100mb depth probabilities reaching 50% from eastern SD
    through the Twin-Cities of MN and into central WI. With the column
    being quite cold, this could result in fluffy and efficient
    dendrites that can accumulate rapidly. However, it should be noted
    that the best fgen lies at the top of this DGZ, so may not really
    manifest as an efficient "cross-hatch" signature for snow growth,
    and with the column so cold large aggregates will be difficult to
    achieve. Still, an above-climo SLR seems likely, and snowfall rates
    of 1-2"/hr should be supported within this translating swath of
    snow.

    The progressive nature of the system combined with the slightly
    less than ideal snow growth, will somewhat limit total snowfall,=20
    but this will still be an impactful event, and in some areas may be
    the heaviest snowfall of the season to date. Current WPC=20
    probabilities are 50-70% for 6+ inches across central MN and into=20
    western WI D2, with generally 3-6" expected on either side of the=20
    core of this snowfall from SD into MI.

    Farther to the southeast, the WAA will lift a warm nose more=20
    robustly immediately downstream of a developing surface low into=20
    the Upper Midwest and Ohio Valley, primarily after 12Z Saturday. This
    will cause a stripe of mixed precipitation to develop from=20
    Illinois through eastern Ohio, resulting in another round of
    accumulating sleet/freezing rain across these areas. WPC
    probabilities for 0.01" of ice are moderate (50-70%) from eastern
    IL through eastern OH, with locally more than 0.1" possible
    (10-30%) in IN/OH.

    Weiss


    ...Mid-Atlantic and Northeast...=20
    Days 1-3...

    The first in a series of winter weather events will be exiting=20
    this evening as a coastal low moves progressively eastward from New
    England. As this low departs this evening, it will continue to toss
    moisture back to the west on cyclonic flow, resulting in areas of
    still moderate snowfall across eastern New England and much of
    Maine. However, the progressiveness of the mid-level pattern will
    keep this system moving quickly away from the area, and snowfall
    associated with it should end before daybreak Friday. Additional
    accumulations of 2+ inches is likely across northern Maine as shown
    by WPC probabilities reaching 50-70% in the higher elevations.

    Behind this low, a potent cold front will race quickly southeast in
    its wake, leading to pronounced CAA and briefly impressive low-
    level convergence. This will have a two-pronged impact to winter
    weather across the Northeast. The first will be an increased threat
    for convective snow showers and snow squalls Friday morning,
    especially across Upstate NY and into Northern New England.
    Although the timing of the front is not ideal for impressive
    squalls, there is forecast to be enough overlap of low level RH,
    fgen, and instability to support scattered to widespread convective
    snow showers and isolated squalls. This is supported by simulated
    reflectivity in the high-res CAMs as well as HREF probabilities
    showing low-end chances for 1+"/hr rates. Accumulations with any
    squalls will be minor, but briefly heavy rates and lowered
    visibility could cause hazardous travel.

    Then behind this front, CAA causes a drop in 850mb temperatures to
    support sfc-850mb delta T nearing 20C across Lake Ontario (Lake
    Erie is now completely ice covered). EL's approaching 15,000 ft
    over Lake Ontario will help support a single band of lake effect
    snow (LES) with rates at times reaching 1-2"/hr beginning Friday=20
    aftn and persisting into Saturday aftn, with some upstream=20
    connection to Lake Huron aiding in the threat. This will likely=20
    lead to some heavy snowfall accumulations, especially across the=20
    Tug Hill Plateau, where WPC probabilities for 4+ inches of snow D1
    are above 70%, with an additional 30% chance on D2, leading to LES
    total snowfall as much as 12 inches in isolated areas.

    A more significant system begins to take shape the latter half of
    D2. Despite the generally flat and progressive flow across the=20
    CONUS, a potent shortwave trough ejecting from the Plains will move
    into the Ohio Valley by 00Z/Sun, and then continue rapidly east
    across New England on Sunday. This will be accompanied by an
    impressive upper jet streak progged to reach 170kts as it arcs
    across the northern tier of the CONUS. Downstream and to the south
    of this overlapping synoptic ascent, a wave of low pressure will
    begin to develop along a warm front as it lifts northward in
    response to intensifying WAA, leading to an expansion of
    precipitation late D2 and moreso on D3 from the Ohio Valley
    northeast through the Mid-Atlantic and into New England.

    High pressure ahead of this developing low will retreat to the east
    Sunday, with the resultant isentropic ascent maximizing along the
    290-300K surfaces. Mixing ratios within this lift are quite
    impressive, 4+g/kg, which will push a plume of PWs exceeding the=20
    90th percentile according to the NAEFS climatology into the Mid-=20
    Atlantic and Southern New England. As this low skirts east off the=20
    NJ coast, it will likely intensify south of New England, and the=20
    resultant ageostrophic flow and CAA in its wake will halt the=20
    progression of the accompanying warm nose, keeping mixed=20
    precipitation confined to the Mid-Atlantic states. While there is=20
    still quite a bit of latitudinal uncertainty in the placement of=20
    this low and accompanying WAA strength, confidence is increasing=20
    that a significant winter storm will move quickly across the region
    D3.=20

    This will result in a swath of moderate to heavy icing, generally
    across the Central Appalachians and Mid-Atlantic states where WPC=20
    probs for more than 0.1" of ice are above 70% (10-30% for 0.25" in
    the Laurel Highlands and MD Panhandle). Farther north, however,=20
    the threat for heavy snow has substantially increased as impressive
    850-600mb fgen overlaps with the ridge of elevated theta-e to=20
    support heavy snow rates and possible banded structures.
    Despite the fast moving system, WPC probabilities are high (>70%)
    for 6+ inches from near the Capital District around Albany eastward
    to the Boston metro area and SW ME. Locally double-digit snowfall
    is possible, especially across the Worcester Hills of MA and=20
    Monadnock Region of NH.


    Weiss


    ...Winter Storm Key Messages are in effect. Please see current=20
    Key Messages below...

    https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/key_messages/Late= stKeyMessage_2.png__;!!DZ3fjg!8uswbG8gYMDREyMueqYQhRYN3Huw1YZN74yT0gXaQzU2c= v4ESSKr6mytq3kALRGYf5TJZ4rqo_wIQDAyeKtnPpi6HMg$=20

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Thu Feb 13 08:57:41 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 130856
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    356 AM EST Thu Feb 13 2025

    Valid 12Z Wed Feb 12 2025 - 12Z Sat Feb 15 2025


    ...Great Lakes and Northeast...=20
    Day 1...

    Low pressure moving through the Ohio Valley this morning will=20
    continue northeastward into southeastern Ontario, with broad WAA-=20
    driven snow over northern New England D1 and an icy mix where=20
    boundary layer sub-freezing temperatures persist beneath the=20
    warming layer ~750-850mb (e.g., North Country, Green and White=20
    Mountains). By this afternoon, a forming area of low pressure near=20
    the Gulf of Maine will help maintain a colder column over much of=20
    Maine, favoring more snow for the Pine Tree State via northerly=20
    flow. After 00Z, the whole system will depart into Atlantic Canada.
    WPC snowfall probs for >4" are highest (>50%) in the higher=20
    elevations of the Adirondacks and Green/White Mountains, as well as
    over the northern half of Maine. Freezing rain probs for >0.1" ice
    are low (10-20%) over parts of central New England.

    In its wake, NW/WNW/W flow across the mostly unfrozen Great Lakes=20
    will support lake effect snow as 850mb temps of -15 to -20C move=20
    across the region. WPC probabilities for >6" low (10-50%) over the=20
    eastern U.P. of MI but are high (>70%) south of Buffalo with some=20
    moisture flux through the ice and especially southeast off Lake=20
    Ontario just north of SYR up to FZY. Snowfall totals locally over a
    foot are possible.


    ...Sierra Nevada, Pacific Northwest through the Rockies...=20
    Days 1-3...

    ...Atmospheric River with heavy Sierra Nevada snow affects=20
    California tonight into Friday. Key Messages are linked below...=20

    Upper low approaching 130W this morning is directing an=20
    atmospheric river (AR) into NorCal then shifts south down the coast
    to SoCal tonight as the low opens/splits into a slow-moving=20
    trough.

    The atmospheric river has IVT around 500 kg/m/s (near the MAX in=20
    the CFSR climo period) making for a wave of moderate to heavy=20 topographically- enhanced precip over the Sierra Nevada. Snow=20
    levels around 6000-7000ft across CA this morning will drop back to=20 5000-6000ft under the trough axis tonight (Sierra) and around=20
    4500ft (Shasta/Trinity). SLRs will be low to moderate given the=20
    strong WAA, resulting in plenty of Sierra cement (>5ft and perhaps=20
    8ft at the highest peaks). Snowfall rates will lessen into early=20
    Friday (as SLRs rise a bit) and end completely by Friday night as=20
    upper ridging builds in.

    The lingering cold air brings light lowland snow and icing=20
    potential for southern WA through western OR. Freezing rain threat=20
    will advance northward on the edge of the precip shield this=20
    morning from western OR (Coastal Ranges) northward across the=20
    Columbia River into southwestern WA. WPC probs for >0.1" are=20
    moderate (40-80%) for mainly the Coast Ranges west of the=20
    Willamette Valley.=20

    Moisture quickly spreads east throughout the Intermountain West=20
    through Friday ahead of the slow-moving trough axis. Moisture=20
    transport into the Great Basin and Wasatch/Rockies will be notable=20
    per the ECMWF EFI and NAEFS IVT percentiles >99th percentile. WPC=20
    probs for >8" are above 80% for the Tetons through the Wasatch and=20
    Tushar Mtns (UT) and across the western slopes of the CO Rockies=20
    with >60% probs for the Sawtooths of ID, and Kaibab Plateau in AZ=20
    and northern NM ranges. Snow rates peak early Fri from west to east
    as the trough axis drifts over the Rockies, but broad light to=20
    locally moderate snow persists over much of the terrain into early=20
    Sat (end of D2). By Sat/D3, the last piece of the broad longwave=20
    trough will slip through the central Rockies, yield another several
    inches of snow centered over western CO where WPC probs for at=20
    least 6 inches are moderate (40-70%).

    Finally, a sprawling North Pacific system will enter the PacNW at=20
    the end of D3 with generally light snow for the WA Cascades.


    ...Upper Midwest/Great Lakes/Northeast...=20
    Days 2-3...

    Leading edge of the western trough Friday afternoon will manifest=20
    itself at the poleward exit region of a 140kt upper jet across the=20
    Plains and near the equatorward entrance region of the northern=20
    stream jet across southern Ontario. This will promote broad lift=20
    over the Upper Midwest with accompanying WAA atop an inverted=20
    surface trough. Quick westward flow aloft will keep the system=20
    moving through the region, but potential exists for a quick-hitting
    few inches of snow with room for some localized bands of heavier=20
    snow across WI. WPC probs for >4" snow are >50% over much of=20
    central and southern WI to the IL border and into Lower MI.=20

    Farther east into D3, snow will expand into the Northeast on=20
    continued WAA ahead of a deepening upper trough and strengthening=20
    upper jet arced from the Lower MS Valley to the St. Lawrence River=20
    Valley. Light to moderate snow is forecast across southern Ontario=20
    eastward into NY and New England where WPC probs for >4" snow are=20
    moderate (40-70%), especially above 1500ft or so. Across the=20
    interior Mid-Atlantic, cold surface temperatures from the departing
    high pressure will be overrun with WAA precip, resulting in areas=20
    of freezing rain from the southern Appalachians northward through=20
    the Laurel Highlands into the Catskills. WPC probs for at least=20
    0.1" icing are moderate (40-70%) with low-end (10-30%) probs for at
    least 0.25" icing. This will depend on how strong the southerly=20
    flow will be to scour out the cold surface temperatures vs precip=20 timing/onset and intensity.=20


    Fracasso/Jackson


    ...Winter Storm Key Messages are in effect. Please see current=20
    Key Messages below...

    https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/key_messages/Late= stKeyMessage_2.png__;!!DZ3fjg!47RfJ0KrfWibvV9EriQLY0K0ysz7t3npsK2kq7S3BR1Al= 8Dt0CWum4y07uzoHXi54d007yUsgZXZcIFST14Vy9IqwC4$=20

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Thu Feb 13 21:16:54 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 132116
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    416 PM EST Thu Feb 13 2025

    Valid 00Z Fri Feb 14 2025 - 00Z Mon Feb 17 2025


    ...New York State and New England...=20
    Day 1...

    Heavy synoptically forced snow shifts east of northern Maine tapers
    off rest of this afternoon.

    Westerly flow over Lake Erie is producing lake enhanced snow over
    the Chautauqua Ridge in spite of Erie being nearly frozen over per
    GLERL. However, as flow shifts WNWly this evening, flow over
    Superior, Georgian Bay, and Lake Ontario will produce single
    banding LES along the Oswego/Onondaga county lines through Friday
    morning. Day 1 snow probs in that specific swath just north of
    Syracuse for >8" are over 70% with localized totals over 12"
    likely.


    ...Sierra Nevada, Pacific Northwest through the Rockies...=20
    Days 1-2...

    ...Heavy Sierra Nevada snow continues into Friday with heavy snow
    over the central/southern Rockies into Friday night. Key Messages=20
    are linked below...

    Upper low over northern CA is directing the AR over SoCal this
    evening with continued onshore flow into Friday with instability
    enhancing precip over the Sierra Nevada as the low opens into a
    slow moving trough. Snow levels drop back to 5000-6000ft under the
    trough axis tonight (Sierra) and around 4500ft (Shasta/Trinity)
    helping add more wet snow. Day 1 snow probs for additional >18" are
    60-90% along the High Sierra.

    Cold air lingers over the PacNW lowlands with continued snow and
    freezing rain, particularly around Portland (especially west of
    town in the Coastal Range) tonight. Day 1 ice probs for an
    additional >0.1" after 00Z are 20-30% there.=20

    Moisture continues to spread east through the Intermountain West=20
    through Friday evening ahead of the slow-moving trough axis.=20
    Snow rates peak tonight over the Wasatch and Tushar in Utah and
    western CO Rockies slopes. Day 1 snow probs for >12" are over 80%
    for these areas and around 50% for the OR Cascades, western
    Sawtooths, Tetons, and Kaibab Plateau.

    Day 3...

    The next upper low approaches western Washington Sunday with snow
    levels around 3000ft for the northern Cascades. Day 3 snow probs
    for >8" are 30-60% for this higher terrain.


    ...Upper Midwest/Great Lakes/Northeast...=20
    Days 2-3...

    Shortwave trough ejecting from the western trough crosses the
    central Plains Friday with an inverted trough spreading up through
    Wisconsin Friday night. Thump of snow with this inverted trough is
    on warm air advection, but sufficient cold air is there to allow
    heavier snow with >10:1 SLRs over much of WI Friday night. Day 2
    snow probs for >4" are 50-80% across southern and eastern WI and
    the northern 2/3 of the L.P. of MI. There are >6" probs inn the
    40-60% with the key here the rates Friday night.=20

    Starting Friday night, the SWly jet from the southern Plains
    through the Northeast intensifies to over 150kt by 00Z Sun. Snow=20
    expands across the Northeast on continued WAA ahead of the=20
    deepening upper trough Saturday/Saturday night. Day 3 snow probs
    for >4" are 40-90% over Upstate NY and northern New England with 50
    to 70% probs for >8" over the Adirondacks up through the northern
    NY border, Greens, Whites, and much of Maine. Much like the system
    ending today, there has been some shifts north with the low, so the
    swath of heavy snow is yet to be determined. The rapidly deepening
    low Sunday will add wind impacts over Northeast.



    Jackson



    ...Winter Storm Key Messages are in effect for a winter storm
    impacting the west into Saturday before intensifying over the
    Northeast Saturday night and Sunday...

    https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/key_messages/Late= stKeyMessage_2.png__;!!DZ3fjg!9ysNhU6XgSXCE4Dcv9ZjBwwKfq-FbUVcRVj7NG69ZE5Px= czRIztQHvlGPz35jd814h8jFGV2dWbT4q21JTqCawzVtuw$=20

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Fri Feb 7 08:19:27 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 070818
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    318 AM EST Fri Feb 7 2025

    Valid 12Z Fri Feb 07 2025 - 12Z Mon Feb 10 2025

    ...Pacific Coast through the Northern/Central Rockies...
    Days 1-2...

    Active period of winter weather continues over the next few days
    throughout the West as a potent area of low pressure progresses
    across the Intermountain West and Rockies through early Saturday,=20
    while onshore flow continues throughout the Pacific Northwest in=20
    concert with a cold airmass in place.

    Low pressure currently analyzed entering the OR High Desert early
    this morning is expected to track into ID today and drag along IVT
    up to the 99th climatological percentile within areas of snowfall
    per the 12z NAEFS. The northern precipitation shield extending
    across OR, ID, and the northern Rockies will be mainly associated
    with strong mid-level WAA through tonight before the upper trough
    begins to shear within fast-zonal flow across the north-central
    United States. Snow levels are expected to be around 3,000-5,000ft
    throughout central ID, western WY and far southwestern MT, with
    much lower snow levels just to the north within the arctic airmass
    intruding from western Canada. Precipitation is also ongoing across
    the Sierra Nevada this morning, but should come to an end by this
    afternoon. WPC probabilities for at least 6 inches are high (>70%)
    on D1 across the Sawtooths of ID and from the Wasatch Mts of UT=20
    through the western ID and southwest MT ranges. These high probs=20
    also extend into the northern CO ranges on D2 as upslope flow
    enhances with the approaching cold front.

    Elsewhere, weak area of low pressure moving onshore the PacNW early
    D2 is expected to spread light snow and snow showers throughout the
    region where deep cold air remains in place. This results in snow
    levels outside of the immediate coast under a few hundred feet. WPC probabilities D1-D2 for at least 4 inches of snow are high=20
    (60-90%) across the Cascades.


    ...Northern Plains through the Great Lakes and Ohio Valley...=20
    Days 1-2...

    As the potent shortwave exits the Northern Rockies Friday evening=20
    and begins to race east within flat/progressive flow entrenched=20
    across the CONUS, a west-east oriented band of snowfall is forecast
    to spread across the north-central United States. This shortwave=20
    trough will remain positively tilted through its evolution across=20
    the region and has trended flatter/weaker over the last few
    forecast cycles, but still falls within a favorable jet streak
    environment and associated PVA to produce impressive omega. This deep
    layer lift as well as enhanced IVT (progged to exceed the 90th=20
    percentile of the CFSR climatology into the Plains/Upper Midwest).

    This moisture will be additionally enhanced by a surge of
    WAA/isentropic ascent, especially along the 285-295K surfaces,
    downstream of the parent shortwave. At the same time, the DGZ is=20
    progged to deepen considerably in response to this WAA, which is=20
    reflected by SREF DGZ 100mb depth probabilities reaching 50% from=20
    the SD-ND border through central MN and into central WI. With the=20
    column being quite cold, this could result in fluffy and efficient=20
    dendrites that can accumulate rapidly. However, it should be noted=20
    that the best fgen lies at the top of this DGZ, so may not really=20
    manifest as an efficient "cross-hatch" signature for snow growth,=20
    and with the column so cold large aggregates will be difficult to=20
    achieve. Still, an above-climo SLR seems likely, and snowfall rates
    of 1-2"/hr should be supported within this translating swath of=20
    snow.

    The progressive nature of the system combined with the slightly
    less than ideal snow growth, will somewhat limit total snowfall,=20
    but a swath of 4-8 inches still appears likely. The weaker/flatter
    upper shortwave has lead to a slight northward trend with recent
    guidance and will need to be monitored for short term mesoscale
    trends. Current WPC probabilities are 50-70% for 6+ inches across=20
    central MT just to the north of Billings. These probs then lower
    over the High Plains before increasing again near in the northern
    Plains/Upper Midwest. D1-D2 WPC probabilities for at least 6 inches
    are low (10-20%) along the ND-SD border and increase to medium
    (30-60%) across central MN and central WI as better jet dynamics
    increase lift over this region. This stripe of snow will also
    extend into the L.P. of MI Saturday afternoon, with 30-50% probs of
    6+ inches.=20

    Farther to the southeast, the WAA will lift a warm nose more=20
    robustly immediately downstream of a developing surface low into=20
    the Upper Midwest and Ohio Valley, primarily after 12Z Saturday. This
    will cause a stripe of mixed precipitation to develop from=20
    Illinois through eastern Ohio, resulting in another round of
    accumulating sleet/freezing rain across these areas. WPC
    probabilities for 0.01" of ice are moderate (40-70%) from eastern=20
    IL through eastern OH, with locally more than 0.1" possible=20
    (10-30%) in IN/OH.


    ...Mid-Atlantic and Northeast...=20
    Days 1-3...

    Behind a strong low deepening in far eastern Canada, a potent cold
    front will race quickly southeast in its wake, leading to=20
    pronounced CAA and briefly impressive low- level convergence. This=20
    will have a two- pronged impact to winter weather across the=20
    Northeast. The first will be an increased threat for convective=20
    snow showers and snow squalls Friday morning, especially across=20
    Upstate NY and into Northern New England. Although the timing of=20
    the front is not ideal for impressive squalls, there is forecast to
    be enough overlap of low level RH, fgen, and instability to=20
    support scattered to widespread convective snow showers and=20
    isolated squalls. This is supported by simulated reflectivity in=20
    the high-res CAMs as well as HREF probabilities showing low-end=20
    chances for 1+"/hr rates. Additionally, current radar observations
    and a recent Snow Squall Warning issued across western NY confirms
    the ingredients for convective pockets of snow are in=20
    place. Accumulations with any squalls will be minor, but briefly=20
    heavy rates and lowered visibility could cause hazardous travel.

    Then behind this front, CAA causes a drop in 850mb temperatures to
    support sfc-850mb delta T nearing 20C across Lake Ontario (Lake
    Erie is now completely ice covered). EL's approaching 15,000 ft
    over Lake Ontario will help support a single band of lake effect
    snow (LES) with rates at times reaching 1-2"/hr beginning this=20
    aftn and persisting into Saturday aftn, with some upstream=20
    connection to Lake Huron aiding in the threat. This will likely=20
    lead to some heavy snowfall accumulations, especially across the=20
    Tug Hill Plateau, where WPC probabilities for 4+ inches of snow D1=20
    are above 70%, leading to LES total snowfall as much as 12 inches=20
    in isolated areas.

    A more significant system begins to take shape on D2. Despite the=20
    generally flat and progressive flow across the CONUS, a potent=20
    shortwave trough ejecting from the Plains will move into the Ohio=20
    Valley by 00Z/Sun, and then continue rapidly east across New=20
    England on Sunday. This will be accompanied by an impressive upper=20
    jet streak progged to reach 170kts as it arcs across the northern=20
    tier of the CONUS, with New England anticipated to be located in
    the left-exit region for favorable upper divergence and increased
    ascent. Downstream and to the south of this overlapping synoptic=20
    ascent, a wave of low pressure will begin to develop along a warm=20
    front as it lifts northward in response to intensifying WAA,=20
    leading to an expansion of precipitation on D2 from the Ohio Valley
    northeast through the Mid- Atlantic and into New England.

    High pressure ahead of this developing low will retreat to the east
    Sunday, with the resultant isentropic ascent maximizing along the
    290-300K surfaces. Mixing ratios within this lift are quite
    impressive, 4+g/kg, which will push a plume of PWs exceeding the=20
    90th percentile according to the NAEFS climatology into the Mid-=20
    Atlantic and Southern New England. As this low skirts east off the=20
    NJ coast, it will likely intensify south of New England, and the=20
    resultant ageostrophic flow and CAA in its wake will halt the=20
    progression of the accompanying warm nose, keeping mixed=20
    precipitation confined to the Mid-Atlantic states. There remains
    some uncertainty along the northern and southern fringes of the
    snowfall forecast, with QPF the question for northern New England,
    and ptype the question along southern New England. However, in
    between there is increasing confidence in a swath of heavy=20
    snowfall (around 5-8 inches on average) from Upstate New York=20
    through much of New England. Despite the fast moving system, WPC=20 probabilities for at least 6 inches of snow are high (70-80%) from=20
    the southern Adirondacks eastward to the Boston metro area and=20
    neighboring portions of southern VT/NH.


    Additionally, a swath of moderate to heavy icing is expected
    across the Central Appalachians and Mid-Atlantic states as a warm
    nose quickly leads to sleet/freezing rain as the predominant ptype
    within the climatologically favorable CAD regions. WPC probs for=20
    more than 0.1" of ice are above 80% (20-40% for 0.25" in the Laurel
    Highlands and MD Panhandle), with 50-70% 0.1" probs extending
    across northern MD and southern PA.


    Snell/Weiss



    ...Winter Storm Key Messages are in effect. Please see current=20
    Key Messages below...

    https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/key_messages/Late= stKeyMessage_2.png__;!!DZ3fjg!8Mcz21ov-ED5vn5crYdqIY0EE57hKWu8jpO6r6s-0uScM= 4grhvTHU5ASAJU3hn0r4eLZm-YSw4M0CbktAvqdd8ce6yI$=20

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Fri Feb 7 18:24:42 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 071824
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    124 PM EST Fri Feb 7 2025

    Valid 12Z Fri Feb 07 2025 - 12Z Mon Feb 10 2025

    ...Pacific Coast through the Northern/Central Rockies...
    Days 1-2...

    The end of this active wintry period is finally in sight, but some
    lingering periods of heavy snowfall will continue through the first
    half of the upcoming weekend. As the more potent of two upper level
    troughs track east this evening, periods of heavy mountain snow are
    anticipated from the Bitterroots, Tetons, Bear River, and Wasatch
    ranges on east through the Big Horns on south to the central=20
    Rockies of southern Wyoming and Colorado through tonight. This is=20
    largely due to the strong upper-level ascent via jet streak=20
    dynamics aloft paired with IVT values (200-300 kg/m/s) that are=20
    above the 99th climatological percentile. Most of the snowfall will
    have concluded by Saturday morning (excluding the central=20
    Rockies). WPC probabilities show the Tetons, Wasatch, and central=20
    Rockies having high chances (>70%) for receiving >4" of snowfall
    through Saturday morning with the taller and more remote peaks of
    the Colorado Rockies sporting low-to-moderate chances (30-50%) for
    8" of snow.

    Farther west, another upper level trough will track through the
    Pacific Northwest with snow levels below 500ft in many cases
    tonight and into Saturday. This would allow for some light snow
    accumulations along the I-5 corridor, while <10th climatological
    percentile 500-700mb heights could support steeper lapse rates that
    result in some snow squalls (particularly east of the Cascades)
    during the day. This upper trough is generally moisture-starved,
    however, which should limit snowfall amounts to lighter overall
    totals. WPC probabilities show some portions of southwest WA and
    far northwest OR along the windward sides of the Cascades that
    sports moderate-to-high chances (40-70%) for snowfall totals >6".
    Otherwise, most areas will likely witness snowfall totals of 1-4"
    through Saturday afternoon with the lesser-end of that range most
    likely for communities along I-5. This upper trough will produce
    some light snow Saturday night across portions of the northern
    Rockies, but totals will pale in comparison to the snowfall the=20
    region has witnessed over the past 5-7 days. Minor accumulations=20
    of generally 2-6" in the Blue, Bitterroot, and Lewis Ranges are=20
    forecast through Saturday night before snow tapers off on Sunday.


    ...Northern Plains through the Great Lakes and Ohio Valley...=20
    Days 1-2...

    Fast moving but significant storm system will bring a stripe of
    heavy snow to the Northern Plains and Upper Midwest, with mixed
    precipitation including freezing rain impacting the Ohio Valley.

    This system will spawn from a potent but positively tilted
    shortwave emerging from the Northern Rockies this evening. This=20
    shortwave will traverse quickly to the east as flow across the=20
    CONUS remains predominantly flat and progressive, lifting across=20
    the Northern Plains by Saturday morning, and into the Great Lakes=20
    Saturday evening. Despite the modest amplitude of this feature,
    which has trended flatter the past several runs, it will work in
    tandem with the favorably placed left exit of a 150 kt jet streak
    to produce a brief period of intense ascent from west to east.
    Additionally, this jet streak will help surge IVT into the area,
    and combine with increasing 285-295K isentropic ascent to produce=20
    elevated PWs favorable for moderate to heavy snowfall.

    The WAA from the south accompanying this isentropic ascent
    downstream of the shortwave will help to deepen the DGZ, and the
    SREF probabilities are above 90% for 100mb of depth, which could
    support impressive snowfall rates approaching 1"/hr as progged by
    the WPC prototype snowband tool. With the wave being generally flat
    and fast, and the most impressive fgen lying at the top of the DGZ,
    ascent within the best snow-growth region won't maximize
    efficiently for the most intense snow rates leading to heavy
    snowfall accumulations. However, SLRs should still generally be
    above climo in the cold column, and with rates around 1"/hr at
    times in the translating fgen band, a stripe of heavy snow
    exceeding 6" still appears likely from MN through WI as reflected=20
    by WPC probabilities of 50-70% within this axis.

    Farther to the southeast, especially after 12Z Saturday, the WAA=20
    downstream of a developing surface low will push a warm nose into=20
    the Upper Midwest and Ohio Valley. This will occur in conjunction
    with the expanding precipitation shield, leading to a stripe of=20
    mixed precipitation from Illinois through eastern Ohio. There is
    high confidence in this mixed precipitation region, although some
    uncertainty continues in the exact p-type transition. Still, the
    mixture of sleet and freezing rain will create ice accumulations
    that could exceed 0.1" as reflected by WPC probabilities across OH
    and IN reaching 10-30%.


    ...Mid-Atlantic and Northeast...=20
    Days 1-3...

    A potent cold front will be offshore New England to start the
    period, leaving pronounced CAA in its wake. 850mb temps falling to
    around -15C within this CAA will help steepen lapse rates across
    Lake Ontario (Lake Erie is now frozen) to support increasing
    instability and rising inversion levels. Unidirectional W to NW
    flow across Lake Ontario within this environment is supportive of a
    single band of heavy lake effect snow (LES), focused along and
    south of the Tug Hill Plateau and just north of the Finger Lakes
    region. Snowfall rates of 1-2"/hr are likely within this band until
    it erodes Saturday afternoon, leading to snowfall accumulations for
    which WPC probabilities indicate have a 50-70% chance of exceeding
    4 inches.

    As the LES wanes, a much more significant system begins to approach
    from the west as a potent shortwave embedded within generally zonal
    flow across the CONUS races towards the region. By 18Z Saturday
    /late D1/ this shortwave will be moving across WI/MI/IL,
    accompanied by a 150kt upper jet streak. Some interaction of this
    upper level ascent with a warm front draped across the Mid-
    Mississippi Valley will help spawn a wave of low pressure in the
    lower Ohio Valley. As this low begins to consolidate, downstream
    WAA will intensify and manifest as 290-295K moist isentropic=20
    ascent surging northeast reflected by mixing ratios exceeding
    4g/kg. This will produce PWs that may briefly exceed the 97.5th
    percentile of the CFSR climatology according to NAEFS, highest into
    the Central Appalachians and Mid-Atlantic to start D2.

    During this evolution, precipitation will rapidly expand as
    southern stream and northern stream energy begins to interact
    across the Mid-Atlantic states. This will provide increased ascent
    across the region, and a plume of snow, sleet, and freezing rain
    will overspread from the Ohio Valley and Central Appalachians
    northeastward. The impressive accompanying WAA will push a warm
    nose steadily northward through 06Z Sunday, so even though many
    areas, especially north of the Mason Dixon line, will begin as a
    burst of snow, p-type should transition pretty rapidly to sleet and
    then freezing rain, eventually changing to rain Saturday night in=20
    lower elevations south of I-80. Snowfall rates may be briefly=20
    heavy before transition, but icing could be more problematic as=20
    reflected by WPC probabilities for 0.1+" of ice that reach 50-90%=20
    in the Central Appalachians D1, extending northeast at 30-50% D2 as
    far as central PA and in the vicinity of Washington, D.C.

    As the parent shortwave continues to track progressively to the
    east, the accompanying forcing and moisture will also pivot with
    it, and secondary low pressure development is likely off of the NJ
    coast late Saturday night into Sunday morning. This low will become
    dominant and intensify as zonal but modestly coupled jet structures
    interact with a baroclinic zone offshore. As this low deepens and
    moves almost due east south of New England, it will cross near the
    Benchmark (40N/70W), leading to a substantial snow event for=20
    Upstate NY, the Poconos, and at least Southern New England (SNE),=20
    although there remains uncertainty into how far north (or south)=20
    the heaviest snow will spread. As the low deepens and pulls away to
    the east, a renewed surge of cold air both through the=20
    ageostrophic flow into the low and the subsequent CAA in its wake=20
    will limit the progress of the warm nose, while dry air to the=20
    north noted in regional soundings inhibits PWs from aggressively=20
    lifting towards Canada. In between, an axis of heavy snow is likely
    as strong WAA produces impressive 850-600mb fgen, producing strong
    ascent into the DGZ. The overlap of this strong fgen with some
    theta-e lapse rates approaching 0C/km suggests banding potential=20
    from Upstate NY into SNE, and with elevated SLRs, snowfall rates of
    1-2"/hr appear likely. Total snowfall will be limited by the speed
    of this system as it will only snow in most areas for 12-18 hours,
    but this will result in heavy accumulations, and WPC probabilities
    D2 for more than 6 inches of snow are high (>70%) from near Albany,
    NY eastward into MA, southern VT, and southern NH. Locally 8-12" of
    snow is possible in some areas.

    As this low pulls away Sunday afternoon and drying occurs rapidly
    in its wake, snowfall will wane quickly late D2. However, renewed
    CAA behind the accompanying cold front will again setup an
    environment favorable for LES E/SE of Lake Ontario. Shifting winds
    (more N early, becoming more W late D3) will likely cause multi-
    bands along and south of Lake Ontario into the Finger Lakes region,
    before organizing into a more significant single band late in the
    forecast period back into the Tug Hill Region. Confidence in the
    exact location is low at this time, but WPC probabilities do
    feature a moderate risk (30-50%) for 2+ inches of snow southeast of
    Lake Ontario.


    Weiss/Mullinax



    ...Winter Storm Key Messages are in effect. Please see current=20
    Key Messages below...

    https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/key_messages/Late= stKeyMessage_2.png__;!!DZ3fjg!-Xxue8cfXOBtDeS3FJAiUcE0YqZTWFjJd7tgEEaEIuYtH= KAmTu-W7SKdISLWy5j3FZrf52HyHrj2xcNA5U2i7Ab5MRo$=20

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sat Feb 8 07:53:49 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 080753
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    253 AM EST Sat Feb 8 2025

    Valid 12Z Sat Feb 08 2025 - 12Z Tue Feb 11 2025

    ...Pacific Northwest and Northern/Central Rockies...=20
    Day 1...

    The end of this active wintry period is finally in sight across the
    mountainous West, but some lingering periods of heavy snowfall=20
    will continue today. An upper level trough will track through the=20
    Pacific NW with snow levels starting below 500ft in many cases on=20
    D1 before rising gradually. This would allow for some light snow=20 accumulations along the I-5 corridor early this morning, while=20
    <10th climatological percentile 500-700mb heights could support=20
    steeper lapse rates that result in some snow squalls (particularly=20
    east of the Cascades) during the day. This upper trough is=20
    generally moisture- starved, however, which should limit snowfall=20
    amounts to lighter overall totals. WPC probabilities are medium
    (40-60%) for much of the Cascades for snowfall totals >6".=20
    Otherwise, most areas will likely witness snowfall totals of 1-4"=20
    through this afternoon with the lesser- end of that range most=20
    likely for communities along I-5. This upper trough will also=20
    produce some light snow tonight across portions of the northern=20
    Rockies, but totals will pale in comparison to the snowfall the=20
    region has witnessed over the past 5-7 days. Minor accumulations of
    generally 2-6" in the Blue, Bitterroot, and Lewis Ranges are=20
    forecast through today before snow tapers off on Sunday.
    Additionally, continuing light to moderate snowfall is expected
    early this morning across the CO Rockies as a cold front oozes
    southward across the Rockies and contributes to favorable upslope
    flow and low chances for an additional 6 inches of snow above
    9000ft.


    ...Upper Midwest through the Great Lakes and Ohio Valley...=20
    Day 1...

    Ongoing storm system will bring a stripe of heavy snow to the Upper
    Midwest and Great Lakes region, with mixed precipitation including
    freezing rain impacting the Ohio Valley.

    Positively tilted shortwave crossing the northern Plains today is
    the driving force for an east-west swath of snow D1 from central MN
    and central WI through the northern L.P. of MI. This shortwave=20
    will traverse quickly to the east as flow across the CONUS remains=20 predominantly flat and progressive. Despite the modest amplitude=20
    of this feature, it will work in tandem with the favorably placed=20
    left exit of a 150 kt jet streak to produce a brief period of=20
    intense ascent from west to east. Additionally, this jet streak=20
    will help surge IVT into the area, and combine with increasing=20
    285-295K isentropic ascent to produce elevated PWs favorable for=20
    moderate to heavy snowfall.

    The WAA from the south accompanying this isentropic ascent
    downstream of the shortwave will help to deepen the DGZ, and the
    SREF probabilities are above 90% for 100mb of depth, which could
    support impressive snowfall rates approaching 1"/hr as progged by
    the WPC prototype snowband tool. With the wave being generally flat
    and fast, and the most impressive fgen lying at the top of the DGZ
    (around 700 mb), ascent within the best snow-growth region won't=20
    maximize efficiently for the most intense snow rates leading to=20
    heavy snowfall accumulations. However, SLRs should still generally=20
    be above climo in the cold column, and with rates around 1"/hr at=20
    times in the translating fgen band. WPC probabilities (beginning=20
    12z Saturday) show a high chances (60-80%) of heavy snow exceeding=20
    6" from central WI through the northern L.P. of MI.

    Farther to the southeast the WAA downstream of a developing=20
    surface low will push a warm nose into the Midwest and Ohio=20
    Valley. This will occur in conjunction with the expanding=20
    precipitation shield, leading to a stripe of mixed precipitation=20
    from central IL through eastern Ohio. There is high confidence in=20
    this mixed precipitation region, although some uncertainty=20
    continues in the exact p-type transition. Still, the mixture of=20
    sleet and freezing rain will create ice accumulations that could=20
    exceed 0.1" as reflected by WPC probabilities across northern OH=20
    and IN reaching 10-30%.


    ...Mid-Atlantic and Northeast...=20
    Days 1-2...

    After a day of modest CAA and surface high pressure shifting
    directly over the Northeast to start the D1 period, a significant
    winter storm begins to approach from the west as a potent=20
    shortwave embedded within generally zonal flow across the CONUS=20
    races towards the region. By this afternoon the shortwave will be=20
    moving across WI/MI/IL, accompanied by a 150kt upper jet streak.=20
    Some interaction of this upper level ascent with a warm front=20
    draped across the Mid- Mississippi Valley will help spawn a wave of
    low pressure in the lower Ohio Valley. As this low begins to=20
    consolidate, downstream WAA will intensify and manifest as 290-295K
    moist isentropic ascent surging northeast reflected by mixing=20
    ratios exceeding 4g/kg. This will produce PWs that may briefly=20
    exceed the 97.5th percentile of the CFSR climatology according to=20
    NAEFS, highest into the Central Appalachians and Mid- Atlantic.

    During this evolution, precipitation will rapidly expand as
    southern stream and northern stream energy begins to interact
    across the Mid-Atlantic states. This will provide increased ascent
    across the region, and a plume of snow, sleet, and freezing rain
    will overspread from the Ohio Valley and Central Appalachians
    northeastward. The very impressive accompanying WAA will push a=20
    warm nose steadily northward through 06Z Sunday, so even though=20
    many areas, especially north of the Mason Dixon line, will begin as
    a burst of snow, p-type should transition pretty rapidly to sleet=20
    and then freezing rain, eventually changing to rain Saturday night=20
    in lower elevations south of I-80. Snowfall rates are likely to be
    very impressive before transition from central/eastern PA to=20
    northern NJ and Long Island. This is depicted well by the 00z HREF,
    with non-zero chances for snowfall rates to exceed 2" per hour in
    the 00z-06z Sun timeframe across from northern NJ to southern CT=20
    and Long Island, including NYC. Icing could be just as problematic
    in the Mid- Atlantic as reflected by WPC probabilities for 0.1+"=20
    of ice that reach 50-90% in the Central Appalachians D1, extending=20
    northeast at 30-50% D2 as far as central PA and in the vicinity of=20 Washington, D.C. northern suburbs. Probabilities for at least 0.25"
    of ice reach 50-60% across western MD and the Laurel Highlands of=20
    PA, where the greatest potential for tree damage and power outages=20
    exist.

    As the parent shortwave continues to track progressively to the
    east, the accompanying forcing and moisture will also pivot with
    it, and secondary low pressure development is likely off of the NJ
    coast late Saturday night into Sunday morning. This low will become
    dominant and intensify as zonal but modestly coupled jet structures
    interact with a baroclinic zone offshore. As this low deepens and
    moves almost due east south of New England, it will cross near the
    Benchmark (40N/70W), leading to a substantial snow event for=20
    Upstate NY, the Poconos, and at least Southern New England (SNE),=20
    although there remains uncertainty into how far north (or south)=20
    the heaviest snow will spread. As the low deepens and pulls away to
    the east, a renewed surge of cold air both through the=20
    ageostrophic flow into the low and the subsequent CAA in its wake=20
    will limit the progress of the warm nose, while dry air to the=20
    north noted in regional soundings inhibits PWs from aggressively=20
    lifting towards Canada. In between, an axis of heavy snow is likely
    as strong WAA produces impressive 850-600mb fgen, producing strong
    ascent into the DGZ. The overlap of this strong fgen with some
    theta-e lapse rates approaching 0C/km suggests banding potential=20
    from Upstate NY into SNE, and with elevated SLRs, snowfall rates of
    1-2"/hr appear likely. Total snowfall will be limited by the speed
    of this system as it will only snow in most areas for 12-18 hours,
    but this will still result in heavy accumulations. WPC=20
    probabilities for more than 6 inches of snow are high (>70%) from
    the Mohawk Valley of NY eastward into much of MA, southern VT,
    southern NH, and the southeastern tip of ME. Locally 8-12" of snow
    is possible in some areas.

    As this low pulls away Sunday afternoon and drying occurs rapidly
    in its wake, snowfall will wane quickly late D2. However, renewed
    CAA behind the accompanying cold front will again setup an
    environment favorable for LES E/SE of Lake Ontario. Shifting winds
    (more N early, becoming more W D3) will likely cause multi- bands=20
    along and south of Lake Ontario into the Finger Lakes region,=20
    before organizing into a more significant single band late in the=20
    forecast period back into the Tug Hill Region. Confidence in the=20
    exact location is low at this time, but WPC probabilities do=20
    feature a high risk (70-90%) for 4+ inches of snow southeast of=20
    Lake Ontario.


    ...Central Rockies/Plains through the Ohio Valley and Central=20 Appalachians...=20
    Day 3...

    Next widespread wintry weather event to spread across the country
    is expected to begin late D3 (Monday night) as shortwave energy at
    the base of a longwave trough off the coast of southern CA gets
    ejected eastward into the fast zonal flow dominating the upper
    pattern across CONUS. In response, a strengthening 160kt jet streak
    is forecast to stretch zonally from the southern Rockies to the
    Northeast and shift eastward with time, placing areas from the
    central Plains to the central Appalachians in the favorable right-
    entrance region for enhanced upper divergence and lift. Current=20
    WPC probabilities only go through 12z Tuesday, so values are low=20
    (20-40%) for at least 2" of snow for the central Rockies, central=20
    Plains, and central Appalachians, highest across the central=20
    Rockies and central Plains. There is also likely to be a ribbon of=20
    mixed ptype in the form of freezing rain/sleet, but not expected to
    have large geographic coverage given weak relatively weak WAA and=20
    not the coldest airmass in place at the surface. Current WPC=20
    probabilities for at least 0.01" of freezing rain are low (10-30%)=20
    and extend from north-central OK to the central/southern=20
    Appalachians where CAD could elevate the freezing rain potential.

    Snell/Weiss




    ...Winter Storm Key Messages are in effect. Please see current=20
    Key Messages below...

    https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/key_messages/Late= stKeyMessage_2.png__;!!DZ3fjg!8EdOO-NonBmG1j8bXt3N9einCUmoijcwUO51Hm8qHueNi= DAnWJHJlNrAyG7sExV-Y-RwZXgXJPQYifJ3cwpxGqwAkWw$=20

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Fri Feb 14 08:45:42 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 140845
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    345 AM EST Fri Feb 14 2025

    Valid 12Z Fri Feb 14 2025 - 12Z Mon Feb 17 2025


    ...Central NYS...=20
    Day 1...

    WNW flow will continue a lake effect snow band off Lake Ontario=20
    into the Syracuse metro this morning/afternoon and diminish later=20
    this evening as it lifts northward. Day 1 snow probs for >4" are=20
    40-90% in a narrow corridor.


    ...Sierra Nevada through the Rockies...=20
    Days 1-2...

    Atmospheric River has moved well inland, but the lagging upper=20
    trough will continue onshore flow with instability enhancing precip
    over the Sierra Nevada as the low opens into a slow-moving trough.
    Snow levels have fallen back to 5000-6000ft under the trough axis=20
    (Sierra) and around 4500ft (Shasta/Trinity) bringing light snow to=20
    lower elevations. Snow should taper off later this evening from=20
    west to east across CA. Day 1 snow probs for an additional 8" are=20 moderate(40-70%) across much of the Sierra.

    Moisture has reached the Rockies with a strong influx from the SW=20
    and the trough axis will pass the Four Corners early Sat, favoring=20
    moderate to heavy mountain snow with gradually lowering snow levels
    as colder air moves in. Snow rates will ease over the next 12-24=20
    hours with additional snow over the Wasatch and Tushar in Utah and=20
    western CO Rockies northward into the Tetons and eastward into the=20
    San Juans and Sangre de Cristos. 48-hr snow probs for >12" are=20
    over 80% for these areas.


    ...Pacific Northwest...
    Days 2-3...

    The next multi-vorticity lobe upper low in the northeast Pacific=20
    will send a cold front into the Pac NW late Sat into early Sun.=20
    Snow levels around 3000-4000ft for the northern-southern Cascades=20 (respectively) will give light to moderate snow to the passes that=20
    continue into early Monday as the trailing main upper low finally=20
    reaches the coast. WSW flow will spread moisture across eastern OR=20
    into ID, western MT and western WY where the favored terrain will=20
    see moderate snow totals. Cold temperatures over the northern Great Basin/northern Rockies will favor at least some snow to most=20
    valley floors. 48-hr snow probs for >12" are >50% for this higher=20
    terrain.


    ...Upper Midwest/Great Lakes/Northeast...=20
    Days 1-3...

    Eastward extension of the western trough will bring WSW flow to=20
    the Upper Midwest later today with embedded vort maxes atop an=20
    inverted surface trough. Thump of snow with this inverted trough is
    on warm air advection, but sufficient cold air is there to allow=20
    heavier snow with >10:1 SLRs over much of WI tonight. WPC snow=20
    probs for >4" are >50% from southeastern MN across central WI. A=20
    broader area of light snow is expected over much of the region,=20
    setting up a somewhat prolonged but interrupted period of light=20
    snow.=20

    Into D2, the western trough will push into the Plains and start to
    amplify in concert with the downstream upper jet (>160kts) across=20
    the Great Lakes. Moisture will continue to spread eastward across=20
    Lower Michigan, southern Ontario, then into the Northeast. With a=20
    trend toward a slower/sharper upper system, QPF has increased over=20
    much of the Midwest and into Lower Michigan where WPC probs for at=20
    least 4 inches of snow on Sat are >50% over most of Lower Michigan,
    but are at least 25% from southern Iowa and across northern IL. On
    the eastern side, WAA will promote light snow over much of NY with
    WPC probs for >4" snow highest over the Poconos into the=20
    Catskills, but also at least 30% over the higher elevations above=20
    1500ft or so. To the south, cold air at the surface along/east of=20
    the Appalachians (NC through VA into central PA) will hang tough as
    overriding precip from the west encroaches, favoring freezing rain
    and perhaps some sleet on Saturday. With a sfc low track from the=20
    Mid-South through OH, warm air will eventually win out due to=20
    strong 50kt SW 850 flow. WPC probs for at least 0.10" icing are=20
    50% over southwestern VA northward into central PA, where there=20
    are also probs for >0.25" icing (30-50%).=20

    By D3, the surface low is forecast to track from just west of PIT=20
    toward western/central NY with some coastal redevelopment over=20
    southeastern MA (Cape Cod) that may move into the Gulf of Maine. A=20
    lot of details have yet to be resolved, but this scenario will=20
    likely result in all snow close to the Canadian border where warm=20
    air intrusion is least likely, a mix of snow to sleet/freezing rain
    over much of the area between the I-90 and I-80 corridors, and=20
    rain farther south and southeast as warmer air surges up the coast.
    The timing of the many players will modulate the amount of each=20
    ptype, but for now the highest probabilities for at least 8 inches=20
    of snow are over the Adirondacks into northern VT/NH and interior=20
    Maine. Several inches of snow are probable (40-60% chance) along ad
    north of the I-86/Rt 17 to I-84 corridor (NY to CT). Icing is most
    likely in areas that are able to stay coldest the longest,=20
    including central PA, the Poconos, Catskills, and Berkshires where=20
    WPC probs for at least 0.10" icing are >50%. Again, the details of=20
    the system are still in flux which will influence where and as what
    type the precipitation may fall.=20

    Fracasso



    ...Winter Storm Key Messages are in effect. Please see current=20
    Key Messages below...

    https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/key_messages/Late= stKeyMessage_1.png__;!!DZ3fjg!7cZcrNiNyC013vxSdTP5K9sCdXMD7RyM9lVgFS2DPBrkp= JVXHMRkTsZ0dw0O7xkte1yApcVGbVWAtK3FVvP4MreODp8$=20

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Fri Feb 14 21:03:40 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 142103
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    403 PM EST Fri Feb 14 2025

    Valid 00Z Sat Feb 15 2025 - 00Z Tue Feb 18 2025



    ...Rockies...=20
    Day 1...

    The upper trough over the west will continue to dig through the=20
    Four Corners tonight before ejecting east over the southern Plains
    through Saturday. NWly jet on the back side of the trough will
    shift over the Rockies Saturday. Generally moderate snow continues
    over the Utah and CO Rockies tonight through Saturday with Day 1
    snow probs for >8" generally 50-80% with snow levels dropping from
    6000ft to 4000ft.


    ...Central Plains/Midwest/Great Lakes/Northeast...=20
    Days 1-3...

    ...Winter storm shifts east through this weekend, with heavy snow=20
    from the central Great Lakes through the interior Northeast with=20
    areas of freezing rain for much of the Appalachians, northern Mid-=20
    Atlantic and southern New England. See Key Message link below...

    Shortwave impulses ejecting ENE on strengthening SW flow are
    providing lift above a developing inverted surface trough over the
    east-central Plains. Thump of snow from WAA ahead of this inverted
    trough has brought a swath of light to moderate snow over IA/MN
    that will lift over much of WI and northern IL this evening and
    much of the L.P. of MI overnight. Enhancement of precip is=20
    expected in banding as the jet approaches with local snowfall=20
    rates reaching 0.5"/hr. Some narrow banding is likely to develop
    farther southwest from eastern CO through Neb and central IA.=20

    Day 1 snow probs for >4" are over 10% from northeast Neb through
    much of WI and MI with over 30% probs for >6" over the southern
    half of WI, increasing to around 60% by the western shore of Lake
    MI.=20

    Potent surface low development is expected over the Mid-South on
    Saturday with well above normal moisture (see the WPC excessive
    rainfall outlook for further info there and a developing comma head
    over the Midwest Saturday night that further develops as it tracks
    over the Northeast Sunday. Heavy snow bands can be expected in this
    comma head north and on the back side of the low pressure system.=20

    Warm air advection brings a wintry mix of snow to sleet to freezing
    rain to some areas going plain rain over the Northeast Saturday
    through Sunday. Saturday morning expect some freezing rain in the
    central Appalachians at precip onset that may linger over WV/VA
    through Saturday afternoon. Greater coverage of ice is expected
    over much of PA and NY Saturday/Saturday night before spreading
    over southern New England Sunday. Day 1.5 probs for >0.25" ice are
    around 20% in the Allegheny Highlands of VA into WV and 50-70% over west-central PA over the Laurels and Allegheny National Forest. For
    Day 3 these probs for >0.25" are 20-60% over the Poconos,
    Catskills, Berkshires and even Worcester Hills in MA.

    Heavy snow is most likely to persist over far northern NY, central
    Mass and north through the Greens/Whites and much of Maine all over
    50% for >6" on Day 2.5 with values over 80% along the northern NY
    border and across the northern half of Maine for Day 3..


    ...Pacific Northwest/Rockies/Central Plains...=20
    Days 2-3...

    The next multi-vorticity lobe upper low in the northeast Pacific=20
    will send a cold front into the Pac NW late Saturday. Snow levels=20
    around 3000-4000ft for the WA/OR Cascades and Pacific moisture=20
    will give light to moderate snow to the passes that continue
    through Monday as the trailing main upper low finally reaches the=20
    coast. Westerly flow spreads moisture across the northern Rockies
    with low level northerly flow over the Plains from a 1040mb high
    shifting south from the Canadian Prairies. Day 2 snow probs for >6"
    are 50-80% over the Cascades and northern Rockies to the Tetons.
    Day 3 snow probs for >6" expand down the OR Cascades, much of the
    ID Rockies, western WY, and northern CO with 50-90% values.


    Jackson


    ...Winter Storm Key Messages are in effect with a shift to the
    Northeast this weekend...

    https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/key_messages/Late= stKeyMessage_1.png__;!!DZ3fjg!7DZfHVNQ4niKg-dAjdMLkaHfC3Ucm9MchzDBv9Uo8ALrR= FX2GRGtJW-CZtb1PAgC2T1UnYEy6I7y736-aE7v8_E7OwQ$=20

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sat Feb 8 18:36:23 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 081836
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    136 PM EST Sat Feb 8 2025

    Valid 00Z Sun Feb 09 2025 - 00Z Wed Feb 12 2025

    ...Pacific Northwest and Northern/Central Rockies...=20
    Day 1...

    Trough axis over eastern WA/OR and northern NV this afternoon will
    continue eastward through the northern Great Basin/Rockies, taking
    the last of any organized precipitation with it. Cold temperatures
    over the PacNW (700mb temp anomalies below the 10th percentile)=20
    will favor snow levels down below 500ft and to the inland valley=20
    floors, but precipitation will trend lighter overnight as heights=20
    begin to rise over WA/OR which will limit any additional and=20
    appreciable snow to the Cascades (and only a few inches at best).=20
    =46rom the Blue Mountains eastward across northern ID into NW=20
    Montana, snow this evening may be moderate at times in advance of=20
    the trough axis and as additional PVA slips through from the NW.=20
    Total additional accumulations there may range from a few inches to
    perhaps >6" in the highest peaks. WPC probabilities for at least 4
    inches after 00Z are highest above 3000ft in the OR Cascades and=20
    above 4000-6000ft in and around northern ID. Farther south,=20
    additional mid-level vorticity will slide through CO with some=20
    orographic enhancement across the central Rockies above 9000ft or=20
    so.=20


    ...Mid-Atlantic and Northeast...=20
    Days 1-3...

    Fast moving shortwave ejecting from the Great Lakes will remain=20
    progressive as it pushes east into New England early Sunday morning
    as it remains embedded within generally pinched/flat flow across=20
    the CONUS. This shortwave moving east will interact with a potent=20 west-to-east oriented jet streak and a warm front draped from the=20 Mid-Atlantic into the Mid-Mississippi Valley to spawn a low=20
    pressure off the coast of NJ by 06Z Sunday. This low will then=20
    deepen as it translates almost due east, crossing near the 40N/70W=20
    benchmark before pushing farther into the Atlantic. Increasing=20
    290-295K isentropic ascent and accompanying WAA downstream of this=20
    wave will help surge moisture northward into New England and=20
    Upstate NY, resulting in an axis of mixed precipitation across the=20 Mid-Atlantic, and heavy snow for Upstate NY and New England.

    As precipitation expands tonight across the Mid-Atlantic, it will=20
    be accompanied by a warm nose reaching +2 to +3C shifting as far=20
    north as Long Island. There remains uncertainty into how far north=20
    this will track due to the low pressure development offshore and=20
    its resultant return of cold air back to the south, but it appears=20
    areas from near the Mason-Dixon line northward through I-80 and as=20
    far as northern NJ will experience primarily a mix of=20
    sleet/freezing rain after a period of snow early. This will result=20
    in additional icing accretion, which has a high chance (70+%) of=20
    exceeding 0.1" from the MD Panhandle through the Laurel Highlands,=20
    with a 30% chance extending into northern MD and southern PA.

    Farther north, the setup is favorable for a short (12-18 hours)=20
    period of heavy snowfall. The impressive isentropic lift with=20
    mixing ratios exceeding 4g/kg will drive moisture northward, while=20
    the accompanying robust WAA produces impressive omega into the=20
    column as 850-700 fgen slopes strongly northward. This will=20
    effectively interact with the snow growth region, producing a swath
    of 1-2"/hr snowfall rates translating E/NE tonight through Sunday=20
    morning. Locally higher rates are possible as well as cross-=20
    sections indicate a threat for CSI as theta-e lapse rates collapse=20
    below 0C indicating instability near the DGZ. The duration of these
    intense snowfall rates may be shortened, however, as the guidance=20
    has become more insistent that a dry slot will pivot as far north=20
    as I-90 across New England, which would result in less cloud ice=20
    and potentially a cutoff of heavy snow with some freezing drizzle=20
    and much lower SLR. Where this occurs, amounts will be more=20
    limited, but some light icing on top of heavy snow will be just as=20 impactful. Despite some uncertainty, there is still high confidence
    in a swath of 6-12" of snow across Upstate NY and southern/central
    New England, with variations in SLR (higher north, lower south)=20
    offsetting the lower QPF across central/northern New England. The=20
    latest WPC probabilities have increased due to a trend upward in=20
    QPF, and now exceed 90% for 6+ inches from near Albany, NY through=20
    the southern Greens, Berkshires, Worcester Hills, Monadnock region=20
    of NH, and towards far SW Maine. This includes the major metro=20
    areas of Albany, Worcester, Boston, and Portland. Locally, 10-12"=20
    of snow is possible, and major impacts are possible (>50%)=20
    according to the WSSI-P.

    As this low pulls away Sunday afternoon and drying occurs rapidly=20
    in its wake, snowfall will wane quickly late D2. However, renewed=20
    CAA behind the accompanying cold front will setup an environment=20
    favorable for LES E/SE of Lake Ontario. Shifting winds (more N/NW=20
    early, becoming more W late D2 into D3) will result in a shifting=20
    band of LES. For D2, the most significant accumulations are likely=20
    in the northern Finger Lakes region, where they have a 70-90%=20
    chance of exceeding 4" near the lake shore, with D3 probabilities=20
    for 4+ inches reaching 30-50% focused in the Tug Hill Plateau


    ...Central Plains through the Mid-Atlantic Days 2-3...

    The next in this parade of systems across the CONUS begins to=20
    develop late D2 /Monday evening/ as a shortwave trough ejects from=20
    near Baja and then moves east into the Southern Plains by Tuesday=20
    evening. This shortwave will remain embedded within a longwave=20
    trough axis as it moves east through its evolution, but guidance is
    insistent that it will weaken with time and remain a generally=20
    flat feature as it pivots to the east. This is reflected in 500mb=20
    height trends among the various ensemble systems showing a weaker=20
    and faster trough with stronger ridging downstream suppressing this
    impulse. Despite the modest mid-level ascent expected with this=20
    shortwave (through PVA and downstream divergence), upper diffluence
    will likely increase with time as a downstream jet streak=20
    intensifies towards 150kts and arcs sufficiently poleward while=20
    leaving its tail across the Central Plains and into the Lower MS=20
    VLY by Tuesday evening. This will provide additional deep layer=20
    ascent as the system organizes through D3.

    Then beginning early D3 /Monday night/ isentropic ascent=20
    downstream of this developing system becomes quite impressive,=20
    surging moisture out of the Gulf northward into the Lower MS VLY,=20
    TN VLY, and the Mid-Atlantic. 295-300K surfaces indicate that=20
    mixing ratios will reach values as high as 6-8 g/kg, indicative of=20
    an extremely moist environment, additionally reflected by NAEFS=20
    ensemble tables forecasting PWs approaching the 97th percentile=20
    within the CFSR database, highest along the Gulf Coast but=20
    stretching north into the colder airmass. While there is still=20
    quite a bit of uncertainty into the timing and track of the=20
    developing system, and the guidance has trended south this aftn, a=20
    large swath of precipitation will develop and expand bringing all=20 precip-types Tuesday. The flat, fast, and suppressed flow will=20
    cause the moisture to translate more east than north, but this=20
    should result in an axis of at least moderate snow, with the=20
    greatest risk for significant snow from eastern KY through the Mid-
    Atlantic region. WPC probabilities at this time are highest for 4+=20
    inches in the higher elevations of WV/VA where they peak above 70%,
    and locally 6+ inches of snow is possible. Elsewhere, WPC=20
    probabilities for 2" are 30-50% across much of this area.=20
    Additionally, light icing is probably in SW VA and far NW NC where=20
    up to 0.1" of ice may accrete.

    Weiss/Fracasso



    ...Winter Storm Key Messages are in effect. Please see current=20
    Key Messages below...

    https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/key_messages/Late= stKeyMessage_2.png__;!!DZ3fjg!9FQuy6w8JcBb94PqkHxDXn9FxnzYlP0po11teqmEZLFAs= 8sQha50Xstk-4ty1tmntMruOafb6DTXwENF-tFHu2UJoN8$=20

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sat Feb 15 08:04:13 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 150803
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    303 AM EST Sat Feb 15 2025

    Valid 12Z Sat Feb 15 2025 - 12Z Tue Feb 18 2025


    ...Rockies...=20
    Day 1...

    The upper trough centered across the Four Corners will continue=20
    eastward today, with the last trailing vorticity pushing through=20
    the CO Rockies this afternoon. Light to modest snow over the higher
    peaks of CO into southeastern WY will diminsh through the day with
    an additional 4-8+" likely and much lighter snow into the valleys=20
    and Front Range.=20


    ...Corn Belt/Midwest/Great Lakes/Northeast...=20
    Days 1-3...

    Trough in the Rockies will exit today with a long extension to the
    northeast into the Upper Midwest. Base of the trough will lag=20
    through TX but additional height falls out of Canada will slow the=20
    northern stream, alloiwing the trough to recongeal as it heads into
    the Ohio Valley and then the Northeast. The setup will be broad=20
    WAA-driven snow into the Great Lakes and Northeast but as the=20
    trough sharpens and jet becomes more S-shaped along 80W, low=20
    pressure will deepen and surge mild air far northward toward the=20
    Canadian border, allowing snow to change to sleet/freezing rain and
    just rain through Sunday with the main low into western NY. By=20
    that time, a new area of low pressure will start to take shape and=20 eventually take over southeast MA into the Gulf of Maine,=20
    essentially halting the northward surge in milder air into/through=20
    New England as the low finall then lifts northeastward along the=20
    Maine coast and into Atlantic Canada by early Monday.=20

    For D1, strengthening jet across Michigan into Canada will act to=20
    maintain snowfall over Lower MI today where WPC probabilities for=20
    at least 4 inches of snow are >50% for the central/eastern 2/3rds.=20
    Into the Northeast, WAA-driven snow will overspread the region this morning/afternoon where temperatures are cold. Could capitalize on
    good WAA for this front-end thump of snow but strong southerly=20
    surge will drive the mixed ptype zone northward from the Mid-=20
    Atlantic later this afternoon into tonight. WPC probs for at least=20
    4 inches of snow are highest (>50%) farthest north where the cold=20
    air will hang on the longest -- north of I-90 into the Adirondacks=20
    and Green Mountains as well as into the Berkshires and Worcester=20
    Hills. To the south, temperatures are sub-freezing thanks to high=20
    pressure overhead this morning but aloft it is near and just above=20
    0C. Any snow will turn to sleet or more likely freezing rain from=20
    across the Midwest and especially into the central Appalachians (SW
    VA into central PA then up into the Southern Tier of NY). Ice=20
    accumulation will depend on how long the cold surface temperature=20
    can resist the strong surge in mild air from the south. WPC probs=20
    for at least 0.25" icing are at least 30% along the WV/VA line=20
    northward to the I-99/US 220 corridor.=20

    Into D2, low pressure over southeastern OH will track=20
    northeastward toward western/central NY by the afternoon as the=20
    coastal low takes shape, which should stop the northward push of=20
    the mix ptype zone but not before it may reach all the way to the=20
    Canadian border (NY/VT) and into Downeast Maine. The remaining cold
    air will be largely confined to northern Maine where WPC probs for
    at least 6 inches of snow are >50% north of I-95. Ice=20
    accumulations will be primarily over eastern NY and north of I-95=20
    into New England, especially into the Berkshires and Monadnocks=20
    where ice probs for at least 0.25" are at least 20%.=20

    By D3, storm will be well out into the Atlantic but with a broad=20
    cyclonic flow back across the Great Lakes, supporting lake-effect=20
    snow off all the lakes but especially off Lake Ontario on WNW flow.
    This could support a healthy single band into the northern SYR=20
    suburbs from Oswego toward Rome/Utica where at least several inches
    of snow are possible.=20


    ...Pacific Northwest/Rockies/Central Plains...=20
    Days 1-3...

    The next multi-vorticity lobe upper low in the northeast Pacific=20
    will send a cold front into the Pac NW later today with snow levels
    around 3000-4000ft for the WA/OR Cascades. With the upper jet=20
    nosed into southern OR for the next two days or so, onshore flow=20
    will continue to provide Pacific moisture to the region and into=20
    the Great Basin/northern Rockies, overriding cold air on the east=20
    side of the Divide. There, lower level convergence should enhance=20
    snowfall over western MT D2 into D3 with two-day WPC snow=20
    probabilities for >12" >70%. Snow into the Cascades will affect=20
    the passes esp D1-2 until the trailing upper low finally reaches=20
    the coast.=20

    Farther southeast, moisture will spread back into the central/CO=20
    Rockies with additional amounts of at least 6 inches likely by D3.=20
    Onto the Plains, incoming vort maxes in the quick WNW flow atop=20
    lower-level WAA will favor light snow stretching from western NE=20 southeastward toward the MS River Valley including much of KS. The=20
    air mass will be fairly cold thanks to high pressure starting to=20
    assert itself across southern Canada into the Dakotas, supporting=20
    SLRs ~15:1. Through 12Z Tue, WPC probabilities for at least 4=20
    inches of snow are 40-60% over the northern half of KS into=20
    southern NE with more to follow.=20


    Fracasso



    ...Winter Storm Key Messages are in effect. Please see current=20
    Key Messages below...

    https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/key_messages/Late= stKeyMessage_1.png__;!!DZ3fjg!88-PewK77Ur9LQ3bDMbolWcFPOOPt3JbpybhL-du-PAE9= G0-mE1kk-tfUKhgRYRKy0o4fX0a7nfggdpfTjViwTJcQp4$=20

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Mon Feb 17 19:37:13 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 171936
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    236 PM EST Mon Feb 17 2025

    Valid 00Z Tue Feb 18 2025 - 00Z Fri Feb 21 2025


    ...Great Lakes...=20
    Days 1-2...

    Impressive winter storm exiting into the Canadian Maritimes today
    will leave cyclonic flow in its wake and across the Great Lakes.
    This will promote continued CAA through D1, with 850mb temps
    plummeting to as low as -25C (Lake Superior) and -20C over Lake
    Ontario. This will support bands of lake effect snow (LES)
    especially D1 during the most intense CAA before the mid-level flow
    pattern relaxes downstream of a deepening trough centered over the
    Northern Plains/Upper Midwest later Wednesday. The generally W/NW
    flow will support heavy LES bands, likely in the form of single
    bands within unidirectional shear, and strong ascent focused into
    the low-level but deep DGZ will support heavy rates that could
    reach 2-3"/hr at times D1, heaviest east of Lake Ontario where an
    upstream moisture connection to Lake Huron will exist. These bands
    should be prolonged and intense D1, leading to WPC probabilities
    that are high (>70%) for more than 6 inches east of Lake Ontario
    and the far eastern U.P. Although LES will wane during D2,=20
    additional snowfall exceeding 4 inches is possible (30%) in these
    same areas. Downstream of Lake Ontario, total snowfall of 1-2
    feet is possible before LES winds down.


    ...Pacific Northwest through the Central Rockies...
    Days 1-3...

    Two rounds of moisture spreading inland through enhanced IVT will
    spread wintry precipitation across much of the coastal and interior
    West.

    The period begins with a longwave positively tilted trough
    extending from the interior Northwest through the Northern Plains.
    This trough will deepen with time, diving into the Great Basin
    Tuesday morning and then pivoting into the Four Corners by the end
    of D1 as shortwave energy traverses through it. At the same time,=20
    a stationary front will be aligned from inland WA state southeast=20
    into the CO Rockies, as onshore flow from the Pacific spreads=20
    inland and lifts isentropically producing some modest enhancement=20
    of lift. Shortwave ridging expanding along the Pacific Coast late=20
    D1 will cut off Pacific moisture by Wednesday morning, but a axis=20
    of moderate to heavy snow is likely before this occurs, primarily=20
    along the stationary front and into downstream terrain. WPC=20
    probabilities are high (70-90%) for more than 6 inches in the=20
    terrain above generally 3000 ft from the Sawtooth into the Tetons=20
    and as far southeast as the Park Range of CO.

    After a brief respite, a more pronounced system will approach the
    Pacific Coast as a potent shortwave closes off over the Pacific
    Ocean and sheds eastward. This feature is progged to come onshore
    near the WA/OR border Wednesday evening, and there is good model
    consensus in this evolution despite modest differences in
    amplitude. The core of this trough coming onshore WA/OR will
    manifest as impressive height falls as far south as central CA, and
    as the downstream ridge erodes, this entire feature will elongated
    and pivot into the Great Basin/Central Rockies by the end of the
    forecast period. Modest jet level ascent through the development of
    a jet streak rotating around the base of this trough will enhance
    lift, but in general forcing is expected to be broad and driven
    primarily by height falls through D2-D3. Despite that, some
    enhanced IVT progged to exceed the 90th percentile within the CFSR
    climatology will spread inland within WAA downstream of the trough
    axis, leading to rising snow levels but enhanced wintry=20
    precipitation prospects. During this time, WPC probabilities for
    more than 6 inches climb above 30% in the Cascades D2, but with
    snow levels climbing above pass levels, with additional moderate
    chances (30-50%) for 6+ inches on D3 in the same general areas.


    ...Central Plains through the Mid-Atlantic States...
    Days 1-3...

    A significant winter storm begins tonight across the Central Plains
    and then spreads almost due east to the Mid-Atlantic on Wednesday.
    There is still considerable uncertainly as to how this evolves off
    the coast Wednesday night, but at least moderate snow and
    significant icing is likely for many areas.

    The system begins to take shape tonight as a shortwave ejects from
    the Four Corners and traverses to the east, reaching the Central=20
    Plains Tuesday evening. This will occur just north of a surface
    cold front that will surge south into Texas, and the interaction of
    this impulse with the elevated baroclinic zone will help induce
    some backing of the low-level winds, leading to enhanced moist
    isentropic ascent emerging from the Gulf, especially along the
    285-290K surfaces where mixing ratios will rise to 3-4 g/kg. At=20
    the same time, a jet streak angled into the Northeast will leave
    its favorable RRQ for ascent atop the region, resulting in an=20
    overlap of synoptic and mesoscale ascent. With moisture continuing=20
    to surge into the region, this will result in an expanding axis of=20
    heavy snow, especially from eastern KS and OK into northern AR,
    southern MO, and western TN/KY. Here, the overlap of ascent and
    moisture will combine with a deepening DGZ (SREF probs for 100mb of
    depth exceeding 70% Tuesday evening and Tuesday night, resulting in
    an axis of heavy snowfall. Additionally, a secondary jet streak
    intensifying downstream of the sharpening trough will produce an
    environment supporting modestly coupled jet streaks, and the
    resultant ageostrophic response to the already impressive fgen will
    likely (>80% chance) drive snowfall rates to 1-2"/hr as shown by
    both HREF probabilities and the WPC prototype snowband tool.

    This system will become increasingly progressive to the east, but
    an 18-24 hour period of moderate to heavy snow with fluffy SLRs in
    the cold environment will support rapid and significant snowfall
    accumulations, especially Tuesday night from the Central Plains
    into the western Tennessee Valley. Here, WPC probabilities for
    more than 8 inches reach as high as 70%, with locally 12+ inches
    possible in the vicinity of the most intense banding. South of this
    heavy snow, an axis of mixed sleet and freezing rain is likely,
    with locally more than 0.1" of ice possible (30%), highest across
    southern AR.

    This shortwave begins to race eastward towards the Mid-Atlantic
    Wednesday as it gets squeezed into more zonal flow downstream of a
    more impressive northern stream trough (500mb heights falling below
    the 2.5 percentile anomaly according to NAEFS) digging out of the=20
    Northern Plains. This is where the the forecast begins to get more
    challenging. This northern stream trough will dive southeast
    towards the Ohio Valley while continuing to deepen into a potent
    closed low, resulting in downstream (south/east) jet development
    which will intensify beyond 150 kts. The overlap of the impressive
    height falls and LFQ of this jet streak will drive pronounced
    ascent into the Mid-Atlantic states, concurrent with continued
    moist isentropic lift from the Gulf into the area. This suggests
    that after a modest "break" in intensity of precipitation in the
    vicinity of the central Appalachians, renewed heavy precip will
    develop, especially as secondary surface low pressure develops
    offshore.

    There has been a steady trend in guidance to keep this
    precipitation suppressed south across the Carolinas and Virginia,
    with the most uncertainty now involving the speed and placement at
    which the secondary low develops and moves northeast up the coast.
    With the southern stream less amplified and faster, phasing of
    energy is progged to occur much later which should spare the
    northern Mid-Atlantic and Northeast much if any snow. However,
    heavy snow and mixed precipitation is still likely from eastern
    TN/KY into NC and VA, with a swath of the heaviest snow most
    likely across eastern VA. There is still a lot of uncertainty,
    however, and clusters indicate the primary EOF is dependent on the
    amplitude of this trough, with the GEFS members appearing to be a
    bit under-dispersive with a flatter wave, while the EC/CMC are a
    bit deeper in general. However, these deeper waves are also
    generally slower, again suggesting the threat for a phased major
    winter event are quite low.=20

    However, with the low eventually deepening rapidly offshore, a=20
    potent deformation axis collocated with the greatest moisture will=20
    result in heavy snow accumulations, for which WPC probabilities=20
    indicate a high risk (70-90%) for 6+ inches centered along the=20 Norfolk/Virginia Tidewater region. Surrounding this maximum, WPC=20 probabilities for 4 or more inches are 10-30% from eastern KY=20
    through WV and east towards coastal Delaware and far northern NC.=20
    Southeast of the snow, a mix of sleet and freezing rain is=20
    expected, and freezing rain potential has increased beneath the=20
    warm nose lifting northward. WPC probabilities for 0.1" peak above=20
    70% D2 into D3 in parts of eastern and southeastern NC, with=20
    locally 0.25-0.35 inches of ice possible.=20


    Weiss




    ...Winter Storm Key Messages are in effect. Please see current=20
    Key Messages below...

    https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/key_messages/Late= stKeyMessage_2.png__;!!DZ3fjg!61uyEcFGG2mhbmpbK41-RYzUYY-t9gpiwDFhlNCjM0ALO= YlI-0m1WzVHjnsIDgZT2eEPce6SKoqCNmbYxpTHo16Awgo$=20

    $$

    =3D =3D =3D
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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Tue Feb 18 08:11:35 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 180811
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    311 AM EST Tue Feb 18 2025

    Valid 12Z Tue Feb 18 2025 - 12Z Fri Feb 21 2025


    ...Great Lakes...=20
    Days 1-3...

    Cyclonic flow over southern Canada and the Great Lakes on the=20
    western side of the elongated upper trough axis will favor a=20
    continuation of the lake effect snow for the next couple of days.=20
    With 850 temperatures in the -20sC and NW to WNW flow, multi-bands=20
    will form off the Upper Lakes with a strong single band off Lake=20
    Ontario with an impressive multi-lake moisture feed. THe pattern=20
    will be slow to unfold, but by early Wednesday a closed low will=20
    begin to form over the Corn Belt which will help disrupt the=20
    pattern enough to diminish the lake effect snow, but then those=20
    height falls will bring in a general/light snow to the region on=20
    Thursday. WPC probabilities for at least 8 inches of snow over the=20
    next two days are near 50% over the eastern U.P. of Michigan. Over=20
    central NY between ROC-FZY-SYR, the strong single band will=20
    continue to dump snow at 1-3"/hr rates with significant=20
    accumulation in a narrow swath -- perhaps more than 12-18 inches=20
    60% probs). By day 3, snowfall will be light with most areas=20
    seeing less than 4 inches of snow.


    ...Pacific Northwest through the Central Rockies...
    Days 1-3...

    Height falls over the Great Basin this morning will continue=20
    southeastward today, giving some additional snow to the CO Rockies.
    To the north, additional height falls out of Canada will drop=20
    through central MT with some light snow to the central ID ranges,=20 southwestern MY, and the western WY ranges where WPC probabilities=20
    for at least 6 inches of snow are low (<40%) to the north but high=20
    70%) over western WY and the high peaks of the northern CO=20
    Rockies.=20

    By day 2, a Pacific system will start to move into the Northwest,=20
    spanning the latitudes from NorCal up to the Canadian border. IVT=20
    will be modestly high (~90th percentile) into NorCal/southern=20
    OR/northern NV toward Idaho, supporting light to moderate snows for
    the terrain with snow levels near 3000ft to the north and 5000ft=20
    to the south that will rise a bit as the core of the moisture plume
    pushes through. The system will move steadily along and clear the=20
    coast with QPF starting early Thursday, pushing into northern=20
    UT/southern ID and into the Rockies. However, moisture will wane=20
    and snow will become lighter overall into D3 with the snow confined
    mainly to the Unitas and higher CO Rockies by then. For the 3-day=20
    period, WPC probabilities for at least 8 inches of snow are highest
    70%) over the higher terrain above 6000ft closer to the coast,=20
    7000-8000ft over the Great Basin, and 9000ft over CO/WY.=20


    ...Central Plains through the Mid-Atlantic States...
    Days 1-2...

    A significant winter storm is underway over the Central Plains=20
    which will spread eastward through the Mid-South into the southern=20 Mid-Atlantic with potentially major impacts including heavy snow=20
    and significant ice.=20

    Snow is already underway across KS into MO this morning, driven by
    lead shortwaves ahead of the Rockies trough. Through this morning,
    as the stronger height falls approach the region, snow will expand
    over the central and southern Plains eastward beneath the RRQ of=20
    the upper jet and atop the Arctic air mass driven in by the strong=20
    cold front overnight. With sufficient moisture influx from the=20
    Gulf, snow rates will increase over southern KS into southern MS=20
    later this morning into the afternoon with >1"/hr rates at times=20
    per the WPC snowband tool and HREF probs. Snow will advance=20
    eastward into the Mid-South later this evening and overnight but=20
    likely diminish somewhat in intensity. To the south, the shallow=20
    Arctic air mass will continue southward but southerly flow aloft=20
    will maintain >0C temperatures, favoring a mix of sleet and=20
    freezing rain over parts of OK into AR, northern LA, and western=20
    MS. For the D1 period, WPC probabilities of at least 4 inches of=20
    snow are high (>70%) from southeastern KS and northeastern OK=20
    eastward to western KY. Within this region, probabilities of at=20
    least 8 inches of snow are >60% near Joplin to Springfield, MO.=20
    Icing to the south should generally be light but there is a low=20
    change (10-30%) of at least 0.10" accretion near the Oachita=20
    Mountains in AR.=20

    By Wednesday morning, the next phase of the system will take shape
    over the northern Gulf as the entrance region of the upper jet=20
    touches the LA/MS coast, helping to favor cyclogenesis. The=20
    northern part of the system will still spread snow across the Mid-
    South eastward to the central Appalachians where some orographic=20
    lift will help wring out several inches of snow into eastern=20
    KY/southern WV/southwestern VA. The larger QPF-maker will be the=20
    forming Gulf low that is forecast to track ENE to NE across north=20
    FL before turning northeastward along the Gulf Stream just off the=20
    SC/NC coasts. With the cold air mass in place through the East,=20
    this sets up a southern slider snow event with an axis of heavy=20
    snow along the VA/NC border into the Tidewater and southern=20
    DelMarVa. The incoming northern stream upper low will lag behind=20
    just enough to not phase until farther downstream, but enough=20
    ingredients will be coming into place in the formative stages of=20
    this system to yield a modest to heavy snowfall for parts of the=20
    southern Mid-Atlantic, with a cutoff near a line along I-66/I-95=20
    into southern NJ. WPC probabilities for at least 6 inches of snow=20
    are highest over southeastern VA and northeastern NC, squarely=20
    through the Norfolk area.

    Like places farther west, the >0C air aloft will rise up and over=20
    the cold surface temperatures over eastern NC, setting up a=20
    freezing rain event that may be significant along and east of I-95
    between the VA border and into northeastern SC. There, WPC=20
    probabilities for at least 0.10" icing are >50% with some areas=20
    receiving more than 0.25" accretion.=20


    ...Southeastern Mass...
    Day 3...

    The exiting system from the Southeast/southern Mid-Atlantic will=20
    track northeastward, and may clip southeastern MA/Cape Cod D3 on=20
    its way into Atlantic Canada. The question revolves around the=20
    speed of the incoming northern stream upper low and how much it can
    capture the exiting system. Given the uncertainty leading into the
    event in the Southeast/Mid-Atlantic, there are still a wide range=20
    of solutions from zero to moderate snow over part of the region.=20
    For now, there are low (10-40%) probabilities of at least 4 inches=20
    of snow over Cape Cod and the Islands.=20


    Fracasso


    ...Winter Storm Key Messages are in effect. Please see current=20
    Key Messages below...

    https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/key_messages/Late= stKeyMessage_2.png__;!!DZ3fjg!92kKkwbOehKBV2BtOiSCq2THIYORCAmTDDpxygk-jF7Q0= 5Y6P3T0r05kbzgsuHmq3WS3DKk8WDp5dXVNWHc5cX6IEaA$=20

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Tue Feb 18 19:54:07 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 181953
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    253 PM EST Tue Feb 18 2025

    Valid 00Z Wed Feb 19 2025 - 00Z Sat Feb 22 2025


    ...Central Plains through the Mid-Atlantic States...
    Days 1-2...

    A significant winter storm is underway over the Central Plains=20
    which will spread eastward through the Mid-South into the southern=20 Mid-Atlantic with potentially major impacts including heavy snow=20
    and significant ice. See the latest Key Messages linked at the end
    of the discussion.=20

    Current radar/sat composite is pretty revealing this afternoon with
    the development of a significant swath of precip developing in-of
    the Central Plains into the adjacent Lower to Mid-Mississippi
    Valley. Shortwave trough ejecting out of the Central Rockies will
    continue downstream with general mid-level ascent pattern maximized
    within the corridor extending from southeast KS to points east
    within Southern MO/Northern AR with a heavy snow footprint
    forecast to align within the above corridor. WPC prob snowbands at
    the 12z update was still pretty aggressive for a several hr time
    frame of 1-2"/hr rates embedded within the primary precip shield=20
    moving across the Ozarks until about the three-river confluence at=20
    the MO/TN/AR border. Heavy snows over the span of several hours=20
    will produce total accumulations generally >8" across that same=20
    expanse from KS through northern AR and southern MO through=20
    Wednesday morning. High probs (50-80%) for >4" exists just for the=20
    00-12z Wednesday period across southern MO, northern AR, and far=20 southwestern KY with lower probs (25-50%) extending further east=20
    through the Ohio Valley for the remainder of the period.=20

    Further south into Central AR down through northern LA, dominant=20
    ptype will continue to trend more favorable for IP/ZR as a shallow=20
    warm layer is progged due to the meridional push of Gulf air=20
    advecting over top the shallow cold air mass being pushed south on
    the southern flank of the Arctic high drilling south over the=20
    course of today and tomorrow. Thankfully the ascent pattern is=20
    strongest further north, so ice accums are not anticipated to be=20
    severe, but still relatively impactful with probs of ice >0.1"=20
    holding between 10-30% across the AR/LA border over the course of=20
    the forecast period. Ice probs decrease downstream for D2, but=20
    still maintain some low probs for between 0.01-0.1" ice accums=20
    across northern MS/AL/GA for mainly the 06-14z time frame on=20
    Wednesday before precip moves out of the area the second half of=20
    the D2 period.=20

    By early Wednesday morning, increased jet dynamics over the
    Southeast and Mid-Atlantic will aid in generating a surface low
    along the Central Gulf coast, propagating east-northeast over the=20
    course of Wednesday with a surface low located off the NC coast by
    early Thursday morning. The primary disturbance to the west will
    still motion across the Ohio Valley into the mountains of the
    central and southern Mid-Atlantic leading to moderate snow
    accumulations on D2 across eastern KY/southern WV/southwestern VA
    leading to probs around 30-50% for at least 4" of snowfall in those
    locales during the 12z Wednesday to 12z Thursday period falling
    in-between both D1 and D2. Further east into the coastal southern
    Mid-Atlantic, our aforementioned surface cyclone over the Gulf into
    the Western Atlantic will lead to the greatest QPF footprint for
    the D2 period with heavy synoptic based precipitation over places
    like the Tidewater of VA down into northeastern NC, mainly in the
    form of snow. Moderate precip focus will align within the NC=20
    Piedmont across into southeastern NC with a mixed ptype regime
    likely to cause some formidable ice accums in the form of sleet
    (IP) and freezing rain (ZR). The area across the VA Tidewater will
    be the epicenter for the most significant snowfall forecast with
    totals between 6-12" expected for areas like Norfolk up through the
    U13 corridor between VA Beach/Chincoteague, well-documented with
    the latest >4" probs a solid 80+% within that entire zone and >8"
    probs up into the 40-60% range. Modest probs for >4" also extend
    south into northeastern NC with a decent area of 40-70% probs
    existing from Elizabeth City and points northwest.=20

    Freezing rain prospects exist across a good portion of eastern NC
    and the northern Piedmont of SC with the heaviest totals likely to
    fall over areas along and east of I-95. WPC probabilities between
    50-80% are forecast for >0.1" ice accretion across portions of
    eastern NC with low probs (10-30%) for the northern most portion of
    the SC Piedmont. 10-30% probs also exist for as much as 0.25" of
    ice accretion over eastern NC as well, although the deterrent for
    the threat is the heaviest precip falling within marginally cold
    enough air at the surface (30-32F) with periods of heavier precip
    falling during the day time which historically curbs ice accretion
    rates, especially at these latitudes.=20

    Kleebauer


    ...Great Lakes...=20
    Days 1-3...

    Cyclonic flow over southern Canada and the Great Lakes on the=20
    western side of the elongated upper trough axis will favor a=20
    continuation of the lake effect snow for the next couple of days.=20
    With 850 temperatures in the -20sC and NW to WNW flow, multi-bands=20
    will form off the Upper Lakes with a strong single band off Lake=20
    Ontario with an impressive multi-lake moisture feed. The pattern=20
    will be slow to unwind, but by early Wednesday a closed low will=20
    begin to form over the Corn Belt which will help disrupt the=20
    pattern enough to diminish the heavy lake effect snow, but then=20
    those height falls will bring in a general/light snow to the region
    on Thursday and Friday. WPC probabilities for at least 8 inches of
    snow only exist on Day 1 (Wednesday) parts of the Michigan U.P.=20
    and off southern Lake Ontario. For central NY between ROC- FZY-=20
    SYR, the strong single band will steal the show and continue to=20
    dump snow at 1-3"/hr rates with significant accumulation in a=20
    narrow swath -- perhaps more than 12 inches of additional snow=20
    (10-20% probs). By days 2 and 3, snowfall will be light with most=20
    areas seeing less than 4 inches of snow. The greatest potential for
    additional snowfall over 4 inches (20-50%) is forecast off Lake=20
    Michigan into western L.P. and far northern Indiana on Thursday,
    positioned along the eastern and northern periphery of the upper
    low.


    ...Pacific Northwest through the Central Rockies...
    Days 1-3...

    Initially for tonight, additional height falls out of Canada will=20
    drop through central MT with some light snow to the central ID=20
    ranges, southwestern MT, and the western WY ranges where WPC=20
    probabilities for an additional 6 inches of snow are low (<40%) to
    the north but high (>70%) over southern WY and the high peaks of=20
    the northern CO Rockies.=20

    By early Wednesday, a potent but progressive Pacific system will=20
    start to move into the Northwest, spanning the latitudes from=20
    NorCal up to the Canadian border. IVT will be modestly high (~90th=20 percentile) into NorCal/southern OR/northern NV toward Idaho,=20
    supporting light to moderate snows for the terrain with snow levels
    near 3000ft to the north and 5000ft to the south that will rise a=20
    bit as the core of the moisture plume pushes through. The system=20
    will move steadily along and clear the coast with QPF starting=20
    early Thursday, pushing into northern UT/southern ID and into the=20
    Rockies. However, moisture will wane and snow will become lighter=20
    overall into the end of D2 with the snow confined mainly to the=20
    Unitas and higher CO Rockies by then. For the 3-day period, WPC=20 probabilities for at least 8 inches of snow are highest (>70%) over
    the higher terrain above 6000ft closer to the coast, 7000-8000ft=20
    over the Great Basin, and 9000ft over CO/WY. The next system begins
    to enter the Northwest by the end of D3 with lighter snow entering
    the northern Cascades.


    ...Southeastern Mass...
    Day 2-3...

    The exiting system from the Southeast/southern Mid-Atlantic will=20
    track northeastward, and may clip southeastern MA/Cape Cod on
    Thursday on its way into Atlantic Canada. The question revolves=20
    around the speed of the incoming northern stream upper low and how=20
    much it can capture the exiting system and pump up the downstream
    ridge. Recent 12z guidance has nudged northward, which is common in
    the short range with developing low pressure systems off the coast
    as CAMs incorporate latent heat release and stronger WAA in
    relation to convection in the warm sector of the system. However,
    the best chances for snowfall over 4 inches remains over Nantucket
    (70-80%) as well as both Martha's Vineyard and Cape Cod (40-60%),
    with low probs (10-20%) clipping far eastern Long Island, southern
    CT and the remainder of southeast MA.


    Fracasso/Snell



    ...Winter Storm Key Messages are in effect. Please see current=20
    Key Messages below...

    https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/key_messages/Late= stKeyMessage_2.png__;!!DZ3fjg!5mPmuoW5LsnP4ytmASZ9XcFvE4QBoZOAMQWVvp_1zHOla= XspwSo7cpI_J7s1J04ovX_4L1NURYZIDHud1WBb0slpltc$=20

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Wed Feb 19 07:02:00 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 190701
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    201 AM EST Wed Feb 19 2025

    Valid 12Z Wed Feb 19 2025 - 12Z Sat Feb 22 2025


    ...Southern Mid-Atlantic States...=20
    Day 1...

    A significant winter storm will continue to spread eastward into=20
    the southern Mid-Atlantic with potentially major impacts including=20
    heavy snow and significant ice. See the latest Key Messages linked=20
    at the end of the discussion.=20

    Surface low along the Central Gulf coast will cross North Florida=20
    early this afternoon and parallel the Southeast Coast tonight. The=20
    northern stream shortwave responsible for the heavy snow in the=20
    Plains will continue eastward into the southern Mid-Atlantic,=20
    helping to spread generally light snow to the southern=20
    Appalachians, aided by some orographic enhancement. WPC=20
    probabilities for at least 4 inches are generally <30%.

    As the Gulf low transitions to a western Atlantic/coastal low,=20
    precipitation will progress to the VA/NC coast with snow to the=20
    north (solidly cold column over VA) and freezing rain and sleet to=20
    the south where warmer air aloft will overrun the cold surface=20
    temperatures near and just below freezing over eastern NC and into=20
    portions of eastern SC as well. Snowfall to the north will likely=20
    maximize later this afternoon and evening as the surface low starts
    to deepen over the Gulf Stream, with locally heavier rates >1"/hr=20
    over southeastern VA, leading to moderate/heavy amounts. WPC=20
    probabilities for at least 6 inches of snow are >50% there. There=20
    is a much larger footprint of >2" probabilities of at least 40%,=20
    extending from southwestern VA eastward, as far north as=20
    Fredericksburg, VA to Rehoboth Beach, DE, and as far south as the=20 Raleigh-Durham metro.=20

    Into NC, several hours of freezing rain are likely starting this=20
    afternoon and continuing into the evening. Accretion will depend on
    rainfall rates (which limit accretion), wind, and time of day, but
    most of the guidance still indicates the potential for a couple=20
    tenths of an inch of ice, roughly along and east of I-95 in eastern
    NC. WPC probabilities for at least 0.10" ice are >40% with some=20
    areas likely seeing >0.25" ice. Precipitation will wind down=20
    overnight and end by Thursday morning.


    ...Great Lakes/Northeast...=20
    Days 1-2...

    Lake effect snow will diminish this morning as height falls over=20
    the Corn Belt move into the region, favoring widespread light snow=20
    over the Great Lakes and Midwest tonight into Thursday. WPC=20
    probabilities for at least 4 inches of snow are low (<40%) except=20
    for some lingering lake bands and/or lake enhanced snows.


    ...Pacific Northwest through the Central Rockies...
    Days 1-3...

    A potent but progressive Pacific system will start to move into=20
    the Northwest this morning, spanning the latitudes from NorCal up=20
    to the Canadian border. IVT will be modestly high (~90th=20
    percentile) into NorCal/southern OR/northern NV toward Idaho,=20
    supporting light to moderate snows for the terrain with snow levels
    near 3000ft to the north and 5000ft to the south that will rise a=20
    bit as the core of the moisture plume pushes through. The system=20
    will move steadily along which will end QPF from west to east=20
    starting as early as tonight over the Cascades and on Thursday over
    the Great Basin. Moisture will wane with decreasing synoptic=20
    support into Thursday, with snow confined mainly to the Unitas and=20
    higher CO Rockies by then. For the 2-day period, WPC probabilities=20
    for at least 8 inches of snow are highest (>70%) over the higher=20
    terrain above 6000ft closer to the coast, 7000-8000ft over the=20
    Great Basin, and 9000ft over CO/WY. A new system will to enter the=20
    Northwest by D3 with lighter snow into the northern Cascades.


    ...Southeastern Mass...
    Day 2...

    The exiting system from the Southeast/southern Mid-Atlantic will=20
    track northeastward and may clip southeastern MA/Cape Cod on=20
    Thursday on its way into Atlantic Canada. The question revolves=20
    around the speed of the incoming northern stream upper low and how=20
    much it can capture the exiting system and pump up the downstream=20
    ridge. 00Z guidance still shows at least some snow into the region,
    but vary on how much. The best chances for snowfall over 4 inches=20
    remains over Nantucket (~70%) as well as both Martha's Vineyard and
    Cape Cod (40-60%), with low probs (10-20%) from Block Island to=20
    New Bedford to Plymouth.


    Fracasso


    ...Winter Storm Key Messages are in effect. Please see current=20
    Key Messages below...

    https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/key_messages/Late= stKeyMessage_2.png__;!!DZ3fjg!9sVcZe4TlHpniV6jCGyvBRat6RhwKKhfV5vDeJcEpZbHI= 3DIxoXOdFgeWi1xsDCLbhLvxvOujjMZE38LNF3kw8MjcUs$=20

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Wed Feb 19 21:14:42 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 192113
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    413 PM EST Wed Feb 19 2025

    Valid 00Z Thu Feb 20 2025 - 00Z Sun Feb 23 2025


    ...Mid-Atlantic and Carolinas...=20
    Day 1...

    Major winter storm continues into tonight for southern Mid-
    Atlantic with heavy snow and notable icing. See the latest Key=20
    Messages linked at the bottom.=20

    Developing surface low ahead of southern stream wave is off SC/GA=20
    border this afternoon. This coastal low strengthens as it shifts=20
    northeast off Cape Hatteras through tonight. Heavy snow bands will
    persist over southeast VA into northeast NC through this evening
    where Day 1 snow probs for an additional >4" after 00Z are 40-70%.
    Snow bands shift offshore after midnight. A wintry mix of mainly=20
    freezing rain will persist over southern and eastern NC through=20
    this evening. Day 1 ice probs for an additional >0.1" after 00Z are
    40-70% over portions of the MHX and ILM CWAs.

    The northern stream upper low is currently over Iowa and will=20
    track to Ohio through tonight before pushing over the northern Mid-
    Atlantic Thursday. Generally light snow is expected from this=20
    upper low over the Ohio Valley tonight and over the central/=20
    southern Appalachians into the DC metro area Thursday morning. Day
    1 snow probs for >2" are 40-70% over the WV Highlands and the Great
    Smokies.


    ...Great Lakes/Massachusetts Cape and Islands...=20
    Days 1-2...

    Lake effect snow reinvigorates over Lake Michigan tonight into
    Thursday on the back side of the aforementioned upper low. NNWly
    flow brings single band LES to far southwest MI into northern IN
    through Thursday where Day 1 snow probs for >4" are 40-60%. NWly
    flow late Thursday brings lake enhanced snow downwind of Erie
    despite the lake being nearly frozen over. However, fetch from Lake
    Huron will aid snowfall. Day 1.5 snow probs for >4" are around 20%
    near Erie, PA.

    The system developing off the Mid-Atlantic coast Thursday tracks up
    off Nova Scotia Thursday night. This will bring the precip shield
    with bay/ocean enhanced snow to southeastern MA/Cape Cod and
    Islands Thursday afternoon/evening. Day 1.5 snow probs for >4" are
    40-70% for the Cape and Islands.


    ...Pacific Northwest through the Central Rockies...
    Days 1-3...

    A potent but progressive Pacific system over the PacNW coast early
    this afternoon will dig south as it moves inland with the base of
    the trough reaching CO by late Thursday. Snow levels drop to 3000ft
    over the WA Cascades through this evening before precip cuts off
    with Day 1 snow probs for >4" 40-80% at and above pass level.=20

    Snow levels over the northern Rockies are around 4000ft and closer
    to 6000ft over CO through Thursday as this trough approaches.
    Moderate elevation snow can be expected with Day 1 snow probs for
    6" 40-80% around the Bitterroots on the ID/MT border,
    northeastern NV ranges, the Wasatch, Uinta and Tetons. Snow=20
    continues over the CO Rockies through Thursday night with Day 2
    snow probs for >6" 30-60% across central and northern CO ranges.=20

    The next wave pushes into the Queen Charlotte Sound Friday evening
    with another atmospheric river pushing across WA Friday afternoon,
    expanding south through OR Sunday. Snow levels at onset are around
    4500ft in the WA Cascades Friday, increasing to 5000ft Friday=20
    night and 6000ft over WA (and 8000ft over OR) on Saturday. Day 3=20
    snow probs for >6" are 30-40% over the only higher WA Cascades with=20
    the very high snow levels over OR precluding snow probs for the
    isolated higher Cascade peeks at this time.


    Jackson



    ...Winter Storm Key Messages are in effect and linked...

    https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/key_messages/Late= stKeyMessage_2.png__;!!DZ3fjg!7p_seGd11bEmj7cMHpvlL3_O0eakYUdrJUNQ2hZcx0xUM= E5s86ssTwHh9rDSkn4s-uaYBrvouwtuxQoVeOll3LvOpCI$=20

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Thu Feb 20 06:22:26 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 200622
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    122 AM EST Thu Feb 20 2025

    Valid 12Z Thu Feb 20 2025 - 12Z Sun Feb 23 2025


    ...Central Appalachians to New England...
    Day 1...

    A major winter storm which brought significant snow to the
    Tidewater area of Virginia and surrounding portions of VA/NC will
    continue to eject to the E/NE today while deepening. Snow will end
    quickly this morning over VA, but as the low deepens and tracks
    well southeast of the 40N/70W benchmark, snow will overspread
    portions of coastal southern New England, especially Cape Cod and
    the Islands. The system is progressive, but moisture spreading
    north ahead of it will maintain periods of snow in far southeastern
    MA, with some additional ocean enhanced snowfall likely across the
    Cape Thursday night. Total additional snowfall is expected to be
    modest, but may exceed 4" especially across the Outer Cape and
    Nantucket as reflected by WPC probabilities of 30-50%.

    Behind this potent surface low, an anomalous upper low will race
    from the Ohio Valley to off the Mid-Atlantic coast by this evening,
    bringing an arc of 500mb heights below the 2.5th climatological
    percentile according to NAEFS. Steep lapse rates beneath this upper
    low combined with moistening of the low-to-mid levels of the
    column will result in a pivoting axis of moderate snowfall, which
    may accumulate significantly in the higher terrain of WV where WPC probabilities for 4+ inches are locally 50-70%. Farther east,=20
    moderate snow rates may bring some light accumulations from near=20
    Greensboro, NC northeast through Hartford, CT. Although=20
    accumulations will be less than 1 inch in most places, this snow=20
    falling atop very cold ground could cause hazardous travel.


    ...Great Lakes...
    Day 1...

    Lake effect snow (LES) will develop in the wake of the potent upper
    low moving through the Ohio Valley and into the Mid-Atlantic today.
    NW flow and accompanying CAA will produce a favorable environment
    across the lakes, most notably SE of Lake Michigan early D1, and
    then shifting to downstream (SE) of Lakes Erie and Ontario tonight
    into Friday morning. The flow is not ideal along the long fetch of
    the lakes except Lake Michigan, and duration is likely to be
    relatively short, but WPC probabilities for 4+ inches of snow reach
    as high as 30-50% across far SW MI near the lakeshore of Lake
    Michigan, as well as along the Chautauqua Ridge east of Lake Erie.



    ...Central Rockies...=20
    Day 1...

    A weakening shortwave moving out of the Great Basin will dig E/SE
    into the Central Rockies Thursday, combining with a weak jet streak
    aloft to produce widespread deep layer ascent to support wintry
    precipitation from Idaho through Colorado. A surface low beneath
    the shortwave will traverse across Utah and Colorado, providing
    additional ascent, and although moisture is near normal according
    to NAEFS PW anomalies, this will result in a swath of moderate to
    heavy snow, especially in the higher terrain of the Wasatch,
    Uintas, and CO Rockies, primarily above 4000 ft. The waning=20
    amplitude of this upper trough will allow precip to wane towards=20
    the end of D1, but WPC probabilities for 6+ inches of snow are high
    70%) along the Wasatch, higher terrain of the Uintas, and into
    portions of the CO Rockies.


    ...Pacific Northwest...
    Days 2-3...

    A deepening trough well off the Pacific Coast will begin to advect
    moisture onshore the Pacific Northwest beginning Friday night. This
    moisture plume will be characterized by IVT within an atmospheric
    river (AR) which has a high probabilities (>70%) of exceeding 500
    kg/m/s according to both the GEFS and ECENS. Additionally, this
    AR will have significant duration as probabilities for 500 IVT
    exceeding 50% persist for around 48 hours from Friday night through
    just beyond the end of this forecast period. The overlap of this
    robust IVT and accompanying WAA with intensifying jet level
    diffluence and mid-level divergence will result in expanding
    precipitation, likely occurring in two distinct waves: one Friday
    night into Saturday morning, and another Saturday night through
    Sunday.=20

    Within the first wave, snow levels will rise gradually to 4000-6000
    ft along and west of the Cascades, but cold air remaining
    entrenched to the east will keep snow levels below 3000 ft across
    portions of interior OR and WA. With the second surge, however,
    stronger WAA will lift snow levels to 6000-8000 ft, generally
    keeping significant snow accumulations above pass levels. On D2,
    WPC probabilities for 4+ inches that are above 50% are confined to
    the highest terrain of the WA Cascades, although Washington Pass
    may receive a few inches of snowfall D2. During D3, WPC
    probabilities for 4+ inches increase in the WA Cascades, but again
    at only the higher elevations, while additionally spreading east
    into the Northern Rockies.



    Weiss



    ...Winter Storm Key Messages are in effect. Please see current=20
    Key Messages below...

    https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/key_messages/Late= stKeyMessage_2.png__;!!DZ3fjg!-YC_Rzo2-WTs32sNk5n8Uk_LEXPHuF_vLsQR2QfQ2V1f-= wQVDZjlj7ng55ZUCqc-mv48rLqVnSf_OoIqT3TfpyjPdvk$=20

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Thu Feb 20 20:28:04 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 202027
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    327 PM EST Thu Feb 20 2025

    Valid 00Z Fri Feb 21 2025 - 00Z Mon Feb 24 2025


    ...Colorado Rockies and Central High Plains...=20
    Day 1...

    Shortwave trough axis over Utah this afternoon will shift east over
    CO tonight and into western KS Friday morning. Weak jet streak=20
    aloft and PVA from the trough will produce widespread deep layer=20
    ascent to support snow over CO tonight with banding extending east
    over the Palmer Divide, through eastern CO and into western KS late
    tonight into Friday. Day 1 snow probs for >6" after 00Z are 40-80%
    in the I-70 corridor of north-central CO Terrain and around 30% on
    the I-25 corridor over the Palmer Divide near Castle Rock.
    Probabilities for >2" spread east along I-70 to Limon, but given
    the banding potential from upper forcing, there is potential for
    over an inch into KS.=20


    ...Pacific Northwest to the Northern Rockies...=20
    Days 2-3...

    Mid-level low pressure pushes across the Queen Charlotte Sound
    Friday evening with moisture advection and relatively short-lived=20
    moderate precip to the south over the Pacific Northwest Friday=20
    night. A broader trough approaches the Pacific Northwest this
    weekend with heavier precip then expected Saturday afternoon
    through Sunday.=20
    For Friday night expect snow levels to gradually rise to 5000 ft=20
    along the west side of the WA Cascades with cold air entrenched on
    the east side keeping snow levels around 2000ft. Day 2 snow probs=20
    for >6" are 50-80% for only the higher WA Cascades and far northern
    ID terrain.


    The broader moisture surge Saturday afternoon brings widespread
    6000-8000 ft snow levels, keeping significant snow accumulations=20
    above Cascades pass levels, with 6000ft snow levels inland over the
    northern Rockies. Day 3 snow probs for >6" are 40-80% on the higher
    WA Cascades, western Sawtooths, ranges around Glacier NP, and the
    Tetons. Moderate precip will continue over terrain into Sunday
    night.


    Jackson




    ...Cold Key Messages are in effect for much of the southern U.S. as
    linked below...

    https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/key_messages/Late= stKeyMessage_2.png__;!!DZ3fjg!5ROePMOUawYh1Xj1cMQMIqeJ98h-81saYOQHqDbWQYjou= dqHOFkqgbcrz3CTnxnk4zLaxO9YIIgnhhn6VjNcX7Ke1R8$=20

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Fri Feb 21 06:23:52 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 210623
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    123 AM EST Fri Feb 21 2025

    Valid 12Z Fri Feb 21 2025 - 12Z Mon Feb 24 2025


    ...Pacific Northwest to the Northern Rockies...=20
    Days 1-3...

    An increasingly active pattern across the Pacific and into the
    Northwest CONUS will drive two rounds of wintry precipitation
    across the region through the weekend.

    The first of these will approach this evening as a modest shortwave
    impulse sheds from a larger closed low over the Pacific and moves
    onshore by 00Z/Saturday. This will push a weakening cold front
    onshore from an occluded low filling across British Columbia.
    Modestly pinched mid-level flow will help surge moisture into the
    region ahead of this front, characterized by PWs above the 90th
    climatological percentile across WA according to NAEFS. The
    accompanying ascent through WAA and then convergence along the
    front itself will help expand precipitation across the region, but
    with snow levels rising to 5000 ft west of the Cascades, and rising much
    more slowly to the east. This will keep snow accumulations=20
    generally above pass level (Washington Pass the exception), with=20
    light icing possible across eastern WA state/the Columbia Basin.=20
    Duration and intensity of precipitation D1 into D2 is likely to be
    limited, so WPC probabilities for more than 4 inches of snow above
    50% are confined to just the highest peaks of the WA Cascades.

    After a brief break in precipitation Saturday, a more substantial
    plume of moisture pivots onshore beginning Saturday evening/night,
    driven by an atmospheric river (AR) which has high probabilities
    90%) in both the ECENS and GEFS for IVT to exceed 500 kg/m/s.
    This plume will be advected eastward thanks to increasingly
    confluent flow just west of the coast and downstream of a
    sharpening closed low, aided by a strengthening upper level jet
    streak. By 00Z Sunday, IVT according to NAEFS will exceed the 99.5
    percentile within the CFSR database, and this will continue to
    spread across WA, northern ID, and into MT/WY by the end of the=20
    forecast period. This impressive moisture combined with strong=20
    synoptic ascent will result in an expansion of heavy precipitation,
    but with snow levels concurrently rising to 6000-8000 ft. This=20
    indicates that despite precipitation being very heavy at times,=20
    most of the snow will be confined to the highest elevations and=20
    well above pass levels. This is reflected by WPC probabilities D2=20
    that are 70% or more for 6+ inches in the higher WA Cascades, which=20
    then expand eastward, reaching 70% or more for 6+ inches across=20
    portions of the Sawtooth, Northern Rockies, and Grand Tetons D3.


    Weiss


    ...Extreme Cold Key Messages are in effect. Please see current Key
    Messages below...

    https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/key_messages/Late= stKeyMessage_2.png__;!!DZ3fjg!7iftjcGbJrqAmFrnSmucZ6olkRGypWtc5hu11AASOZYzz= wxmh1cjHTXHb8PVQNqvJwsdcBMgkPHm7e6lKPV_xWjo1HQ$=20

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sat Feb 22 07:12:15 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 220711
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    211 AM EST Sat Feb 22 2025

    Valid 12Z Sat Feb 22 2025 - 12Z Tue Feb 25 2025



    ...Pacific Northwest through the Northern Rockies...
    Days 1-3...

    A closed mid-level low tracking slowly south of the Aleutians will
    shed lobes of vorticity eastward and onshore the Pacific Coast,
    spreading precipitation from the Pacific Northwest through the
    Northern Rockies into early next week.

    Generally W to SW flow will persist across the Pacific during this
    time, with enhanced confluence south of the Aleutian Low enhancing
    moisture advection and IVT as an atmospheric river (AR). Both ECENS
    and GEFS probabilities indicate that IVT will almost certainly
    90%) exceed 500 kg/m/s, with potentially 3 consecutive days of
    IVT exceeding 250 kg/m/s surging onshore beginning this evening.
    Within this moisture plume, PWs are progged by NAEFS to exceed the
    99.5 percentile of the CFSR database, especially late D1 through
    the end of D2 from the WA/OR coasts to as far inland as the Central
    Rockies. Shortwaves/vorticity spokes rotating within this flow will
    cause periodic enhancement to ascent leading to heavier and more
    widespread precipitation. Although the timing of these features is
    not fully agreed upon by the guidance, consensus suggests bouts of
    heavier precipitation are likely beginning late D1 and again late
    D2. While this will result in heavy snow in higher terrain features
    across the region through the period, snow levels will climb
    steadily within the AR/accompanying WAA. Snow levels begin the
    period around 4000-6000 ft, then climb to as high as 7000-9000 ft,
    especially during D2. This will keep most significant snow
    accumulations above area pass levels.

    Although waves of heavy snow are likely in the higher terrain each
    day, the heaviest accumulations are forecast on D2 when WPC
    probabilities support a high risk (>70%) for more than 6 inches of
    snow across the higher WA Cascades, the Northern Rockies near
    Glacier NP, the Sawtooth, and near the Grand Tetons/Yellowstone NP.
    During D3, the highest probabilities shift back into the WA/OR
    Cascades with slightly lower snow levels supporting high
    probabilities (>70%) for more than 6 inches, and 3-day snowfall in
    the Cascades could be measured in several feet above 5000 ft
    elevation. Additionally, some light icing is expected in the
    Columbia Basin and parts of eastern OR where WPC probabilities D2
    reach 10-30% for up to 0.1" of ice.

    Weiss




    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sat Feb 22 07:10:22 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 220710
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    210 AM EST Sat Feb 22 2025

    Valid 12Z Sat Feb 22 2025 - 12Z Tue Feb 25 2025



    ...Pacific Northwest through Northern Rockies...
    Days 1-3...

    A closed mid-level low tracking slowly south of the Aleutians will
    shed lobes of vorticity eastward and onshore the Pacific Coast,
    spreading precipitation from the Pacific Northwest through the
    Northern Rockies into early next week.

    Generally W to SW flow will persist across the Pacific during this
    time, with enhanced confluence south of the Aleutian Low enhancing
    moisture advection and IVT as an atmospheric river (AR). Both ECENS
    and GEFS probabilities indicate that IVT will almost certainly
    90%) exceed 500 kg/m/s, with potentially 3 consecutive days of
    IVT exceeding 250 kg/m/s surging onshore beginning this evening.
    Within this moisture plume, PWs are progged by NAEFS to exceed the
    99.5 percentile of the CFSR database, especially late D1 through
    the end of D2 from the WA/OR coasts to as far inland as the Central
    Rockies. Shortwaves/vorticity spokes rotating within this flow will
    cause periodic enhancement to ascent leading to heavier and more
    widespread precipitation. Although the timing of these features is
    not fully agreed upon by the guidance, consensus suggests bouts of
    heavier precipitation are likely beginning late D1 and again late
    D2. While this will result in heavy snow in higher terrain features
    across the region through the period, snow levels will climb
    steadily within the AR/accompanying WAA. Snow levels begin the
    period around 4000-6000 ft, then climb to as high as 7000-9000 ft,
    especially during D2. This will keep most significant snow
    accumulations above area pass levels.

    Although waves of heavy snow are likely in the higher terrain each
    day, the heaviest accumulations are forecast on D2 when WPC
    probabilities support a high risk (>70%) for more than 6 inches of
    snow across the higher WA Cascades, the Northern Rockies near
    Glacier NP, the Sawtooth, and near the Grand Tetons/Yellowstone NP.
    During D3, the highest probabilities shift back into the WA/OR
    Cascades with slightly lower snow levels supporting high
    probabilities (>70%) for more than 6 inches, and 3-day snowfall in
    the Cascades could be measured in several feet above 5000 ft
    elevation. Additionally, some light icing is expected in the
    Columbia Basin and parts of eastern OR where WPC probabilities D2
    reach 10-30% for up t0 0.1" of ice.

    Weiss

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Fri Feb 21 20:29:21 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 212029
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    329 PM EST Fri Feb 21 2025

    Valid 00Z Sat Feb 22 2025 - 00Z Tue Feb 25 2025


    ...South-Central Texas...
    Day 1...

    Low level NEly flow from high pressure centered over Arkansas will
    persist over the eastern half of Texas through Saturday morning.
    Dry/cold air advection in this flow will continue to be overrun by southerly/Gulf-moisture laden air with an expansion of precip from
    South to Central Texas tonight. There is question to how far sub-
    freezing temps make it tonight, but as of now there is sufficient
    confidence in freezing rain accumulating over central Texas, around
    and a bit east of the San Antonio metro area (where WFO EWX has an
    advisory). There is potential for some elevated ice glaze farther
    south into the CRP CWA, but that fine line is not that clear as of
    this time. Day 1 ice probabilities for >0.01" are 40-60% in and
    east of San Antonio with 10% probs extending from the Austin metro
    to Laredo.


    ...Pacific Northwest through Northern Rockies...
    Days 1-3...

    Pacific moisture advects over the PacNW to the northern Rockies
    through Monday with a few upper trough passages expected. Higher
    elevation snow is expected through the next three days with the
    heaviest precip Saturday afternoon through Sunday when there are
    rather high snow levels.

    An upper low moves over the Queen Charlotte Sound through this
    evening. 0.75" PW air flows across WA through Saturday morning with
    snow levels west of the Cascades crest generally rising from 4500ft
    to 5500ft while persisting around 3000ft east of the crest over the
    northern Columbia Basin due to entrenched cold air. Day 1 snow
    probs for >6" are 40-70% in the north WA Cascades and the Selkirks
    in far north Idaho.

    The next wave in this zonal flow arrives to Vancouver Island
    Saturday midday with a plume of 1 to 1.25" PW air streaming over
    WA/OR Saturday afternoon through Sunday. Snow levels rapidly rise
    to 8000ft in this plume for Saturday night, though snow levels drop
    to around 6000ft in the north WA Cascades Sunday afternoon under
    the next shortwave trough axis. This moisture also spreads across
    the northern Rockies where snow levels will be 5000-6000ft. Day 2
    snow probs for >6" are 40-70% in the north WA Cascades, western
    Sawtooths, Bitterroots, and ranges around Glacier NP. THe pattern
    for the Day 3 snow probs for >6" are similar to Day 2 just with
    lower probs for the Sawtooths and Bitterroots with an expansion
    over the southern Absarokas and Tetons (40-70% there). Three day
    snow totals over 3ft are possible in the highest WA Cascades with
    more like 1-2ft in the higher Sawtooths, Tetons, and Lewis Range at
    Glacier NP.

    This is nearly all above mountain road passes and is generally a
    beneficial precip event for watersheds in the NW.


    Jackson



    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sat Feb 22 19:09:15 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 221908
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    208 PM EST Sat Feb 22 2025

    Valid 00Z Sun Feb 23 2025 - 00Z Wed Feb 26 2025

    ...Pacific Northwest through the Northern Rockies...
    Days 1-3...

    The overall synoptic evolution forecast remains pretty consistent
    among guidance as of the 12z NWP suite. A closed mid- level low
    tracking slowly south of the Aleutians will continue shedding
    lobes of vorticity eastward and onshore the Pacific Coast,
    spreading precipitation from the Pacific Northwest through the
    Northern Rockies into early next week.

    Generally W to SW flow will persist across the Pacific during this
    time, with enhanced confluence south of the Aleutian Low enhancing
    moisture advection and IVT as an atmospheric river (AR). Both ECENS
    and GEFS probabilities indicate that IVT will almost certainly
    90%) exceed 500 kg/m/s, with 3 consecutive days of IVT exceeding
    250 kg/m/s surging onshore beginning this evening. Within this
    moisture plume, PWs are progged by NAEFS to exceed the 99.5
    percentile of the CFSR database, especially late D1 through the end
    of D2 from the WA/OR coasts to as far inland as the Central
    Rockies. Shortwaves/vorticity spokes rotating within this flow will
    cause periodic enhancement to ascent leading to heavier and more
    widespread precipitation. Although the timing of these features is
    not fully agreed upon by the guidance, consensus suggests bouts of
    heavier precipitation are likely beginning late D1 and again late
    D2. While this will result in heavy snow in higher terrain features
    across the region through the period, snow levels will climb
    steadily within the AR/accompanying WAA. Snow levels begin the
    period around 4000-6000 ft, then climb to as high as 7000-9000 ft,
    especially during D2. This will keep most significant snow
    accumulations above area pass levels.

    As me move into D3, a tertiary shortwave trough will pivot
    underneath the prominent gyre to the north generating a more
    significant height fall pattern as we step into Tuesday morning.
    Snow levels that rose considerably in the periods prior will see
    them decrease rapidly as the advancing shortwave trough allows for
    colder temps to seep down into the previous 4000-6000 ft range
    culminating in more widespread heavy snowfall across the Northern
    Cascades and higher elevations of the Olympics in WA. Steady
    progression of colder air mixing further into the column will
    protrude areas east of the coastal ranges with areas inland
    towards northern ID and northwestern MT seeing an uptick in
    snowfall for the 12-00z time frame Tuesday into Wednesday. Heaviest
    snow will still be confined to the Cascades, but some areas east
    of the mountain chain will see >4" of snowfall, namely over the
    Bitterroot Range extending northeast towards the Cabinet Mtns., and
    southeast into the Absaroka Range.

    The heavy snow footprint continues to be most prominent in that D2
    to D3 time frame with the highest probs (>70%) for >4" located over
    the ranges above. Additional high probs over 70% will exist in the
    highest elevations of the Olympics by D3 due to the incoming
    disturbance. Totals >8" are split between the remainder of D1 with
    a break between D1 and part of D2, but will pick up significantly
    in both magnitude (50-80%) and spatial coverage of the higher probs
    across the PAC Northwest by the end of D2 into D3 within the
    vicinity of the Cascades, Olympics, and Bitterroot Ranges. This
    will culminate in the highest elevations encountering several (4+)
    feet of snow over the next 72 hrs. with 1-3 feet forecast for areas
    between 4000-7000 ft MSL. Additionally, some light icing is
    expected in the Columbia Basin, as well as parts of eastern OR
    where WPC probabilities D1 into early D2 reach 10-30% for up to
    0.1" of ice.

    Weiss/Kleebauer

    ...Tug Hill through Northern Green & White Mountains...
    Day 1-2...

    Shortwave trough analyzed over the northern Great Lakes will
    continue pushing downstream into neighboring Quebec with the
    southern fringes of the energy bisecting Upstate NY through
    Northern New England by this evening. Sufficient low-level
    buoyancy generated by modest delta-T's over Lake Ontario will
    create a moderately strong singular band that will align downwind
    of the lake with the fetch aimed into the Central and Southern Tug
    Hill Plateau. Combined moisture fetch and local upslope component
    will allow for a targeted area of heavy snow to those areas within
    the band placement. High probs of 70-90% for >4" exist within the
    window of 00-18z Sunday with a very small area of 40-70% probs for
    6" intersecting the Tug Hill area between Watertown to Pulaski and
    points inland. This is the primary zone for heavy snow within the
    Northeastern U.S, but some upslope snows within the Northern Green
    and White Mountains of VT/NH also point to some modest
    probabilities of >4", especially as you enter the Greens from Mount
    Mansfield and points north.

    Kleebauer

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sun Feb 23 07:39:01 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 230738
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    238 AM EST Sun Feb 23 2025

    Valid 12Z Sun Feb 23 2025 - 12Z Wed Feb 26 2025

    ...Pacific Northwest through the Northern Rockies...
    Days 1-3...

    Long duration atmospheric river (AR) begins before the forecast
    period, and continues through Tuesday. This AR is driven by
    confluent mid-level flow overlapped by multiple impressive Pacific
    jet streaks, resulting in pronounced onshore flow of moisture. The
    accompanying IVT has a high probability (>80% from ECENS and GEFS)
    of exceeding 500 kg/m/s through Monday, with a slow wane
    thereafter. Within this plume of moisture, forcing for ascent will
    be periodically enhanced by shortwave troughs rotating through the
    flow as impulses shed from a strong closed mid-level low out over
    the Pacific Ocean. Each of these impulses will produce enhanced
    ascent to expand and intensify the accompanying precipitation,
    leading to rounds of heavy snow from the Cascades through the
    Northern Rockies. However, the WAA within the AR will lift snow
    levels to as high as 8000 ft, before latitudinal variations develop
    on either side of a stalled front.

    For D1, a closed 500mb low pushing onshore British Columbia will
    pulse a lobe of vorticity into WA state, accompanied favorably by
    coupled jet streaks. This will combine with a cold front pushing
    eastward to enhance ascent and drive rounds of heavy precipitation
    from northern CA through the Northern Rockies, with upslope flow
    into terrain features resulting in the heaviest accumulations of
    precipitation. Snow levels during this time will rise to generally
    6000-8000 ft, keeping snow confined above pass levels. However,
    where it does snow, accumulations will be significant as reflected
    by WPC probabilities that indicate a high risk (>70%) for 8+ inches
    in the Sawtooth, Northern Rockies near Glacier NP, and the Tetons
    of WY.

    This first front will then become elongated west-east as the
    mid-level pattern becomes flattened in response to a sharper trough
    approaching from the West. This will allow some colder air to drain
    southward but remain confined generally to WA, northern ID, and MT,
    with a sharp gradient in snow levels existing along this boundary
    (3000 ft north, 6000 ft south). This will be relatively short lived
    however, as the stronger trough axis drives a potent closed low and accompanying surface low towards the WA/OR coast late Monday. This
    will once again result in enhanced ascent through WAA, PVA, and
    upper diffluence, with a second surge in precipitation expanding
    east across the area. Snow levels climb again to as high as 6000 ft
    in many areas late Monday into early Tuesday, before the associated
    cold front drives eastward by the end of the period. While this
    will cause snow levels to fall quickly, it will also result in
    rapid drying of the column, bringing an end to the heavy
    precipitation.

    D2 snowfall is likely to be heaviest along the spine of the
    Cascades and into the Olympics of WA, where WPC probabilities are
    high (>90%) for 8 inches, and locally 1-3 feet is possible in the
    highest elevations. During D3 the heaviest precipitation spreads
    inland as far as the Northern Rockies and into the vicinity of
    Yellowstone NP, but the heaviest accumulations are likely again
    across the WA Cascades where WPC probabilities are above 50% for an
    additional 8+ inches of snow.


    Weiss


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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sun Feb 23 19:16:25 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 231916
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    216 PM EST Sun Feb 23 2025

    Valid 00Z Mon Feb 24 2025 - 00Z Thu Feb 27 2025

    ...Pacific Northwest through the Northern Rockies...
    Days 1-3...

    Current assessment of the mid-level WV satellite across the Eastern
    Pacific denotes a textbook multi-wave structure within a long axis
    stretch of progressive shortwave troughs migrating underneath a
    prominent trough axis nestled over the Gulf of Alaska. The current
    AR across the Pacific Northwest is driven by the confluent mid-
    level flow overlapped by multiple impressive Pacific jet streaks
    accompanying each shortwave trough, resulting in a pronounced
    onshore flow of moisture centered over the OR/WA coasts, extending
    inland. The accompanying IVT has a high probability (>80% from
    ECENS and GEFS) of exceeding 500 kg/m/s through tomorrow (Monday),
    with a slow wane thereafter. Within this plume of moisture,
    forcing for ascent will be periodically enhanced by the
    aforementioned shortwave troughs pivoting through the flow as these
    impulses shed from a strong closed mid-level low out over the
    Pacific Ocean. Each of these impulses will produce enhanced ascent
    to expand and intensify the accompanying precipitation, leading to
    rounds of heavy snow from the Cascades through the Northern
    Rockies. However, the WAA within the AR will lift snow levels to as
    high as 8000 ft, before latitudinal variations develop on either
    side of a stalled front.

    For D1, a closed 500mb low pushing onshore British Columbia will
    pulse a lobe of vorticity into WA state, accompanied favorably by
    coupled jet streaks. This will combine with a cold front pushing
    eastward to enhance ascent and drive rounds of heavy precipitation
    from northern CA through the Northern Rockies, with upslope flow
    into terrain features resulting in the heaviest accumulations of
    precipitation. Snow levels during this time will rise to generally
    6000-8000 ft, keeping snow confined above pass levels. However,
    where it does snow, accumulations will be significant as reflected
    by WPC probabilities that indicate a high risk (50-80%) for 8+
    inches in the Sawtooth, Northern Rockies near Glacier NP, and the
    Tetons of WY.

    This first front will then become elongated west-east as the
    mid-level pattern becomes flattened in response to a sharper trough
    approaching from the West. This will allow some colder air to drain
    southward but remain confined generally to WA, northern ID, and MT,
    with a sharp gradient in snow levels existing along this boundary
    (3000 ft north, 6000 ft south). This will be relatively short lived
    however, as the stronger trough axis drives a potent closed low and accompanying surface low towards the WA/OR coast late Monday. This
    will once again result in enhanced ascent through WAA, PVA, and
    upper diffluence, with a second surge in precipitation expanding
    east across the area. Snow levels climb again to as high as 6000 ft
    in many areas late Monday into early Tuesday, before the associated
    cold front drives eastward by the end of the period. While this
    will cause snow levels to fall quickly, it will also result in
    rapid drying of the column, bringing an end to the heavy
    precipitation.

    D2 snowfall is likely to be heaviest along the spine of the
    Cascades and into the Olympics of WA, where WPC probabilities are
    high (>70%) for 8 inches, and locally 1-3 feet is possible in the
    highest elevations. A secondary maxima will align within the
    highest elevations of Northern ID near the MT/ID border as the
    moisture advection and progressive cold front propagate inland
    during the back half of D2 leading to moderate probs of 40-70% for
    potential of 8+ inches. During the front half of the D3 time
    frame, the heaviest precipitation will continue to spread inland
    as far as the Northern Rockies and into the vicinity of Yellowstone
    NP, but the heaviest accumulations are likely again across the WA
    Cascades where WPC probabilities are above 50% for an additional 8+
    inches of snow. Drier air advecting into the Northwestern U.S
    during the latter half of Tuesday will spell the end to the
    extended AR impacts that have been in place the past several days.


    Weiss/Kleebauer


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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Mon Feb 24 06:47:21 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 240647
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    147 AM EST Mon Feb 24 2025

    Valid 12Z Mon Feb 24 2025 - 12Z Thu Feb 27 2025

    ...Pacific Northwest through the Northern Rockies...
    Days 1-2...

    Ongoing atmospheric river (AR) will intensify and continue through
    today and into Tuesday before eroding as the driving trough pivots
    inland. Until that occurs, persistent advection of moisture on IVT
    exceeding 500 kg/m/s is expected into WA/OR and then spilling as
    far east as portions of the Northern Rockies. This AR will be
    driven by confluent flow downstream of an impressive closed low
    (NAEFS 500-700mb height anomalies below -1 sigma) which will be
    overlapped by a strengthening upper jet streak. Weak impulses
    shedding eastward from this closed low as it moves into British
    Columbia will help to periodically enhance ascent, with additional
    lift likely in the vicinity of a surface low moving near the Strait
    of Juan de Fuca Tuesday morning. Impressively confluent flow will
    keep moisture advection nearly perpendicular to the Cascades and
    other N-S ranges, leading to strong upslope ascent as well.

    The guidance is well aligned overall with the synoptic and
    mesoscale features, leading to high confidence in the evolution of
    this event. However, the consensus has trended colder Monday in
    areas north of a draped front from west-east near the WA/OR border.
    This will keep snow levels more suppressed, generally remaining
    around 3000-3500 ft in WA, ID, MT D1 before a slow rise occur late
    D1 due to the enhanced WAA as a warm front lifts north ahead of
    the surface low. Thereafter, snow levels crash again quickly during
    D2 as the accompanying cold front pivots east. Despite the lowering
    snow levels D2, this will occur in tandem with a drying column,
    which indicates most of the heavy snow should accumulate only at
    the higher elevations thanks to rapid wane of precipitation
    coverage and intensity by the second half of D2.

    WPC probabilities for heavy snow accumulating to more than 6 inches
    are high (>90%) in the Olympics and along the crest of the Cascades
    D1, with locally 2-3 feet possible at the highest elevations.
    Additionally, impactful pass-level snow is likely especially at
    some of the higher passes like Washington Pass. During D2, heavy
    snow continues across the Cascades but also expands eastward
    towards the Northern Rockies. WPC probabilities D2 are high (>70%)
    for 6+ inches across the higher elevations of these ranges, before precipitation winds down into D3.


    Weiss



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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Mon Feb 24 19:38:33 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 241937
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    237 PM EST Mon Feb 24 2025

    Valid 00Z Tue Feb 25 2025 - 00Z Fri Feb 28 2025

    ...Pacific Northwest through the Northern Rockies...
    Days 1-2...

    Our current AR over the Pacific Northwest is ongoing with the
    sat/radar composite outline a textbook warm frontal band of
    precipitation across coastal OR/WA. The cold front accompanying
    the surface low off the coast is already being analyzed off the
    northwestern CA and southwest OR coasts with light precip already
    situated along and ahead of the axis of frontal convergence. Deep
    moisture anomalies continue to be the driver of heavier
    precipitation potential with IVT's hovering between 400-600 kg/m/s
    during the strongest precip period occurring now through at least
    early Tuesday morning. IVT anomaly is squarely within 3-5
    deviations above normal according to the latest NAEFS output, a
    typical marker for marginal AR intensity. This should provide
    sufficient deep layer moisture for heavier snowfall potential over
    the higher elevations of the Olympics and Cascades this afternoon,
    even as warmer air filters inland and snow levels rise into the
    evening.

    The guidance is still well aligned overall with the synoptic and
    mesoscale features, leading to high confidence in the evolution of
    this ongoing event. Consensus overnight did trend colder today in
    areas north of a draped front from west-east near the WA/OR border,
    but the propagation of the warm front will lead to snow levels
    rising incrementally through the afternoon and early evening hours
    across WA/ID/OR/MT. Thereafter, snow levels will plateau during the
    overnight time frame, then crash again quickly during front half
    of D2 as the aforementioned cold front off the Pacific coast pivots
    east accompanying falling heights aloft. Despite the lowering snow
    levels D2, this will occur in tandem with a drying column, which
    indicates most of the heavy snow should accumulate only at the
    higher elevations thanks to rapid wane of precipitation coverage
    and intensity by the second half of D2.

    WPC probabilities for heavy snow accumulating to more than 6 inches
    remain high (>90%) in the Olympics and along the crest of the
    Cascades the remainder of D1, with locally 2-3 feet possible at
    the highest elevations (Above 7000ft MSL). Additionally, impactful
    pass- level snow is likely especially at some of the higher passes
    like Washington Pass. During D2, heavy snow continues across the
    Cascades but also expands eastward towards the Northern Rockies.
    WPC probabilities D2 are high (>70%) for 6+ inches across the
    higher elevations of these ranges, before precipitation winds down
    into D3.

    Weiss/Kleebauer


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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Tue Feb 25 06:30:48 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 250630
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    130 AM EST Tue Feb 25 2025

    Valid 12Z Tue Feb 25 2025 - 12Z Fri Feb 28 2025

    ...Pacific Northwest through the Northern Rockies...
    Day 1...

    Strong surface low pressure will be moving eastward near the Strait
    of Juan de Fuca, pivoting onshore beneath a strong but filling
    upper level shortwave trough. This upper feature will weaken
    rapidly as it gets replaced by upper level ridging, resulting in
    the surface low eroding as it moves across WA state. E/SE of this
    stacked system, the ongoing atmospheric river (AR) will persist
    another 12 hours as reflected by GEFS/ECENS IVT probabilities,
    surging moisture into the Pacific Northwest and Northern Rockies
    D1. The lingering precipitation D1 is expected to be lighter than
    the heavy amounts that have fallen already, but still should
    result in heavy snow in the WA Cascades and Northern Rockies,
    including the Bitterroots and Lewis Range, especially above
    3000-3500 ft. In these areas, WPC probabilities for 6+ inches of
    snow are high (>90%), and pass level impacts will continue until
    snow wanes at the end of D1.


    ...Northeast...
    Day 3...

    A modest wave of low pressure will move northeast from the Great
    Lakes across New England Thursday into Friday, with an accompanying
    cold front trailing in its wake. The low will likely track across
    central New England, with the accompanying WAA causing
    precipitation to expand in the form of snow across northern New
    England. Although the system will be fast moving, brief heavy snow
    is likely in the higher terrain of the White Mountains of NH where
    WPC probabilities reach 30-50% for 4+ inches of accumulations.
    Later D3, as the cold front passes to the east, post-frontal
    upslope flow will develop into the Adirondacks and northern Greens,
    with modest lake enhancement occurring into the Tug Hill Plateau.
    In these areas, WPC probabilities for 4+ inches reach 30-50% as
    well, but generally later in the D3 period than what will occur
    across the NH terrain.


    Weiss

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Tue Feb 25 19:05:46 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 251905
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    205 PM EST Tue Feb 25 2025

    Valid 00Z Wed Feb 26 2025 - 00Z Sat Mar 01 2025

    ...Pacific Northwest through the Northern Rockies...
    Day 1...

    Potent surface low moving ashore far northwest WA along with a
    weakening upper low opening into an upper shortwave over the
    Northern Rockies tonight will continue to produce areas of heavy
    snow through early Wednesday. The atmospheric river once associated
    with this system will end by this evening as IVT values drop to
    below 250 kg/m*s once upper ridging builds along the West Coast.
    However, lingering precipitation is expected across the northern
    WA Cascades and northern ID/western MT ranges overnight, including
    the Bitterroots and Lewis Range, especially above 3000-3500 ft. In
    these areas, WPC probabilities for an additional 6+ inches of snow
    are high (>70%), and pass level impacts will continue until snow
    wanes during the middle of D1.


    ...Northeast...
    Days 2-3...

    A modest wave of low pressure will move northeast from the Great
    Lakes across New England Thursday into Friday, with an accompanying
    cold front trailing in its wake. The low will likely track across
    central New England, with the accompanying WAA causing
    precipitation to expand in the form of snow across northern New
    England. Although the system will be fast moving, brief heavy snow
    is likely in the higher terrain of the White Mountains of NH where
    WPC probabilities reach 30-50% for 4+ inches of accumulations.
    There is a chance for some light ice accumulations (<0.1") associated
    with the WAA across the Catskills, Adirondacks, and Berkshires on
    Thursday, but with the surface low crossing to the west there
    won't be much time for ice to accrete after the mid-level warm
    nose changes ptype to rain. By D3, as a secondary cold front passes
    to the east, post- frontal upslope flow will develop into the
    Adirondacks and northern Greens, with modest lake enhancement
    occurring into the Tug Hill Plateau. In these areas, WPC
    probabilities for 4+ inches reach 50-70%, but with higher values
    (70-90%) across the Tug Hill.


    ...Upper Great Lakes...
    Day 3...

    By Thursday night into Friday morning, a clipper system diving
    southeast across south-central Canada will begin to spread a swath
    of WAA driven snow into far northern MN. This system will progress
    eastward quickly with snowfall spreading across the majority of
    the Upper Great Lakes on Friday, including northern WI, the MI
    U.P. and northern L.P. There remains some north-south uncertainty
    with GFS/GEFS depicting a more southerly solution and heavy (4+
    inches) amounts extending across the MN Arrowhead through northern
    MI, while the ECMWF/ECENS depicts the heaviest snow confined to
    the eastern U.P. The GFS is likely on the southern end of the
    guidance due to a slightly more amped downstream 500 mb pattern
    ahead of the clipper system. Current day shift forecast fell in
    between, while leaning towards the northern ECENS solution. WPC
    probabilities are largely 20-40% across the region for 4+ inches of
    snow on D3, with 40-60% chances across the eastern U.P. of MI.


    Snell/Weiss




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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Wed Feb 26 07:11:33 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 260711
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    211 AM EST Wed Feb 26 2025

    Valid 12Z Wed Feb 26 2025 - 12Z Sat Mar 01 2025



    ...Upper Great Lakes through the Northeast...
    Days 2-3...

    A series of shortwave troughs moving through the flow this week
    will result in an amplified longwave trough deepening across the
    eastern CONUS. This will create period of active wintry weather
    from the Upper Great Lakes through northern New England.

    The first of these shortwaves will pivot southeast from the Upper
    Midwest Wednesday night, reaching the Great Lakes before 12Z
    Thursday and then pushing into New England on Friday. This will
    sharpen the associated longwave trough across the east, driving a
    cold front across the region, which will be draped from a wave of
    low pressure likely developing downstream of the lead shortwave. As
    this low moves E/NE from Michigan to New England, accompanying WAA
    will help spread precipitation northeastward as PWs surge to +1 to
    +2 sigma according to NAEFS ensemble tables. The surface low
    tracking across northern New England will allow precipitation to
    start as snow in many places from Upstate New York into New
    England, but changeover to a mix and then rain across all but the
    higher terrain of the Adirondacks, Whites, and northern Maine.

    Then as the subsequent cold front pushes through on Thursday,
    upslope flow in a still moist column will drive periods of moderate
    snowfall across the Adirondacks, Greens, and Tug Hill Plateau, the
    latter aided by lake Ontario moisture enhancement. This will
    result in locally heavy snow exceeding 4 inches as reflected by WPC probabilities D2 that are moderate to high (30-70%) across these
    mountain ranges, with locally 6+ inches possible in the higher
    terrain and across the Tug Hill Plateau.

    A subsequent shortwave will race southeast immediately on the heels
    of this first system, pushing an Alberta Clipper type low from
    northern MN early Friday to New England Saturday. This system will
    be compact and progressive, but a strengthening shortwave and
    favorable positioning of an upper level jet streak will produce
    significant ascent to spread moderate to heavy precipitation across
    the region. Although this system will Alas be progressive, a
    region of overlapping frontogenesis and deformation north of the
    surface low will result in an axis of heavier precipitation, and
    since the column will be quite cold behind Thursday's cold front,
    this will produce a swath of heavy snow from the Arrowhead of MN,
    across the U.P. of MI, eastward into northern New England. WPC
    probabilities D3 are high (>70%) for 4+ inches from the eastern
    U.P. through the far northern portion of the L.P., with 30-70%
    chances for 4+ inches encompassing that region as far west as the
    tip of the Arrowhead to as far east as the western Adirondacks.

    Weiss


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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Wed Feb 26 18:40:49 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 261840
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    140 PM EST Wed Feb 26 2025

    Valid 00Z Thu Feb 27 2025 - 00Z Sun Mar 02 2025


    ...Northeast...
    Days 1-2...

    The first in a series of progressive shortwaves to impact the
    Northeast with wintry weather over the next few days will pivot
    southeast from the Upper Midwest tonight, reaching the Great Lakes
    before 12Z Thursday and then pushing east of New England on Friday.
    This will sharpen the associated longwave trough across the east,
    driving a cold front across the region, which will be draped from a
    wave of low pressure likely developing downstream of the lead
    shortwave. As this low moves E/NE from Michigan to New England,
    accompanying WAA will help spread precipitation northeastward as
    PWs surge to +1 to +2 sigma according to NAEFS ensemble tables. The
    surface low tracking across northern New England will allow
    precipitation to start as snow in many places from the PA-NY line
    into New England, but changeover to a mix and then rain across all
    but the higher terrain of the Adirondacks, Whites, and northern
    Maine. WPC probabilities for 4+ inches of snow through Thursday
    evening are medium (50-70%) along the White Mts of NH and ME, with
    lower probs (10-20%) stretching eastward to just northwest of
    Portland. Chances for ice accretion over 0.1" are low outside of
    the Catskills, but a glaze of freezing rain is possible across the
    favorable elevated sections of New England.

    Then as the subsequent cold front pushes through on Thursday,
    upslope flow in a still moist column will drive periods of moderate
    snowfall across the Adirondacks, Greens, and Tug Hill Plateau into
    early Friday, the latter aided by lake Ontario moisture
    enhancement. This will result in locally heavy snow exceeding 4
    inches as reflected by WPC probabilities D2 that are moderate to
    high (30-70%) across these mountain ranges, with locally 6+ inches
    possible in the higher terrain and across the Tug Hill Plateau.


    ...Upper Great Lakes through the Northeast...
    Days 2-3...

    A subsequent shortwave will race southeast immediately on the
    heels of this first system, pushing an Alberta Clipper type low
    from northern MN early Friday to New England Saturday. This system
    will be compact and progressive, but a strengthening shortwave and
    favorable positioning of an upper level jet streak will produce
    significant ascent to spread moderate to heavy precipitation across
    the region. Although this system will Alas be progressive, a
    region of overlapping frontogenesis and deformation north of the
    surface low will result in an axis of heavier precipitation, and
    since the column will be quite cold behind Thursday's cold front,
    this will produce a swath of heavy snow from the Arrowhead of MN,
    across the U.P. of MI, eastward into northern New York State. WPC
    probabilities D3 are high (>70%) for 4+ inches in these regions,
    with lower probs (10-30%) situated across northern New England on
    D3 outside of the elevated Green and White Mts. The greatest
    potential for at least 8 inches of snow (40-60%) exists along a
    WNW-ESE swath from the MN Arrowhead to the eastern U.P. (including
    the Keweenaw Peninsula).

    Snell/Weiss




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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Thu Feb 27 08:03:48 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 270803
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    303 AM EST Thu Feb 27 2025

    Valid 12Z Thu Feb 27 2025 - 12Z Sun Mar 02 2025


    ...Northeast...
    Day 1...

    The first in a pair of winter storms tracks through the Northeast
    today. NAEFS shows a sub 1004mb low tracking through the eastern
    Great Lakes that is below the 10th percentile. This low is also
    directing a narrow >500 kg/m/s IVT towards New England that is
    above the 90th climatological percentile. As anomalous moisture is
    directed towards the northern Appalachians, a sufficiently cold
    air-mass located over New England will support periods of snow,
    particularly in the northern Appalachian ranges. With low-level WAA
    and 290k isentropic glide aloft, periods of snow will be ongoing
    from the Adirondack on east through the Green and White Mountains
    this morning. As low pressure tracks into the Champlain Valley
    around midday, snow will track into the northern two-thirds of
    Maine with a wintry mix just north of the Maine coastline. The
    storm will race northeast into the St. Lawrence Valley of southern
    Quebec by Thursday evening with a dry slot moving in aloft that
    effectively shuts off most accumulating snowfall beyond 00Z Friday.
    WPC probabilities show low-to-moderate chances (30-50%) for
    snowfall >6" in the peaks of the Green and White Mountains. Most
    snowfall totals >500ft in elevation that are not in the Green and
    White Mountains are most likely to see anywhere from 1-4" of
    snowfall through Thursday afternoon. The WSSI does show a swath of
    Minor Impacts from southern VT and central NH on east through the
    southern half of Maine. Residents in these areas could contend with
    hazardous driving conditions, particularly in areas with complex
    terrain.


    ...Upper Great Lakes through the Northeast...
    Days 2-3...

    An unusually strong clipper system diving southeast from southern
    Canada will head for the Upper Great Lakes on Friday. The storm
    will reside beneath the diffluent left-exit region of a 90-100 knot
    500mb jet streak, while also sporting an unusually strong NWrly IVT
    that surpasses 300 kg/m/s on the western flank of the Clipper. The
    low-level circulation at 850mb is also rather potent with heights
    that are below the 0.5 climatological percentile by 18Z Friday
    according to NAEFS. This equates to what would be a "front-end
    thump" of heavy snow late Thursday night across the Minnesota
    Arrowhead, then across the Michigan U.P. and far northern Michigan
    Friday morning where the best 850mb FGEN ensues. Just north of the
    850mb FGEN is where snowfall rates of 1-2"/hr are possible for
    several hours. A dry slot and warming boundary layer should limit
    snowfall over the Michigan U.P. and northern Michigan Friday
    afternoon. As the storm heads east though, additional snow is
    likely on the back side of the storm as low-level CAA over Lake
    Superior increases Friday evening. Snow should taper off by
    Saturday morning in the Upper Great Lakes. WPC probabilities show moderate-to-high chances (50-70%) for snowfall totals >6" in the
    MN Arrowhead with similar chances for >8" in the Keweenaw
    Peninsula, the, Huron Mountains, and eastern Michigan U.P..
    Localized amounts approaching a foot are possible closer to Sault
    Ste. Marie, MI.

    The storm continues its march east into southern Ontario Friday
    evening with the same method of producing periods of heavy snow as
    far east as the Tug Hill and Adirondacks of northern New York.
    Unlike the Upper Great Lakes, however, the storm track is farther
    north through the St. Lawrence Valley. WPC's Snowband Probability
    Tracker, utilizing the 00Z HREF guidance, shows the potential for
    1"/hr rates from the Tug Hill to as far east as the Green and White
    Mountains Friday night. The dryslot and warming low level-
    temperatures arrive Saturday morning with only northern Maine
    likely to still see periods of moderate-to-heavy snow through rest
    of the day Saturday. Snow should taper off throughout the Interior
    Northeast by Saturday night. WPC probabilities show moderate-to-
    high chances (50-70%) for snowfall >6" in the Tug Hill and
    Adirondacks neighboring the Tug Hill through Saturday morning.


    Mullinax


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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Thu Feb 27 18:47:03 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 271845
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    145 PM EST Thu Feb 27 2025

    Valid 00Z Fri Feb 28 2025 - 00Z Mon Mar 03 2025


    ...Upper Great Lakes through the Northeast...
    Days 1-2...

    An unusually strong clipper system (MSLP below the first
    climatological percentile per the ECMWF) diving southeast from
    southern Canada will head for the Upper Great Lakes on Friday. The
    storm will reside beneath the diffluent left- exit region of a
    90-100 knot 500mb jet streak, while also sporting an unusually
    strong NWrly IVT that surpasses 300 kg/m/s on the western flank of
    the surface low. The low- level circulation at 850mb is also rather
    potent with heights that are below the 0.5 climatological
    percentile by 18Z Friday according to NAEFS. This equates to what
    would be a "front- end thump" of heavy snow late Thursday night
    across the Minnesota Arrowhead, then across the Michigan U.P. and
    far northern Michigan Friday morning where the best 850mb FGEN
    ensues. Just north of the 850mb FGEN is where snowfall rates of
    1-2"/hr are possible for several hours and supported by the latest
    12z HREF, which has trended slightly north over the last few
    forecast cycles. A dry slot and warming boundary layer should
    limit snowfall over the Michigan U.P. and northern Michigan Friday
    afternoon, leading to a relatively narrow swath of heavy snow. As
    the storm heads east though, additional snow is likely on the back
    side of the storm as low- level CAA over Lake Superior increases
    Friday evening. Snow should taper off by Saturday morning in the
    Upper Great Lakes. WPC probabilities show moderate-to-high chances
    (50-70%) for snowfall totals >6" in the MN Arrowhead with similar
    chances for >8" in the Keweenaw Peninsula, Huron Mountains, and
    eastern Michigan U.P.. Localized amounts approaching a foot are
    possible closer to Sault Ste. Marie, MI and locations just south
    and east.

    The storm continues its march east into southern Ontario Friday
    evening with the same method of producing periods of heavy snow as
    far east as the Tug Hill and Adirondacks of northern New York.
    Unlike the Upper Great Lakes, however, the storm track is farther
    north through the St. Lawrence Valley. WPC's Snowband Probability
    Tracker, utilizing the 12Z HREF guidance, shows the potential for
    1"/hr rates from the Tug Hill to as far east as the Green and White
    Mountains Friday night. The dryslot and warming low level-
    temperatures arrive Saturday morning with only northern Maine
    likely to still see periods of moderate-to-heavy snow through rest
    of the day Saturday. Snow should taper off throughout the Interior
    Northeast by Saturday night, with some lake-effect showers
    lingering into Sunday. WPC probabilities show moderate- to- high
    chances (50-70%) for snowfall >6" in the Tug Hill and Adirondacks
    neighboring the Tug Hill through Saturday morning. These chances
    drop across the remainder of New England, with 30-50% probabilities
    of 6+ inches found only across northern ME.

    Additionally, some lingering upslope/lake-effect snow is likely
    tonight across the Interior Northeast following the passage of a
    strong cold front, extending from as far south as the central
    Appalachians. WPC probabilities for at least 4 inches of snow are
    low (10-30%) across the central Apps, western Upstate New York, the Adirondacks, Green Mts and White Mts of New England.


    ...California...
    Day 3...

    An upper trough traversing the eastern Pacific Saturday is forecast
    to close-off by Sunday and follow a weakness in a western U.S.
    ridge behind a weaker upper low swinging across the Four Corners.
    This will allow for a period of light to moderate precipitation to
    spread onshore the West Coast on Sunday. IVT values are expected to
    remain weak (below 250 kg/m/s), so overall amounts shouldn't add
    up to much. Nonetheless, with snow levels around 4000-5000 feet,
    WPC probabilities for at least 6 inches of snow through Sunday
    night are medium (30-50%) across the Sierra Nevada and Shasta
    Siskiyous of northern California, highest probs mainly above 8000
    feet.


    Snell/Mullinax





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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Fri Feb 28 08:09:42 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 280808
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    308 AM EST Fri Feb 28 2025

    Valid 12Z Fri Feb 28 2025 - 12Z Mon Mar 03 2025


    ...Upper Great Lakes through the Northeast...
    Days 1-2...

    An unusually strong clipper system (MSLP below the first
    climatological percentile per the ECMWF) diving southeast from
    southern Canada will head for the Upper Great Lakes this morning.
    The storm will reside beneath the diffluent left-exit region of a
    90-100 knot 500mb jet streak, while also sporting an unusually
    strong NWrly IVT that surpasses 300 kg/m/s on the western flank of
    the surface low. The low-level circulation at 850mb is also rather
    potent with heights that are below the 0.5 climatological
    percentile by 18Z Friday according to NAEFS. This equates to what
    is effectively a "front-end thump" of heavy snow that began
    overnight in the Minnesota Arrowhead and is now heading for the
    Michigan U.P. and far northern Michigan today where the best 850mb
    FGEN occurs. The 00Z HREF suggests snowfall rates of 1-2"/hr are
    possible for several hours this morning. A dry slot and warming
    boundary layer should limit snowfall over the Michigan U.P. and
    northern Michigan Friday afternoon, resulting in a narrow swath of
    heavy snow. As the storm heads east though, additional snow is
    likely on the back side of the storm as low-level cold-air
    advection (CAA) over Lake Superior increases Friday evening. Snow
    should taper off by Saturday morning in the Upper Great Lakes. WPC probabilities show moderate-to-high chances (50-70%) for snowfall
    totals >6" in the MN Arrowhead with similar chances for >8" in the
    Keweenaw Peninsula, Huron Mountains, and eastern Michigan U.P..
    Localized amounts approaching a foot are possible closer to Sault
    Ste. Marie, MI and neighboring communities to the south along the
    coast.

    The storm continues its march east into southern Ontario Friday
    evening with the same method of producing periods of heavy snow as
    far east as the Tug Hill and Adirondacks of northern New York.
    WPC's Snowband Probability Tracker, utilizing the 12Z HREF
    guidance, shows the potential for 1"/hr rates from the Tug Hill to
    as far east as the Green and White Mountains Friday night. Unlike
    the Upper Great Lakes, however, the storm track is farther north
    through the St. Lawrence Valley. This burst of heavy snow will
    eventually give way to diminishing snowfall rates late Friday night
    and into Saturday morning in these areas. By Saturday morning,
    only northern Maine likely to still see periods of moderate-to-
    heavy snow through rest of the day Saturday. However, as the
    Arctic front approaches midday Saturday, steepening lapse rates
    and strong upper-level ascent aloft is a recipe for snow squalls.
    Plummeting temperatures could result in quick accumulations on some
    surfaces, but the biggest concern is for dramatic reductions in
    visibilities within impacted areas of northern New York and as far
    east as northern New England Saturday afternoon. Travelers on
    roadways should be sure to have a reliable way to receive snow
    squall warnings should they be issued on Saturday. Snow should
    gradually taper off throughout the Interior Northeast by Saturday
    evening, with some lake-effect showers lingering into Sunday. WPC
    probabilities show moderate-to-high chances (50-70%) for snowfall
    6" in the Tug Hill and Adirondacks neighboring the Tug Hill
    through Saturday morning. Similar probabilities for >4" of snowfall
    are depicted across northern Maine, as well as the Green and White
    Mountains through Sunday morning. Localized amounts topping 8" are
    possible in the tallest peaks of the Green and White Mountains.


    ...California & Great Basin...
    Day 3...

    A closed upper-low approaching California on Sunday will direct an
    IVT that is topping out not much higher than 250 kg/m/s at the
    Sierra Nevada and Southern California ranges. 850mb and 700mb winds
    topping the 90th climatological percentile (per NAEFS) may aid in
    some modest upslope flow, but this IVT is not particularly strong,
    which should limit most heavy amounts to the highest/more remote
    elevations. Snow levels will be as low as 4,000ft from the Sierra
    Nevada on east into the Great Basin, but the heavier amounts will
    generally be confined to elevations above 6,000ft. Snow will fall
    heaviest over the Sierra Nevada and as far north as the
    Shasta/Siskiyou Sunday afternoon and into Sunday night. As the
    upper low approaches Sunday night, Pacific moisture will spill over
    into the Great Basin with moderate-to-heavy snowfall along the
    ridge lines of central Nevada Sunday night and into Monday. WPC
    probabilities depict moderate-to-high chance probabilities (50-70%)
    for snowfall >8" at elevations above 7,000ft in the Sierra Nevada
    through Monday morning. Similar moderate-to-high chance
    probabilities for >4" of snowfall exist along the ridges of
    central Nevada through Monday morning.


    Mullinax



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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Fri Feb 28 19:12:16 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 281912
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    212 PM EST Fri Feb 28 2025

    Valid 00Z Sat Mar 01 2025 - 00Z Tue Mar 04 2025


    ...Great Lakes through the Northeast...
    Day 1...

    An unusually strong clipper system (MSLP below the 0.5
    climatological percentile per the NAEFS) swinging across the Upper
    Great Lakes this afternoon will track eastward just to the north of
    New England on Saturday. Modest WAA ahead of the storm will allow
    for a period of moderate snowfall across northern New England, Tug
    Hill, and northern Adirondacks tonight before mid-level dry air
    and warming of the column quickly ends any widespread snowfall by
    Saturday afternoon. Then, on the backside of the system, beginning
    first throughout the Upper Great Lakes this evening, CAA increases
    and drives up chances for renewed lake-effect snow and eventually
    favorable upslope conditions from the central Appalachians to
    northern New England. Additionally, as the CAA peaks along the East
    Coast on Saturday and low-level lapse rates increase with diurnal
    heating during the afternoon hours, snow showers and localized snow
    squalls are possible from the eastern Ohio Valley through New
    England. WPC probabilities show high chances (70-90%) for snowfall
    totals >4" across the Tug Hill Plateau and northern Adirondacks of
    New York, as well as the Green and White Mountains, plus parts of
    far northern Maine. Lake-effect snow downwind of Lake Superior have
    also prompted medium probabilities (40-60%) of an additional >4"
    of snow throughout parts of the Michigan U.P.


    ...California & Great Basin...
    Days 2-3...

    A closed upper-low approaching California on Sunday will direct an
    IVT that is topping out not much higher than 250 kg/m/s at the
    Sierra Nevada and Southern California ranges. 850mb and 700mb winds
    topping the 90th climatological percentile (per NAEFS) may aid in
    some modest upslope flow, but this IVT is not particularly strong,
    which should limit most heavy amounts to the highest/more remote
    elevations. Snow levels will be as low as 4,000ft from the Sierra
    Nevada on east into the Great Basin, but the heavier amounts will
    generally be confined to elevations above 6,000ft. Snow will fall
    heaviest over the Sierra Nevada and as far north as the
    Shasta/Siskiyou Sunday afternoon and into Sunday night. As the
    upper low approaches Sunday night, Pacific moisture will spill over
    into the Great Basin with moderate-to-heavy snowfall along the
    ridge lines of central Nevada Sunday night and into Monday.
    Moisture and a potent upper low will then eventually reach the
    central Rockies late Monday. WPC probabilities depict moderate-
    to- high chances (50-80%) for snowfall >8" at elevations above
    7,000ft in the Sierra Nevada through Monday morning. Similar
    moderate-to- high chance probabilities for >4" of snowfall exist
    along the ridges of central Nevada and Utah ranges through Monday
    evening.


    Snell/Mullinax






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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sat Mar 1 08:05:38 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 010805
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    305 AM EST Sat Mar 1 2025

    Valid 12Z Sat Mar 01 2025 - 12Z Tue Mar 04 2025


    ...Great Lakes through the Northeast...
    Day 1...

    The winter storm responsible for periods of heavy snow in parts of
    northern Michigan marches east into southern Ontario today. Periods
    of snow will stick around from the White Mountains to northern
    Maine this morning. Following a break in the snow this morning, the
    passage of a strong Arctic front paired with a deep upper trough
    approaching from the west will provide a source of lift aloft.
    Combine increasing surface-based heating that steepens low-level
    lapse rates, and the stage is set for scattered snow showers and
    snow squalls from the Great Lakes and Upper Ohio Valley on east
    through the Interior Northeast throughout much of the day Saturday.
    Plummeting temperatures could aid in rapid snowfall accumulations
    in wake of the cold frontal passage, but there is also a concern
    for bursts of heavy snow and gusty winds that cause dramatic
    reductions in visibility for those on roadways and for aviation.
    Travelers on roadways should be sure to have a reliable way to
    receive snow squall warnings should they be issued. Snow should
    taper off not long after sunset Saturday evening, although some
    residual lake-effect snow showers may stick around into parts of
    Saturday night. WPC probabilities through 06Z Sunday show moderate-
    to-high chances (50-70%) for >4" of additional snowfall in the Tug
    Hill, the White Mountains, and far northern Maine.


    ...California & Great Basin...
    Days 2-3...

    A closed upper-low tracking into California on Sunday will direct
    an IVT topping out around 250 kg/m/s at the Sierra Nevada and
    Southern California ranges. While SWrly low-level winds may provide
    some marginal upslope flow enhancement, this IVT is not
    particularly strong, thus limiting most heavy amounts to the
    highest/more remote elevations. Snow levels are expected to be as
    low as 4,000ft from the Sierra Nevada on east into the Great Basin,
    but the heavier amounts will generally be confined to elevations
    above 6,000ft. Snow will fall heaviest over the Sierra Nevada and
    as far north as the Shasta/Siskiyou Sunday afternoon and into
    Sunday night. As the upper low approaches Sunday night, Pacific
    moisture will spill over into the Great Basin with moderate-to-
    heavy snowfall along the 6,000-7,000ft ridge lines of central
    Nevada Sunday night and into Monday. Moisture and a potent upper
    low will then eventually reach the central Rockies late Monday. WPC probabilities depict moderate-to-high chances (50-80%) for
    snowfall >8" at elevations above 7,000ft in the Sierra Nevada
    through Monday morning. Similar moderate-to-high chance
    probabilities for >6" of snowfall exist along the ridges of
    central Nevada through Monday evening.

    ...Northern & Central Rockies to the Central Plains...
    Day 3...

    The upper low responsible for the mountain snow in the mountain
    ranges of California and the Great Basin will make its way into the
    Central Rockies on Monday. Falling heights and residual Pacific
    moisture will support moderate to locally heavy snowfall in the
    Wasatch, Uinta, southern Wyoming Rockies, and northern Colorado
    Rockies. WPC probabilities show moderate-to-high chances (50-80%)
    for snowfall >6" at elevations above 9,000ft. Farther north,
    temperatures will gradually cool as a cold front ushering in
    Canadian high pressure moves south. Lingering Pacific moisture,
    combined with weak easterly upslope flow will allow for light-to-
    moderate snowfall in the Northern Rockies between Monday afternoon
    and Tuesday morning.

    There remains a fair amount of spread regarding the snow potential
    in the Central and Northern Plains. The synoptic-scale jet stream
    setup is generally agreed upon; a strong jet streak over northern
    Mexico will place its divergent left-exit region over the central
    Plains Monday night. Along with strong PVA ahead of the 500mb low
    in the Rockies will result in cyclogenesis in lee of the Colorado
    Rockies that will organize and strengthen a surface low rather
    quickly by Tuesday. Where guidance differs are on the storm track,
    the rate at which the storm deepens, and the extent to which the
    colder air to the north is in place soon enough to result in a
    swath of heavy snow in the Northern Plains. The GEFS members are
    generally are a little faster, farther north, and deeper with the
    storm by 12Z Tuesday compared to the ECENS which is slower and
    farther south. The one thing these ensembles have in common is
    focusing on the Palmer Divide and over the Raton Pass with strong
    enough NErly upslope flow, along with strong dynamic cooling aloft
    to support heavier snowfall. Even in this case, however, any faster
    storm motion could mean less snowfall, and the opposite for
    heavier snow should the storm slow down. Through 18Z Tuesday, WPC
    probabilities show moderate chances (40-60%) for snowfall >4" along
    the Palmer Divide, but lesser chances (10-20%) along Raton Pass.

    With a lack of sufficiently cold air east of the Rockies, snowfall
    potential will be more directly tied to the deformation axis
    placement and dynamic cooling aloft from the Denver metro on north
    and east. Residents in the Central and Northern Plains will want
    to monitor the forecast closely over the weekend as this is a
    complex storm system whose final storm track is not resolved yet.


    Mullinax




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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sat Mar 1 19:35:51 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 011935
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    235 PM EST Sat Mar 1 2025

    Valid 00Z Sun Mar 02 2025 - 00Z Wed Mar 05 2025


    ...Great Lakes & Northeast...
    Day 1...

    Strong surface low pressure system exiting northern New England
    this evening will continue to usher potent CAA behind an arctic
    cold front clearing the East Coast tonight. Outside of lingering
    wrap-around snow across northern Maine, heavy accumulating
    snowfall through Sunday will be confined to localized lake-effect
    bands. With 20-35 kt 850 mb winds out of the northwest, the best
    chances for additional moderate snowfall is across the eastern MI
    U.P. and areas southeast of Lake Ontario. Here, WPC probabilities
    are low (10-30%) for an additional 4"+ of snow.


    ...California & Great Basin...
    Days 1-2...

    A closed upper-low tracking into California on Sunday will direct IVT
    topping out around 250 kg/m/s at the Sierra Nevada and Southern
    California ranges. While SWrly low-level winds may provide some
    marginal upslope flow enhancement, this IVT is not particularly
    strong, thus limiting most heavy amounts to the highest/more remote
    elevations. Snow levels are expected to be as low as 4,000ft from
    the Sierra Nevada on east into the Great Basin, but the heavier
    amounts will generally be confined to elevations above 6,000ft.
    Snow will fall heaviest over the Sierra Nevada and as far north as
    the Shasta/Siskiyou Sunday afternoon and into Sunday night. As the
    upper low approaches Sunday night, Pacific moisture will spill over
    into the Great Basin with moderate-to- heavy snowfall along the
    6,000-7,000ft ridge lines of central Nevada Sunday night and into
    Monday. Moisture and a potent upper low will then eventually reach
    the Central Rockies late Monday. WPC probabilities depict
    moderate- to-high chances (50-80%) for snowfall >8" at elevations
    above 7,000ft in the Sierra Nevada through Monday morning. High
    chances (70-90%) for >6" of snowfall exist along the ridges of
    central Nevada through Monday evening.


    ...Northern & Central Rockies to the Central Plains...
    Day 3...

    The upper low responsible for the mountain snow in the highly
    elevated ranges of California and the Great Basin will make its
    way into the Central Rockies on Monday and eventually the Central
    Plains on Tuesday. Falling heights and residual Pacific moisture
    will support moderate to locally heavy snowfall in the Wasatch,
    Uinta, southern Wyoming Rockies, and northern Colorado Rockies. WPC probabilities show moderate-to-high chances (50-80%) for snowfall
    8" at elevations above 9,000ft. Farther north, temperatures will
    gradually cool as a cold front ushering in Canadian high pressure
    moves south. Lingering Pacific moisture, combined with weak
    easterly upslope flow will allow for light-to- moderate snowfall in
    the Northern Rockies between Monday afternoon and Tuesday morning.

    There remains a fair amount of spread regarding the snow potential
    in the Central and Northern Plains. The synoptic-scale jet stream
    setup is generally agreed upon; a strong jet streak over northern
    Mexico will place its divergent left-exit region over the central
    Plains Monday night. Along with strong PVA ahead of the 500mb low
    in the Rockies will result in rapid cyclogenesis in lee of the
    Colorado Rockies that will organize and strengthen a surface low by
    Tuesday. Where guidance differs are on the storm track, the rate
    at which the storm deepens, and the extent to which the colder air
    to the north is in place soon enough to result in a swath of heavy
    snow in the Northern Plains. Today's guidance is starting to come
    into better agreement with a dynamically colder band of
    precipitation breaking out across the central High Plains Tuesday
    morning, but with above average spread remaining on exact
    placement. The GEFS members remain generally little faster and
    therefor deeper/north with the storm by 00Z Wednesday compared to
    the ECENS which is slower and farther south. This leads to some
    differences regarding the location and magnitude of a potential
    swath of snow on D3 extending from eastern Colorado through the
    central Plains into eastern North Dakota. The one thing these
    ensembles have in common is focusing on the Palmer Divide and
    southeast WY with strong enough NErly upslope flow, along with
    stronger dynamic cooling aloft to support heavier snowfall.
    Interestingly, NAEFS mean IVT reaches >97.5th climatological
    percentile even though flow is out of the north. However, any
    faster storm motion could mean less snowfall, and the opposite for
    heavier snow should the storm slow down. Through 00Z Wednesday, WPC probabilities show moderate chances (40-60%) for snowfall >6"
    along the Palmer Divide and parts of southeast Wyoming, with lesser
    chances for >4" (10-30%) over parts of western Nebraska and south-
    central South Dakota.

    With a lack of sufficiently cold air east of the Rockies, snowfall
    potential will be more directly tied to the deformation axis
    placement and dynamic cooling aloft from the Denver metro on north
    and east. Given the potentially record-strong low pressure over the
    Midwest by Tuesday night, greater impacts could be related to
    strong winds. Residents in the Central and Northern Plains will
    want to monitor the forecast closely over the weekend as this is a
    complex storm system.


    Snell/Mullinax







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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sun Mar 2 08:54:54 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 020854
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    354 AM EST Sun Mar 2 2025

    Valid 12Z Sun Mar 02 2025 - 12Z Wed Mar 05 2025


    ...California & Great Basin to the Central Rockies...
    Days 1-3...

    A closed upper-low tracking into California today will direct IVT=20
    of ~300 kg/m/s at the southern Sierra Nevada and Southern=20
    California ranges. While SWrly low-level winds may provide some=20
    marginal upslope flow enhancement, this IVT is not particularly=20
    strong, thus limiting most heavy amounts to the highest/more remote
    elevations. Snow levels are expected to be as low as 4,000ft from=20
    the Sierra Nevada on east into the Great Basin, but the heavier=20
    amounts will generally be confined to elevations above 6,000ft.=20
    Snow will fall heaviest over the Sierra Nevada and as far north as=20
    the Shasta/Siskiyou through Sunday evening. As the upper low=20
    approaches Sunday afternoon, Pacific moisture will spill over into
    the Great Basin with moderate-to-heavy snowfall along the=20
    6,000-7,000ft ridge lines of central Nevada Sunday afternoon and=20
    into Monday. WPC probabilities depict moderate-to-high chances=20
    (50-80%) for snowfall >8" at elevations above 7,000ft in the Sierra
    Nevada through Monday morning. High chances (70-90%) for >6" of=20
    snowfall exist along the ridges of central Nevada through Monday=20
    evening.

    The closed upper low will make its way into the Central Rockies on
    Monday and eventually the Central Plains by Monday night. Falling=20
    heights, strong jet-streak dynamics aloft, and residual Pacific=20
    moisture will support moderate to locally heavy snowfall in the=20
    Wasatch, Uinta, southern Wyoming Rockies, and northern Colorado=20
    Rockies. WPC probabilities show moderate-to-high chances (50-80%)=20
    for snowfall >8" at elevations above 9,000ft. Farther north,=20
    temperatures will gradually cool as a cold front ushering in=20
    Canadian high pressure moves south. Lingering Pacific moisture,=20
    combined with weak easterly upslope flow will allow for light-to-=20
    moderate snowfall in the Northern Rockies between Monday afternoon=20
    and Tuesday morning. Most snowfall totals will range between 1-4"
    with localized totals topping 4" in the peaks of the Big Snowy,
    Little Belt, Lewis Range, Absaroka, and Big Horns.=20


    ...Central Plains to Upper Midwest...
    Days 2-3...

    ...Powerful winter storm to inflict a plethora of dangerous weather
    hazards from the Great Plains to the eastern U.S, including
    blizzard conditions in the Central Plains...

    The synoptic-scale evolution and primary features are generally=20
    agreed upon by all guidance; a strong jet streak over northern=20
    Mexico will place its highly divergent left-exit region over the=20
    central Plains Monday night. Paired with strong PVA ahead of the=20
    500mb low in the Rockies aloft will organize and strengthen a=20
    surface low in lee of the Colorado Rockies as early as Monday=20
    afternoon. Guidance seems to be in decent agreement on the position
    of the upper low through 06Z Tuesday (ECENS slightly farther south
    than the GEFS) and these ensembles will remain in these camps will=20
    through 12Z Wednesday as the storm moves into the Midwest.=20
    Interestingly, NAEFS/ECWMF SATs depict mean IVT surpassing the=20
    97.5th climatological percentile over eastern CO early Tuesday=20
    morning. This is a byproduct of the exceptional 500-700mb moisture=20
    aloft that is associated with the deformation axis producing a=20
    burst of heavy snow. This will focus the heaviest snow along the=20
    Palmer Divide and southeast Front Range of southeast WY via strong=20
    enough NErly upslope flow, along with stronger dynamic cooling=20
    aloft to support heavier snowfall in the most elevated terrain
    through Tuesday morning. These areas are also at risk for strong
    wind gusts. The ECMWF EFI shows >0.8 values along the Palmer=20
    Divide for snow and wind gusts, suggesting the potential for=20
    significant impacts via those to weather hazards. Through 00Z=20
    Wednesday, WPC probabilities show moderate-to-high chances=20
    (40-70%) for snowfall >6" along the Palmer Divide and the Front=20
    Range of southeast WY.

    The snowfall potential east of the Rockies, however, will be=20
    primarily tied to the deformation axis placement and dynamic=20
    cooling aloft east of the Denver metro and points north and east.=20
    This dynamic storm system is not working with an antecedent air-=20
    mass that is overly cold/dry. That said, the changeover to snow=20
    from eastern Colorado, southeast Wyoming, and into much of NE/KS=20
    will coincide with considerable wind gusts that range between 50-70
    mph in some cases. Snowfall amounts will vary in these areas and=20
    are likely to be difficult to measure given the powerful winds. The
    expectation is any snowfall (1-4" worth) combined with >50mph wind
    gusts will likely result in blizzard conditions for motorists and=20
    aviation. The WSSI-P shows a wide swath of 50-70% probabilities for
    Moderate Impacts related to Blowing Snow alone from the Palmer=20
    Divide and southeast WY on east through northwest KS, and through=20 west-central NE. This is likely to result in whiteout conditions,=20
    power outages, and closures in affected areas on Tuesday.=20

    By Tuesday evening, the storm continues to strengthen as it heads
    for the Midwest. Intense vertical velocities beneath the TROWAL
    will support dynamic cooling that forces precipitation to fall in
    the form of snow Tuesday night from eastern Nebraska and northeast
    Kansas on north through western Iowa and into the Upper=20
    Mississippi Valley. Periods of heavy snow and whiteout conditions=20
    are likely in these areas with heavy snow even stretching into the
    Michigan U.P.. From Minnesota on east to northern Wisconsin and=20
    the Michigan U.P., these areas are more at risk for heavy snow=20
    thanks to a more aptly-timed cold frontal passage cooling the
    boundary layer more effectively while also being co-located beneath
    the TROWAL. Though 00Z Thursday, WPC probabilities depict=20
    moderate-to-high chances (40-70%) for snowfall >6" from southeast=20
    MN to northern Wisconsin and the central Michigan U.P.. The ECMWF=20
    EFI depicts >0.8 values for heavy snow and wind gusts in these=20
    areas. Expect significant travel disruptions are anticipated due to
    the combination of heavy snow and high winds through Wednesday
    afternoon.

    WPC has initiated Key Messages for this powerful storm system. The
    link to view the Key Messages are below.


    Mullinax



    ...Winter Storm Key Messages are in effect. Please see current=20
    Key Messages below...

    https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/key_messages/Late= stKeyMessage_1.png__;!!DZ3fjg!7cLHK2TMAm9ydtPin_-tnjoyqnnYVKAgIaRRx0dKCtpJm= tWub5O5OF70D-fTWDvP1OdUoXWYWfhYXPsZMaqfJCaTMCk$=20


    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sun Mar 2 20:48:02 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 022047
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    347 PM EST Sun Mar 2 2025

    Valid 00Z Mon Mar 03 2025 - 00Z Thu Mar 06 2025

    ...California & Great Basin to the Central Rockies...
    Days 1-3...

    A progressive but highly amplified upper level pattern will set up
    across the country through the middle of the workweek. This highly
    energetic pattern will support widespread wintry weather across=20
    the Rockies. Starting tonight, a deep upper level trough will be=20
    over California and the Great Basin, with instability induced by=20
    the cold air aloft supporting widespread snow across many of the=20
    local mountain ranges from the west coast to the Uinta Mountains of
    Utah. The snow will spread east to the Front Range of Colorado by=20
    Monday as the upper level trough pushes east and lee cyclogenesis=20
    begins in eastern Colorado. Meanwhile, an upper level front will=20
    follow behind the trough across the Pacific Northwest through=20
    Tuesday morning. The front will provide the forcing for snow to=20
    continue from Washington State east through Montana, while a=20
    surface polar high over the Canadian Prairies provides cold air=20
    from the north, keeping snow levels low (under 4,000 ft. in some=20
    areas) from the Sierras north and east through Montana. Integrated=20
    Vertical Transport (IVT) values through Tuesday will generally peak
    between 200 and 300 kg/ms. These are modest values, implying that=20
    at first, lack of available moisture will limit accumulations,=20
    especially where orographic uplift is not present to wring out=20
    additional snowfall. WPC Probabilities remain high (70-90%) for at=20
    least 4 inches of snow through Monday afternoon across the ridges=20
    of central and northeastern Nevada.

    As the upper level low pushes east through Tuesday and the
    developing Plains cyclone takes over as the primary forcing
    mechanism for heavy snow, the probabilities of heavy snow will=20
    also shift east into Idaho, Wyoming and Montana, as well as into
    the Front and Park Ranges of Colorado. A shortwave embedded within
    the upper level trough will locally increase upper level=20
    divergence in the favorable left exit region of a 150 kt jet that=20
    extends into west Texas. The low level jet will be strengthening=20
    from east Texas into Arkansas, drawing Gulf moisture northward.=20
    However, in these early stages of the low's development, moisture=20
    into the northern half of the storm will still be limited. Thus,=20
    the heaviest forecast snow totals will be limited to the Front and=20
    Park Ranges and adjacent mountains where orographic uplift will=20
    provide a larger fraction of the overall lift causing the heavy=20
    snow. There is a moderate (50-70%) chance of at least 6 inches of=20
    snow through Tuesday afternoon at 8,000 ft. and higher in the=20
    latest WSSI-P. Further north and west across Wyoming and Montana,=20
    where the upper level front will be the dominant forcing mechanism=20
    and further away from the Gulf, snowfall totals will be lighter.=20
    There is a low (10-30%) chance of 4 inches or more of snow in these
    areas in the WPC probabilities.

    A second deep trough in the upper level flow will move into the
    West Coast on Wednesday, with yet another round of heavy snow
    possible from the Sierras into northern Nevada through the day on
    Wednesday. A surface low may develop to the lee of the Sierras
    across southern Nevada as a result of the forcing and leeside flow
    over the Sierras. The timing of how fast the cold air can fill in
    behind (north and west) of the low, as well as the extent of the
    precipitation shield will be critical as to potential snowfall
    accumulations. There remains considerable uncertainty about those
    factors, which will become more clear with future updates in the
    guidance.

    ...Central Plains to Upper Midwest...
    Days 2-3...

    ...Powerful winter storm to cause widespread heavy snow and blowing
    snow with localized blizzard conditions across the central Plains
    from Monday night into Tuesday and then into the upper Midwest
    Tuesday night through Wednesday...

    The upper level trough that ejects from the Rockies into the Plains
    Monday night will have an embedded low that moves across Colorado
    and into Kansas. This will be the focus for where the surface low
    will form and rapidly intensify during the day on Tuesday. The
    trough will become negatively tilted Tuesday, resulting in a
    steadier intensification of the surface low as it tracks northeast
    from Kansas to northern Michigan by Wednesday evening. North and
    west of this track, from northeastern Colorado to western Iowa,
    southern Minnesota, Wisconsin, and northern Michigan, a period of
    heavy snow is likely as the comma-head of the storm moves over the
    region. Meanwhile, the surface low will deepen well into the 980s
    hPa range. With a polar high providing cold air and adding to the
    baroclinic instability with the remarkably strong LLJ pumping Gulf
    moisture northward ahead of the storm, very strong winds will
    accompany the heavy snow, causing widespread blowing snow and=20
    possible blizzard conditions.

    The latest WPC Winter Storm Severity Index (WSSI) shows a large
    area of Moderate impacts (disruptions to daily life, with extra
    caution needed while driving) through Wednesday morning from the
    northeast corner of New Mexico north across almost all of the=20
    eastern Colorado Plains, the western two-thirds of Nebraska, and
    south-central South Dakota. This is being driven almost entirely by
    the blowing snow component of the WSSI. Due to both the intensity
    of the storm and its fast movement, there will be a rapid
    transition of precipitation-type from rain to snow on the west/cold=20
    side of the storm. Also due to the strong winds and resultant
    blowing snow, there is considerable uncertainty as to snowfall
    amounts from the Plains to the U.P. of Michigan, as blowing and
    drifting will cause large variability in accumulations from place
    to place. Thus, for most areas, expect the impacts from blowing
    snow to outweigh the impacts from snow amounts alone. Further, the
    high winds will likely break apart any larger snowflakes, resulting
    in lower SLRs and lower accumulations, but increasing the number of
    partial flakes in the air and contribute to lower visibilities.

    There is likely to be an area of lower accumulations in and around
    eastern Nebraska as the low refocuses and develops. This will occur
    when the upper level trough supporting the low first turns
    negatively tilted Tuesday afternoon, and the southern jet streak
    rounding the base of the trough extends far enough northward ahead
    of the trough to maximize the upper level divergence by Tuesday
    evening between that jet streak and a second west-east oriented
    jet streak extending from the Arrowhead of Minnesota east across
    the Canadian Provinces of Ontario and Quebec.

    Wegman

    ...Winter Storm Key Messages are in effect. Please see current=20
    Key Messages below...

    https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/key_messages/Late= stKeyMessage_1.png__;!!DZ3fjg!9ymDF-SiR9avKm5oo18FacgpBrzO1VrsXnyLWbfEnxXSE= uS_wwBDEPVdPZHI2oXGji43XcNKqdSsY2eVrLdABwXYd-w$=20

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Mon Mar 3 08:33:33 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 030833
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    333 AM EST Mon Mar 3 2025

    Valid 12Z Mon Mar 03 2025 - 12Z Thu Mar 06 2025

    ...Great Basin to the Central Rockies...
    Days 1-2...

    A potent 500mb closed upper-low barreling through the=20
    Intermountain West will generate exceptional divergence aloft while
    modest 700-300mb moisture wraps around the northern and western=20
    flanks of the closed low. The result is high elevation snow from=20
    central Nevada on east through the Wasatch, the Uinta, as far south
    as the Mogollon Rim, and east to the southern Wyoming and Colorado
    Rockies. WPC probabilities show high chance probabilities (>70%)=20
    for snowfall >6" in the Nevada ranges above 6,000ft, the Utah=20
    ranges above 8,000ft, and northern Arizona ranges above 7,000ft.=20

    By 00Z Tuesday, the 500mb low tracking across southern Colorado
    will work in tandem with the divergent left-exit region of a
    250mb jet streak to support lee cyclogenesis over the central High
    Plains. As the closed low aloft strengthens at 700mb and 850mb, a
    strong 50+ knot LLJ will direct a stream of low-level moisture
    northward through the Southern Plains that wraps around the
    700mb low. The northerly flow with embedded moisture aloft is
    strong enough to the point that by 12Z Tuesday, there is a=20
    northerly >200 kg/m/s IVT over eastern Colorado. This anomalous=20
    moisture source, combined with the robust synoptic-scale=20
    enhancement will support heavy snow in the Front Range of the=20
    Colorado and southern Wyoming Rockies, and as far south as the=20
    Palmer Divide. The Palmer Divide in particular is particularly at=20
    risk for blizzard conditions Monday night into Tuesday morning as=20
    700mb winds of 50-70 knots result in whipping wind gusts. WPC=20
    probabilities show high chance probabilities (>70%) for snowfall=20
    8" in the northern Colorado Rockies above 9,000ft. Along the
    Palmer Divide, WPC probabilities show moderate-to-high chances
    (50-70%) for snowfall >6" through Monday evening. Snow should=20
    taper off around midday Tuesday along the Front Range of the=20
    Rockies.


    ...Central Plains to Upper Midwest...
    Days 1-3...

    ...Powerful winter storm to cause widespread heavy snow and blowing
    snow with localized blizzard conditions across the central Plains
    from Monday night into Tuesday and then into the Upper Midwest=20
    Tuesday night through Wednesday...

    By 06Z Tuesday, a closed and potent 500mb low will track into
    western Kansas with a rich plume of low-level moisture advected
    northward by a >50kt LLJ over the Southern Plains. Moisture will=20
    wrap around the deepening cyclone, resulting in strong 850-700mb=20
    WAA that causes a narrow axis of moderate snow embedded within a=20
    wind field that could produce >70mph wind gusts late Monday night=20
    and into Tuesday morning. The upper-low takes a subtle dip south=20
    and east along the KS/OK border midday Tuesday before tracking=20
    northeast towards the Midwest Tuesday evening. The 700mb will will=20
    track over the Kansas City metro by 00Z Wednesday and the pivoting=20
    axis of best 850-700mb FGEN will pivot from eastern Nebraska and=20
    northeast Kansas on northeast through Iowa and into the Upper=20
    Mississippi Valley. The enhanced mesoscale forcing will be co-=20
    located beneath a "kissing jets" setup; where the developing storm=20
    system lies beneath the divergent left-exit region of a jet streak=20
    over Texas, and beneath a strengthening jet streak over the upper=20
    Great Lakes. Plus, 850mb and 700mb heights at this time over
    eastern Kansas are below the observed heights for this time of year
    in the CFSR climatology. With robust ascent aloft and strong=20
    mesoscale forcing within the deepening TROWAL, the deformation axis
    of heavy snow will be capable of producing up to 1"/hr snowfall=20
    rates and whipping wind gusts of 50mph. While the band will be=20
    progressive as it moves through eastern Kansas and eastern=20
    Nebraska, that 3-6 hour wind of heavy snow can still cause=20
    significant reductions in visibilities for motorists and aviation=20
    Tuesday evening.

    The storm then tracks through eastern Iowa Tuesday night with its=20
    expansive deformation axis producing snow from the Kansas/Missouri=20
    border on north through central Iowa and as far north as the=20
    Michigan U.P.. Strong wind gusts topping 40 mph are possible in=20
    these areas Tuesday night and into Wednesday. The heaviest snowfall
    by Wednesday morning will be found across southeast Minnesota,=20
    northern Wisconsin, and the Michigan U.P.. The Michigan U.P., in=20
    particular, is most favored for heavy snow due to the help of=20
    lake-enhanced snowfall and colder boundary layer temperatures.=20
    Snowfall will be more difficult to accumulate during the day=20
    Wednesday on the fringes of where it is snowing rather than beneath
    the heaviest rates, but the blustery wind gusts still can cause=20
    near whiteout conditions in some cases. In addition, the high=20
    moisture content and lower SLRs from central and northern Wisconsin
    to the Michigan U.P. suggests the combination of a heavy/wet snow=20
    on trees and power lines could lead to some cases of power outages=20
    and downed tree branches.=20

    WPC probabilities shows moderate chances (40-60%) for snowfall >4"
    from western and northern Nebraska to southern South Dakota. There
    is then another swath of moderate-to-high chance probabilities
    (40-70%) for >4" of snowfall from eastern Nebraska to northern
    Iowa. Southern Minnesota on north and east through northern
    Wisconsin and the Michigan U.P. sport 50-70% odds of snowfall
    totals >6". There are some low chance probabilities (10-30%) for
    localized snowfall totals >12" in parts of far northern Wisconsin
    and along the Michigan U.P.. Overall, blowing snow will be the
    most detrimental impact from the central High Plains to central=20
    Iowa and southern Minnesota, while snow amount, snow load, and=20
    blowing snow all make for a treacherous day of travel in portions=20
    of the Upper Mississippi Valley Tuesday night and through=20
    Wednesday.

    ...California, Great Basin, & Intermountain West...=20
    Day 3...

    Guidance is in agreement on an approaching upper-level trough off
    the California coast that will interact with the subtropical jet in
    the East Pacific. This interaction will produce a strengthening IVT
    that tops out around 400 kg/m/s IVT at 12Z Wednesday and directs
    its moisture well into the Southwest U.S.. By 00Z Thursday, the=20
    IVT and its broad >200 kg/m/s footprint extends into the Wasatch=20
    and Central Rockies. As the upper trough takes on a more negative=20
    tilts along the California coast Wednesday afternoon and eventually
    over the Great Basin Wednesday night, heavy snow will gradually=20
    descend along the spine of the Sierra Nevada and into central=20
    Nevada as well. WPC probabilities show high chances (>70%) for >12"
    of snowfall at elevations above 9,000ft in the southern Sierra=20
    Nevada with similar high-chance probabilities for >8" of snowfall=20
    in the central Sierra Nevada. WPC probabilities also show some=20 moderate-to-high chance probabilities (50-80%) form snowfall totals
    4" in central Nevada on east to the Wasatch and Uinta through 12Z
    Thursday. Periods of snow are forecast to continue across the=20
    Intermountain West into Thursday.


    Mullinax


    ...Winter Storm Key Messages are in effect. Please see current=20
    Key Messages below...

    https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/key_messages/Late= stKeyMessage_1.png__;!!DZ3fjg!_S99kqepjj8tQGohwbg5c9-HCBK00NaCVbY8RPp8iRNkO= V_HifVsumpI6KzDNmhmO7JYjaOq6q9KXmxEr8BSuvMmZaI$=20

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Mon Mar 3 20:41:40 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 032041
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    341 PM EST Mon Mar 3 2025

    Valid 00Z Tue Mar 04 2025 - 00Z Fri Mar 07 2025

    ...Central Rockies and High Plains to the Upper Midwest...=20
    Days 1-3...

    ...A powerful storm will move into the central U.S. tonight=20
    Tuesday, producing multiple hazards through Wednesday, including=20
    periods of heavy snow from the central High Plains to the northern=20
    Great Lakes, as well as blizzard conditions across parts of the=20
    central Plains and strong winds throughout the Plains...=20

    A deep upper low is forecast to continue its track across the
    western U.S., rolling out from the central Rockies into the High
    Plains tonight. Snow will continue to spread across the central
    Rockies, with several more inches likely across the western to
    central Colorado ranges before diminishing on Tuesday.=20

    Meanwhile, rain changing to wind-driven snow is expected to=20
    develop on the backside of the surface cyclone deepening over=20
    eastern Colorado this evening. Increasing low level moisture=20
    advection into an area of strong ascent afforded in part by low-=20
    to-mid level frontogenesis, upper jet forcing, and orographic=20
    ascent will support the development of heavy snow along the=20
    northwestern to western extent of the low -- impacting areas from=20
    the Colorado Palmer Divide northeastward through portions of=20
    western Nebraska and into parts of western and central South Dakota
    tonight into Tuesday. While marginal temperatures may keep=20
    accumulations in check at the onset, heavy rates (1-2+ in/hr) after
    the changeover to snow is expected to produce areas of locally=20
    heavier amounts, with WPC guidance showing higher probabilities (=20
    greater than 50 percent) for accumulations of 4 inches or more=20
    across portions of the region. Low-to-mid level frontogenesis will=20
    help extend a stripe of rain changing to snow further to the=20
    northeast through eastern South Dakota into central Minnesota, but=20
    guidance indicates snowfall accumulations across those areas will=20
    remain light through 00Z Wednesday.

    By late Tuesday, guidance shows a deep, nearly vertically-stacked
    low moving moving into the lower Missouri and mid Mississippi
    valleys. Models show a powerful low level jet drawing moisture into
    an area of strong ascent generated by a coupled upper jet and low-
    to-mid level forcing. Dynamic cooling will support rain changing=20
    to snow, with some guidance indicating heavy snowfall rates of 1-2=20
    in/hr quickly developing within the associated comma head as it=20
    extends from portions of eastern Kansas and western Missouri to=20
    southern Minnesota and Wisconsin late Tuesday into Wednesday. The=20
    models have trended wetter and colder in some areas, especially=20
    across parts of the lower Missouri valley, resulting in an uptick=20
    in probabilities for heavier accumulations.

    Influenced by an amplifying northern stream trough to its
    northwest, the storm is forecast to turn to the northeast, with
    heavy snow continuing to develop on its northwest side as it moves
    from the mid Mississippi Valley Tuesday night to the northern Great
    Lakes by late Wednesday. Strong forcing and moisture advection=20
    pivoting across southeastern Minnesota into central Wisconsin is=20
    expected to contribute to some of the higher storm totals, with WPC
    guidance showing high probabilities for accumulations greater than
    6 inches across the region. Otherwise, WPC guidance indicates the=20
    heaviest amounts are most likely to fall across parts of northern=20
    Wisconsin and Upper Michigan, where the initial swath of=20
    synoptically driven snow, followed by lake effect showers will=20
    likely contribute to totals exceeding a foot in some locations.=20

    Even for areas where heavy snow does not occur, powerful winds will
    become a concern throughout much of the Plains into the Midwest,
    gusting to over 70 mph in some locations. Snow combined with wind
    will result in reduced visibility, with blizzard conditions likely
    to develop in some areas, especially across portions of the=20
    central Plains into the lower Missouri Valley on Tuesday.
    =20
    ...California, Great Basin, Southwest, and central Rockies...=20
    Days 2-3...

    A mid-to-upper level shortwave pivoting east ahead of a low=20
    dropping south from the Gulf of Alaska is expected to tap deeper=20
    Pacific moisture as it approaches the West Coast, drawing it=20
    across central into southern California beginning Wednesday=20
    afternoon, before directing it further south and east into the=20
    Southwest and Great Basin. Heavy snow will initially focus across=20
    the central to southern Sierra Nevada (above 9000 ft), where=20
    favorable upper dynamics in addition to orographics will=20
    contribute to higher rates. Then by late Wednesday and continuing=20
    into Thursday, the threat for heavy mountain snow will spread=20
    across the Great Basin, northern Arizona, and into the central=20
    Rockies. In addition to the Sierra Nevada, the greatest threat for=20
    snow amounts of 6 inches or more will include the Nevada, Utah, and west-central Wyoming ranges.=20

    Pereira


    ...Winter Storm Key Messages are in effect. Please see current=20
    Key Messages below...

    https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/key_messages/Late= stKeyMessage_1.png__;!!DZ3fjg!4XMbcBhpH_2iDxhy-MFbqZz3YgQGbvJ799_98q-RueYF_= 4PEuZgiAA9ztTYWZTAYBH4Fa4D_qFimoA_t2djfJtZDunA$=20

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Tue Mar 4 08:41:11 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 040840
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    340 AM EST Tue Mar 4 2025

    Valid 12Z Tue Mar 04 2025 - 12Z Fri Mar 07 2025

    ...Central Rockies and High Plains to the Upper Midwest...=20
    Days 1-2...

    ...A powerful storm moving into the central U.S. will produce=20
    multiple hazards through Wednesday, including periods of heavy snow
    from the central Plains to the northern Great Lakes, as well as=20
    blizzard conditions across parts of the central Plains and strong=20
    winds throughout the much of the nation's heartland...=20

    A powerful winter storm takes center stage today with periods of
    snow and whipping wind gusts producing blizzard conditions in parts
    of the central High Plains this morning. A clue to identifying how
    powerful a storm is; reviewing the NAEFS/ECMWF situational=20
    awareness tools and seeing each variable (temperatures, winds,=20
    moisture, pressure, vapor transport) all either in the "max" or=20
    "min" categories. By 12Z Tuesday, the storm's 700mb and 850mb=20
    heights over western Kansas will be near the lowest in the observed
    CFSR climatology, while mean specific humidity at the 500-700mb=20
    layers are also above the 90th percentile. Periods of snow will=20
    envelope portions of eastern CO (including as far west as the Front
    Range and Palmer Divide), western and central Nebraska, and=20
    western Kansas where wind gusts may exceed 70mph in some cases.=20
    This will result in blizzard conditions that make travel by road=20
    and air very difficult due to whiteout conditions. WPC=20
    probabilities show low chances (10-30%) for snowfall >4" in=20
    northwest Kansas and southwest Nebraska, but they jump up to=20 moderate-to-high chances (50-70%) over north-central Nebraska. Snow
    should taper off by Tuesday afternoon but lingering strong wind=20
    gusts are likely to linger through Tuesday evening.

    As the storm marches west towards eastern Kansas Tuesday=20
    afternoon, the mean 250-500mb trough axis will take on a negative
    tilt that provides excellent diffluent flow aloft over the Midwest.
    Plus, a classic "kissing jets" setup; denoted by the divergent
    left-exit region of a jet streak over Texas and the divergent
    right-entrance region of a jet streak positioned over the upper
    Great Lakes. As strong 850-700mb warm air advection (WAA) pivots=20
    north and west around the storm and anomalous moisture content
    rotates around the 700mb low, a TROWAL will support intensifying
    precipitation rates and lead to a narrow band of heavy snow that
    originates over eastern Nebraska and northeast Kansas Tuesday=20
    evening. The newest 00Z HREF guidance suggests the potential for=20
    1"/hr snowfall rates within this band that could stretch as far=20
    south as the Kansas/Missouri border. There are some hi-res
    soundings do do show some elevated instability aloft that may lead
    to thundersnow within this band. Farther north, the same slug of=20
    moisture over northern Iowa, southern Minnesota, western and=20
    norther Wisconsin, and the Michigan U.P. will also transition to=20
    snow Tuesday night with >1"/hr rates possible there as well.=20
    Combined with the strong wind gusts in excess of 40 mph, especially
    along the Missouri River Valley on east into central Iowa,=20
    blizzard conditions are possible in these areas Tuesday night. WPC probabilities shows western Iowa and directly along the Missouri
    River on south to far northeast Kansas as having moderate chances
    (40-60%) for snowfall >4". However, should the band pivot long
    enough over the region, localized amounts of 6-8" are possible.=20

    The heaviest snowfall is likely to occur from northern Iowa and
    southeast Minnesota to northern Wisconsin and the Michigan U.P..
    This is where the 850mb FGEN will be sticking around the longest,
    while also being ideally placed beneath that 250mb jet streak's=20
    divergent right-entrance region. Some lake-enhancement and upslope=20
    component into the more elevated terrain of northern Wisconsin and=20
    the Michigan U.P. will help to sustain periods of heavy snow into=20
    Wednesday evening. The storm will be a quick mover and snow across=20
    the Upper Midwest will be out of the picture by Thursday morning.=20
    WPC probabilities now depict high chances (>70%) for snowfall total
    12" from the Hurons of Michigan's U.P. on west to the Michigan=20
    U.P.northern Wisconsin border. The Huron Mountains actually have=20
    moderate chances (40-60%) for snowfall totals surpassing 24" for=20
    the event. Farther southwest, WPC probabilities show moderate-to-=20
    high chances (50-70%) for snowfall >8" from far northern Iowa to=20
    the Mississippi river dividing southeast Minnesota and western=20
    Wisconsin. With the combination of heavy snow and blustery winds,=20
    there is the concern for heavy/wet snow weighing down tree branches
    and power lines that could result in tree damage and power outages
    from southeast Minnesota to the Michigan U.P..

    =20
    ...California, Great Basin, Southwest, and central Rockies...=20
    Days 2-3...

    An approaching upper rough off the California coast will interact
    with the subtropical jet in the East Pacific. This interaction will
    produce a strengthening IVT that exceeds 400 kg/m/s and stretches=20
    as far inland as the Lower Colorado River Basin. ECMWF SATs show
    the >400 kg/m/s over portions of the Desert Southwest topping the=20
    99th climatological percentile by 00Z Thursday. This IVT will
    introduce rich subtropical moisture into northern Arizona, much of
    Utah, and into the central Rockies. At the same time, the
    approaching upper trough will induce strong vertical ascent over
    the Intermountain West. By 12Z Thursday, a closed 700mb low over
    southern Idaho will become elongated to the east and develop
    another 700mb low in lee of the Rockies by Thursday afternoon. The
    track of the 700mb low places much of Wyoming in a favorable spot
    for heavy snow, especially from the Tetons to the Wind River,
    Medicine Bow, and Laramie Ranges. This developing storm in the
    central High Plains will generate strong WAA at low-levels that
    cause 850-700mb FGEN from eastern Wyoming to as far east as the=20
    Missouri River early Friday morning. Details on snow amounts east
    of the Rockies are not as clear, but additional snowfall is growing
    in confidence north of I-80 across the Sand Hills of Nebraska with
    lighter amounts closer over the western Corn Belt.

    When it comes to areas with the best odds of seeing >18" of
    snowfall, the southern Sierra Nevada and peaks of the Wasatch are
    the better bets. WPC probabilities show moderate-to-high chances
    (50-70%) for >18" of snowfall at elevations above 9,000ft in the=20
    southern Sierra Nevada, while the central and Sierra Nevada are=20
    more likely to see 6-12" above 6,000ft. Farther east, mountain=20
    ranges such as the Uinta, Bear River, Teton, Wind River, Medicine=20
    Bow, and Laramie have moderate-to-high chances (40-70%) for=20
    snowfall >12". Even the lower elevations of Wyoming, as low as
    4,000ft in eastern Wyoming have high chances (>70%) for >4" of
    snowfall through 12Z Friday.

    Mullinax



    ...Winter Storm Key Messages are in effect. Please see current=20
    Key Messages below...

    https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/key_messages/Late= stKeyMessage_1.png__;!!DZ3fjg!9ICMgntx5YBtPe5VJ6b1b2yF5S71x8O1mj3IP1esLAkZW= clygV_lL6ckKBLcruADYdf05y6POSOYAXjaTKVnJsHWlMw$=20

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Tue Mar 4 19:21:47 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 041921
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    221 PM EST Tue Mar 4 2025

    Valid 00Z Wed Mar 05 2025 - 00Z Sat Mar 08 2025

    ...Central Plains through the Great Lakes and into the Northeast...
    Days 1-3...

    ...Powerful storm to bring blizzard conditions to portions of the
    Central Plains and Upper Midwest...

    A rapidly strengthening surface low pressure is clearly evident on
    the WV imagery this morning across the Central Plains, and it is
    this feature which will bring a powerful blizzard to portions of
    the country through mid-week. This surface low will traverse
    northeast and begin to occlude tonight as the anomalous upper low=20
    (850-700mb height anomalies falling to nearly -5 sigma and below
    the minimum in the CFSR climatology according to NAEFS) stacks
    vertically and crawls northeast, reaching the Great Lakes by=20
    Wednesday aftn. Later Wednesday, this upper low will begin to fill
    and open into a negatively tilted trough, ejecting into Ontario
    Thursday morning, pushing the attendant cold front and accompanying post-frontal trough eastward through the Mid-Atlantic and
    Northeast.

    The intensity of this upper low will help sharpen a jet streak
    which will rotate through the base of the trough and then lift
    meridionally from near the Gulf states, placing the favorably
    diffluent LFQ atop the best height falls to result in maintaining
    strength of the surface low. This impressive synoptic ascent will
    also help to draw significant moisture northward from the Gulf, as
    an arc of PWs above the 97.5 percentile surges northward into the
    Upper Midwest. This moisture will push north within enhance
    isentropic ascent, and this is progged to lift into an impressive
    TROWAL, especially from IA through the Great Lakes on D1 /Tuesday
    night into Wednesday/. This TROWAL is likely to overlap with a
    strengthen deformation axis collocated with strong frontogenesis=20
    and a deepening DGZ (SREF 100mb depth probabilities 30-50%)=20
    suggesting a stripe of heavy snow is likely from NW MO through the=20
    western Great Lakes. This is additionally supported by the WPC=20
    prototype snowband tool indicating nearly a 100% chance of 1-2"/hr=20
    snowfall rates within this band.

    Significant moisture, plentiful ascent, and a deep low pressure all
    indicate that an impressive swath of precipitation will spread from
    the Central Plains through the western Great Lakes D1, with the
    primary challenge being where the snow/rain line will setup.
    Guidance suggests the precip will begin as rain along and southeast
    of a line from near Marquette, MI, to Minneapolis, MN, through all
    of Iowa and into eastern KS. However, as the low continues to
    deepen and pulls east, the resultant CAA combined with the
    ageostrophic flow into the low will transition rain to snow
    quickly, with the heavy snow then collapsing east through
    Wednesday. The heaviest snow accumulations will occur within this
    collapsing band of snow, and although amounts aren't expected to be
    extreme, impressive winds of more than 50mph will create major
    impacts due to blizzard conditions from snow that has a high chance
    70%) of exceeding 6 inches from far NW Iowa through the Twin
    Cities of MN and into the western U.P of MI. Locally 12+ inches of
    snow is likely in the U.P.

    As the low fills and moves more rapidly to the northeast and into
    Canada D2, the attendant cold front and post-frontal trough will
    race eastward producing a period of strong CAA on NW flow in its
    wake. This will likely result in periods of moderate to at times
    heavy snow, especially in the favored upslope regions in the
    Central Appalachians and Adirondacks. WPC probabilities for more
    than 4 inches of snow as moderate (30-50%) in the Central
    Appalachians, and 30-50% for 2+ inches along the Chautauqua Ridge
    and into the Tug Hill Plateau/Adirondacks.

    This system has prompted the issuance of Key Messages which are
    linked below.

    Then during D3 /Thursday night and Friday/ another potent surface
    low will emerge from the Central Rockies and race eastward as it
    becomes embedded within more confluent downstream flow towards the
    Ohio Valley. Ridging immediately downstream of this feature will
    somewhat limit moisture return from the Gulf, and the accompanying
    mid-level wave is progged to weaken rapidly into the flatter flow
    east. Despite that, a swath of heavy snow north of the low track is
    expected as some strung out 700-600mb fgen aligns west to east to
    enhance ascent from Nebraska through Iowa and potentially as far
    east as lower Michigan. There is considerable uncertainty and
    spread with both the timing and intensity of this second low,
    leading to lower confidence in the footprint of snow and resultant
    impacts. However, at this time, WPC probabilities for more than 4
    inches of snow peak around 50% in northern Nebraska.

    =20
    ...California, Great Basin, Southwest, and central Rockies...=20
    Days 1-3...

    A progressive upper level trough will move into the West Coast
    Wednesday afternoon, then reorganize over the Rockies through
    Friday. As it reorganizes, its forward motion will slow
    considerably, allowing cold air to pool over the West as Pacific
    moisture advects into the region, resulting in areas of heavy snow.
    Multiple embedded shortwaves will rotate around the trough, which
    will support more widespread snow over several Western states. On
    Wednesday, a pair of jet streaks will further enhance the lift over
    California, with the southern Sierras in both the left exit region
    of one and the right entrance region of another. Ahead of the=20
    upper level trough, a surface cold front will move south and east=20
    off the Pacific and into the West Coast. The front will have a=20
    limited tropical connection, increasing the moisture flux into
    southern California. IVT values will peak around 400 kg/ms. That=20=20
    Pacific moisture will rising into the 99th percentile compared to=20 climatology as it moves into southern California on Wednesday. As
    this moisture pushes inland, the southern Sierras will get the
    first opportunity to uplift that moisture in the form of heavy
    snow. WPC probabilities are the highest in this region, with a
    moderate (40-60%) chance of 18 or more inches of snow.

    As the trough moves inland, the moisture moving northeastward ahead
    of it will cause widespread mountain snow and valley rain and snow
    across much of the Intermountain West through Thursday. A surface=20
    low will develop over northeastern Nevada and move across Utah and
    southern Wyoming through Thursday in response to the forcing from
    the upper level trough and embedded shortwaves. The trough will
    become more consolidated as an upper level low tries to form within
    it on Thursday. This will increase the divergence in the left exit
    region of the jet which will have moved into the Four Corners
    region on Thursday. That jet streak will have embedded winds over
    130 kt, so it will have plenty of energy for that surface low to
    work with. The highest probabilities through Thursday night east of
    the Sierras will be across the Uintas of northeast Utah and the
    Wind River Range of central Wyoming, where there's a high (70-90%)
    chance of 8 inches or more of snow. Lower (20-50%) chances of 8
    inches of snow extending in a broad swath of the West from Nevada
    northeast through Colorado and Wyoming, including some lower
    elevations. Colder air associated with the trough will get time to
    settle as the upper level trough/low stalls and reorganizes.

    A surface low will develop over the Colorado Plains Thursday
    evening. This low will take over as the primary forcing for the
    heaviest snow as the snow shifts east across Nebraska along with
    the low. By Friday morning, all organized heavy precipitation will
    have moves east and out of the region. A secondary small low may
    cause a brief burst of heavy snow over northern Arizona during the
    day Friday for the higher elevations along the Mogollon Rim.


    Weiss/Wegman


    ...Winter Storm Key Messages are in effect. Please see current=20
    Key Messages below...

    https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/key_messages/Late= stKeyMessage_1.png__;!!DZ3fjg!9y3rk78-ESVyfVyZSn0RnaS3hhf461rndehwc1MyvDbjI= hQmIT_XkiLOZ4gRAoHYvdbmJ2AjgEl-pdNk001fatWLN4c$=20

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Wed Mar 5 09:06:42 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 050906
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    406 AM EST Wed Mar 5 2025

    Valid 12Z Wed Mar 05 2025 - 12Z Sat Mar 08 2025

    ...Upper Midwest through the Great Lakes and into the Northeast...
    Days 1-3...

    ...Powerful storm to bring blizzard conditions to portions of the
    Upper Midwest...

    The powerful winter storm continues to produce heavy snow and
    blizzard conditions in some cases from northwestern Missouri
    through the Upper Mississippi Valley this morning. This deformation
    axis of snow, placed beneath the TROWAL and the right-entrance
    region of a robust 250mb jet streak over southern Canada, will
    support a band of snow generating 1-2"/hr snowfall rates. The
    storm will track over the Wisconsin/Illinois border through late
    morning with the swath of snow moving across most of Wisconsin and
    the Michigan U.P.. Persistent NErly flow over Lake Superior will
    keep periods of snow in the forecast across the Michigan U.P.
    through Wednesday evening, but snow should finally taper off by
    Thursday morning. Note that some periods of snow are expected on
    the backside of the storm on Thursday downwind of the usual snow
    belts of Lakes Erie and Ontario, as well as down the spine of the
    Appalachians. Light snow totals will linger into Friday as well,
    especially in the Tug Hill, Adirondacks, and the Whites. Most=20
    snowfall amounts in these areas are likely to range between 1-4"=20
    with some localized amounts approaching 6" in the Tug Hill.=20

    WPC probabilities show moderate-to-high chances (50-70%) for
    additional snowfall totals >12" in the Huron and Porcupine
    Mountains along the Michigan U.P. Meanwhile, there are high chance probabilities (>70%) for additional snowfall totals >4" from
    northern Iowa to southeastern Minnesota and western Wisconsin. Some
    additional localized amounts of 4-6" are possible in west-central=20
    Iowa on the back side of the storm through this morning. Expect
    hazardous travel conditions in these affected areas, especially in
    areas under blizzard warnings where visibilities may be near zero.

    =20
    ...California, Great Basin, Southwest, and central Rockies...=20
    Days 1-3...

    An approaching upper trough off the California coast will interact
    with the subtropical jet in the East Pacific. This interaction will
    produce a strengthening IVT that exceeds 400 kg/m/s and stretches
    as far inland as the Lower Colorado River Basin. ECMWF SATs show=20
    400 kg/m/s over portions of the Desert Southwest that are topping
    the 99th climatological percentile by 00Z Thursday. This IVT will
    introduce rich subtropical moisture into the Great Basin and
    Central Rockies. At the same time, the approaching upper trough
    will induce strong vertical ascent over the Intermountain West. By
    12Z Thursday, a closed 700mb low over southern Idaho will become
    elongated to the east, developing another 700mb low in lee of the
    Wyoming Front Range by Thursday afternoon. the track of the 700mb
    low places much of Nevada, southern Idaho, and Wyoming in a
    favorable position for heavy snow, especially from the Absaroka,
    Tetons, and Wind River ranges to the Medicine Bow, Big Horn, and
    Laramie Mountains. As the 700mb low stalls over the Tetons and Bear
    River Range, a secondary shortwave trough revolving beneath the
    longwave trough over the West will sustain a >200 kg/m/s IVT
    directed at the southern Rockies. In addition to the upper-level
    ascent out ahead of the upper trough, falling heights and lowering
    snow levels will support periods of mountains snow along the
    Mogollon Rim, the San Juans, the Sangre de Cristo, and the Front
    Range of the Colorado Rockies. The snow in the Front Range and
    Sangre de Cristo is a byproduct of upslope flow with low pressure
    developing over the southern Plains and high pressure over the
    northern Plains.

    WPC probabilities show high chances (>70%) for snowfall exceeding
    12" in the Sierra Nevada above 6,000ft, the >7,000ft ridge lines in
    the Nevada, the Wasatch, Uinta, Tetons, Wind River, Laramie, and
    San Juan ranges. Some portions of the Sierra Nevada, Wasatch, and
    Uinta sport moderate-to-high chances (50-80%) for snowfall >24"
    through Friday. Mountains of southern Idaho, the Absaroka, and the
    Big Horns also have high chances (>70%) for snowfall >8" through
    Friday. Much of the Mogollon Rim above 6,000ft are forecast to see
    any where from 6-12" of snowfall. Some of the valleys in Wyoming=20
    can also expect as much as 6-12" of snowfall through Friday=20
    morning. The WSSI range from Moderate to Major Impacts with the=20
    Major Impacts confined to the highest elevations of the mountain=20
    ranges listed.


    ...Central Plains...
    Days 2-3...

    By Thursday, as the upper trough in the West aids in the
    development of low pressure in lee of the Rockies, strong 700mb WAA
    will foster 700mb FGEN over southeast Wyoming and Nebraska. A band
    of heavy snow will stretch across these areas, including the Black
    Hills and Sand Hills Thursday afternoon. Snow in these areas will
    continue Thursday night and should taper off by Friday morning.=20
    Some measurable snow may make it as far south as northeast Colorado
    and possibly into the Midwest Thursday night into Friday, but=20
    guidance suggests milder boundary layer temperatures may make it=20
    tougher for much more than minor snowfall totals. WPC probabilities
    show moderate-to-high chances (50-70%) for snowfall >6" in the
    eastern Wyoming High Plains, the Black Hills, and northwest
    Nebraska. Low chances (10-30%) for >4" of snowfall extend as far
    east as east-central Nebraska.=20

    Mullinax



    ...Winter Storm Key Messages are in effect. Please see current=20
    Key Messages below...

    https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/key_messages/Late= stKeyMessage_1.png__;!!DZ3fjg!_FIk615MMQwmdbhpmum_q_7cfCr5UpQMXSTW_emsmb3KI= 2JYJHc_zFFLDg9S0EeZ5n43YxgAZm49EcPxvumrAI6duMk$=20

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Wed Mar 5 19:05:44 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 051904
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    204 PM EST Wed Mar 5 2025

    Valid 00Z Thu Mar 06 2025 - 00Z Sun Mar 09 2025

    ...Great Lakes and Central Appalachians...
    Day 1...

    Powerful low pressure will continue to produce blizzard conditions
    across portions of the Upper Midwest and Great Lakes tonight, but
    this system will gradually weaken through D1. The weakening of this
    system will be in response to the opening of the upper closed this
    evening, becoming negatively tilted as it shifts northeast into
    Ontario. At the same time a secondary shortwave trough embedded
    within the longwave cyclonic flow across the east will pivot into
    the Mid-Atlantic states, and the interaction of these features will
    push the primary surface low into Canada will driving a post-
    frontal trough across the Appalachians. The overall weakening of
    ascent and reduction in moisture will cause precipitation coverage
    to fade and become more showery/snow-showery in nature, with the
    primarily exception occurring across the U.P. of MI early D1, and
    then across the Central Appalachians where pronounced upslope flow
    will enhance snowfall Thursday afternoon. WPC probabilities for 4+
    inches across these areas are generally 30-50%.


    ...California, Great Basin, Southwest, and Central Rockies...
    Days 1-3...

    A closed mid-level low dropping along the Pacific Coast Thursday
    will amplify into a full-latitude trough centered across the Great
    Basin Thursday night. This will manifest as height anomalies that
    are progged via NAEFS to reach as low as -3 sigma with respect to
    500-700mb heights late D1, with these anomalies persisting as the
    trough slowly moves east with time into the weekend. As the core of
    this mid-level low moves across the Four Corners, a downstream
    subtropical jet streak will amplify, reaching 150+ kts as it
    surges into the Southern Plains. This will place favorable LFQ
    diffluence over the Four Corners and into the Central Rockies,
    enhancing deep layer lift over the region.

    Beneath this upper low, two distinct surface cyclones will also
    move across the West. The first will be directly beneath the upper
    low moving across the Great Basin and into the Central Rockies D1,
    which will tap into increasing PW to expand precipitation across a
    large portion of the area. The accompanying air mass if full of
    Pacific air, so snow levels will be generally modest, around
    4000-6000 ft, but will fall behind the low and accompanying cold
    front to 2000-3000 ft. However, this also occurs with decreasing
    precipitation coverage and intensity. While coverage of snow is
    likely to be widespread D1, the heaviest is expected across
    northern UT and into WY where the accompanying warm front will
    result in enhanced fgen to drive stronger mesoscale ascent and more
    prolonged snowfall rates of 1+"/hr. In this area, WPC probabilities
    are high (>70%) for more than 12 inches on D1 across the terrain of
    eastern NV, into the Wasatch, Uintas, and Wind Rivers, with
    widespread high probabilities (>70%) for 4 inches across much of
    NV, eastern ID, and WY. Additionally on D1, WPC probabilities are
    high for 6+ inches of snow across the Sierra, and the Transverse
    and Peninsular Ranges of CA. By D2, heavy snowfall persists across
    the higher terrain of UT and WY while expanding into the CO
    Rockies, where WPC probabilities for 6+ inches of additional snow
    reach 70-90%.

    SW of this secondary low, the pivoting upper low moving across the
    Four Corners will drive another area of pronounced ascent leading
    to periods of moderate to heavy snow across the Desert Southwest
    and extending into the TX/OK Panhandles. The column across this
    region is modestly cold enough to support snow, with snow levels
    around 5000-6000 ft, but steep lapse rates aloft beneath the cold
    core low will help cause strong omega to dynamically cool the
    column. This suggests a mixture of rain and snow, possibly becoming
    all snow near the surface at times of heavier precipitation rates.
    At this time, WPC probabilities D1 are moderate (50-70%) for 6+
    inches of snow across the Mogollon Rim, and moderate to high D3
    (50-90%) in the Sangre de Cristos. Light snow may expand as far
    east as the Panhandle of TX D3 as well.


    ...Central Rockies into the Central Plains...
    Days 2-3...


    Secondary lee cyclogenesis will occur east of the Rockies (beneath the aforementioned overlap of jet diffluence and height falls) D2,
    leading to a rapidly deepening surface low pressure that will race
    eastward in response to confluent/fast flow across the middle of
    the country. The parent upper low will weaken with time as it
    becomes embedded within this downstream confluent 500mb pattern,
    causing the associated vorticity lobe to string out to the east.
    Despite this weakening evolution, robust WAA and isentropic ascent,
    especially along the 290-295K surfaces, will draw moisture
    northward leading to enhanced precipitation shield. The guidance is
    in good agreement that a swath of heavy snow, driven primarily by
    the overlap of the LFQ of an upper jet streak and low-level
    increasing frontogenesis, will drive a translating band of heavy
    snow from eastern WY through Iowa D2 into D3. The most intense
    fgen will drive ascent into a deepening DGZ (SREF probabilities for
    50mb of DGZ depth above 70%) which will support a stripe of heavy
    snowfall rates nearing 1"/hr. Although there remains some
    latitudinal uncertainty into where this will track, current WPC
    probabilities are high (>70%) for 4+ inches D2 from the Pine Ridge
    eastward through much of northern NE, with low probabilities
    (10-30%) extending into IA D3.


    Weiss


    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Thu Mar 6 09:03:41 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 060901
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    401 AM EST Thu Mar 6 2025

    Valid 12Z Thu Mar 06 2025 - 12Z Sun Mar 09 2025

    ...Great Lakes and Maine...
    Days 1-2...

    Primary surface low near the northern Ontario/Quebec border will
    continue to drift northeast through today. The negatively tilted
    upper trough south of this low will shift up the Mid-Atlantic coast
    today with rapid surface cyclogenesis tonight over the Gulf of
    Maine. LES on northeasterly flow develops tonight over the eastern
    U.P. and over Upstate NY (particularly near Syracuse) where Day
    1.5 snow probs for >4" are 40-60%. Wrap around snow lifts over
    eastern/northern Maine late tonight/Friday morning with Day 1.5
    snow probs for >4" are 40-60% over northern Maine.


    ...Southwest, Central Rockies across the Central Plains into the
    Midwest, then Southern Rockies, and Southern Plains...
    Days 1-2...

    ...Heavy snow bands today into Friday from Wyoming across northern
    Nebraska into northern Iowa...

    Mid-level low along the far northern CA coast will shift south to
    southern CA through tonight before further developing over the Four
    Corners Friday night and shifting east to the TX Panhandle Saturday.
    Meanwhile, the leading base of the trough currently over SoCal
    will eject northeast over the southern Rockies by this afternoon,
    across the central Plains tonight before weakening as it approaches
    Chicago Friday.

    Strengthening SWly jet ahead of the leading trough will allow for
    quick ejection and rapid lee-side cyclogenesis over eastern CO/KS
    this afternoon through tonight. Rapid banding of precip north of
    this low will spread north over much of WY this morning, then shift
    east over northern Neb tonight, persisting, but in a weakened state
    over IA Friday. Snow totals have increased through this swath with
    Day 1 snow probs for >8" over 80% in central WY terrain and 40-70%
    over northern Neb. Ample Pacific moisture ahead of this wave will
    keep snow levels over the Great Basin and Four Corners 4000-7000 ft
    today, but will fall under the upper trough to 3000-4000ft. Day 1
    WPC probabilities are high (>70%) for >8" across the terrain of
    eastern NV, the Wasatch, Uintas, Wind Rivers, western CO ranges and
    the highest terrain along the Mogollon Rim. Day 1 snow probs are
    also high for >6" in the SoCal peninsular ranges.

    SW of this secondary low, the pivoting upper low moving across the
    Four Corners will drive another area of pronounced ascent leading
    to periods of moderate to heavy snow across the Desert Southwest
    and extending east through the TX/OK Panhandles. The column across
    this region is modestly cold enough to support snow, with snow
    levels around 5000-7000 ft, but steep lapse rates aloft beneath
    the low will help cause strong lift to dynamically cool the
    column. This suggests a mixture of rain and snow, becoming all snow
    near the surface at times of heavier precipitation rates and in
    terrain. Day 2.5 WPC for >6" are 40-80% over the southern Sangre
    De Cristos with >4" probs 20-60% east of terrain such as the Raton
    Mesa.


    Jackson



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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Thu Mar 6 18:59:56 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 061859
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    159 PM EST Thu Mar 6 2025

    Valid 00Z Fri Mar 07 2025 - 00Z Mon Mar 10 2025

    ...Great Lakes and Maine...
    Day 1...

    Negatively tilted longwave trough extending between two pronounced
    shortwaves will pivot northeast across New England and the
    Mid-Atlantic tonight. This trough is the remnant of the closed low
    which produced a powerful blizzard over the Upper Midwest, and the
    southern impulse will likely cause secondary cyclogenesis with
    rapid strengthening off of New England and into the Gulf of Maine
    tonight. As this low lifts into the Canadian Maritimes, it will
    spread heavy snow across Maine, with upstream resultant NW flow
    from the Great Lakes into New England driving a combination of lake
    effect snow (LES) and upslope snow into the Adirondacks and
    Greens/Whites. The heaviest snow is likely across portions of
    northeast Maine where WPC probabilities reach 50-70% for 4+ inches
    and 30% for 6+ inches. Moderate to heavy snow is also likely across
    the eastern U.P., southeast of lake Ontario, and into the
    Greens/Whites where WPC probabilities for 4+ inches are as high as
    50%.


    ...Central Rockies through the Upper Midwest...
    Days 1-2...

    Lee cyclogenesis east of the Rockies will develop this evening
    downstream of a positively tilted but amplified upper level trough
    swinging through the Great Basin and towards the Central Rockies.
    An intensifying and meridionally shifting jet streak downstream of
    the primary trough axis will place favorable LFQ diffluence across
    the High Plains, additionally supporting the rapid development of
    this cyclone. As the low strengthens, it will move almost due east
    in response to confluent and increasingly zonal flow across the
    central/eastern parts of the CONUS.

    As this low pivots east from Colorado to Illinois by Friday night,
    it will drive a swath of heavy precipitation to its north, caused
    by an overlap of synoptic ascent through the left-exit of the jet
    streak aloft, and expanding 850-600mb frontogenesis. At the same
    time, moist isentropic ascent, especially in the 290-295K layer
    will surge northward creating PWs that will rise to above the 90th
    percentile within the CFSR climatology, upon which the ample ascent
    will drive a stripe of heavy snow. The warm/moist advection
    lifting northward and being acted upon by intense fgen will result
    in translating bands of heavy snow. Neutral static-stability
    reflected by theta-e lapse rates nearing 0C/km within the axis of
    strongest ascent could cause snowfall rates to reach 1+"/hr at
    times, which is additionally supported by the WPC prototype
    snowband tool, especially from eastern WY through NE. Where these
    bands linger, heavy snowfall exceeding 6 inches is likely (>70%)
    according to WPC probabilities across eastern WY and NE, with
    moderate probabilities (30%) for 4+ inches extending as far east as
    central IA.


    ...Four Corners States...
    Days 1-2...

    The forecast period begins with an amplified longwave trough
    positioned across the Great Basin and extending into the Northern
    Rockies. This trough will gradually pivot eastward through D1 and
    into D2 as two distinct shortwaves drop from the interior Northwest
    through the trough axis and then eject eastward into the Southern
    Rockies, eventually merging into a closed low over New Mexico on
    Saturday. Impressive height anomalies falling to below the 10th
    percentile according to NAEFS ensemble tables over the Southwest
    will combine with an increasingly meridionally shaped downstream
    jet streak to provide ample ascent across the Four Corners into
    Saturday.

    At the same time, a surface low will move along the CA coast
    beneath this trough evolution and then shift onshore into AZ and
    then NM, producing additional ascent to support widespread
    precipitation. Snow levels throughout the region will generally
    hover in the 4000-5000 ft range, but downstream of the low and
    within the most robust warm advection, they may at times rise to as
    high as 7000 ft, especially in the Sangre de Cristos D1 into D2
    before crashing later Saturday. WPC probabilities D1 for more than
    6 inches of snow are high (>70%) in the Ruby Mountains of NV, along
    the Wasatch, into the Uintas, CO Rockies, San Juans, and along the
    Mogollon Rim. During D2, the highest probabilities become confined
    to the Sangre de Cristos and along the Raton Mesa where locally as
    much as 12 inches of snow is possible.


    Weiss



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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Fri Mar 7 08:55:44 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 070855
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    355 AM EST Fri Mar 7 2025

    Valid 12Z Fri Mar 07 2025 - 12Z Mon Mar 10 2025

    ...New York/New England...
    Days 1-3...

    Negatively tilted longwave trough over New England will lift north
    over the Canadian Maritimes today as the surface low continues to
    develop on its transit of the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Heavy snow on
    the back side of this surface low under the upper trough will
    continue over eastern/northern Maine this morning where Day 1 PWPF
    for >6" is 50-80%.

    WNW flow off Lake Ontario will continue to allow lake effect snow
    (LES) over Upstate NY today with upslope snow over the Adirondacks,
    northern Greens, and Whites. Day 1 PWPF for >4" are 20-40% over the
    southern Tug Hill down through Syracuse and Utica as well as over
    the Presidential Range in NH (which are repeated for Day 2 on
    continued upslope flow).

    A northern Alberta Clipper tracks over Ontario on Sunday, reaching
    northern NY/New England Sunday night. Day 3 PWPF for >4" is around
    20% for the northwest facing Adirondacks.


    ...Central Plains through the Midwest to the North-Central
    Appalachians...
    Day 1...

    The leading shortwave trough from Low pressure over the West is now
    over northeast CO and will eject east through the Midwest today on
    a strengthening WSWly jet. Robust, but narrow banding continues
    across northern Neb/IA early this morning, and shifts east over
    Chicago this afternoon. However, the wave is being sheared and the
    surface low is filling, so the banding intensity should continue to
    wane as it tracks east. Sufficient overlap of synoptic ascent
    through the left-exit of the jet streak aloft, 850-600mb
    frontogenesis, and ample Gulf-sourced moisture will continue to
    drive the snow bands that should see rates drop to moderate by
    mid-morning. PWPF for additional snow >2" after 12Z are 30-60% from
    northeast Neb across north-central IA and along the IL/WI border.
    Snow tonight reaches western PA and the central Appalachians where
    there are 20-40% PWPF for >2".


    ...Four Corners States through Oklahoma/Texas Panhandles...
    Days 1-2...

    A closed low over over the southern CA border is at the base of the
    still positively-tilted trough over the West. This low tracks over
    southern AZ today and NM tonight before moving over the TX
    Panhandle on Saturday. Further reinforcing troughs will slow the
    progress east and prolong the snow fall over AZ terrain today and
    the southern Rockies onto the southern High Plains tonight into
    Saturday. Snow levels hover in the 4000-5000 ft range over the
    Southwest, but start around 6000ft this evening over the I-25
    corridor near the CO/NM border/Raton Mesa. Day 1 PWPF for >8" are
    50-90% along the Mogollon Rim/White Mtns, and over the southern San Juans/Sangre de Cristos including the Raton Mesa.

    Decent dynamics make for snow levels around 3500ft in the TX
    Panhandle in banding on the north side of the sfc low. Snow
    probabilities have risen here with Day 1.5 PWPF for >4" 40-70%
    over the TX/OK Panhandles and over 80% in northeast NM.


    ...Western Washington...
    Days 2-3...

    A hearty plume of Pacific moisture tracks into western WA ahead of
    the next low dropping south from the Gulf of Alaska Saturday
    through Sunday night. Snow levels are generally around 4000ft
    through Sunday in the WA Cascades before dropping to 2000ft Sunday
    night under the trough axis. Day 2.5 PWPF for >6" is limited to the
    highest Olympics/northern WA Cascades, but the Day 3 drops down to
    pass level with greater coverage of >40% probabilities.


    Jackson



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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Fri Mar 7 18:56:35 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 071855
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    155 PM EST Fri Mar 7 2025

    Valid 00Z Sat Mar 08 2025 - 00Z Tue Mar 11 2025

    ...New England...
    Day 1...

    Sharp cyclonic flow will persist across New England Friday night
    and Saturday as an upper low spins across eastern Canada. Within
    this flow, a shortwave is progged to drop southeast across New
    England Friday night, pushing a surface trough eastward which will
    additionally enhance the low-level NW flow. The result of this
    evolution will be increased upslope ascent into the Greens and
    Whites, leading to rounds of moderate snowfall through D1. The
    coverage of snowfall is likely to be modest and confined to the
    highest elevations, but WPC probabilities indicate a 50-70% chance
    for 4+ inches of snow in northern VT and near the Presidential
    Range of NH before precip winds down before D2.


    ...Four Corners States through Oklahoma/Texas Panhandles...
    Day 1...

    Strong closed mid-level low characterized by 500mb heights falling
    below the 2.5 percentile of the CFSR database will move eastward
    slowly across AZ/NM tonight, before slowly beginning to fill over
    the TX/OK Panhandles Saturday. Downstream of this closed low, an
    upper jet streak will amplify across the Southern Plains, reaching
    150 kts while emerging meridionally from near Baja. Together, these
    features will produce strong deep layer ascent into the Southern
    Rockies. At the same time, moisture being advected into the column
    will be impressive as both low-level moisture through S/SE flow
    into the system, and upper level moisture on SW isentropic ascent
    combine across the region, angling elevated PWs into the southern
    High Plains.

    The overlap of this deep layer lift and increasing moisture will
    result in an axis of moderate to heavy precipitation across NM and
    into the OK/TX Panhandles, with low-level easterly flow on Saturday contributing enhanced upslope ascent into the Sangre de Cristos and
    along the Raton Mesa. In general, snow levels will be 5000-6000 ft,
    but will crash through D1 to as low as 4000 ft before precip wanes
    by early D2, but before this occurs heavy snow is likely across the
    White Mountains of AZ and especially into the Sangre de Cristos and
    along the Raton Mesa where WPC probabilities are high (>70%) for
    12+ inches of snow.

    Farther east into the Panhandles of TX/OK, the column is marginally
    conducive for wintry precipitation. However, strong ascent through
    both synoptic and mesoscale forcing could cause periods of dynamic
    cooling sufficient to bring snow to the surface. This is most
    likely across the TX Panhandle as reflected by HREF 1"/hr snow rate probabilities. The most likely timing for this heavy snow is during
    the afternoon hours which will also limit accumulations, but where
    dynamic cooling is strong enough and snow can persist, some locally
    moderate snowfall accumulations of 2-4" are possible (30-50%
    chance).


    ...Pacific and Interior Northwest...
    Days 2-3...

    A deepening trough over the Pacific will interact with a building
    ridge across the Desert Southwest to funnel strengthening S/SW flow
    into the Pacific Northwest beginning Sunday. This will begin to
    advect higher moisture onshore as IVT pushes above 250 kg/m/s
    according to GEFS and ECENS probabilities. Into this moistening
    column, despite the primary trough cutting off and remaining over
    the Pacific, a weak shortwave and accompanying vorticity lobe will
    swing onshore Sunday evening, and work together with the RRQ of a
    jet streak over Canada to induce lift. This will result in
    increasing wintry precipitation over the WA Cascades and Olympics,
    pivoting into the Northern Rockies by the end of the forecast
    period. Snow levels will generally be around 4000 ft during the
    heaviest precipitation, but will crash to as low as 1500 ft just
    before precip ends Monday aftn. This combined with the transient
    nature of forcing suggests most of the impactful snow will remain
    above pass levels, but WPC probabilities during D3 rise to as high
    as 70-90% for 4+ inches in the WA Cascades, Olympics, and near
    Glacier NP.



    Weiss



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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sat Mar 8 08:40:50 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 080840
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    340 AM EST Sat Mar 8 2025

    Valid 12Z Sat Mar 08 2025 - 12Z Tue Mar 11 2025


    ...Southern Rockies through Oklahoma/Texas Panhandles into western
    Oklahoma...
    Day 1...

    Closed low over AZ/NM border will slowly fill as it shifts east to
    northwest TX today and along the Red River tonight. A strong SWly
    jet streak persists over west TX today, aiding ascent as the
    associated surface trough shifts east. This deep layer lift and
    increasing moisture will result in expanding precip over N Texas
    and OK through this afternoon with an axis of moderate to heavy
    precipitation across the TX Panhandle through central OK. Height
    falls under the upper low and dynamic cooling in the banding should
    allow snow to fall/accumulate over the TX Panhandle into western
    OK this afternoon. 00Z HREF mean snow rates are generally not that
    high, up to 0.75"/hr, though diurnal effects are probably causing
    some of the limitation. Generally speaking, if snow bands become
    strong/heavy enough they can overcome diurnal effects and
    accumulate. Day 1 PWPF for >4" is 40-60% across the central TX
    Panhandle, particularly along the I-40 corridor. Some probabilities
    for >2" extend east into OK, but really it comes down to the
    banding. The NAMnest likely remains too heavy/snowy, but the recent
    HRRRs have trended a bit colder/snowier and a blend of these two
    models is probably a decent approach.


    ...Washington to northwest Montana...
    Days 2-3...

    A deepening trough from low pressure over the Gulf of Alaska will
    interact with a building ridge across the Desert Southwest to
    funnel strengthening S/SW flow into western WA tonight, expanding
    east to the northern Rockies through Monday. A weak shortwave and
    accompanying vorticity lobe will swing onshore Sunday evening, and
    along with the right entrance of a jet streak over Canada, enhance
    lift. This will result in increasing wintry precipitation over the
    WA Cascades and Olympics, pivoting into the Northern Rockies Sunday
    night. Snow levels on the WA Cascades will generally be around
    4000 ft during the heaviest precipitation, but will crash to as low
    as 1500 ft just before precip ends Monday morning. This combined
    with the transient nature of forcing suggests most of the impactful
    snow will remain above pass levels, but Day 2 WPC probabilities
    for >6" are 70-90% in the WA Cascades, with Day 2.5 probs 30-60%
    for the Lewis Range in Glacier NP.


    The probability of significant icing is less than 10 percent.


    Jackson


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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sat Mar 8 18:18:03 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 081817
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    117 PM EST Sat Mar 8 2025

    Valid 00Z Sun Mar 09 2025 - 00Z Wed Mar 12 2025


    ...Pacific Northwest through the Northern Rockies...
    Days 1-2...

    A deepening trough off the Pacific Coast will amplify into a closed
    low positioned west of CA by Monday, while a vorticity streamer cut
    off from this feature sheds eastward into the Pacific Northwest.
    Downstream of this energy, intensifying SW flow between this trough
    and a expanding ridge centered over the Four Corners will drive
    modest IVT exceeding 250 kg/m/s into the Pacific Northwest. The
    intensifying ascent through WAA, height falls, and diffluence from
    the departing RRQ of an upper jet streak into this moistening
    column will result in expanding precipitation, first in the
    Olympics late D1 and then spreading eastward through the Cascades
    and into the Northern Rockies by late D2 before ending quickly. The
    transitive nature of the ascent combined with modest available
    moisture will limit total precipitation, but heavy snow
    accumulations are still likely above 4000-5000 ft. WPC
    probabilities D1 are above 70% for 6+ inches, but only across the
    Olympics and far northern WA Cascades. Heavy snow expands and
    spreads east during D2, reflected by a high risk (>70%) for 6+
    inches in the WA Cascades, with a moderate risk (30-50%) across the
    Lewis Range in the Northern Rockies.


    The probability of significant icing is less than 10 percent.


    Weiss



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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sun Mar 9 08:46:42 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 090846
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    446 AM EDT Sun Mar 9 2025

    Valid 12Z Sun Mar 09 2025 - 12Z Wed Mar 12 2025


    ...Upstate New York and Northern New England...
    Day 1...

    A clipper currently crossing into Ontario will track across
    northern New England late tonight. Some Great Lake moisture will be
    present in the otherwise continental airmass. Upslope flow onto the
    Adirondacks and northern Greens/Whites will lead to snow tonight
    with potential for 0.5"/hr snow rates per the 00Z HREF. Given a
    weaker clipper will cross this morning, snow from both has Day 1
    PWPF for >6" of 30-70% in the highest terrain.


    ...Washington State to Northwest Montana...
    Day 1...

    Northern stream shortwave trough crosses WA this evening and
    northern MT late tonight. The transitive nature of the trough
    combined with modest available moisture will limit total
    precipitation, but heavy snow accumulations are still likely above
    4000-5000 ft. Day 1 WPC snow probabilities are above 70% for 6+
    inches in the higher northern WA Cascades, generally above pass
    level, and 30-60% in the higher ridges around Glacier NP. Precip
    from this trough quickly cuts off Monday morning across the
    Northwest.


    ...Northwest and California...
    Day 3...

    A much stronger trough amplifies as it digs off the West Coast
    Tuesday night. Enhanced moisture and height falls from the
    approaching trough allow moderate precip to cross the PacNW coast
    Tuesday night. Snow levels at onset will be near 3500ft in WA,
    4500ft in OR, and 5000ft in CA, dropping thereafter through
    Wednesday ahead of the trough axis. Particularly heavy snow is
    expected in California in noted by Key Messages found on the wpc
    website. Further information can also be found in the medium range
    discussion (PMDEPD) and from local WFO products.



    The probability of significant icing is less than 10 percent.


    Jackson



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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sun Mar 9 19:29:52 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 091929
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    329 PM EDT Sun Mar 9 2025

    Valid 00Z Mon Mar 10 2025 - 00Z Thu Mar 13 2025


    ...Upstate New York and Northern New England...=20
    Day 1...

    A fast moving clipper-type low will race southeast across Ontario
    tonight and move offshore New England Monday morning. Forcing
    associated with this clipper will be enhanced downstream due to
    height falls/weak PVA ahead of the accompanying shortwave and
    modest upper diffluence in the LFQ of a jet streak pivoting across
    Canada. Overall, ascent is transient and modest, and available
    moisture is just slightly above climo according to NAEFS, so
    precipitation is not expected to be heavy. However, where ascent
    maximizes, especially into the higher terrain of the upslope
    regions of the Adirondacks, Greens, and Whites, snowfall rates of
    0.5" to 1" per hour are likely at times. This will result in local
    snowfall exceeding 4" as reflected by WPC probabilities that are as
    high as 30-50% in these areas.


    ...Washington State to Northwest Montana...=20
    Day 1...

    Fast moving shortwave trough of modest amplitude will shed from an
    amplifying longwave trough over the Pacific and race across the
    Northwest tonight through Monday. Height falls associated with this
    impulse will drive synoptic lift, while a subtle period of WAA on
    backing mid-level flow to more S/SW enhances moisture on IVT which
    is progged by NAEFS to briefly pulse above the 97th climatological
    percentile. Jet-level support is modest, but sufficient deep layer
    lift into the moistening column will result in periods of moderate
    to heavy snow, especially in the Cascades and Northern Rockies
    where low to mid level westerly flow drives additional upslope
    enhancement. Snow levels above 4000-5000 ft will confine heavy
    accumulations to only the highest passes and higher elevations, but
    in these regions WPC probabilities for 6+ inches are as high as
    70-90%.


    ...Pacific Coast...=20
    Day 3...

    A much stronger trough than the one from D1 above amplifies off the
    Pacific Coast beginning Tuesday, driving an expansive area of
    height anomalies between 700-500mb that fall to below the 2.5
    climatological percentile according to NAEFS by 00Z/Thursday. While
    these height falls are progged to remain just west of the coast by
    the end of the forecast period, the resultant downstream shift to
    S/SW flow onshore CA and the Pacific Coast will surge IVT onshore
    as an atmospheric river (AR). Recent IVT probabilities from both
    the GEFS and ECENS have increased, and although the GEFS remains
    more amplified (40% IVT exceeding 500 kg/m/s), the ECENS has a few
    members that feature IVT exceeding 750 kg/m/s. Regardless of the
    maximum IVT, it is likely that heavy precipitation will spread
    onshore, with elevated instability due to deep lapse rates
    exceeding moist adiabatic levels as the trough advects east. This
    suggests that despite general short duration of the highest IVT,
    precipitation coverage and intensity will be significant.

    Within the WAA which demarcates the onset of the AR, snow levels
    will climb to around 3000 ft over WA state, and as high as
    5000-6000 ft in CA according to the NBM deterministic forecasts.=20
    As the accompanying surface low and attendant upper trough swing=20
    towards the coast late (and more into D4), snow levels will drop=20
    rapidly, becoming more impactful to many western passes. At this=20
    time, through D3, the heaviest snow accumulations are expected=20
    across the northern Sierra and Shasta/Trinity region of CA where=20
    WPC probabilities feature a high risk (>70%) for 8+ inches and=20
    locally 1-2 feet is possible. Farther north into the Cascades of WA
    and OR, as well as the Olympics, lighter snows have a moderate=20
    chance (30-50%) of exceeding 6 inches, but with snow levels around=20
    3000 ft more area passes will experience impactful snow.

    This system will likely become significant across much of the West
    into the medium range, and Key Messages, linked below, have been
    issued for this event.


    The probability of significant icing is less than 10 percent.=20


    Weiss



    ...Winter Storm Key Messages are in effect. Please see current=20
    Key Messages below...

    https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/key_messages/Late= stKeyMessage_1.png__;!!DZ3fjg!8KPdSJ-mo2IcmjWkJDJ1tS4OyVRV-4twy5qGpfX5gRsKo= J3Quf8iulZTABuqctFNYZq_m-fd1yLonMB_MnXkktl-SYU$=20

    $$

    =3D =3D =3D
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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Mon Mar 10 08:48:27 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 100848
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    448 AM EDT Mon Mar 10 2025

    Valid 12Z Mon Mar 10 2025 - 12Z Thu Mar 13 2025


    ...The Bitterroots...=20
    Day 1...

    A plume of Pacific moisture continues to push northeast from
    northern OR through western MT this morning as a quick-moving=20
    northern stream shortwave trough of modest amplitude shifts east
    over the northern Rockies. Moderate snow rates can be expected
    above the roughly 4000ft snow levels in this plume that will be
    focused on the Bitterroots along the ID/MT border this morning. Day
    1 PWPF for >6" additional snow after 12Z is 30-60% along the
    Bitterroots and toward the western slopes around Glacier NP.


    ...Pacific Coast...=20
    Days 2/3...

    ...Impactful heavy snow for California terrain Wednesday and
    Thursday. See Key Messages linked below...

    A powerful and deep trough digs off the West Coast Tuesday night
    before shifting onshore Wednesday night through Thursday. The=20
    orientation of this trough, with its base digging south from the=20
    Central CA to Southern CA coasts Thursday brings a fairly short
    lived surge of Pacific moisture that when combined with upslope
    flow and height falls from the approaching trough brings a potent
    heavy snow event for the length of California. This heavy snow
    begins in the Klamath and CA Cascades late Tuesday night and the
    length of the Cascades Wednesday into Thursday and SoCal ranges
    Thursday. Snow levels of 4000 to 5000ft can be expected during the
    heaviest snow for all California terrain. Day 3 PWPF for >18" is
    60-90% for the highest Klamath/CA Cascades and 70-100% for the
    length of the Sierra Nevada.

    Lighter precip rates are expected over WA/OR which will be well
    north of the base of the trough. Snow levels on Wednesday are close
    to 3000ft in WA and 4000ft in OR. Day 3 PWPF for >6" are 50-70% in
    the WA/OR Cascades as well as the Sawtooths of ID.

    Snow and wind will spread across the Intermountain West and Rockies
    Thursday into Friday before rapid development occurs over the
    Plains as noted in the Key Messages and the medium range discussion
    (PMDEPD).


    The probability of significant icing is less than 10 percent.=20


    Jackson




    ...Winter Storm Key Messages are in effect. Please see current=20
    Key Messages below...

    https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/key_messages/Late= stKeyMessage_1.png__;!!DZ3fjg!6bl38HPUTWxgEiSI7mRxEPXjaMbgnGedZ19lAV5k_3qEs= zA4oslTxCmo2WQjkaOMBTCzeJpSt97EfgY50x2UcFFsD4E$=20

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Mon Mar 10 19:03:17 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 101902
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    302 PM EDT Mon Mar 10 2025

    Valid 00Z Tue Mar 11 2025 - 00Z Fri Mar 14 2025


    ...The West...
    Days 2-3...

    ...Impactful heavy snow from the California mountain ranges=20
    Wednesday to the Intermoutnain West late week. Please see current=20
    Key Messages below...

    An upper-level trough in the northeast Pacific will direct an
    atmospheric river at California starting Tuesday night and
    continuing through Wednesday. Mountain snow begins Tuesday night from
    the Cascade Range on south to the Siskiyou/Shasta and northern=20
    Sierra Nevada. By 18Z Wednesday, ECMWF SATs shows a SWrly >400=20
    kg/m/s IVT that surpasses the 97.5 climatological percentile over=20
    central California. This enhanced moisture transport combined with=20
    a cold frontal passage and falling heights aloft will result if=20
    plummeting snow levels Wednesday night along the Sierra Nevada=20
    with heavy snow as low as 5,000ft in elevation. Hourly snowfall=20
    rates between 2-3"/hr are expected in these ranges, with the=20
    combination of heavy/wet snow also posing a potential risk for=20
    scattered areas of power outages and tree damage. Snow will also=20
    unfold into the Southern California ranges north and east of Los=20
    Angeles and San Diego Wednesday night and into Thursday morning.=20
    Minor snow accumulations are possible as low as 4,000ft in the San=20
    Rafael, San Gabriel, and San Bernadino Mountains through the day on
    Thursday. WPC probabilities between 00Z Wed - 00Z Fri show high=20
    chances (>70%) for snowfall totals >24" along the entire length of=20
    the Sierra Nevada above 6,000ft. Some areas above 8,000ft could see
    as much as 4-5 feet of snowfall by the time a break in the snow=20
    arrives Thursday night. The WSSI is depicting Major to Extreme=20
    Impacts in the Sierra Nevada that is driven due to the Snow Amount=20 algorithm, as well as some inclusion of the Snow Load and Blowing=20
    Snow elements as well. Note that the Cascades above 4,000ft and=20
    Olympics above 3,000ft have high chances (>70%) for snowfall=20
    accumulations >6" through Thursday afternoon.

    East of the Pacific Mountain ranges, the expansive swath of
    Pacific moisture will expand well inland Wednesday night and into
    the second half of the week. The heaviest snowfall is likely to
    occur on Thursday as the cold front sweeps across the Intermountain
    West and the diffluent left-exit region of a 250mb jet streak
    positions itself overhead. Snow is likely to continue a little
    longer into Tuesday night and Friday, so for more on those=20
    potential snowfall details, please refer to our medium range=20
    discussion. WPC probabilities through 00Z Friday depict high=20
    chances (>70%) for snowfall >8" in parts of the Blue, Sawtooth,=20
    central and southern Nevada terrain, portions of the Wasatch, and=20
    the tallest peaks of the Mogollon Rim.=20

    Mullinax

    https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/key_messages/Late= stKeyMessage_1.png__;!!DZ3fjg!-IQTm_3w1FygAcymNlQ8IwRhPbTWgNwRlD0GP28prHj5D= LW3yx0e3hNGkWQs-DmBFznU6h7fL2c4WS__FPaaMfFDaVA$=20

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Tue Mar 11 08:50:00 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 110849
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    449 AM EDT Tue Mar 11 2025

    Valid 12Z Tue Mar 11 2025 - 12Z Fri Mar 14 2025


    ...The West...
    Days 1-3...

    ...Impactful heavy snow for most California mountain ranges=20
    Wednesday into Thursday, then mostly the southern Intermountain=20
    West and Rockies late week. Please see current Key Messages linked=20
    below...

    A strong northern stream trough currently rounding a cold-core low
    over the Gulf of Alaska will further strengthen as it dives south
    off the West Coast through Wednesday. The base of the trough
    continues to dig south from the Central to Southern California
    Coasts Thursday before ejecting east over the Four Corners Thursday
    night and re-developing into a deep low over the south-central=20
    Plains Friday.=20

    Mountain snow begins tonight as moisture streams in ahead of the
    trough axis along the length of the Cascade Range through the=20 Siskiyou/Shasta and northern Sierra Nevada. Day 1 snow
    probabilities for >6" are 30-70% in the WA Cascades which will
    expand and increase for Day 2 as snow rates increase to moderate=20
    and snow levels drop below many Cascades passes.

    This moisture surge shifts inland over CA Wednesday through=20
    Wednesday night with the now heavy precipitation axis shifting=20
    south with the base of the trough with snow levels generally 5000=20
    to 6000ft at the onset of heavy snow. Height falls from the=20
    approaching trough axis allow snow levels to drop Wednesday=20
    afternoon through night along the Sierra Nevada with heavy snow as=20
    low as 4,500ft in elevation before rates decrease (as low levels=20
    further drop). The cooling column and ample moisture should result=20
    in extreme hourly snowfall rates of 2-4"/hr in these ranges. The=20
    combination of heavy/wet snow and increasing winds also posing a=20
    potential risk for scattered areas of power outages and tree=20
    damage. Day 2 snow probabilities for >18" are 50-99% in the=20
    Shasta/Siskiyou and along the length of the higher Sierra Nevada.=20
    1 to 4ft can generally be expected above about 6000ft.

    Heavy snow will also reach the Transverse Ranges in Southern=20
    California Wednesday night through Thursday morning with snow
    levels dropping from around 6000 to 4000ft. Day 2.5 WPC snow
    probabilities are 50-90% for the higher San Gabriel and San
    Bernardino Ranges. 00Z Wed

    East of the Pacific Mountain ranges, the expansive swath of
    Pacific moisture will expand well inland Wednesday night through
    Thursday night. The heaviest inland snowfall is likely to occur on
    Thursday as the powerful cold front sweeps across Nevada, Utah, and
    northern Arizona before shifting across Colorado and New Mexico=20
    Thursday night. Day 3 snow probabilities for >8" are 40-80% over
    the central and southern NV ranges, much of Utah terrain, the=20
    Kaibab Plateau north of the Grand Canyon, along the Mogollon Rim to
    the White Mtns of AZ, and the San Juans of southwest CO. This low
    rapidly re-develops Friday over the south-central Plains.=20

    The next wave quickly shifts toward the OR/CA border Thursday night
    on a powerful NWly jet. Further info on the redeveloping low over
    the Plains and the next wave into the West Coast can be found in
    the WPC medium range discussion (PMDEPD), and from local WFOs.


    The probability of significant icing is less than 10 percent.

    Jackson


    ...Winter Storm Key Messages are in effect and linked below...

    https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/key_messages/Late= stKeyMessage_1.png__;!!DZ3fjg!772UHlvrtnBNkfIjPO3UqHE03jBZmrTEFUbYxmudJYhU5= Ahm4ZbiK5vPtQFAeXiMkcbZ_h6sPJfqxyXAgWLn2bfA3Ro$=20

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Tue Mar 11 19:07:42 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 111907
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    307 PM EDT Tue Mar 11 2025

    Valid 12Z Tue Mar 11 2025 - 12Z Fri Mar 14 2025


    ...The West...
    Days 1-3...

    ...Impactful heavy snow for most California mountain ranges=20
    Wednesday into Thursday, then mostly the southern Intermountain=20
    West and Rockies late week. Please see current Key Messages linked=20
    below...

    An upper-level trough in the northeast Pacific will dive south
    towards the West Coast and direct an atmospheric river at
    California starting Tuesday night and continuing into the second
    half of the week. The enhanced moisture transport combined with a
    cold frontal passage and falling heights aloft will result in
    plummeting snow levels along the Cascade Range on south to the
    Shasta/Siskiyou tonight, then along the Sierra Nevada through
    Wednesday and into Wednesday night. By 00Z Thursday, a >400 kg/m/s
    SWrly IVT (topping out near the 99th climatological percentile via
    ECMWF SATs) will be aimed at central California at the same time
    the cold front pushes through "The Golden State". This when
    snowfall rates will be at their heaviest; Wednesday afternoon into
    Wednesday night, along the Sierra Nevada. Snowfall rates of 2-3"/hr
    will be common from 6,000ft and up along the Sierra Nevada at the
    snow's peak intensity. Farther south, the Transverse Ranges as well
    as the peaks of the Peninsula Ranges are likely to see heavy snow
    above 5,000ft through Thursday morning. Some upslope flow will=20
    linger into the Sierra Nevada Thursday morning, before a brief=20
    lull in the action arrives Thursday afternoon. By Friday morning,=20
    yet another Pacific storm system arrives, but with notably higher=20
    snow levels compared to the Wed-Thurs storm system.=20

    Overall, this is an exceptionally snowy pattern for the
    Salmon/Siskiyou/Shasta of northern California and along the entire=20
    length of the Sierra Nevada. Snowfall will be measured in feet with
    as much as 4-5 feet forecast in the peaks of the Sierra Nevada.=20
    For elevations above 5,000ft in northern California, above 6,000ft=20
    in the central/southern Sierra Nevada, and above 6,000ft in the San
    Gabriel and San Bernadino of southern California, snowfall amounts
    are likely to range between 1-3 feet of snow. WPC's WSSI shows=20
    Major to Extreme Impacts in most of these ranges with Snow Amount=20
    the primary impact denoted in the algorithm, but some impacts as a
    result of Snow Load and Blowing Snow are expected as well.=20
    Dangerous to impossible travel are anticipated with the potential=20
    for some instances of power outages and tree damage as well.

    The highly anomalous IVT responsible for the barrage of heavy snow
    in the California mountain ranges will advect moisture well inland
    across much of the Intermountain West as well. Heavy mountain snow
    is expected in the more remote areas of the Blue, Sawtooth, and
    Absaroka of the northern Rockies. The same recipe that produced
    heavy snow in the Sierra Nevada (moisture advection, strong cold
    FROPA, upslope flow) will coincide with the added help of strong
    diffluent flow downstream of the upper trough to generate heavy=20
    snow from the Tetons on south through the Bear River, Wasatch,=20
    Uinta, central Nevada ridges, the Mogollon Rim, and Colorado=20
    Rockies. WPC probabilities show high chances (>70%) for snowfall=20
    totals >8" in all of these mountain ranges, but it is the Wasatch,=20
    Uinta, and Mogollon Rim most notably that could see snowfall totals
    between 1-2 feet through Friday.


    The probability of significant icing is less than 10 percent.


    Mullinax



    ...Winter Storm Key Messages are in effect. Please see current=20
    Key Messages below...

    https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/key_messages/Late= stKeyMessage_1.png__;!!DZ3fjg!_ou8Slwrrxr1jRi9f6xFz5MYD7l8CGNKyR4gSO6EGFnFf= 43foJjm1O1Kl4uKTrtYSAIIjs25nhEgk_9-FQ-4SgLKV00$=20

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Wed Mar 12 09:07:19 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 120907
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    507 AM EDT Wed Mar 12 2025

    Valid 12Z Wed Mar 12 2025 - 12Z Sat Mar 15 2025


    ...The West...
    Days 1-3...

    ...Impactful heavy snow for most California mountain ranges=20
    this afternoon into Thursday, mostly the southern Intermountain=20
    West terrain and Rockies late week, then blizzard potential on the
    northern Plains Saturday. Please see the latest Key Messages=20
    linked at the bottom...

    Potent upper-level trough continues to dig as it tracks south with
    the parent low drifting south from the Gulf of Alaska. The base of
    the trough approaches northern CA this afternoon, then digs south
    to the northern Baja through Thursday. Enhanced moisture transport
    has raised snow levels to around 3500ft in WA, 4500ft in OR,=20
    5000ft in northern CA and 6000ft on the Sierra Nevada. However, the
    cold frontal passage and falling heights aloft will result in snow
    levels generally around 3500ft along the Cascade Range on south to
    the Shasta/Siskiyou this evening and 2500ft late tonight as snow=20
    rates decrease after the upper trough passage.=20

    The Sierra Nevada will be the focus of the moisture plume which
    features >400 kg/m/s SWrly IVT (near the 99th climatological=20
    percentile via ECMWF SATs) just ahead of the cold frontal passage
    this evening. This when snowfall rates will be at their heaviest...=20
    2-3"/hr will be common per 00Z HREF for several hours between 20Z=20
    and 10Z Thursday down the length of the Sierra Nevada above about=20
    6,000ft which is where Day 1 PWPF for >18" snow is categorical. Some
    upslope flow will linger into the Sierra Nevada Thursday morning,=20
    before a brief lull in the action arrives Thursday afternoon.=20

    By Friday morning, the next Pacific storm system arrives, producing
    more moderate snow rates for the Cascades and Sierra Nevada.
    However, snow levels now progged to remain low through this time,=20
    around 1500ft in western WA, and 2500 to 3000ft OR through the
    Sierra Nevada. Day 3 PWPF for >8" is 40-80% for the OR Cascades and Shasta/Siskiyou, peaking around 60% for the WA Cascades and Sierra
    Nevada.

    Farther south, the Transverse Ranges as well as the higher peaks=20
    of the Peninsular Ranges will see heavy snow late tonight through=20
    Thursday morning as the snow levels drop from 5500ft to 4000ft. Day
    2 PWPF for >8" are 40-80% in the higher terrain.


    Overall, this is an ideal pattern for somewhat brief, but heavy
    snow for the Shasta/Siskiyou and along the entire length of the=20
    Sierra Nevada. Snowfall will be measured in feet with as much as=20
    4-5 feet forecast in the peaks of the Sierra Nevada and 3 feet at
    the higher pass levels such as on I-80. The WSSI retains shows=20
    Major to Extreme Impacts in most of these ranges with Snow Amount=20
    the primary impact, but some impacts as a result of Snow Load and=20
    Blowing Snow are expected as well. Dangerous to impossible travel=20
    are anticipated with the potential for some instances of power=20
    outages and tree damage as well.

    The highly anomalous IVT responsible for the barrage of heavy snow
    in the California mountain ranges will advect moisture well inland
    across much of the Intermountain West as well. Heavy mountain snow
    is expected in the Blue, Sawtooth, and Absaroka of the northern=20
    Rockies. The high moisture plume will coincide with the added help
    of strong diffluent flow downstream of the upper trough to=20
    generate heavy snow from the Tetons on south through the Wasatch,=20
    Uinta, central Nevada ridges, the Kaibab Plateau and Mogollon Rim,
    and western Colorado Rockies. Day 1.5 and 2 WPC probabilities show
    high chances (>70%) for snowfall totals >8" in all of these=20
    mountain ranges, but it is the Wasatch, Uinta, and Mogollon Rim=20
    most notably that could see snowfall totals between 1-2 feet=20
    through Friday.


    ...Northern Plains...
    Day 3...

    The trough takes on a negative-tilt Thursday night over NM and
    closes in to a mid-level low over KS Friday morning. This low
    further deepens/strengthens as it tracks northeast over MN into
    Saturday. The southern stream wave crossing the southern Plains=20
    today limits Gulf moisture from streaming up the Plains until=20
    Thursday night, limiting the the moisture available moreso than if
    the wave weren't crossing today. While enough Pacific- sourced=20
    will be present to allow some wrap around banding on the low over=20
    the High Plains Friday that banding should be fairly sparse until=20
    Friday night when the activity should be over central Neb/SD. This
    is notable as the area is in drought and will be experiencing
    strong winds ahead of the system - in some areas of the High Plains
    there may be just a dry wind shift. Once those bands do develop as
    they head for the eastern Dakotas and MN, heavy snow banding is
    possible. Powerful winds with the system will immediately result in
    blowing snow and a potential blizzard. Marginal thermals at the
    onset should result in a rain to wintry mix to snow progression
    with some ice accretion potential most likely over the Red River of
    the North Basin along the ND/MN border.


    Jackson



    ...Winter Storm Key Messages are in effect as linked below...

    https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/key_messages/Late= stKeyMessage_1.png__;!!DZ3fjg!_nmiYIOHPo2OAAoL3oAPwm67D4v9iY77Xadgu2ho1RewG= E3T8xDMOs4bcqJeiY3YhlrHad8jMBEpnm-i_diVoCQcsIE$=20

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Wed Mar 12 19:19:45 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 121919
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    319 PM EDT Wed Mar 12 2025

    Valid 00Z Thu Mar 13 2025 - 00Z Sun Mar 16 2025


    ...The West...
    Days 1-3...

    ...Storm system to produce impactful heavy snow for most=20
    California mountain ranges through Thursday, the southern=20
    Intermountain West terrain and Rockies late week, then emerge over=20
    the Central U.S. on Saturday with blizzard potential over parts of=20
    the northern Plains. Please see the latest Key Messages linked at=20
    the bottom...

    Potent upper-level trough continues to dig as it tracks south with
    the parent low drifting south from the Gulf of Alaska. The base of
    the trough and associated cold front approaches northern CA this=20
    afternoon, then digs south to the northern Baja while also pushing
    inland through Thursday. Enhanced moisture transport has raised=20
    snow levels to around 4000ft in WA, 4500ft in OR, 5000ft in=20
    northern CA and 6500ft on the Sierra Nevada. However, the cold=20
    frontal passage and falling heights aloft will result in snow=20
    levels generally around 3500ft along the Cascade Range on south to=20
    the Shasta/Siskiyou this evening and 2500ft late tonight as snow=20
    rates decrease after the upper trough passage.=20

    The Sierra Nevada will be the focus of the moisture plume which
    features >400 kg/m/s SWrly IVT (near the 99th climatological=20
    percentile via NAEFS SATs) just ahead of the cold frontal passage=20
    this evening. This is when snowfall rates will be at their=20
    heaviest per the 12z HREF and around 2-3"/hr for several hours=20
    between 00Z and 10Z Thursday down the length of the Sierra Nevada=20
    above about 6,000ft, which is where Day 1 PWPF for >24" snow is=20
    above 80%. Some upslope flow will linger into the Sierra Nevada=20
    Thursday morning, before a brief lull in the action arrives=20
    Thursday afternoon.=20

    By Friday morning, the next quick-hitting Pacific storm system=20
    arrives, producing more moderate snow rates for the Cascades and=20
    Sierra Nevada. However, snow levels are progged to remain low=20
    throughout this time period, around 1500ft in western WA, and 2500
    to 3000ft OR through the Sierra Nevada. Eventually, the next=20
    progressive shortwave digging across the northern Pacific produces
    upstream ridging across the West Coast by Friday night and raises=20
    snow levels up to 4000ft across northern CA on Saturday. This sets=20
    the stage for the next Atmospheric River event progged to impact=20
    northern CA and southern OR primarily on Day 4. For the Day 2-3=20
    time frame, PWPF for >8" is 60-90% for the OR Cascades and=20
    Shasta/Siskiyou.

    Farther south, the Transverse Ranges as well as the higher peaks=20
    of the Peninsular Ranges will see heavy snow late tonight through=20
    Thursday morning as the snow levels drop from 5500ft to 4000ft. Day
    1 PWPF for >8" are 60-90% in the higher terrain.

    Overall, this is an ideal pattern for somewhat brief, but heavy
    snow for the Shasta/Siskiyou and along the entire length of the=20
    Sierra Nevada. Snowfall will be measured in feet with as much as=20
    4-5 feet forecast in the peaks of the Sierra Nevada and 3 feet at
    the higher pass levels such as on I-80. The WSSI retains Major to=20
    Extreme Impacts in most of these ranges with Snow Amount the=20
    primary impact, but some impacts as a result of Snow Load and=20
    Blowing Snow are expected as well. Dangerous to impossible travel=20
    are anticipated with the potential for some instances of power=20
    outages and tree damage as well.

    The highly anomalous IVT responsible for the barrage of heavy snow
    in the California mountain ranges will advect moisture well inland
    across much of the Intermountain West as well. Heavy mountain snow
    is expected in the Blue, Sawtooth, and Absaroka of the northern=20
    Rockies. The high moisture plume will coincide with the added help
    of strong diffluent flow downstream of the upper trough to=20
    generate heavy snow from the Tetons on south through the Wasatch,=20
    Uinta, central Nevada ridges, the Kaibab Plateau and Mogollon Rim,
    and western Colorado Rockies. Days 1-2 WPC probabilities show high
    chances (>70%) for snowfall totals >8" in all of these mountain=20
    ranges, but it is the Wasatch, Uinta, and Mogollon Rim most notably
    that could see snowfall totals between 1-2 feet through Friday.


    ...Northern Plains...
    Day 3...

    The trough takes on a negative-tilt Thursday night over NM and
    closes in to a mid-level low over KS Friday morning. This low
    further deepens/strengthens as it tracks northeast over MN into
    Saturday. MSLP of this low is expected to drop into the 970s (mb)
    and drop below the 1st climatological percentile per the GEFS and
    ECENS. This extremely low pressure will be the driving force behind
    the widespread strong winds poised to be the primary weather=20
    hazard across the northern Plains.

    The southern stream wave crossing the southern Plains today limits
    Gulf moisture from streaming up the Plains until Thursday night,=20
    cutting off the moisture available moreso than if the wave weren't
    crossing today. While enough Pacific- sourced will be present to=20
    allow some wrap around banding on the low over the High Plains=20
    Friday that banding should be fairly sparse until Friday night when
    the activity should be over central Neb/SD. This is notable as the
    area is in drought and will be experiencing strong winds ahead of=20
    the system - in some areas of the High Plains there may be just a=20
    dry wind shift. Once those bands do develop as they head for the=20
    eastern Dakotas and MN, heavy snow banding is possible. Powerful=20
    winds with the system will immediately result in blowing snow and a
    potential brief blizzard. Marginal thermals at the onset should=20
    result in a rain to wintry mix to snow progression with some ice=20
    accretion potential most likely over the Red River of the North=20
    Basin along the ND/MN border. This transition occurring during the
    overnight period could limit snowfall totals as well. Latest WPC=20 probabilities for at least 4" of snow are medium (40-60%) from the=20
    eastern Dakotas through far western and north- central Minnesota.=20
    WSSI-P values for moderate impacts are mainly associated with=20
    Blowing Snow and are within the 50-70% range for this region.


    Snell/Jackson




    ...Winter Storm Key Messages are in effect. Please see current=20
    Key Messages below...

    https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/key_messages/Late= stKeyMessage_1.png__;!!DZ3fjg!5aU9N937f7uNKvw_kUgp6fyzcmNgN7juUKpq3BExQTmus= oI0UywSgFcPSTjy2-LCHxL1MAZ39zTZVOKY7M_axVBY5Jo$=20

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sun Mar 16 07:23:25 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 160723
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    323 AM EDT Sun Mar 16 2025

    Valid 12Z Sun Mar 16 2025 - 12Z Wed Mar 19 2025


    ...Great Lakes...
    Day 1...

    Guidance continues to intensify secondary low pressure developing
    across the Ohio Valley early this morning downstream of a potent
    shortwave trough emerging from the MS VLY. The resulting
    intensification of this surface low is partly due to more
    impressive downstream ridging interacting with the shortwave as it
    develops a negative tilt over MO/IL/IN. Height falls and the LFQ of
    an almost due-north advecting jet streak will help lower surface
    pressures, and the the surface low is progged to deepen rapidly as
    it lifts across the L.P. of MI and into Ontario province.

    Moisture downstream of this surface low will be impressive, with
    isentropic ascent lifting north from the Gulf surging PWs to above
    the 99th percentile across the Mid-Atlantic, with the increasing
    cyclonic flow pushing the accompanying theta-e ridge westward into
    Michigan as a modest TROWAL. The overlap of this TROWAL with an
    intensifying deformation axis will result in impressive omega,
    partially driven by an intersection of fgen into the DGZ, to cause
    rapid cooling of the column and resultant heavy snowfall. The
    system is progressive off to the northeast, so the duration of
    heavy snow is likely to be limited, but both the HREF and WPC
    prototype snowband tool indicate a corridor of 1+"/hr snowfall
    rates across the western L.P. for the first 6-10 hours of the
    forecast. While the intensity has gotten stronger with recent model
    runs, the placement has been quite consistent, and despite
    antecedent conditions that are not favorable for snow
    accumulations, these intense rates should still result in several
    inches of snowfall as reflected by WPC probabilities for 2+ inches
    that range from 10-30% near Chicago, IL, to above 70% near Traverse
    City, MI, with 4-6" possible in the vicinity of the latter.


    ...The West...
    Days 1-3...

    The period begins with the Pacific Coast sandwiched between an
    anomalous ridge to the east across the Intermountain West, and an
    amplifying trough well to the west over the Pacific Ocean. Between
    these two features, pinched mid-level flow will surge moisture
    eastward into the Pacific Northwest, with IVT progged to approach
    750 kg/m/s, funneling along a cold front and focused into OR. As
    the upstream trough over the Pacific deepens and pivots eastward,
    it will shed periodic lobes of vorticity into the Northwest, with
    an accompanying surface low likely moving towards the OR/CA
    border at the start of D2 /12Z Monday/. This surface low will
    briefly intensify ascent (which will already be impressive through
    height falls, PVA, upslope flow, and LFQ jet-level diffluence),
    while also pushing the strongest moisture channel southward into
    CA. While this suggests the highest PW anomalies will pivot south
    as well towards the Sierra, sufficient upper level flow will
    maintain elevated moisture well inland through D2, providing the
    impetus for continued moderate to heavy snowfall across the terrain as
    far east as the NW WY ranges.

    For D1, the heaviest snowfall is likely within the plume of highest
    IVT along the cold front from the OR Cascades eastward into the
    Salmon River/Sawtooth ranges, and south into northern CA and the
    Sierra. Here, WPC probabilities are high (>70%) for more than 8
    inches of snow, with locally 2-3 feet possible in the Cascades and
    near the Shasta/Trinity region, although snow-levels indicate the
    heaviest accumulations will remain above 5000 ft before falling in
    tandem with weakening snow intensity. During D2, the heaviest snow
    becomes primarily focused in the Sierra where a high risk (>70%)
    is progged by WPC probabilities for more than 12 inches, leading to
    2-day snowfall as much as 2-4 feet in the higher elevations above
    4000 ft. This will still result in significantly impacted travel
    across the Sierra passes Monday into Tuesday.

    Most of the forcing and moisture advect east by D3, so heavy snow
    should wane across much of the West as it focuses instead into the
    Central Rockies, but additional snowfall of a few inches is
    possible (10-30%) in the Wasatch and Northern Rockies.


    ...Central Rockies to the Central Plains...
    Days 2-3...

    The next in this impressive series of significant low pressure
    systems to impact the Plains will develop late Monday in the
    Central Rockies and then strengthen into the Central Plains
    Tuesday.

    This system will initially develop downstream of a large trough
    which will cross out of CA and the Great Basin, reaching the Four
    Corners states Tuesday morning. Downstream height falls and PVA
    will help drive large scale ascent into the region, which will be
    additionally enhanced by a subtropical jet streak strengthening
    through the primary trough axis. As this jet streak pivots
    poleward, the LFQ will overlap with the mid-level height falls to
    help drive surface pressure falls, and lee cyclogenesis the latter
    portion of D2 /after 00Z Tuesday/. However, this jet streak will
    outrun the primary forcing in response to vorticity shedding
    rapidly to the east, with secondary troughing and a more
    pronounced, negatively tilted, trough developing over the Central
    High Plains later Tuesday. This will result in secondary jet streak development, with even more impressive diffluence overlapping the
    more structured height falls/mid-level divergence. It is this
    secondary development around 00Z Wednesday that will potentially
    become a powerful cyclone with heavy snow across the Central Plains
    and into the Upper Midwest by the end of the forecast period.

    Although the first low is weaker, it will interact with a cold
    front dropping out of the interior Northwest, leading to some
    enhanced ascent through fgen and upslope flow across Wyoming on D2.
    Moisture streaming into the wave from the E/SE, as well as aloft
    from the S/SW will manifest as precipitation across WY, but with
    the heaviest snowfall likely occurring in the terrain of the Big
    Horns, NW WY ranges, and along the axis of greatest fgen over
    N-central WY D2. However, total snowfall is expected to be modest
    this period except above 4000 ft in the NW WY ranges and Big Horns,
    where WPC probabilities for 6+ inches are above 70%.

    Then during D3, snowfall becomes much more expansive and heavy as
    the secondary, stronger, low develops and spreads snow from the
    Central Rockies into the Central Plains. There is still
    considerable placement and intensity uncertainty as reflected by
    broad spread in the D3-D4 clusters, but the GFS members appear to
    be the deepest and fastest solutions, with the CMC/ECMWF ensembles
    supporting slightly less spread and are favored at this time. With
    significant spread still in place, WPC probabilities are somewhat
    compromised, but still support a high risk (>70%) of 6+ inches from
    the Wind Rivers through the Laramie Range and into much of the CO
    Rockies where heavy snow rates are likely both through
    fgen/upslope flow. Farther east, increasing deformation over the
    Central Plains by the end of the period will result in increasing
    coverage of heavy snowfall, and while current WPC probabilities for
    4+ inches are only around 10% across NE/KS, these will likely
    increase and spread northeast into D4.

    Additionally, as this secondary low intensifies, the pressure
    gradient is progged to become quite intense, regardless of the
    model preference, and WSSI-P is already featuring a widespread
    30-50% probability of moderate blowing snow impacts, suggesting
    the potential for near-blizzard conditions in some areas, but those
    details still need to be ironed out as the event approaches.


    Weiss



    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sun Mar 16 19:48:36 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 161948
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    348 PM EDT Sun Mar 16 2025

    Valid 00Z Mon Mar 17 2025 - 00Z Thu Mar 20 2025


    ...The West...
    Days 1-2...

    The period begins with the Pacific Coast sandwiched between an
    anomalous ridge to the east across the Intermountain West, and an
    amplifying trough well to the west over the Pacific Ocean. Between
    these two features, pinched mid-level flow will continue surge=20
    moisture eastward into the Pacific Northwest during the early part
    of D1, with IVT falling below 600 kg/m/s through this evening,=20
    funneling along a cold front and focused into northern CA and the
    northern Great Basin tonight. As the upstream trough over the=20
    Pacific deepens and pivots eastward, it will shed periodic lobes of
    vorticity into the Northwest, with an accompanying surface low=20
    likely moving towards the OR/CA border Monday morning. This=20
    surface low will briefly intensify ascent (which will already be=20
    impressive through height falls, PVA, upslope flow, and LFQ jet-=20
    level diffluence), while also pushing the strongest moisture=20
    channel southward into the central Sierra Nevada. While this=20
    suggests the highest PW anomalies will pivot south as well towards=20
    the Sierra, sufficient upper level flow will maintain elevated=20
    moisture well inland through the beginning of D2, providing the=20
    impetus for continued moderate to heavy snowfall across the terrain
    as far east as the NW WY ranges.

    For D1, the heaviest snowfall is likely within the plume of highest
    IVT along the cold front from the OR Cascades eastward into the
    Salmon River/Sawtooth ranges, and south into central CA and the=20
    Sierra. Here, WPC probabilities are high (>70%) for more than 8=20
    inches of snow, with locally 1-2 additional feet possible in the=20
    Cascades and near the Shasta/Trinity region, although snow-levels=20
    indicate the heaviest accumulations will remain above 5000 ft=20
    before falling in tandem with weakening snow intensity. During D2,=20
    the heaviest snow becomes primarily focused in the Utah ranges and
    western WY as the main axis of moisture slides inland with the
    sharp upper trough, where probabilities for more than 8" of snow=20
    are also high, mainly above 8000 ft.


    ...Central Rockies/Plains through the Upper Midwest...=20
    Days 2-3...

    Increasing potential for a strong winter storm to stretch from the
    central High Plains to the Upper Midwest between Tuesday and
    Wednesday, with blizzard conditions becoming increasingly likely.=20
    See the latest Key Messages linked at the bottom of the discussion=20
    for more information.

    This system will initially develop downstream of a large trough
    which will cross out of CA and the Great Basin, reaching the Four
    Corners states Tuesday morning. Downstream height falls and PVA
    will help drive large scale ascent into the region, which will be
    additionally enhanced by a subtropical jet streak strengthening
    through the primary trough axis. As this jet streak pivots
    poleward, the LFQ will overlap with the mid-level height falls to
    help drive surface pressure falls, and lee cyclogenesis on Tuesday.
    However, this jet streak will outrun the primary forcing in=20
    response to vorticity shedding rapidly to the east, with secondary=20
    troughing and a more pronounced, negatively tilted, trough=20
    developing over the Central High Plains later Tuesday. This will=20
    result in secondary jet streak development, with even more=20
    impressive diffluence overlapping the more structured height=20
    falls/mid-level divergence. It is this secondary development around
    00Z Wednesday that will potentially become a powerful cyclone with
    heavy snow across the central Plains and into the Upper Midwest=20
    through the end of the forecast period. 00Z NAEFS SAT depicts the=20
    low pressure over Kansas Tuesday night below the 0.5th=20
    climatological percentile and eventually PWs reaching above the=20
    90th percentile across eastern Iowa and Wisconsin on Wednesday=20
    where the stronger surge of southerly flow exists, further highlighting
    the strength of this system for the time of year.

    Although the first low is weaker, it will interact with a cold
    front dropping out of the interior Northwest, leading to some
    enhanced ascent through fgen and upslope flow across Wyoming on D2.
    Moisture streaming into the wave from the E/SE, as well as aloft
    from the S/SW will manifest as precipitation across WY, but with
    the heaviest snowfall likely occurring in the terrain of the Big
    Horns, NW WY ranges, and along the axis of greatest fgen over
    N-central WY D2. However, total snowfall is expected to be modest
    this period except above 4000 ft in the NW WY ranges and Big Horns,
    where WPC probabilities for 6+ inches are above 70%.

    Then during D3, snowfall becomes much more expansive and heavy as
    the secondary, stronger, low develops and spreads snow from the
    Central Rockies into the Central Plains and eventually the Upper
    Midwest. There is still some placement and intensity uncertainty,=20
    but it has gradually decreased today with subtle slowing of the=20
    shortwave in the GFS/GEFS and faster ejection in the ECMWF. WPC=20 probabilities have increased somewhat and still support a high risk
    70%) of 6+ inches from the Wind Rivers through the Laramie Range
    and into much of the CO Rockies where heavy snow rates are likely=20
    both through fgen/upslope flow. Farther east, increasing=20
    deformation over the Central Plains and Upper Midwest by the end of
    the period will result in increasing coverage of heavy snowfall=20
    and rates of 1-2"/hr in the deformation axis northwest of the
    strong surface low. Current WPC probabilities for at least 4" are=20
    low (10-30%) from eastern Colorado through northern Kansas and=20
    central Nebraska, before increasing to around 30-60% from eastern=20
    Nebraska through north- central Iowa. Then, a more mature cyclone=20
    and combination of WAA/deformation leads to higher probabilities=20
    for 6"+ of snow from southeast Minnesota through central/northern=20
    Wisconsin and the MI U.P., where the latest WPC chances are 40-60%.
    One factor that may impede the higher end potential of snow with=20
    this system is that temperatures will be very warm during the days=20
    and even hours prior to snowfall development. Highs on Tuesday are=20
    forecast to reach the 70s and 80s across the central Plains and=20
    Midwest.

    Additionally, as this secondary low intensifies, the pressure=20
    gradient is progged to become quite intense, regardless of the=20
    model preference, and WSSI-P is already featuring a widespread=20
    40-70% probability of moderate blowing snow impacts, suggesting=20
    the potential for blizzard conditions in some areas. Additionally,
    decent overlap in ECMWF EFI snow and wind gust values in the
    central Plains are usually a good indicator that impacts=20
    associated with blowing snow are possible.


    Snell/Weiss




    ...Winter Storm Key Messages are in effect. Please see current=20
    Key Messages below...

    https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/key_messages/Late= stKeyMessage_1.png__;!!DZ3fjg!4G-JYdtnPmNaMvwNDamWE91hSM5-XSIp9aXWD1D2XznQT= v7iri2X1Cw8epp4MumpVVp8xxMW838T7jHXEEFvH6564_k$=20

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Thu Mar 13 07:04:05 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 130703
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    303 AM EDT Thu Mar 13 2025

    Valid 12Z Thu Mar 13 2025 - 12Z Sun Mar 16 2025


    ...The West...
    Days 1-3...

    ...Extremely active weather pattern will spread heavy snow across
    most of the West today through Friday, with a second wave
    approaching for the weekend. This lead system will likely become a
    significant winter storm in the Northern Plains Saturday. Key
    Messages are in effect, and linked below...


    The period begins with a short wavelength but extremely amplified
    trough aligned on the immediate Pacific coast Thursday morning.
    This trough will continue to amplify as it moves across the Great
    Basin Thursday evening and then into the Rockies on Friday. During
    this evolution, a potent shortwave and accompanying vorticity
    maxima will swing through the base of this trough, This feature
    will outrun the northern leg of this trough, resulting in a closed
    mid-level low pivoting into the Southern Rockies Friday morning and
    then into the Southern Plains. This will be an extremely impressive
    feature, as NAEFS ensemble tables indicate 500-700mb heights fall
    below the minimum within the CFSR database by Friday morning across
    the Central and Southern Rockies, with a surrounding large area of
    height anomalies below the 1st percentile across most of the
    Western U.S.

    This mid-level height evolution is a clear signal for a powerful
    and widespread system to bring heavy precipitation across an
    expansive area. While height falls will drive ascent across a vast
    region, this will combine with upper diffluence within the LFQ of a
    subtropical jet streak which will wrap around the base of this
    trough, producing enhanced deep layer lift, especially into CA and
    the Four Corners. Additionally, periods of upslope flow on W/SW 700
    mb winds will enhance ascent across much of the terrain, first
    across the Sierra and Cascades, and then spreading east across the
    Great Basin and into the Rockies Friday. Additionally, W/SW mid-
    level flow will isentropically ascend the region, leading to
    additionally enhanced lift across a large portion of the region.

    In the presence of this pronounced ascent, moisture will steadily
    increase as an atmospheric river (AR) pivots onshore downstream of
    the primary trough axis. IVT progs from both the GEFS and ECENS
    indicate a high probabilities (>90%) for a plume of 250 kg/m/s=20
    IVT, although probabilities for 500 kg/m/s IVT are tepid (< 30%).
    Still, this pronounced moisture plume will surge PWs to above the
    90th climatological percentile from CA through the Southern
    Rockies, with more normal PWs farther north. The overlap of the
    aforementioned ascent into this moistening column will result in
    widespread precipitation, with snow falling in the terrain.

    While confidence is high in widespread precipitation, there is
    still uncertainty into the snow levels. The steep lapse rates
    beneath the core of the deepening upper trough suggest heavy
    precipitation rates will drag down snow levels, indicating lower
    NBM percentiles are likely more realistic. Using the NBM 25th
    percentile as proxy, snow levels could fall to 2000-3000 ft during
    periods of heavy snow across much of the West, with heights as low
    as 1000-1500 ft across the Cascades. This indicates that travel
    across many passes will be greatly impacted, especially where
    snowfall rates reach 1-2"/hr, potentially as high as 3"/hr across
    the Sierra, Transverse Ranges of CA, and parts of the Great Basin
    terrain as reflected by the WPC prototype snowband tool.

    Not only will rates be impressive, they will combine with strong
    winds to produce substantial impacts, and the WSSI-P is forecasting
    a high probability (>90%) for at least moderate impacts for much of
    the terrain, especially from CA through the Four Corners. In these
    areas, WPC probabilities forecast a high chance (>90%) for at least
    8 inches D1 in the Sierra, Transverse/Peninsular Ranges, the
    Wasatch, Mogollon Rim, San Juans, Uintas, and Wind River Mountains.
    By D2 lingering snowfall may accumulate above 8 inches once again,
    but primarily across the CO Rockies. Locally 1-3 feet of event
    total snowfall is probable in these ranges.

    As this first impulse departs into the Central Plains D2, /00Z-12Z
    Saturday/, another wave immediately on its heels will approach the
    Pacific Coast and spread renewed height falls onshore as far east=20
    as the Central Rockies. This second wave appears to be less intense
    as reflected by weaker height and PW anomalies, and is progged to=20
    be shifted north of the initial impulse. However, renewed periods=20
    of heavy snowfall are likely from the Sierra and northern CA
    terrain north and east into the Cascades and then spread east D3
    into the Rockies, generally from CO northward as a warm front
    pivots through the area. Snow levels with this second wave are
    expected to be higher, rising to 4000-5000 ft in CA and 2500-3500
    ft elsewhere, but still low enough to be impactful to many passes
    as Pacific air is slow to flood eastward.=20

    With this second wave, WPC probabilities D2 re-focus in the=20
    Sierra, the Shasta/Trinity region of northern CA, and the OR=20
    Cascades where they are above 70% for 8+ inches. On D3 these
    probabilities shift northeast, with 70%+ probabilities extending
    across the WA/OR Cascades, the Olympics, and into the Salmon River
    range.


    ...Central and Northern Plains...=20
    Days 2-3...

    The southern stream closed low emerging from the Four Corners and
    into the Southern Plains Friday morning will become a formidable
    winter storm across the Plains Friday into Saturday. As this closed
    low emerges into the Plains early Friday, it will continue to
    deepen, featuring 500-700mb height anomalies by 00Z Saturday that
    are below the minimum percentile within the CFSR climatology=20
    between 850-500mb across a large portion of the Plains. This is an=20 exceptionally deep system, and the combination of the intense=20
    height falls with the LFQ of a subtropical jet streak rotating=20
    through the trough will result in rapid lee-cyclogenesis beginning=20
    as early as Friday morning.=20

    This surface low will deepen rapidly, approaching March record
    pressure levels across the Plains as it tracks from eastern CO
    Friday morning to eastern SD Friday evening, and then the U.P. of
    MI Saturday aftn. While there is some uncertainty in the exact
    placement and track of this low, the overall spread is relatively
    small for a D3 system, leading to high confidence in the evolution.
    With this low deepening rapidly, significant moisture will be drawn
    northward from the Gulf on impressive isentropic ascent, and the
    resultant theta-e ridge is progged to lift into a robust TROWAL
    which will pivot across WI and into MN/ND/SD Saturday morning. As
    this occurs, the combination of increasing ascent, aided by a
    pivoting deformation axis W/NW of the low center, and cooling of
    the column through both dynamic affects and ageostrophic flow/cold
    air drainage from the NNW, will result in a p-type transition from
    rain to mixed to snow.=20

    There remains uncertainty into how long this transition will take
    to occur, but the intense omega into the column Saturday morning
    suggests the guidance may be under-doing the speed at which this
    occurs, indicating a faster transition from rain to snow, with less
    freezing rain/sleet in between. This is more typical of the
    conceptual model for this type of system as well, so while mixed
    precip is likely at times, the more impactful wintry precipitation
    type should be snow, which will likely come down heavy at times. At
    the same time, very strong winds, which are progged by model
    soundings to exceed 50 kts in the 800-900mb layer, while help to
    fracture dendrites leading to low SLRs which will be blow around
    considerably. So, while total snowfall may be somewhat modest
    except beneath the pivot point of this deformation axis, impacts
    will be substantial with near blizzard conditions possible from far
    northeast Nebraska through northern Minnesota. In this area, 48-hr
    WPC probabilities from 12Z Fri to 12Z Sunday reach as high as
    50-70% for 4+ inches, and isolated totals above 6 inches are
    possible (10-30%). Additionally, some light freezing rain has a
    30-50% chance of accumulating 0.1" or more in a small portion of NW
    MN.



    Weiss



    ...Winter Storm Key Messages are in effect. Please see current=20
    Key Messages below...

    https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/key_messages/Late= stKeyMessage_1.png__;!!DZ3fjg!4JGcCzvCafQcT1jc4Ei5rPfHvAyePsBmOR_cNx3GMRAww= oQNdiaX0-IumDfDLsxIjjgBE0G5slHNYvL7IcLSB4QYBKM$=20

    $$

    =3D =3D =3D
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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Thu Mar 13 19:45:57 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 131945
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    345 PM EDT Thu Mar 13 2025

    Valid 00Z Fri Mar 14 2025 - 00Z Mon Mar 17 2025

    ...The West...
    Days 1-3...

    ...Extremely active weather pattern will spread heavy snow across
    most of the West through Friday, with a second wave approaching=20
    for the weekend...

    A series of potent upper level shortwave troughs will move across=20
    the West through this period, resulting in multiple rounds of heavy
    snow across much of the terrain from the Cascades, Sierras, the=20
    Front Range, and much of the terrain in between. This very active=20
    period with multiple rounds of snow and low snow levels could=20
    result in impacts to the various mountain passes across the West,=20
    with snow accumulations measured in feet.

    The first and most potent of the upper level troughs is moving
    across the West right now. A vorticity maximum rounding the base of
    the trough along the West Coast now will move into the Southwest
    tonight. Ahead of this trough, lee cyclogenesis is ongoing across
    the northern and central Plains. The combination of this trough and
    surface lows will focus the heaviest associated snow from the
    Bighorns of MT/WY south through the Front Range and into the
    Sacramento Mountains of NM tonight.

    Snow levels will be above 7,000 ft across these easternmost ranges
    of the Rockies to start the night, but as the trough and associated
    cold air moves in tonight, they will drop to generally between
    2,000 and 3,000 ft, allowing snow to begin to accumulate to pass
    level by the start of the day Friday. As the Plains low
    consolidates into one primary low over western Kansas and Nebraska,
    the snow should similarly focus across Wyoming, Colorado, and
    eastern Utah Friday morning, where the heaviest snow totals are
    expected for the Day 1/Thursday Night & Friday period. WPC 24 hour probabilities through Friday afternoon of 6 inches of snow or more
    are as high as 80% in southwest Colorado, but are above 50% across
    much of western Colorado, the Uintas of Utah, and the eastern=20
    Mogollon Rim of central Arizona. The low shifts into the eastern
    Plains by Friday afternoon, ending the snow for the Rockies for
    this system.

    A second upper level shortwave and the leading edge of a potent
    northwesterly jet streak will follow behind the first into the=20
    West Coast early Friday morning. The rapid succession of the waves
    could mean some of Rockies may have only a brief break in the snow, particularly across the Four Corners region, before precipitation
    rates increase once again associated with the approach of the
    second wave. This shortwave will be weaker than the first, but=20
    will still be potent. The heaviest mountain snow will be across
    northern California and southwest Oregon during the day Friday.
    With the influx of Pacific moisture, snow levels will rise to
    between 3,000 and 4,000 ft in this region, which will still be
    plenty low enough to impact the passes, especially when adding
    dynamic cooling from any heavy snow on the windward side of the
    mountains. 24 hour WPC probabilities for 6 inches or more through=20
    Friday are above 50% from the southern Oregon Cascades through the=20
    Sierras, with the Klamath Mountains of northern California over
    80%.

    The most potent upper level energy with this wave will track across
    the Southwest Friday night, then rapidly translate eastward to
    support the impressive cyclone across the northern Plains and upper
    Midwest. This will result in a rapid collapse/weakening of any
    organized precipitation across the Southwest during the day
    Saturday. A smaller portion of the energy from the original second
    wave will retrograde towards the Pacific Northwest and merge with a
    third shortwave moving into the coast. This will keep valley rain
    and mountain snow ongoing across much of Washington State, Oregon,
    and Idaho Friday night into Saturday. The Cascades will be the
    focus for the heaviest snow, with 24 hour WPC probabilities for 6
    inches or more of snow above 50% for all of the Cascades, and up to
    80% for much of the Oregon Cascades.

    On Day 3/Saturday Night & Sunday, a fourth trough will approach the
    Pacific Northwest in the form of a vertically stacked low. That low
    will approach the coast of Washington and Oregon during the day
    Sunday. Lingering lift from the previous wave will keep the=20
    mountain snow continuing through Saturday night and intensify=20
    during the day Sunday, especially across Oregon. It's here that=20
    the low will eventually come ashore Sunday night. The greatest lift
    and moisture flux will be during the day Sunday into Oregon ahead
    of the low, so the heaviest precipitation associated with it will=20
    be then.=20

    Since the snow is unlikely to stop at all this weekend into the
    Cascades, expect the highest elevations to pick up several feet of
    snow through the period. The Sawtooths and Bitterroots of Idaho and
    Montana as well as the Yellowstone N.P. area will also pick up=20
    several feet of new snow through the weekend as the waves that
    impact the coast earlier move inland across the Pacific Northwest
    through the weekend.

    Wegman


    ...Northern Plains...
    Day 2...

    ...Rapidly deepening low and a transition from rain to a wintry mix
    and eventually snow is expected to combine with very strong winds
    to lead to possible blizzard conditions across parts of the=20
    eastern Dakotas and western Minnesota. See Key Messages linked at=20
    the bottom of the discussion for more information...

    The southern stream closed low emerging from the Four Corners and
    into the Southern Plains Friday morning will become a formidable
    winter storm across the Plains Friday into Saturday. As this closed
    low emerges into the Plains early Friday, it will continue to
    deepen, featuring 500-700mb height anomalies by 00Z Saturday that
    are below the minimum percentile within the CFSR climatology=20
    between 850-500mb across a large portion of the Plains. This is an=20 exceptionally deep system, and the combination of the intense=20
    height falls with the LFQ of a subtropical jet streak rotating=20
    through the trough will result in rapid lee-cyclogenesis beginning=20
    as early as Friday morning.=20

    This surface low will deepen rapidly, approaching March record
    pressure levels across the Plains as it tracks from eastern CO
    Friday morning to eastern SD Friday evening, and then the U.P. of
    MI Saturday aftn. While there is some uncertainty in the exact
    placement and track of this low, especially with the potential for
    numerous low-level centers to rotate around the broader area of=20
    low pressure, the overall spread is relatively small. This leads=20
    to high confidence in the storm's evolution and area most likely=20
    to experience a brief period of heavy snow. With this low=20
    deepening rapidly, significant moisture will be drawn northward=20
    from the Gulf on impressive isentropic ascent, and the resultant=20
    theta-e ridge is progged to lift into a robust TROWAL which will=20
    pivot across WI and into MN/ND/SD Saturday morning. As this occurs,
    the combination of increasing ascent, aided by a pivoting=20
    deformation axis W/NW of the low center, and cooling of the column=20
    through both dynamic affects and ageostrophic flow/cold air=20
    drainage from the NNW, will result in a p-type transition from rain
    to mixed to snow.

    There remains uncertainty into how long this transition will take
    to occur, but the intense omega into the column Saturday morning
    suggests the guidance may be under-doing the speed at which this
    occurs, indicating a faster transition from rain to snow, with less
    freezing rain/sleet in between. This is more typical of the
    conceptual model for this type of system as well, so while mixed
    precip is likely at times, the more impactful wintry precipitation
    type should be snow, which will likely come down heavy at times
    (1-2"/hr rates). At the same time, very strong winds, which are=20
    progged by model soundings to exceed 50 kts in the 800-900mb layer,
    will help to fracture dendrites leading to low SLRs which will be=20
    blow around considerably. Additionally, even with snow coming down=20
    heavily it may struggle to accumulate for the first hour or so=20
    given warm antecedent ground conditions and prior rainfall. So,=20
    while total snowfall may be somewhat modest except beneath the=20
    pivot point of this deformation axis, impacts will be substantial=20
    with near blizzard conditions possible from far northeast Nebraska=20
    through northern Minnesota. In this area, 24-hr WPC probabilities=20
    from 00Z Sat to 00Z Sun reach as high as 50-70% for 4+ inches, and=20
    isolated totals above 6 inches are possible (20-40%). Additionally,
    some light freezing rain has a 10-30% chance of accumulating 0.1"=20
    or more in a small portion of NW MN.

    Snell/Weiss


    ...Winter Storm Key Messages are in effect. Please see current=20
    Key Messages below...

    https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/key_messages/Late= stKeyMessage_1.png__;!!DZ3fjg!-C8iDBYFPoy5G9vFU9aA-6dFsvyULo9fMqdic9FGulkTk= 17C2BIIP0UDZ5srNUP5GTTtCZkqcftRY9HxSoF81s2y_vA$=20

    $$

    =3D =3D =3D
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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Fri Mar 14 06:57:40 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 140655
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    255 AM EDT Fri Mar 14 2025

    Valid 12Z Fri Mar 14 2025 - 12Z Mon Mar 17 2025

    ...The West...
    Days 1-3...

    The active pattern continues across the West with several days of
    widespread wintry precipitation impacting much of the area through
    the upcoming weekend.

    The period begins with a potent closed mid-level low moving across
    the Southern High Plains of CO/NM. This feature is quite intense,
    reflected by NAEFS 850-500mb height percentiles that are below the
    minimum in the CFSR climatology across a large, and expanding,
    section of the country centered along the High Plains. As this
    feature shifts E/NE this afternoon, it will continue to deepen and
    produce near-blizzard conditions across the Northern Plains (more
    on that in the section below). Behind this departing system, heavy
    snow will continue across the Southern and Central Rockies through
    D1 as a combination of mid-level deformation and a trailing cold=20
    front overlap to enhance ascent in a region of still elevated 700mb
    RH across the Four Corners and into Wyoming. While this snow=20
    should wane quickly by 00Z Saturday, and snow levels will generally
    be in the 5000-6000 ft range, snow is expected to accumulate=20
    several additional inches D1 as reflected by WPC probabilities that
    are high (>70%) for 4+ inches across the CO Rockies, the northern
    Sangre de Cristos, and as far north as the Big Horn Mountains of
    WY.

    Any break in precipitation behind this significant, but departing,
    system will be short lived as the active pattern sheds another
    amplifying shortwave across the Pacific and into CA/OR by 00Z
    Saturday /late D1/. This next impulse will be accompanied by an
    impressive lobe of vorticity, with the resultant trough development
    driving height falls once again from CA through the Four Corners
    into D2. Available moisture with this next impulse is progged to=20
    be much less than with the first shortwave, reflected by NAEFS PW=20
    anomalies that are near normal east of AZ as the maximum IVT=20
    downstream of this trough axis is modest (GEFS and ECENS=20
    probabilities for 500 kg/m/s less than 10%) and focused generally=20
    south into Mexico. Of course, this is pretty typical with ARs that=20
    are oriented more W/NW than W/SW, but enough moisture and continued
    lowered snow levels of generally 3000-5000 ft will allow for at=20
    least modest snowfall accumulations. The heaviest snowfall=20
    accumulations D1 into D2 are expected from the Sierra into the=20
    Mogollon Rim and into the Four Corners, where WPC probabilities are
    high once again for 8+ inches, and locally 1-2 feet is possible in
    the Sierra and northern CA terrain near the Shasta/Trinity region.

    Interestingly, as the second shortwave digs across the Four Corners
    into D2, the upstream flow becomes more favorable for a surge of
    moisture and heavy precipitation farther north into the Pacific and
    Interior Northwest. A trough over British Columbia/Alberta
    interacts with the trough moving across the Four Corners to squeeze
    the flow over the Pacific, resulting in fast and zonal flow surging
    into WA/OR. Impulses within this flow will help push two distinct
    surface lows onshore, the first Saturday morning and the second
    early Sunday morning, helping to enhance ascent. Regardless of
    those surface lows, deep layer lift becomes impressive and moisture
    increases as a strengthening Pacific jet streak pivots onshore and
    begins to buckle, lifting meridionally on Sunday downstream of an
    even more potent trough approaching the coast.=20

    Both ECENS and GEFS probabilities exceed 70% for 500 kg/m/s IVT=20
    reaching the coast D3, funneling moisture along a cold front which=20
    will elongate into the region. Although the accompanying WAA with
    this atmospheric river (AR) will drive snow levels to as high as
    6000 ft D3 south of the cold front, considerable moisture and a
    sharp gradient in snow levels will likely result in impactful
    pass-level snow from the Cascades through the Northern Rockies,
    with still impressive snow but generally above pass-levels farther
    south from the Great Basin into the Central Rockies, as much of the
    West is again covered in elevation-based snowfall. High WPC=20
    probabilities (>70%) late D1 through D3 become widespread for 6+
    inches each day from the OR Cascades northward into the Olympics
    and WA Cascades, and as far east as the Salmon River/Sawtooth area,
    north into the Northern Rockies, and even as far as the Tetons.
    Event total snowfall is likely to be extreme in the higher terrain
    of the OR Cascades where 4-6 feet of snow is possible, with
    widespread 1-3 feet in the other higher elevations regions of the
    Northwest.


    ...Northern Plains...
    Days 1-2...

    Rapidly strengthening low pressure in the lee of the Rockies this
    morning will approach or exceed March sea-level pressure records
    across the Northern Plains as it tracks northeast through Saturday
    aftn. Not only will SLP records be approached, but 850-500mb height
    anomalies are progged to fall below the all-time minimums within
    the CFSR climatology according to NAEFS, further indicative of the
    intensity of this system. The result of this evolution will be a=20
    major winter storm impacting the Northern Plains late Friday=20
    through Saturday.=20

    As the surface low tracks northeast from the Central High Plains,
    it will be driven by an overlap of impressive height falls
    downstream of the primary closed low and at least modest upper
    diffluence in the LFQ of a poleward arcing jet streak east of the
    mid-level center. Together, these will drive intense deep layer
    ascent aiding in the storm strengthening. At the same time,
    confluent low-level flow east of the low will draw impressive=20
    moisture northward on 300-305K isentropic ascent. This moisture
    will surge am impressive theta-e ridge northward, which will then
    rotate cyclonically and lift into a robust TROWAL, pivoting over
    eastern NE, SD, ND, and western/central MN Saturday. At the same
    time, an impressive deformation axis will overlap with this TROWAL,
    supporting an intense axis of maximized ascent to drive heavy=20
    precipitation rates.

    Initially, the theta-e advection will surge warm air into the
    region such that the column will support primarily rain. However,
    as the low continues to deepen and move northeast, and mesoscale
    ascent intensifies, the combination of dynamic cooling and
    ageostrophic flow on NW winds into the low center will rapidly cool
    the column. The guidance continues to suggest a period of mixed
    precip, including sleet and freezing rain, will occur, but this
    again appears to be a conceptual setup where the transition period
    is quite rapid. This indicates that while some light icing is
    possible, the predominant wintry p-type will be snow, which will
    almost certainly become heavy at times (70% probabilities for 1"/hr
    according to the HREF). This is supported as well by NAM cross-
    sections indicating a region of theta-es lapse rates <0C/km in the
    presence of symmetric instability, suggesting the potential for=20
    CSI or even CI (thundersnow). Although antecedent conditions are=20
    quite warm and some rain will begin this event, these rates should=20
    quickly overwhelm this hostility leading to rapid snow=20
    accumulation.=20

    Finally, impacts during the period of heavy snow are likely to be
    impressive due to strong winds that may gust above 50 mph during
    the period of heavy snow. While the period of heavy snow rates is
    likely to be somewhat temporally modest except beneath the pivot
    point of the deformation axis, the overlap of extreme rates of
    1-2"/hr and these strong winds will create near blizzard conditions
    and extremely dangerous travel. Snowfall will begin late D1 but
    accumulations are expected to be modest before 12Z Saturday as
    reflected by WPC probabilities of 30-50% for just 2 inches across
    far eastern SD. Early D2 snowfall coverage and intensity ramps up,
    and WPC probabilities are high (>70%) for 4+ inches near the Coteau
    des Prairies and as far north as International Falls, MN. Locally,
    8 inches of snow is possible beneath the pivoting deformation,
    especially should any thundersnow occur. Additionally, some light
    icing across western MN has a 10-30% chance of reaching 0.1+" of
    ice accretion.


    Weiss



    ...Winter Storm Key Messages are in effect. Please see current=20
    Key Messages below...

    https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/key_messages/Late= stKeyMessage_1.png__;!!DZ3fjg!5NiP0-ogg52fE6brKTWGycDa8ZLgcXm9WVPtJmLZMYtjB= Mz4CmSB-i13_PYTxzrwGiMEmxiTIy8klKrf4xHL-sy-xic$=20

    $$

    =3D =3D =3D
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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Fri Mar 14 18:52:24 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 141851
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    251 PM EDT Fri Mar 14 2025

    Valid 00Z Sat Mar 15 2025 - 00Z Tue Mar 18 2025


    ...Northern Plains...
    Day 1...

    Rapidly strengthening low pressure analyzed over the central Plains
    this afternoon will approach or exceed March sea-level pressure=20
    records across the Northern Plains as it tracks northeast through=20
    Saturday aftn. Not only will SLP records be approached, but=20
    850-500mb height anomalies are progged to fall below the all-time=20
    minimums within the CFSR climatology according to NAEFS, further=20
    indicative of the intensity of this system. The result of this=20
    evolution will be a major winter storm impacting the Northern=20
    Plains late Friday through Saturday with a combination of heavy=20
    snow and gusty winds.

    As the surface low tracks northeast from the Central High Plains,
    it will be driven by an overlap of impressive height falls
    downstream of the primary closed low and at least modest upper
    diffluence in the LFQ of a poleward arcing jet streak east of the
    mid-level center. Together, these will drive intense deep layer
    ascent aiding in the storm strengthening. At the same time,
    confluent low-level flow east of the low will draw impressive=20
    moisture northward on 300-305K isentropic ascent. This moisture
    will surge am impressive theta-e ridge northward, which will then
    rotate cyclonically and lift into a robust TROWAL, pivoting over
    eastern NE, SD, ND, and western/central MN Saturday. At the same
    time, an impressive deformation axis will overlap with this TROWAL,
    supporting an intense axis of maximized ascent to drive heavy=20
    precipitation rates.

    Initially, the theta-e advection will surge warm air into the
    region such that the column will support primarily rain. However,
    as the low continues to deepen and move northeast, and mesoscale
    ascent intensifies, the combination of dynamic cooling and
    ageostrophic flow on NW winds into the low center will rapidly cool
    the column. The guidance continues to suggest a period of mixed
    precip, including sleet and freezing rain, will occur, but this
    again appears to be a conceptual setup where the transition period
    is quite rapid. This indicates that while some light icing is
    possible, the predominant wintry p-type will be snow, which will
    almost certainly become heavy at times (70% probabilities for 1"/hr
    according to the HREF). This is supported as well by NAM cross-
    sections indicating a region of theta-es lapse rates <0C/km in the
    presence of symmetric instability, suggesting the potential for=20
    CSI or even CI (thundersnow). Although antecedent conditions are=20
    quite warm and some rain will begin this event, these rates should=20
    quickly overwhelm this hostility leading to rapid snow=20
    accumulation.=20

    Finally, impacts during the period of heavy snow are likely to be
    impressive due to strong winds that may gust above 50 mph during
    the period of heavy snow. While the period of heavy snow rates is
    likely to be somewhat temporally modest except beneath the pivot
    point of the deformation axis, the overlap of extreme rates of
    1-2"/hr and these strong winds will create near blizzard conditions
    and extremely dangerous travel. The changeover to snow will
    commence across eastern SD after 06Z Saturday before expanding
    north-northeast across western and north-central Minnesota between
    12Z-18Z. Recent trends have shifted this band of heavy snowfall
    amounts (>4") eastward by about 75 miles or so as guidance is=20
    consolidating on a more compact area of low pressure across the=20
    Upper Midwest. WPC probabilities for at least 4" are high (>70%)=20
    across southwest to north-central Minnesota, with 40-70% chances=20
    extending into far eastern South Dakota and far southeast North=20
    Dakota. Locally, a narrow swath of at least 8" of snow is possible=20
    (20-40%) beneath the pivoting deformation, especially should any=20
    thundersnow occur. Additionally, some light icing across north-=20
    central MN has a 10-30% chance of reaching 0.1+" of ice accretion.


    ...The West...
    Days 1-3...

    The active pattern continues across the West with two separate
    systems producing widespread wintry precipitation across much of=20
    the area through early next week.

    After the significant winter storm departs into the central U.S.,=20
    any break in precipitation across the West will be short lived as=20
    the active pattern sheds another amplifying shortwave across CA/OR=20
    tonight. This next impulse will be accompanied by an impressive=20
    lobe of vorticity, with the resultant trough development driving=20
    height falls once again from CA through the Four Corners on D1.=20
    Available moisture with this next impulse is progged to be much=20
    less than with the first shortwave, reflected by NAEFS PW anomalies
    that are near normal east of AZ as the maximum IVT downstream of=20
    this trough axis is modest (GEFS and ECENS probabilities for 500=20
    kg/m/s less than 10%) and focused generally south into Mexico. Of=20
    course, this is pretty typical with ARs that are oriented more W/NW
    than W/SW, but enough moisture and continued lowered snow levels=20
    of generally 3000-5000 ft will allow for at least modest snowfall=20 accumulations.

    Interestingly, as this shortwave digs across the Four Corners, the
    upstream flow becomes more favorable for a surge of moisture and=20
    heavy precipitation farther north into the Pacific and Interior=20
    Northwest. A trough over British Columbia/Alberta interacts with=20
    the trough moving across the Four Corners to squeeze the flow over=20
    the Pacific, resulting in fast and zonal flow surging into WA/OR.=20
    Impulses within this flow will help push two distinct surface lows=20
    onshore, the first Saturday morning and the second early Sunday=20
    morning, helping to enhance ascent. Regardless of those surface=20
    lows, deep layer lift becomes impressive and moisture increases as=20
    a strengthening Pacific jet streak pivots onshore and begins to=20
    buckle, lifting meridionally on Sunday downstream of an even more=20
    potent trough approaching the coast.=20

    Both 12Z ECMWF and GFS depict 500-700 kg/m/s IVT reaching the=20
    coast D2, funneling moisture along a cold front which will=20
    elongate into the region. Although the accompanying WAA with this=20 atmospheric river (AR) will drive snow levels to as high as 6000 ft south
    of the cold front, considerable moisture and a sharp gradient in=20
    snow levels will likely result in impactful pass- level snow from=20
    the Cascades through the Northern Rockies and eventually Sierra
    Nevada once again on D3, with still impressive snow but generally=20
    above pass- levels farther south from the Great Basin into the=20
    Central Rockies, as much of the West is again covered in elevation-
    based snowfall. For the entire forecast period, high WPC=20
    probabilities (>70%) for 8+ inches exist from the Sierra Nevada and OR
    Cascades northward into the Olympics and WA Cascades, and as far=20
    east as the Salmon River/Sawtooth area, north into the Northern=20
    Rockies, and even as far as the Tetons. Event total snowfall is=20
    likely to be extreme in the higher terrain of the OR Cascades where
    4-6 feet of snow is possible, with widespread 1-3 feet in the=20
    other higher elevations regions of the Northwest and Sierra Nevada.


    Snell/Weiss




    ...Winter Storm Key Messages are in effect. Please see current=20
    Key Messages below...

    https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/key_messages/Late= stKeyMessage_1.png__;!!DZ3fjg!8IUy2IMH3gmbJPdc2_VgOZYyqx3DhlOaP9KWRE8dLibJp= kSro1W9Ydg1HuXjtsmvT9M_CoxSWv_e2bud9pzZyUug30I$=20

    $$

    =3D =3D =3D
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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sat Mar 15 06:48:15 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 150648
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    248 AM EDT Sat Mar 15 2025

    Valid 12Z Sat Mar 15 2025 - 12Z Tue Mar 18 2025


    ...Northern Plains...
    Day 1...

    The rapidly strengthening low moving across the Northern Plains
    which has been advertised the past few days will be well underway
    at the start of the period. At 12Z Saturday, the surface low is
    progged to be near the Twin Cities, MN, and will be lifting
    northeast, reaching Ontario, Canada by 00Z Sunday. N and W of this
    low center, a strong and pivoting deformation axis will be helping
    to drive intense ascent, causing a changeover from rain to heavy
    snow across western MN, resulting in blizzard, and near-blizzard,
    conditions through the aftn.

    Moisture advection downstream of this strengthening cyclone will
    remain impressive through D1, with isentropic ascent surging the
    accompanying theta-e ridge into a robust TROWAL which will pivot
    cyclonically back into the Dakotas and Minnesota today. The overlap
    of this enhanced moisture and the collocated deformation axis will
    increase both moisture and ascent to cause a narrow stripe of heavy precipitation, changing rapidly from rain to snow. Dynamic cross-
    sections across this region continue to suggest an axis of CSI/CI,
    supported by the elevated instability within the TROWAL, to create
    snowfall rates that are forecast both by HREF probabilities and the
    WPC prototype snowband tool to reach 1-2"/hr. Despite hostile
    antecedent conditions due to warm temperatures and rain, these
    snowfall rates will rapidly accumulate, and when combined with wind
    gusts of 50 mph, will likely result in blizzard and near-blizzard
    conditions through the aftn. This is despite accumulations that
    will in most areas be modest except within the stripe beneath the
    pivoting deformation axis, where WPC probabilities are high (>70%)
    for 4+ inches and locally as much as 8 inches is possible.


    ...The West...
    Days 1-3...

    The active pattern continues across the West with two separate
    systems producing widespread wintry precipitation across much of=20
    the area through early next week.

    The next impulse within this active pattern will push an impressive
    vorticity lobe eastward from OR through the Great Basin to start
    Saturday morning, with the resultant trough development driving=20
    height falls once again into the Four Corners on D1. PW anomalies=20
    that are near normal east of this feature as the maximum IVT=20
    downstream of this trough axis is modes and focused generally=20
    south into Mexico, but available moisture is still sufficient for a
    swath of moderate to heavy precipitation, with snow-levels
    generally 3000-5000 ft allowing for moderate snowfall accumulations
    above these levels. WPC probabilities D1 are moderate to high
    (50-90%) for 4+ inches across the CO Rockies, Sangre de Cristos, White Mountains of AZ, and the Sacramentos.

    As this lead shortwave digs across the Four Corners, the upstream=20
    flow becomes more favorable for a surge of moisture and heavy=20
    precipitation farther north into the Pacific and Interior=20
    Northwest. A trough over British Columbia/Alberta interacts with=20
    the trough moving across the Four Corners to squeeze the flow over=20
    the Pacific, resulting in fast and zonal flow squeezing into=20
    WA/OR. Impulses within this flow will help push two distinct=20
    surface lows onshore, the first this morning and the second early=20
    Sunday morning, helping to enhance ascent. Regardless of those=20
    surface lows, deep layer lift becomes impressive and moisture=20
    increases as a strengthening Pacific jet streak pivots onshore and=20
    begins to buckle, lifting meridionally on Sunday downstream of an=20
    even more potent trough approaching the coast.=20

    Resultant IVT with this setup becomes moderate to strong once
    again, potentially reaching 500-750 kg/m/s as moisture funnels
    onshore along a cold front which will elongate into the region.=20
    Although the accompanying WAA with this atmospheric river (AR) will
    drive snow levels to as high as 6000 ft south of the cold front,=20 considerable moisture and a sharp gradient in snow levels will=20
    likely result in impactful pass-level snow from the Cascades=20
    through the Northern Rockies and eventually Sierra Nevada once=20
    again later D2 into D3. Still impressive snow, but at generally=20
    above pass-levels, is forecast farther south from the Great Basin=20
    into the Central Rockies, as much of the West is again covered in=20 elevation-based snowfall. For the entire forecast period, high WPC=20 probabilities (>70%) for 8+ inches exist from the Sierra Nevada and
    OR Cascades northward into the Olympics and WA Cascades, and as=20
    far east as the Salmon River/Sawtooth area, north into the Northern
    Rockies, and even as far as the Tetons. Event total snowfall is=20
    likely to be extreme in the higher terrain of the OR Cascades where
    4-6 feet of snow is possible, with widespread 1-3 feet in the=20
    other higher elevations regions of the Northwest and Sierra Nevada.

    During the latter half of D3 /Monday evening/ the parent trough
    digging across CA and into the Great Basin responsible for the snow
    axis shifting south into the Sierra late D2 will pivot eastward
    towards the Four Corners/Central Rockies. This will bring a slow
    end to precipitation across much of the West (at least briefly) but
    may help to produce another significant central U.S. storm by the
    middle of next week.


    ...Central Rockies and High Plains...
    Day 3...

    A shortwave emerging from the Pacific will amplify as it moves
    across CA late Monday and then tracks progressively into the Great
    Basin, reaching the Four Corners by the end of the forecast period.
    This shortwave will be accompanied by an intensifying sub-tropical
    jet streak which will begin to arc poleward downstream of this
    amplifying trough. This will have the dual-pronged effect of
    transporting moisture into the Central Rockies while also placing
    favorable LFQ diffluence atop the region of greatest mid-
    level height falls. The resultant deep layer ascent will likely
    interact with a cold front dropping southeast into the area, and
    the setup appears favorable for developing cyclogenesis in the
    central High Plains by Tuesday morning. Where the strongest ascent
    overlaps the greatest moisture, especially in areas of expanding
    frontogenesis, a swath of heavy snow is likely. WPC probabilities
    at this time are modest, just 30-50% for 2+ inches outside of
    terrain features across WY, but are higher in the Big Horns and
    Black Hills.=20

    This system may become the next powerful cyclone across the Plains
    through the middle of next week.


    Weiss



    ...Winter Storm Key Messages are in effect. Please see current=20
    Key Messages below...

    https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/key_messages/Late= stKeyMessage_1.png__;!!DZ3fjg!_G4_gqVRI09X9uf3k76Us6Lg-9FRQAPxhvOaXNqa_AGOO= LMDs44fpGtvqtamqFFLFc-ZlFsO6J7kRFr-2GBktzdIvSs$=20

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sat Mar 15 18:42:47 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 151842
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    242 PM EDT Sat Mar 15 2025

    Valid 00Z Sun Mar 16 2025 - 00Z Wed Mar 19 2025


    ...Midwest to Great Lakes...
    Day 1...

    Recent trends have increased the potential for a swath of moderate
    snowfall to occur on the backside of a developing secondary low
    pressure system racing northward from the Mid- Mississippi Valley
    this evening. The mechanism behind this trend is related to a
    deepening shortwave crossing the southern Plains this afternoon and
    becoming more separated from the exiting upper low over Minnesota.
    This leads to increased ridging ahead of this secondary shortwave
    (partly amplified by latent heat release from convection across
    the South this afternoon) and a repositioning of the 250 mb jet
    streak over the Upper Great Lakes to produce more favorable upper
    divergence and a broader precipitation shield reaching westward
    enough into the cold airmass settling in behind a potent cold front
    crossing the region today. While this system will be very
    progressive, there is potential for snowfall rates to approach
    1"/hr from northern IL and eastern WI through the western L.P. and
    eastern U.P. of MI between 06Z to 18Z Sunday. However, even though
    this is a D1 forecast and snow begins to develop after 06z tonight
    there remains more uncertainty than to be desired. Additionally,
    most areas have surface temperatures well above freezing today and
    will see precip type start out as rain, leading to possible heavy
    snowfall rates driving where most accumulation occurs. WPC
    probabilities for at least 4" have increased across the northern
    L.P. of MI to around 30-50%, where the 12z HREF depicts the
    greatest chances for 1"/hr snowfall rates. Lighter amounts under
    3" are anticipated to stretch along a southwest- northeast corridor
    from northern IL/southeast WI to the eastern MI U.P.


    ...The West...
    Days 1-3...

    The active pattern continues across the West with an atmospheric
    river impacting the Oregon Cascades and California ranges through
    D2 before the associated upper trough swings across the
    Intermountain West and Rockies into D3.

    As a shortwave impulse at the base of the upper trough approaches
    the Northwest on Sunday the resultant IVT with this setup becomes
    moderate to strong, potentially reaching 500-750 kg/m/s at the
    start of D1 as moisture funnels onshore along a cold front which
    will elongate into the region. Although the accompanying WAA with
    this atmospheric river (AR) will drive snow levels to as high as
    6000 ft south of the cold front, considerable moisture and a sharp
    gradient in snow levels will likely result in impactful pass-level
    snow from the Cascades through the Northern Rockies and eventually
    Sierra Nevada once again on D2. In fact, NAEFS SAT depicts IVT
    values above the 99th climatological percentile on Sunday extending
    from the OR/CA coast through the northern Great Basin, further
    highlighting the impressive moisture associated with this system.

    For the entire forecast period (ending 00Z Weds), high WPC
    probabilities (>70%) for 12+ inches exist across the Sierra Nevada
    and northern CA ranges, OR Cascades, east to the Salmon
    River/Sawtooth area and northern Rockies. Event total snowfall is
    likely to be extreme in the higher terrain of the OR Cascades where
    4-6 feet of snow is possible, with widespread 1-3 feet in the
    other higher elevations regions of the Northwest, Sierra Nevada,
    and northern Great Basin.


    ...Central Rockies and High Plains...
    Day 3...

    The system impacting the West through early D3 will begin to eject
    into the central Plains by the end of the forecast period. This
    shortwave will be accompanied by an intensifying sub- tropical jet
    streak which will begin to arc poleward downstream of this
    amplifying trough. This will have the dual-pronged effect of
    transporting moisture into the Central Rockies while also placing
    favorable LFQ diffluence atop the region of greatest mid- level
    height falls. The resultant deep layer ascent will likely interact
    with a cold front dropping southeast into the area, and the setup
    appears favorable for developing cyclogenesis in the central High
    Plains by Tuesday morning. Where the strongest ascent overlaps the
    greatest moisture, especially in areas of expanding frontogenesis,
    a swath of heavy snow is likely and at this time is centered over
    central WY on Tuesday. WPC probabilities for at least 4" have
    increased to 40-80% throughout much of central WY, but remain
    higher for at least 6" (70%+) in the Big Horns, Black Hills,
    central UT ranges and CO Rockies.


    This winter storm may become the next powerful cyclone across the
    Plains and Upper Midwest through the middle of next week. See WPC's
    Extended Forecast Discussion for more information.


    Snell






    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Mon Mar 17 07:55:49 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 170755
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    355 AM EDT Mon Mar 17 2025

    Valid 12Z Mon Mar 17 2025 - 12Z Thu Mar 20 2025


    ...The West...
    Days 1-3...

    Shortwave trough positioned just west of northern CA at 12Z Monday
    will deepen into a closed mid-level low as it advects onshore and
    drops subtly southeast Monday morning. The core of this low is
    progged to track across the northern Great Basin this evening, but
    a strong lobe of vorticity immediately in its wake will dig farther
    south, amplifying the trough axis into southern CA by the end of
    D1. Downstream of this trough, squeezed mid-level flow will produce
    moisture confluence, lying directly beneath a strengthening and
    meridionally advancing subtropical jet streak. This setup will=20
    support impressive moist advection, reflected by PWs surging to=20
    above the 90th percentile across CA and the Great Basin according=20
    to NAEFS ensemble tables.

    Within this moistening column, and beneath the deep layer ascent, a
    wave of low pressure will move southeast along a baroclinic=20
    gradient/cold front that will be driven eastward by the parent=20
    trough evolution. This will maintain the focus of greatest moisture
    just south of the front, but will drive some enhanced mid-level=20
    isentropic ascent above and behind the boundary. This additional=20
    lift, combined with periods of upslope flow into terrain features,=20
    will result in widespread precipitation D1 from the Cascades=20
    southward through the northern CA terrain and into the Sierra, as=20
    well as points well east across the Great Basin and into the=20 Wasatch/Tetons/Wind Rivers.=20

    Snow levels will vary considerably across the West during this=20
    period due to the passage of the cold front. However, within the
    region of greatest moisture/ascent and heaviest resultant snowfall,
    snow levels should be generally 4000-6000 ft from the Sierra=20
    through the Great Basin and into the Central Rockies. Snow levels=20
    crash behind the cold front, allowing for at least moderate=20
    snowfall but with more substantial pass level impacts in its wake.=20
    WPC probabilities for more than 6 inches of snow are moderate=20
    (30-50%) D1 across the Sierra and WA Cascades, but high (>70%)=20
    across the Wasatch and into portions of western WY.

    Additionally, along this front, impressive 0-2km fgen and increased
    low-level RH will move into a corridor of elevated instability (NAM
    SBCAPE 100-400 J/kg). This will occur within a region of high SnSq
    parameter above 2 from eastern NV Monday evening through UT, WY,
    and CO by Tuesday evening. This setup could produce convective=20
    snow showers or even snow squalls, which is additionally supported
    by simulated reflectivity in the high-res guidance. While any snow
    squalls won't produce tremendous snowfall amounts, dangerous travel
    is likely through snow-covered roads and rapidly changing
    visibility.

    This first system moves into the Central Rockies during D2,
    becoming a significant winter storm in the Plains, and leaving a
    brief respite much of D2 across the West within this otherwise
    continued active pattern. This break will be short lived, however,
    as yet another strengthening mid-level trough moves across the
    Pacific and approaches the Pacific Northwest D3, likely coming=20
    onshore Wednesday evening. Although the guidance varies=20
    considerably with timing of the associated mid-level waves within=20
    this next trough, they all agree that it will be potent, and=20
    potentially negatively tilted, as it moves onshore during D3. The=20
    downstream affects of this will be increased synoptic lift through=20
    mid-level divergence, height falls, and intensifying upper=20
    diffluence, all to pivot renewed moisture and forcing back onshore.
    The antecedent airmass is cool, so snow levels will are only=20
    expected to rise to around 3500 ft within the core of the strongest
    WAA, and otherwise be generally 2000-3000 ft, suggesting travel=20
    across area passes will again become problematic. This feature will
    likely be transient, but have sufficient moisture to produce heavy
    snow once again from the Olympics and WA Cascades southward into=20
    the Sierra, with some spill over occurring before the end of the=20
    period as far east as the Salmon River/Sawtooth/Northern Rockies.

    WPC probabilities for 6+ inches of snow on D3 feature a high risk=20
    70%) across the Olympics, Cascades, and Shasta/Trinity region of=20
    northern CA< with lower probabilities below 50% continuing into the
    Sierra and east across parts of the higher elevations of Idaho.


    ...Central Rockies, Central Plains, Upper Midwest...=20
    Days 1-3...

    ...Another significant winter system likely to bring blizzard=20
    conditions to portions of the Plains and Upper Midwest...

    This system manifests as two waves of low pressure, a modest lead
    wave, followed immediately by the more impressive cyclone. These
    will generate from an anomalous trough which will amplify across=20
    the Four Corners Tuesday /D2/ leading to impressive height
    anomalies that are progged to fall below the 1st climatological
    percentile between 700-500mb across the Central Plains by
    Wednesday. This deepening and intense amplitude will yield strong
    downstream ascent through height falls and mid-level divergence,
    and as the subtropical jet streak amplifies it will begin to shift
    almost due poleward, placing intense LFQ diffluence atop the region
    of greatest height falls.

    Together this will produce an environment extremely favorable for a
    rapidly deepening cyclone in the lee of the Rockies. However,
    before this occurs, a weaker wave is progged to develop near SE WY
    Tuesday morning in response to more modest height falls, but in the
    presence of increased baroclinicity as a cold front drops southward
    from the Northern Rockies/High Plains, aided by the ageostrophic
    response (fgen) of the RRQ of a departing jet streak into the Great
    Lakes. This first low will eject rapidly east and weaken, but the
    strong ascent and plentiful moisture will create heavy snow across
    the Central Rockies, especially in WY where low-level upslope
    ascent into the best frontogenesis will produce heavy snow rates.
    WPC probabilities for more than 4 inches of snow are high (>90%)
    across much of NW WY and into the Big Horns, with some elevated
    probabilities for 1-2" extending into the lower terrain of eastern
    WY as well.

    During D2, however, is when the significant low develops. As the
    synoptic pattern evolves as described above, lee cyclogenesis will
    occur, and this low will be located beneath extremely favorable
    synoptic ascent for rapid surface height falls, and nearly all the
    ensemble groupings suggest SLP falling to the 980s Wednesday
    morning over IA. There is generally good clustering of the ensemble
    member low-pressures, but D3 clusters still suggest that the GEFS
    is a bit deeper and faster with the progression, although the
    spread appears to have decreased in the past 24-hrs. This leads to
    high confidence in a rapidly strengthening low pressure, with
    moisture steadily increasing as 300K isentropic ascent surges=20
    theta-e northward and into the system, eventually lifting into a=20
    TROWAL to provide moisture and elevated instability.

    As has been the case with the past few of these March systems, the
    antecedent airmass is warm, and the moist/warm advection funneling
    in the higher PW air will cause the precipitation to begin as rain=20
    in many areas, especially outside of terrain and into the Plains.=20
    However, this should have minimal affect on snowfall accumulations,
    as extreme dynamic cooling combined with ageostrophic flow into=20
    low and cold advection as the low moves east will cause a rapid=20
    p-type transition from rain to snow, with snow likely becoming=20
    quite heavy within the deformation axis NW of the low Wednesday.=20
    Snowfall rates that may reach 1-2"/hr (or more? some signals for CI
    in a deep and saturated DGZ over IA indicating possible thunder-
    snow) will overcome the warm ground quickly. Thus, the limiting=20
    factor to snowfall amounts appears to be more the speed of this=20
    system as it remains progressive, and CIPS analogs indicate the=20
    75th% is only generally 4-8", higher into WI/MI where leading jet-
    streak snowfall may add on to amounts before the main system. This=20
    is additionally reflected by WPC probabilities for 4+ inches that=20
    are below 30% D2, but increase to greater than 70% from western IA=20
    northeast into the U.P. of MI D3. These probabilities have trended=20
    upward, and locally 6+ inches of snow is likely within this band.

    Finally, despite snowfall that may be modest in many areas outside
    of the Upper Midwest, the intense winds driven by 850mb northerly=20
    flow of 60 kts will produce strong gusts for which DESI indicates=20
    has a 90% chance of exceeding 35 mph, and even a 50% chance for 50=20
    mph across the Plains. This has led to high (>70%) probabilities=20
    for moderate blowing snow impacts from WSSI-P, and despite snow=20
    that may start as the heavier/wet variety, will transition to=20
    higher SLR and broken aggregates leading to likely blizzard=20
    conditions in some areas, especially from central Kansas northeast=20
    into southern Minnesota.

    By the end of the forecast period, this low will be well into
    Ontario, but lingering snow and gusty winds are expected to still
    be ongoing across MI, with some lake-enhanced snow across the U.P.,
    western L.P. and maybe even into northern Indiana into early D4.


    Weiss



    ...Winter Storm Key Messages are in effect. Please see current=20
    Key Messages below...

    https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/key_messages/Late= stKeyMessage_1.png__;!!DZ3fjg!-8C5lghvvNxUpy34AV8hH1D76lewHLCE8KC2CsIvSnZPq= vURcB7gVVxXBn4nsOvkj4FpvN_SWI3H4sRXWpOEAyZXSs4$=20

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Mon Mar 17 21:04:39 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 172104
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    504 PM EDT Mon Mar 17 2025

    Valid 00Z Tue Mar 18 2025 - 00Z Fri Mar 21 2025


    ...California, Great Basin, and Pacific Northwest...=20
    Days 1 and 3...

    Amplified trough along the northern CA coast this afternoon will
    dig across the Desert Southwest through Tuesday before swinging
    across the Great Plains. Moderate to heavy snow will shift down the
    rest of the Sierra Nevada through this evening with probabilities=20
    for an additional >6" after 00Z are 50-80% on the southern Sierra
    with snow levels dropping from 6000ft to 3000ft. A reinforcing
    shortwave shifts over the WA coast this evening providing lift and
    enhancement to the onshore flow and moderate snow to the WA/OR
    Cascades into Tuesday. Day 1 PWPF for >6" are 30-70% on the
    central/southern WA and northern/central OR Cascades.

    The cold front shifting inland ahead of this trough will cross from
    eastern NV into UT this evening. Increasing frontal forcing, low=20
    level moisture, and some instability (12Z HREF mean MUCAPE of 100-200
    J/kg) will allow a snow squall potential along the frontal zone.
    Expect brief bursts of accumulating snow and rapidly reduced
    visibility, causing dangerous overland travel in snow squalls.
    Otherwise, terrain enhancements to the flow from the large trough
    will allow heavy snow to continue behind the front in eastern NV
    and the ranges of UT where Day 1 PWPF for >8" are 40-80% above the
    post-frontal snow levels of 3000-4000ft.

    The next trough rotates around a Gulf of Alaska low, crossing the
    PacNW coast late Wednesday which is then followed by prolonged
    onshore flow/continual precip through this weekend. Snow levels
    Wednesday night/Thursday fluctuate between 2500ft and 4000ft along
    the length of the Cascades and the Klamath Mtns where Day 3 PWPF
    for >8" is 40-80%.


    ...Central Rockies, HIgh Plains...=20
    Days 1-2...

    ...Heavy snow tonight/Tuesday over the north-central High Plains
    and WY/CO Rockies...

    A wave ahead of the parent trough/low tracks over WY early Tuesday
    with strong lee-side cyclogenesis on the south-central Plains (aka
    KS) through Tuesday. 1025mb high pressure over the Canadian
    Prairies allows a frontal focus for snow over the Bighorn Mtns east
    to and north of the Black Hills late tonight, sagging south=20
    through Tuesday. This leading swath of snow has increased in=20
    intensity and coverage given strong dynamics to overcome marginal=20
    thermal conditions (it is currently around 50F in the lower=20
    elevations of this swath). Day 1 PWPF for >6" are 50-80% east of=20
    the Bighorns into SD and 50-90% for >18" in the Bighorns themselves
    with ideal backing flow from east to north encountering upslope on
    the Bighorns with ample Pacific and Gulf moisture. The trough to=20
    the south will allow heavy snow on the western slopes of the CO=20
    Rockies Tuesday where Day 1.5 PWPF for >8" are 50-90%.


    ...Central Plains through Upper Midwest...
    Days 2/3...

    ...Blizzard conditions for portions of the Central Plains into the
    Upper Midwest Tuesday night into Wednesday night...

    The trough takes on a negative tilt as it pushes over the south-
    central Plains Tuesday night, closing into a mid-level low
    Wednesday morning over Iowa before tracking northeast over MI
    Wednesday night. Peak intensity of the surface low looks to be
    around 985mb along the IA/MO border Wednesday morning which will
    generate a powerful wind field.

    As has been the case with the past few of these March systems, the
    antecedent airmass is warm, and the moist/warm advection funneling
    in the higher PW air will cause the precipitation to begin as rain=20
    in many areas of the Plains. However, this should have minimal=20
    affect on snowfall accumulations, as extreme dynamic cooling=20
    combined with ageostrophic flow into low and cold advection as the=20
    low moves east will cause a rapid p-type transition from rain to=20
    snow, with snow likely becoming quite heavy within the deformation=20
    axis NW of the low Wednesday. Snowfall rates of 1-2"/hr, possibly
    higher in thundersnow, will overcome the warm ground/low level
    thermals quickly. Thus, the limiting factor to snowfall amounts=20
    appears to be more the speed of this system as it remains=20
    progressive. Confidence continues to increase in a swath of >6"
    snow from eastern Neb to Lake Superior with enhancements from the
    lake on the Huron Mtns of U.P. where >12" is likely in Day 2, 2.5=20
    PWPF.

    More modest snow totals of 2-4" are likely from northern KS through
    central Neb, though intense winds driven by 850mb northerly flow=20
    of 60 kts will produce strong/damaging gusts and blizzard=20
    conditions. Blizzard looks to be met well into the Upper Midwest
    until the northern forests limit the blowing snow potential which
    is highlighted well in the probabilistic WSSI.

    Wrap around snow shifts over southern WI/northern IL/MI/IN
    Wednesday night into Thursday, though the parent low shifting well
    into Quebec by Thursday morning should limit snow potential.


    Jackson



    ...Winter Storm Key Messages are in effect as linked below...

    https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/key_messages/Late= stKeyMessage_1.png__;!!DZ3fjg!76sopEbkEJd7dK1iYt_iVkTxW7d-9d5eQfjzBet-YWnbe= kADyvht8GHZALYuKoVdJS3K7qctsKY8604HWIv7ASbfgZw$=20

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Tue Mar 18 07:21:52 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 180721
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    321 AM EDT Tue Mar 18 2025

    Valid 12Z Tue Mar 18 2025 - 12Z Fri Mar 21 2025


    ...The West...=20
    Days 1-3...

    The period begins with an amplifying mid-level trough diving across
    the eastern Great Basin and into the Four Corners, pushing a cold
    front eastward into the Rockies. This front will have the=20
    potential to produce scattered convective snow showers and snow=20
    squalls this morning across UT/CO/WY as its forcing driven by 0-2km
    fgen moves east into a region of at least modestly unstable air=20
    (100-300 J/kg of SBCAPE) and increased low-level RH. While snow=20 accumulations from these squalls will be minimal, brief heavy snow=20
    rates and gusty winds could produce dangerous travel through the=20
    day.

    Behind this front, remnant low to mid level fgen and increased
    moisture will drive a swath of heavy snowfall across much of the CO
    Rockies and northward into WY and the Black Hills of SD. Large
    scale ascent through the height falls downstream of the parent
    trough combined with this fgen will allow for some heavy snow
    rates, especially into the terrain where upslope flow will
    additionally produce lift. WPC probabilities D1 for more than 6
    inches are high (>70%) across the Wasatch, CO Rockies, and much of
    the terrain of WY where locally more than 12 inches is possible,
    especially in the Big Horns. Where the most intense fgen is
    progged, primarily along the MT/WY border (a bit north from
    previous model cycles), some lower elevation snowfall is likely
    which could accumulate 3-6" into the High Plains of southern MT.

    As this trough moves into the Plains later D1, brief ridging
    blossoms across much of the West bringing an end to precipitation.
    However, this respite will be relatively short lived as yet another
    deepening trough approaches from the Pacific and moves onshore
    Wednesday night. Height falls, PVA, and LFQ diffluence ahead of an
    accompanying jet streak will all provide deep layer lift, aided by
    upslope ascent as the low-to-mid level flow south of the trough
    becomes more zonally oriented. This overlap of zonal/broadly
    confluent mid-level flow beneath the upper jet streak will pivot
    IVT exceeding 250 kg/m/s onshore, leading to an expanding plume of precipitation beginning Wednesday night /late D2/, and continuing
    into D3. Snow levels during this period will be rather low,
    starting around 2000-2500 ft, and warm only slowly, reaching
    3500-4000 ft by the end of the forecast period. This suggests that
    pass-level impacts are likely, and where the most intense ascent
    occurs, even the lower valleys could receive some light snow
    accumulations.=20

    WPC probabilities for heavy snow exceeding 4 inches on D2 reach
    above 70% from the northern CA terrain northward through the
    Cascades and into the Olympics. On D3, moisture shunts north and
    east just a bit, causing a wane in precip over the Sierra, but
    expanding WPC probabilities for more than 4 inches from the
    Olympics and Cascades east as far as the NW WY ranges and CO
    Rockies where they exceed 70% in the higher terrain (especially in
    the Cascades, Tetons, and Park Range of CO).


    ...Central High Plains through the Great Lakes...=20
    Days 1-2...

    ...Significant storm system to bring blizzard conditions to
    portions of the Central Plains and Upper Midwest. Key Messages are
    in effect for this event...

    This system will emerge in response to an amplifying mid-level
    trough which will be crossing the Great Basin and approaching the
    Four Corners starts to start the period /12Z Tuesday/. This trough
    will continue to deepen in response to a sharp shortwave trough and accompanying vorticity lobe swinging through its base, such that=20
    by the time it tracks into the Plains Wednesday, 850-700mb heights=20
    fall below the minimum within the CFSR climatology according to=20
    NAEFS, with 500mb heights dropping below the 2.5 percentile. This=20
    is indicative of an exceptionally strong system producing intense=20
    synoptic ascent. While height falls and PVA will drive a=20
    considerable portion of the deep layer lift, a collocated=20
    subtropical jet streak intensifying downstream and gaining rapid=20
    latitude (arcing poleward) will place impressive LFQ diffluence=20
    atop the region of greatest height falls. This setup will support=20
    lee cyclogenesis with rapid intensification, and NAEFS mean MSLP=20
    progs suggest that by 12Z Wednesday, this event has a 75-90% chance
    of reaching an extreme minimum pressure.

    Intense low pressures in March are not exceedingly rare, but this
    one will likely result in a wide swath of heavy snow and strong
    winds, producing blizzard conditions across the Plains and Upper
    Midwest. While there is some uncertainty still among the various
    model clusters as to the exact temporal and spatial evolution,
    confidence is high that after some heavy snow in the Rockies D1, a
    swath of blizzard conditions will develop farther east.=20

    This will result in heavy snow developing first across KS/NE late=20
    Tuesday night/early Wednesday morning, and then shifting northeast=20
    through Wednesday across IA, SD, MN, WI, and finally the U.P. of=20
    MI. During this time, the robust moisture funneling northward on=20
    300K isentropic ascent will rotate into a strong TROWAL, helping to
    support elevated instability and increased moisture. Where the=20
    TROWAL is most impressive and lies atop the strongest deformation=20
    from eastern NE through northern WI, cross-sections continue to=20
    indicate a risk for CI and thundersnow. This will support snowfall=20
    rates that have high chance for exceeding 1"/hr and 2"/hr (90% and=20
    60% chance, respectively, from the HREF), which is supported as=20
    well by the WPC prototype snowband tool. Where CI occurs, rates=20
    could reach 3"/hr, and this will be more than sufficient to=20
    overcome hostile antecedent conditions.

    While some snow may initially melt, snow accumulation will likely
    become rapid as SLRs rise due to cooling despite dendritic
    fracturing on winds as high as 60 kts below the DGZ. This will
    produce blizzard conditions, and the WSSI-P is forecasting a 90%
    chance of moderate impacts, and 20% chance of major impacts, even=20
    where snow amounts are more modest due to the speed of this system.
    As far as snowfall amounts, WPC probabilities have increased, and
    while are modest D1, are high (>70%) D2 for more than 6 inches from
    far eastern NE through a continuous, but narrow, corridor as far
    north as the central U.P. of MI. In this corridor, WPC
    probabilities for 12+ inches have increased to as high as 30-50%,
    highest from NW IA through the U.P., and WSE plumes indicate a
    potential for up to 15" in some areas should this band translate
    temporally over some areas a bit longer. Some higher snow totals
    are also possible in the Huron Mountains of the U.P. where the
    deformation axis and some lake enhanced snowfall combine.

    By D3 this entire system shifts well east as the primary low moves
    into Ontario and the accompanying cold front surges into the Mid-
    Atlantic states. While some wrap-around snowfall will likely
    continue through early Thursday, especially where lake enhancement
    can occur across the U.P. and northwest L.P. of MI, as well as S/E
    of Lake Michigan, additional accumulations are expected to be=20
    modest, but have a low chance (10-30%) of exceeding 4 additional
    inches in the U.P. and far NW lower Michigan near Traverse City.


    ...Interior Northeast...
    Day 3...

    Guidance has trended stronger with a developing low pressure
    Thursday evening across the northern Mid-Atlantic states. While
    there is still considerable uncertainty at this time range in the
    strength of this system, most ensemble systems indicate a rapidly
    developing low pressure between 00Z Friday and 12Z Friday lifting
    across southern New England.=20

    The synoptic setup is favorable for this development. The same
    trough responsible for the Plains/Midwest blizzard will continue to
    shift east, and while the primary shortwave will lift into Canada,
    a secondary southern impulse is progged to deepen over the Central Appalachians. This vorticity lobe will help split the jet stream,
    leading to an increasingly coupled pattern as the subtropical jet
    streak pivots over the Carolinas and the polar jet stream lifts
    towards Greenland. The LFQ of the former and the RRQ of the latter
    will overlap the greatest height falls, indicating a strong
    likelihood of low development along a surface cold front/baroclinic
    gradient. By 12Z Friday, the deterministic global models prog SLP
    to be sub 990mb, and this rapid intensification within the synoptic
    setup will likely cause a strong deformation axis to develop NW of
    the surface low. While the antecedent column is marginal for wintry precipitation, strong ascent in the vicinity of this deformation
    will result in rapid dynamic cooling, and rain changing to snow,
    possibly heavy, across Upstate NY and interior New England.

    Being 6th period, confidence in amounts and placement is still
    modest, but a band of heavy snow is becoming more likely, with
    significant accumulations possible, especially in higher terrain.
    This is reflected by current WPC probabilities that are above 50%
    for 2 inches and 10-30% for 4 inches, highest in the Adirondacks
    and Catskills.


    Weiss



    ...Winter Storm Key Messages are in effect. Please see current=20
    Key Messages below...

    https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/key_messages/Late= stKeyMessage_1.png__;!!DZ3fjg!8Yoi7m5O-gBf-TFjhMIUArgMGax2p9dPV5GajNsxk5OeN= fbTd57BRyE5cSgTpi5k87CL0aGohydHKsBTnDFTJSDCsOw$=20

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Tue Mar 18 19:22:08 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 181921
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    321 PM EDT Tue Mar 18 2025

    Valid 00Z Wed Mar 19 2025 - 00Z Sat Mar 22 2025


    ...The West...=20
    Days 1-3...

    Assessment of the latest WV satellite indicates our deep upper
    trough located just north of the Four Corners with primary ascent
    pattern located in-of far eastern UT, southern WY, and the western
    half of CO. Radar trends have materialized as previously forecasted
    with scattered bouts of snow showers/squalls located within the
    above areas due to the combination of robust mid-level ascent and
    the progression of a surface cold front propagating eastward out of
    the Great Basin through the Inter-Mountain West with the current
    surface analysis indicating the position over western CO and NM.
    Elevations above 5500' MSL will be the greatest beneficiaries of
    heavier snowfall totals with the latest WPC probabilities for at
    least 6 inches located over the interior of CO with >50% probs
    located in those higher terrain locales along and west of the
    Central Rockies. When coupled with the snow that has already
    fallen, totals exceeding 12 inches will be plausible, especially
    above 9500' MSL.

    As this trough moves into the Plains later D1, brief ridging
    blossoms across much of the West bringing an end to precipitation.
    However, this respite will be relatively short lived as yet another
    deepening trough approaches from the Pacific and moves onshore
    Wednesday night. Height falls, PVA, and LFQ diffluence ahead of an
    accompanying jet streak will all provide deep layer lift, aided by
    upslope ascent as the low-to-mid level flow south of the trough
    becomes more zonally oriented. This overlap of zonal/broadly
    confluent mid-level flow beneath the upper jet streak will pivot
    IVT exceeding 250 kg/m/s onshore, leading to an expanding plume of precipitation beginning Wednesday night /late D2, and continuing=20
    into D3. Snow levels during this period will be rather low,=20
    starting around 2000-2500 ft, and warm only slowly, reaching=20
    3500-4000 ft by the end of the forecast period. This suggests that=20 pass-level impacts are likely, and where the most intense ascent=20
    occurs, even the lower valleys could receive some light snow=20 accumulations.=20

    WPC probabilities for heavy snow exceeding 4 inches on D2 reach
    above 70% from the northern CA terrain northward through the
    Cascades and into the Olympics. On D3, moisture shunts north and
    east just a bit, causing a wane in precip over the Sierra, but
    expanding WPC probabilities for more than 4 inches from the
    Olympics and Cascades east as far as the NW WY ranges and CO
    Rockies where they exceed 70% in the higher terrain (especially in
    the Cascades, Tetons, and Park Range of CO).

    Weiss/Kleebauer

    ...Central High Plains through the Great Lakes...=20
    Days 1-2...

    ...Significant storm system to bring blizzard conditions to
    portions of the Central Plains and Upper Midwest. Key Messages are
    in effect for this event...

    This system will emerge in response to an amplifying mid-level
    trough which will be crossing the Great Basin and approaching the
    Four Corners starts to start the period /12Z Tuesday/. This trough
    will continue to deepen in response to a sharp shortwave trough and accompanying vorticity lobe swinging through its base, such that=20
    by the time it tracks into the Plains Wednesday, 850-700mb heights=20
    fall below the minimum within the CFSR climatology according to=20
    NAEFS, with 500mb heights dropping below the 2.5 percentile. This=20
    is indicative of an exceptionally strong system producing intense=20
    synoptic ascent. While height falls and PVA will drive a=20
    considerable portion of the deep layer lift, a collocated=20
    subtropical jet streak intensifying downstream and gaining rapid=20
    latitude (arcing poleward) will place impressive LFQ diffluence=20
    atop the region of greatest height falls. This setup will support=20
    lee cyclogenesis with rapid intensification, and NAEFS mean MSLP=20
    progs suggest that by 12Z Wednesday, this event has a 75-90% chance
    of reaching an extreme minimum pressure.

    Intense low pressures in March are not exceedingly rare, but this
    one will likely result in a wide swath of heavy snow and strong
    winds, producing blizzard conditions across the Plains and Upper
    Midwest. While there is some uncertainty still among the various
    model clusters as to the exact temporal and spatial evolution,
    confidence is high that after some heavy snow in the Rockies D1, a
    swath of blizzard conditions will develop farther east.=20

    This will result in heavy snow developing first across KS/NE late=20
    Tuesday night/early Wednesday morning, and then shifting northeast=20
    through Wednesday across IA, SD, MN, WI, and finally the U.P. of=20
    MI. During this time, the robust moisture funneling northward on=20
    300K isentropic ascent will rotate into a strong TROWAL, helping to
    support elevated instability and increased moisture. Where the=20
    TROWAL is most impressive and lies atop the strongest deformation=20
    from eastern NE through northern WI, cross-sections continue to=20
    indicate a risk for CI and thundersnow. This will support snowfall=20
    rates that have high chance for exceeding 1"/hr and 2"/hr (90% and=20
    60% chance, respectively, from the HREF), which is supported as=20
    well by the WPC prototype snowband tool. Where CI occurs, rates=20
    could reach 3"/hr, and this will be more than sufficient to=20
    overcome hostile antecedent conditions.

    While some snow may initially melt, snow accumulation will likely
    become rapid as SLRs rise due to cooling despite dendritic
    fracturing on winds as high as 60 kts below the DGZ. This will
    produce blizzard conditions, and the WSSI-P is forecasting a 90%
    chance of moderate impacts, and 20% chance of major impacts, even=20
    where snow amounts are more modest due to the speed of this system.
    As far as snowfall amounts, WPC probabilities have increased, and
    while are modest D1, are high (>70%) D2 for more than 6 inches from
    far eastern NE through a continuous, but narrow, corridor as far
    north as the central U.P. of MI. In this corridor, WPC
    probabilities for 12+ inches have increased to as high as 30-50%,
    highest from NW IA through the U.P., and WSE plumes indicate a
    potential for up to 15" in some areas should this band translate
    temporally over some areas a bit longer. Some higher snow totals
    are also possible in the Huron Mountains of the U.P. where the
    deformation axis and some lake enhanced snowfall combine.

    By D3 this entire system shifts well east as the primary low moves
    into Ontario and the accompanying cold front surges into the Mid-
    Atlantic states. While some wrap-around snowfall will likely
    continue through early Thursday, especially where lake enhancement
    can occur across the U.P. and northwest L.P. of MI, as well as S/E
    of Lake Michigan, additional accumulations are expected to be=20
    modest, but have a low chance (10-30%) of exceeding 4 additional
    inches in the U.P. and far NW lower Michigan near Traverse City.

    Mullinax

    ...Interior Northeast...
    Day 3...

    Guidance has backed off on the potential across the Interior
    Northeast, in-line with the current ML output with subsequent prob
    fields degraded compared to previous forecast. The threat for
    surface cyclogenesis is still prevelant off the coast of Southern
    New England with most of the deterministic running between
    990-994mb as of 12z Friday. Despite deepening within the remainder
    of the Friday window, the progressive nature of the precip and
    marginal thermals currently depicted may limit the greatest threat
    for at least 4" to the highest elevations in Northern New England
    (Green and White Mountains) with very little chances in the
    valleys. Threat for at least 2" is still running between 30-50% for
    the Adirondacks and 50-70% for the Green/White Mountains, so the
    threat is not muted by any stretch. Considering the potential
    hovering near the threshold for impactful snowfall across the
    Interior Northeast, will maintain close assessment of any trends as
    we move through mid-week.=20

    Kleebauer


    ...Winter Storm Key Messages are in effect. Please see current=20
    Key Messages below...

    https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/key_messages/Late= stKeyMessage_1.png__;!!DZ3fjg!5eSpw51GHOXLBKXtAvn3NXL3mW0EEC916Q6UYG90Y9-5V= jumPAxuBz2YnIZZgM8LZg9il9J-lnBSHg6svoMn7FlEv5M$=20

    $$

    =3D =3D =3D
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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Wed Mar 19 07:19:54 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 190719
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    319 AM EDT Wed Mar 19 2025

    Valid 00Z Wed Mar 19 2025 - 00Z Sat Mar 22 2025


    ...Pacific and Interior Northwest...
    Days 1-3...

    The seemingly never-ending training of shortwaves and moisture
    continues this week across the Northwest CONUS.

    The first of these will be the most potent, as a strong shortwave
    trough pushes onshore this evening with a subtle negative tilt.
    Impressive height falls ahead of this trough will drive ascent,
    aided by at least weak LFQ diffluence as a streak pivots through
    the base of this trough. Together, this will produce deep layer
    lift from the northern Sierra through the Cascades and into the
    Interior Northwest, supporting heavy precipitation as IVT surges
    northeast on downstream S/SW flow. Snow levels will gradually rise
    within the IVT core due to accompanying WAA, before falling again
    with the passage of a cold front later D1. Despite this, snow
    levels will generally be quite low through the period as the region
    remains cold, rising from around 2500 ft to 3500 ft, before
    crashing again to 2000-2500 ft behind the cold front. This suggests
    that snow will impact many of the Cascades and northern CA Passes,
    as well as into the interior NW causing hazardous travel. This
    first system is progressive, however, and WPC probabilities peak
    around 70% for 6+ inches in the highest peaks of the WA Cascades
    and Olympics, with generally 4 inches or less forecast elsewhere.

    As this first trough shifts eastward, forcing will weaken across
    the Northwest, but flow across the Pacific becomes increasingly
    zonal due to squeezing between broad ridging well west off Baja and
    a modest trough across the Gulf of Alaska. This zonal flow will
    maintain onshore moisture advection to support rounds of
    precipitation into the Northwest, with periodic vorticity lobes
    swinging eastward (although maintaining latitude generally north of
    OR) to enhance ascent. Snow levels D2-3 will fluctuate generally
    between 2500ft and 4500ft, with rounds of precipitation leading to
    periods of heavy snowfall. WPC probabilities both D2 and D3 are
    similar in magnitude and areal extent, reaching 70% or more for 4+
    inches from the Olympics, to the WA/OR Cascades, eastward through
    the Salmon River/Sawtooth Ranges, and into the Northern Rockies.
    2-day snowfall in some of the higher elevations could reach 2-4
    feet, with up to 1 foot at the higher passes of the Cascades.


    ...Central High Plains through the Great Lakes...=20
    Days 1-2...

    ...Significant storm system to bring blizzard conditions to
    portions of the Central Plains and Upper Midwest. Key Messages are
    being issued for this system...

    The low-pressure which has been progged for several days now to
    deepen in the Central High Plains is taking shape this morning
    noted by pressure falls and increasing convective elements across
    CO/KS/NE. The parent PV anomaly is clearly noted in satellite
    imagery across far SE CO and into the OK Panhandle, which is
    generally S/SW of all available guidance. This suggests that the
    E/SE trend that began 24 hours ago is valid, and the event may end
    up even farther SE than the 00z suite of models. While the exact
    track will be critical to the placement of the most significant
    impacts related to this blizzard, a large scale significant event
    is still likely from the Central High Plains northeast into the
    Great Lakes.

    As this low deepens today in response to favorable synoptic and
    mesoscale ascent, precipitation will expand downstream. Current WV
    imagery shows both the low and mid level moisture streaming into
    the developing cyclone, and where isentropic ascent lifts into the
    intensifying deformation axis, impressive omega will squeeze out
    all available moisture in the form of heavy rain and snow. The
    deformation axis on the NW side of this system will likely be quite
    intense, and will be overlapped by a cyclonically surging TROWAL to
    enhance both ascent and instability. Where this occurs, any rain
    will quickly change to snow through dynamic cooling, and then come
    down extremely heavily, reaching 2-3"/hr at times where CI
    (thundersnow) can occur. This is supported by HREF 1"/hr and 2"/hr probabilities that reach 90% and 70%, respectively, and by the WPC
    prototype snowband tool that suggests locally 3"/hr is possible
    (20%).=20

    These snowfall rates will quickly overwhelm hostile antecedent=20
    conditions (some places were near 80 degrees Tuesday and will get=20
    heavy snow today!), and WPC probabilities have increased for=20
    significant snowfall despite the SE shift. The heaviest=20
    accumulations are likely from central NE through NW IA where the=20
    environment supports a pivoting deformation band, and WPC
    probabilities are high (>70%) for at least 8 inches. Here, locally
    12-15 inches is possible (30%) in some locations. Farther=20
    downstream, the band will begin to translate more quickly, limiting
    the duration of these intense rates, but still heavy snowfall is=20
    likely as reflected by WPC probabilities that are high (>70%) for=20
    6+ inches from SE Minnesota through the central U.P. of Michigan.=20 Additionally, strong winds of 50 mph or more will accompany this=20
    snowfall, so despite SLRs that will generally be below climo, and=20
    will start as a heavy/wet snow, as SLRs climb and aggregates=20
    fracture, blizzard conditions are expected which will make travel=20
    almost impossible in some areas.

    Another interesting development that has shown up tonight is for a
    secondary deformation axis to potentially develop in the vicinity=20
    of the primary PV anomaly behind the surface low, bringing some=20
    heavy snow rates of around 1"/hr from SE Iowa to the Chicago metro=20
    area. While this is not expected to be as impressive as the axis to
    the NW, moderate snowfall accumulations for which WPC=20
    probabilities indicate have low chance (10-30%) of exceeding 4=20
    inches, which when combined with gusty winds could still produce=20
    moderate travel impacts.

    This entire system exits quickly on Thursday, with some residual
    deformation snow pivoting across lower Michigan, and some northern
    flow in its wake leading to lake enhanced snowfall across the U.P.
    and southeast of Lake Michigan. Still, additional snowfall should=20
    be modest as reflected by WPC probabilities that are just around=20
    10% for an additional 2 inches of snow in these areas.



    ...Interior Northeast...
    Days 2-3...

    Shortwave energy moving into the Mid-Atlantic will cause a split
    jet stream (one rotating across the Carolinas while another pivots
    towards Greenland) resulting in a modestly coupled structure to=20
    help deepen a surface low south of New England beginning Thursday=20
    night. The guidance has trended maybe just a bit weaker with this=20
    low the past 24-hrs, but ensemble low points still agree in a=20
    deepening system to around 990mb tracking from norther NJ to Cape=20
    Cod and then into the Gulf of Maine by Saturday morning.=20
    Uncertainty in the intensity and track remains, but spread is=20
    relatively minimal for this time range, and deformation developing=20
    on the NW side of this low is still likely to result in an axis of=20
    rain changing to heavy snow. The GFS remains the deepest solution=20
    and is somewhat discounted based on recent upstream performance,=20
    but all the guidance indicates that an axis of sloped 850-700mb=20
    fgen will drive omega into the deepening DGZ early Friday through=20
    Friday night, which will dynamically cool the column to produce an=20
    axis of heavy snowfall rates. The antecedent conditions are not=20
    ideal for snow accumulations due to warm temperatures and rain, but
    higher elevations of the interior Northeast from Upstate NY=20
    through Maine could still see impactful accumulating snow.=20
    Confidence is low, and trends for this event need to be monitored=20
    over the next few model cycles, but WPC probabilities are modest at
    just 10-30% for 4+ inches of snow in the higher elevations.


    Weiss



    ...Winter Storm Key Messages are in effect. Please see current=20
    Key Messages below...

    https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/key_messages/Late= stKeyMessage_1.png__;!!DZ3fjg!-KLFzRwvwe_9O_S-S3pOcQrHTcoe2AninTVhdXTk6G8_-= t5JWsp9HrgzSQesCEDSrA4t-02j4-CJfJuCIcAj1l-C19A$=20

    $$

    =3D =3D =3D
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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Wed Mar 19 19:00:03 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 191857
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    257 PM EDT Wed Mar 19 2025

    Valid 12Z Wed Mar 19 2025 - 12Z Sat Mar 22 2025


    ...Pacific and Interior Northwest...=20
    Days 1-3...

    A series of shortwave troughs will continue impacting the Pacific=20
    Northwest and Interior mountains in-of ID/MT/WY over the next 72=20
    hrs. Current WV satellite imagery shows a fairly robust upper trough=20
    located off the Pacific Northwest coast with a well-defined=20
    diffluent structure on the eastern flank of the trough axis. The=20
    ridge that has been present downstream is beginning to feel the=20
    affects of the upstream disturbance leading to some flattening of=20
    the northern ridge extension and a realignment of the ridge further=20
    east. This general synoptic progression will lead to increasing mid=20
    and upper ascent focused over a large portion of the west coast with=20
    the primary impacts focused over Northern CA up through much of=20
    OR/WA state. The beneficiary of the heaviest precip core over the=20
    course of D1-2 will be situated within the Cascades with snow levels=20 hovering between 3000-4000' MSL prior to the stronger height falls=20
    that will occur as the shortwave progresses towards the coast with=20
    the mean trough taking on a more negative tilt as it eventually=20
    ejects inland later this evening. The cold frontal progression=20
    associated with the disturbance will move ashore around the time of=20
    the mean trough swinging inland generating a period of falling=20
    heights with snow levels dropping closer to 2000-3000' MSL leading=20
    to snow accumulations becoming more prevalent in the higher valleys=20
    around the Olympic Peninsula and Cascades. Snowfall accumulations of=20
    at least 4" remain very high probabilistically (>70%) across the=20
    higher elevations of the Cascades and Olympics in WA/OR, as well as=20
    the Salmon, Siskiyou and Mount Shasta regions of CA. Mid-level probs=20
    between 40-60% for at least 4" are located over the Northern=20
    Sierra's with the highest chance in elevations above 7500' MSL.=20

    Further inland, the prospects for heavy snow continue later this=20
    evening as the shortwave propagates through WA/ID with the greatest=20
    forcing aligned over the Cabinet/Lewis/Bitterroot Ranges in the=20
    Interior Northwest with the southern extent benefiting the Absaroka=20
    Range of northwest WY. Similar probs of >70% for at least 4" of=20
    snowfall exist in those terrain focused regions with the impacts=20
    falling within the back-half of D1 into much of D2.=20=20


    As this first trough shifts eastward, forcing will weaken across the=20 Northwest, but flow across the Pacific becomes increasingly zonal=20
    due to squeezing between broad ridging well west off Baja and a=20
    modest trough across the Gulf of Alaska. This zonal flow will=20
    maintain onshore moisture advection to support rounds of=20
    precipitation into the Northwest, with periodic vorticity lobes=20
    swinging eastward (although maintaining latitude generally north of=20
    OR) to enhance ascent. Snow levels D2-3 will fluctuate generally=20
    between 2500ft and 4500ft, with rounds of precipitation leading to=20
    periods of heavy snowfall. WPC probabilities both D2 and D3 are=20
    similar in magnitude and areal extent, reaching 70% or more for 4+=20
    inches from the Olympics, to the WA/OR Cascades, eastward through=20
    the Salmon River/Sawtooth Ranges, and into the Northern Rockies.
    2-day snowfall in some of the higher elevations could reach 2-4=20
    feet, with up to 1 foot at the higher passes of the Cascades.

    Weiss/Kleebauer


    ...Central High Plains through the Great Lakes...=20
    Day 1...

    ...Significant winter storm is producing blizzard across portions
    of the Midwest today. Key Messages are being issued for this=20
    system...

    This powerful winter storm has been as-advertised with wind gusts
    topping 50mph that are fostering blizzard conditions, numerous=20
    cases of thundersnow, and prolific snowfall rates of 1-2"/hr=20
    beneath the TROWAL over northern Kansas and eastern Nebraska. As=20
    the 700mb low traverses northern Missouri this afternoon, a ribbon=20
    of 700mb FGEN will pivot and extend over northwest Iowa, southeast=20 Minnesota, and as far north and east as northern Wisconsin.=20
    Blizzard conditions will be most common from eastern Nebraska to=20
    the Mississippi River between MN/WI. An additional 4-8" of snowfall
    are forecast in these areas with localized amounts topping 10"=20
    possible. Snow accumulations of 1-2" and wind gusts of 50-60 mph=20
    are likely in southeast Nebraska and into east-central Kansas. WPC=20
    continues to issue Key Messages for the ongoing winter storm and=20
    they are available for viewing below.

    The storm heads for the Great Lakes tonight with heavy snow from
    north-central Wisconsin to the Michigan U.P.. Similar 1-2"/hr
    snowfall rates are likely within the heaviest snow bands, along
    with wind gusts topping 30 mph. Lake enhanced snowfall is likely
    along the eastern half of the Michigan U.P. through Wednesday night
    and possibly into early Thursday morning. By 12Z Thursday, the
    residual TROWAL on the backside of thew weakening storm system will
    keep some light-to-moderate snow in the forecast across western
    Michigan and as far south as northern Indiana, but the progressive
    nature of the snow bands and warmer soil temperatures should keep
    any snowfall totals to minor amounts (coating to 3"). Still, wind
    gusts surpassing 30 mph would result in reduced visibilities that
    make for hazardous driving conditions Thursday morning. Aside from
    periods of light snow traversing the Great Lakes and Ohio Valley,
    most of the disruptive snowfall will have concluded by Thursday
    morning.

    Mullinax


    ...Interior Northeast...
    Days 2-3...

    By Thursday afternoon, a lobe of 500mb vorticity tracking towards
    the Southeast will foster strong upper-level ascent over the
    Northeast coast. At the same time, a frontal boundary approaching
    from the west will align itself along a more baroclinically favored
    area along the Northeast coast that will give rise to a developing
    wave of low pressure Thursday night near Long Island. With the
    developing low positioned beneath the diffluent left-exit region=20
    of a 250mb jet streak, low pressure will develop quickly and
    southerly flow off the Gulf Stream will advect rich Atlantic
    moisture around the northern and western flanks of the low. After
    initially starting out as rain, a transition to snow will ensue
    from the Adirondacks on east through the Berkshires, Green, and
    White Mountains on Friday. The storm is a quick mover thanks to the
    next upper trough in the active jet stream pattern making its way
    towards the Great Lakes. It is worth noting that the EC-AIFS does
    show the potential for the storm's deformation axis to linger
    longer over central Maine and the White Mountains, which could=20
    lead to some locally heavy snow totals in elevated terrain through
    Friday afternoon. Any lingering snow in parts of northern Maine=20
    should come to an end Friday night. WPC probabilities shows=20
    moderate-to- high chances (40-70%) for snowfall totals >2" in the=20
    peaks of the Catskills, Adirondacks, Berkshires, Green, and White=20
    Mountains. The tallest peaks of the Whites, most notably around Mt.
    Washington, could see localized amounts approach 6" through Friday afternoon.=20

    Mullinax



    ...Winter Storm Key Messages are in effect. Please see current=20
    Key Messages below...

    https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/key_messages/Late= stKeyMessage_1.png__;!!DZ3fjg!_tUeCUIUvOwvMaOg6Kt0mVtMIBlbrkQsWTX7P7xqxAUWE= Dw9o0YHoj3fUUfj2w62dI5tqhx1cW-rM0aAkACbdxMyXnU$=20

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Wed Mar 19 19:15:10 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 191913
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    313 PM EDT Wed Mar 19 2025

    Valid 00Z Thu Mar 20 2025 - 00Z Sun Mar 23 2025


    ...Pacific and Interior Northwest...=20
    Days 1-3...

    A series of shortwave troughs will continue impacting the Pacific=20
    Northwest and Interior mountains in-of ID/MT/WY over the next 72=20
    hrs. Current WV satellite imagery shows a fairly robust upper
    trough located off the Pacific Northwest coast with a well-defined
    diffluent structure on the eastern flank of the trough axis. The=20
    ridge that has been present downstream is beginning to feel the=20
    affects of the upstream disturbance leading to some flattening of=20
    the northern ridge extension and a realignment of the ridge further east.
    This general synoptic progression will lead to increasing mid and=20
    upper ascent focused over a large portion of the west coast with
    the primary impacts focused over Northern CA up through much of=20
    OR/WA state. The beneficiary of the heaviest precip core over the=20
    course of D1-2 will be situated within the Cascades with snow levels
    hovering between 3000-4000' MSL prior to the stronger height falls
    that will occur as the shortwave progresses towards the coast with the
    mean trough taking on a more negative tilt as it eventually ejects
    inland later this evening. The cold frontal progression associated
    with the disturbance will move ashore around the time of the mean=20
    trough swinging inland generating a period of falling heights with=20
    snow levels dropping closer to 2000-3000' MSL leading to snow=20
    accumulations becoming more prevalent in the higher valleys around=20
    the Olympic Peninsula and Cascades. Snowfall accumulations of at least
    4" remain very high probabilistically (>70%) across the higher=20
    elevations of the Cascades and Olympics in WA/OR, as well as the=20
    Salmon, Siskiyou and Mount Shasta regions of CA. Mid-level probs=20
    between 40-60% for at least 4" are located over the Northern=20
    Sierra's with the highest chance in elevations above 7500' MSL.=20

    Further inland, the prospects for heavy snow continue later this=20
    evening as the shortwave propagates through WA/ID with the greatest=20
    forcing aligned over the Cabinet/Lewis/Bitterroot Ranges in the=20
    Interior Northwest with the southern extent benefiting the Absaroka=20
    Range of northwest WY. Similar probs of >70% for at least 4" of=20
    snowfall exist in those terrain focused regions with the impacts=20
    falling within the back-half of D1 into much of D2.=20=20

    As this first trough shifts eastward, forcing will weaken across
    the Northwest, but flow across the Pacific becomes increasingly=20
    zonal due to squeezing between broad ridging well west off Baja and
    a modest trough across the Gulf of Alaska. This zonal flow will=20
    maintain onshore moisture advection to support rounds of=20
    precipitation into the Northwest, with periodic vorticity lobes=20
    swinging eastward (although maintaining latitude generally north of OR)
    to enhance ascent. Snow levels D2-3 will fluctuate generally=20
    between 2500ft and 4500ft, with rounds of precipitation leading to=20
    periods of heavy snowfall. WPC probabilities both D2 and D3 are=20
    similar in magnitude and areal extent, reaching 70% or more for 4+=20
    inches from the Olympics, to the WA/OR Cascades, eastward through=20
    the Salmon River/Sawtooth Ranges, and into the Northern Rockies.=20
    2-day snowfall in some of the higher elevations could reach 2-4=20
    feet, with up to 1 foot at the higher passes of the Cascades.

    Weiss/Kleebauer


    ...Central High Plains through the Great Lakes...=20
    Day 1...

    ...Significant winter storm is producing blizzard across portions
    of the Midwest today. Key Messages are being issued for this=20
    system...

    This powerful winter storm has been as-advertised with wind gusts
    topping 50mph that are fostering blizzard conditions, numerous=20
    cases of thundersnow, and prolific snowfall rates of 1-2"/hr=20
    beneath the TROWAL over northern Kansas and eastern Nebraska. As=20
    the 700mb low traverses northern Missouri this afternoon, a ribbon=20
    of 700mb FGEN will pivot and extend over northwest Iowa, southeast=20 Minnesota, and as far north and east as northern Wisconsin.=20
    Blizzard conditions will be most common from eastern Nebraska to=20
    the Mississippi River between MN/WI. An additional 4-8" of snowfall
    are forecast in these areas with localized amounts topping 10"=20
    possible. Snow accumulations of 1-2" and wind gusts of 50-60 mph=20
    are likely in southeast Nebraska and into east-central Kansas. WPC=20
    continues to issue Key Messages for the ongoing winter storm and=20
    they are available for viewing below.

    The storm heads for the Great Lakes tonight with heavy snow from
    north-central Wisconsin to the Michigan U.P.. Similar 1-2"/hr
    snowfall rates are likely within the heaviest snow bands, along
    with wind gusts topping 30 mph. Lake enhanced snowfall is likely
    along the eastern half of the Michigan U.P. through Wednesday night
    and possibly into early Thursday morning. By 12Z Thursday, the
    residual TROWAL on the backside of thew weakening storm system will
    keep some light-to-moderate snow in the forecast across western
    Michigan and as far south as northern Indiana, but the progressive
    nature of the snow bands and warmer soil temperatures should keep
    any snowfall totals to minor amounts (coating to 3"). Still, wind
    gusts surpassing 30 mph would result in reduced visibilities that
    make for hazardous driving conditions Thursday morning. Aside from
    periods of light snow traversing the Great Lakes and Ohio Valley,
    most of the disruptive snowfall will have concluded by Thursday
    morning.

    Mullinax


    ...Interior Northeast...
    Days 2-3...

    By Thursday afternoon, a lobe of 500mb vorticity tracking towards
    the Southeast will foster strong upper-level ascent over the
    Northeast coast. At the same time, a frontal boundary approaching
    from the west will align itself along a more baroclinically favored
    area along the Northeast coast that will give rise to a developing
    wave of low pressure Thursday night near Long Island. With the
    developing low positioned beneath the diffluent left-exit region=20
    of a 250mb jet streak, low pressure will develop quickly and
    southerly flow off the Gulf Stream will advect rich Atlantic
    moisture around the northern and western flanks of the low. After
    initially starting out as rain, a transition to snow will ensue
    from the Adirondacks on east through the Berkshires, Green, and
    White Mountains on Friday. The storm is a quick mover thanks to the
    next upper trough in the active jet stream pattern making its way
    towards the Great Lakes. It is worth noting that the EC-AIFS does
    show the potential for the storm's deformation axis to linger
    longer over central Maine and the White Mountains, which could=20
    lead to some locally heavy snow totals in elevated terrain through
    Friday afternoon. Any lingering snow in parts of northern Maine=20
    should come to an end Friday night. WPC probabilities shows=20
    moderate-to- high chances (40-70%) for snowfall totals >2" in the=20
    peaks of the Catskills, Adirondacks, Berkshires, Green, and White=20
    Mountains. The tallest peaks of the Whites, most notably around Mt.
    Washington, could see localized amounts approach 6" through Friday afternoon.=20

    Mullinax




    ...Winter Storm Key Messages are in effect. Please see current=20
    Key Messages below...

    https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/key_messages/Late= stKeyMessage_1.png__;!!DZ3fjg!_0IBMC2Ropaq74jf96TDz8KiNZS996dksNAe42ALwRotb= CnTe2Q1k3T1o6ZgPKkGBMttNVIQ2rq1E0OJeffRufLhCug$=20

    $$

    =3D =3D =3D
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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Wed Mar 19 19:19:40 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 191917
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    317 PM EDT Wed Mar 19 2025

    Valid 00Z Thu Mar 20 2025 - 00Z Sun Mar 23 2025


    ...Pacific and Interior Northwest...=20
    Days 1-3...

    A series of shortwave troughs will continue impacting the Pacific=20
    Northwest and Interior mountains in-of ID/MT/WY over the next 72=20
    hrs. Current WV satellite imagery shows a fairly robust upper
    trough located off the Pacific Northwest coast with a well-defined
    diffluent structure on the eastern flank of the trough axis. The=20
    ridge that has been present downstream is beginning to feel the=20
    affects of the upstream disturbance leading to some flattening of=20
    the northern ridge extension and a realignment of the ridge further
    east. This general synoptic progression will lead to increasing=20
    mid and upper ascent focused over a large portion of the west coast
    with the primary impacts focused over Northern CA up through much=20
    of OR/WA state. The beneficiary of the heaviest precip core over=20
    the course of D1-2 will be situated within the Cascades with snow
    levels hovering between 3000-4000' MSL prior to the stronger=20
    height falls that will occur as the shortwave progresses towards the
    coast with the mean trough taking on a more negative tilt as it=20
    eventually ejects inland later this evening. The cold frontal=20
    progression associated with the disturbance will move ashore around
    the time of the mean trough swinging inland generating a period of
    falling heights with snow levels dropping closer to 2000-3000' MSL
    leading to snow accumulations becoming more prevalent in the=20
    higher valleys around the Olympic Peninsula and Cascades. Snowfall accumulations of at least 4" remain very high probabilistically=20
    70%) across the higher elevations of the Cascades and Olympics in
    WA/OR, as well as the Salmon, Siskiyou and Mount Shasta regions of
    CA. Mid- level probs between 40-60% for at least 4" are located=20
    over the Northern Sierra's with the highest chance in elevations=20
    above 7500' MSL.=20

    Further inland, the prospects for heavy snow continue later this=20
    evening as the shortwave propagates through WA/ID with the greatest
    forcing aligned over the Cabinet/Lewis/Bitterroot Ranges in the
    Interior Northwest with the southern extent benefiting the=20
    Absaroka Range of northwest WY. Similar probs of >70% for at least
    4" of snowfall exist in those terrain focused regions with the=20
    impacts falling within the back-half of D1 into much of D2.=20

    As this first trough shifts eastward, forcing will weaken across
    the Northwest, but flow across the Pacific becomes increasingly=20
    zonal due to squeezing between broad ridging well west off Baja and
    a modest trough across the Gulf of Alaska. This zonal flow will=20
    maintain onshore moisture advection to support rounds of=20
    precipitation into the Northwest, with periodic vorticity lobes=20
    swinging eastward (although maintaining latitude generally north of OR)
    to enhance ascent. Snow levels D2-3 will fluctuate generally=20
    between 2500ft and 4500ft, with rounds of precipitation leading to=20
    periods of heavy snowfall. WPC probabilities both D2 and D3 are=20
    similar in magnitude and areal extent, reaching 70% or more for 4+=20
    inches from the Olympics, to the WA/OR Cascades, eastward through=20
    the Salmon River/Sawtooth Ranges, and into the Northern Rockies.=20
    2-day snowfall in some of the higher elevations could reach 2-4=20
    feet, with up to 1 foot at the higher passes of the Cascades.

    Weiss/Kleebauer


    ...Central High Plains through the Great Lakes...=20
    Day 1...

    ...Significant winter storm is producing blizzard across portions
    of the Midwest today. Key Messages are being issued for this=20
    system...

    This powerful winter storm has been as-advertised with wind gusts
    topping 50mph that are fostering blizzard conditions, numerous=20
    cases of thundersnow, and prolific snowfall rates of 1-2"/hr=20
    beneath the TROWAL over northern Kansas and eastern Nebraska. As=20
    the 700mb low traverses northern Missouri this afternoon, a ribbon=20
    of 700mb FGEN will pivot and extend over northwest Iowa, southeast=20 Minnesota, and as far north and east as northern Wisconsin.=20
    Blizzard conditions will be most common from eastern Nebraska to=20
    the Mississippi River between MN/WI. An additional 4-8" of snowfall
    are forecast in these areas with localized amounts topping 10"=20
    possible. Snow accumulations of 1-2" and wind gusts of 50-60 mph=20
    are likely in southeast Nebraska and into east-central Kansas. WPC=20
    continues to issue Key Messages for the ongoing winter storm and=20
    they are available for viewing below.

    The storm heads for the Great Lakes tonight with heavy snow from
    north-central Wisconsin to the Michigan U.P.. Similar 1-2"/hr
    snowfall rates are likely within the heaviest snow bands, along
    with wind gusts topping 30 mph. Lake enhanced snowfall is likely
    along the eastern half of the Michigan U.P. through Wednesday night
    and possibly into early Thursday morning. By 12Z Thursday, the
    residual TROWAL on the backside of thew weakening storm system will
    keep some light-to-moderate snow in the forecast across western
    Michigan and as far south as northern Indiana, but the progressive
    nature of the snow bands and warmer soil temperatures should keep
    any snowfall totals to minor amounts (coating to 3"). Still, wind
    gusts surpassing 30 mph would result in reduced visibilities that
    make for hazardous driving conditions Thursday morning. Aside from
    periods of light snow traversing the Great Lakes and Ohio Valley,
    most of the disruptive snowfall will have concluded by Thursday
    morning.

    Mullinax


    ...Interior Northeast...
    Days 2-3...

    By Thursday afternoon, a lobe of 500mb vorticity tracking towards
    the Southeast will foster strong upper-level ascent over the
    Northeast coast. At the same time, a frontal boundary approaching
    from the west will align itself along a more baroclinically favored
    area along the Northeast coast that will give rise to a developing
    wave of low pressure Thursday night near Long Island. With the
    developing low positioned beneath the diffluent left-exit region=20
    of a 250mb jet streak, low pressure will develop quickly and
    southerly flow off the Gulf Stream will advect rich Atlantic
    moisture around the northern and western flanks of the low. After
    initially starting out as rain, a transition to snow will ensue
    from the Adirondacks on east through the Berkshires, Green, and
    White Mountains on Friday. The storm is a quick mover thanks to the
    next upper trough in the active jet stream pattern making its way
    towards the Great Lakes. It is worth noting that the EC-AIFS does
    show the potential for the storm's deformation axis to linger
    longer over central Maine and the White Mountains, which could=20
    lead to some locally heavy snow totals in elevated terrain through
    Friday afternoon. Any lingering snow in parts of northern Maine=20
    should come to an end Friday night. WPC probabilities shows=20
    moderate-to- high chances (40-70%) for snowfall totals >2" in the=20
    peaks of the Catskills, Adirondacks, Berkshires, Green, and White=20
    Mountains. The tallest peaks of the Whites, most notably around Mt.
    Washington, could see localized amounts approach 6" through Friday afternoon.=20

    Mullinax





    ...Winter Storm Key Messages are in effect. Please see current=20
    Key Messages below...

    https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/key_messages/Late= stKeyMessage_1.png__;!!DZ3fjg!4RVlA6qYizTHi3nJ8dq8lnm-w6Igfzgqwy_i_-0FaoL8-= gu5wtaNVq7vc29oqv1khbAzlljoFgcq1NpZg6rlft0iijM$=20

    $$

    =3D =3D =3D
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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Thu Mar 20 06:57:48 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 200657
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    257 AM EDT Thu Mar 20 2025

    Valid 12Z Thu Mar 20 2025 - 12Z Sun Mar 23 2025


    ...Pacific and Interior Northwest...
    Days 1-3...

    Progressive pattern out of the North Pacific will maintain an
    unsettled period for the Pacific Northwest into the northern
    Rockies. Initial front has moved past the Cascades as of early this
    morning and will continue eastward across the Divide later today.
    Next system will be forced by a modestly strong incoming jet
    (130kts) tonight with westerly flow focusing into the Cascades,
    followed by height falls from the northwest (southwestern Canada)
    late Fri into early Sat. That system will dig much farther west out
    ahead of incoming ridging into WA/OR, finally setting up some
    drier periods on Saturday.

    Low snow levels in the Cascades of around 2000-3000ft this morning
    will rise through the day and overnight to around 3500-4500ft
    (north to south) coincident with the next surge of moisture. Snow
    levels will fall again late Fri into early Sat as the Canadian
    height falls push into WA then into northern ID, down to around
    1500-3000ft from north to south as the precipitation gradually
    ends.

    Three-day totals of at least 12 inches of snow are likely (>70%
    chance) above 3500-4500ft or so from north to south along the
    Cascades with some higher elevations receiving more than 2-3 ft.
    Significant snow is also possible at many passes given the lower
    snow levels. There is a >60% chance of at least 8 inches of snow
    above 2500-3000ft or so. Farther east, significant snow in excess
    of 12 inches is likely (>70% chance) across the Blue Mountains, central/northern Idaho, northwestern Montana, and into western
    Wyoming. The southern extent of the snow will clip northern Utah
    and the CO Rockies as well with light/modest amounts near 6 inches
    (UT) and nearing 12 inches into CO, especially above 10,000ft.


    ...Upper Midwest...
    Day 3...

    The system exiting the High Plains late Sat will continue to dig
    into the northern Plains overnight into early Sun. Low pressure
    will coalesce over eastern SD Saturday evening and lift into MN
    thereafter, bringing WAA-driven snow to northeastern MN, northern
    WI, and the western U.P. of Michigan. Amounts will generally be
    light through 12Z Sun, perhaps 1-2.5", and the probability of at
    least 4 inches is less than 10%. Additional accumulation is likely
    beyond this forecast period.


    ...Great Lakes/Appalachians/Northeast...
    Days 1-2...

    Exiting system responsible for blizzard conditions over the
    central Plains will move into Canada with snow ending over Michigan
    this afternoon. Additional snow accumulations will be light (an
    inch or so). To the south, colder air will change rain to snow over
    the central/southern Appalachians with upslope-driven
    accumulations persisting into early Friday. Several inches of snow
    are possible at the higher elevations above 3500ft, but WPC
    probabilities for at least 4 inches are low (10-40%) along the
    TN/NC border. By day 2, low pressure over Cape Cod early Fri will
    lift into Nova Scotia with backside snow over northern New England,
    but mostly at higher elevations above 2500ft and amounts will
    generally be light (<3 inches). The highest peaks of the White
    mountains may see more than 4 inches (probabilities generally
    10-50%).


    For days 1-3, the probability of significant icing of at least
    0.10" is less than 10 percent across the CONUS.


    Fracasso

    $$

    = = =
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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Thu Mar 20 18:21:32 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 201820
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    220 PM EDT Thu Mar 20 2025

    Valid 12Z Thu Mar 20 2025 - 12Z Sun Mar 23 2025


    ...Pacific/Interior Northwest to Central Rockies...
    Days 1-3...

    An active Pacific jet stream pattern will keep periods of mountain
    snow in the forecast over the next few days. This is largely due to
    a persistent troughing pattern over the Gulf of Alaska that
    continues to reload this active pattern with storm systems racing
    across the North Pacific that eventually reach the northwestern
    U.S.. The Washington Cascades and Olympics above 3,500ft will be
    the epicenter for the heaviest snowfall where they are more ideally
    placed with the best surge of Pacific moisture, favorable upslope
    enhancement, and their placement beneath a strong 130kt 250mb jet
    streak aloft. The Oregon Cascades will also be on the receiving
    end of accumulating snow, but with higher snow levels farther
    south, elevations above 4,500ft will be most favored for heavy
    snowfall through Friday. Following a brief break in the active
    pattern Saturday morning, an approaching warm front from the next
    storm system in line over the Gulf of Alaska will cause noticeably
    higher snow levels over the Olympics and Washington Cascades
    Saturday night and Sunday. Snow accumulations will likely range
    between 1-3 feet in these ranges with some of the tallest peaks of
    the Olympics and Washington Cascades topping 4 feet of snowfall
    through Sunday.

    This same plume of Pacific moisture and the aforementioned jet
    streak aloft will advance inland across mountain ranges that
    include the Blue, Sawtooth, Bitterroots, Lewis Range, Absaroka, and
    Tetons tonight, Friday, and into Saturday morning. Elevations above
    5,000ft in the Blue, Sawtooth, Bitterroots, and Lewis Range are
    favored to receive as much as 1-2 feet of snow through Saturday
    morning. Farther south, elevations above 7,000ft are favored in the
    Absaroka and Tetons, as well as other neighboring ranges that
    include the Big Snowy, Little Belt, Big Horns, and Bear River
    ranges. Snowfall totals of 8-12" will be most common in these
    mountain ranges, with the Tetons having better odds of seeing some
    snowfall totals topping 2 feet. Lastly, some of this Pacific
    moisture will bleed far enough south to reach the Colorado
    Rockies and southern Wyoming Rockies Friday night and into
    Saturday. Elevations above 9,000ft will be most likely to see
    snowfall accumulations >6" with the tallest peaks of the Colorado
    Rockies receiving over a foot before the snow tapers off Saturday
    night.


    ...Northern Appalachians & Northeast...
    Day 1...

    This afternoon, a lobe of 500mb vorticity tracking towards the
    Southeast will foster increasing upper-level ascent over the
    Northeast coast. At the same time, a frontal boundary approaching
    from the west will align itself along a more baroclinically favored
    area along the Northeast coast that will give rise to a developing
    wave of low pressure Thursday night near Long Island. With the
    developing low positioned beneath the diffluent left-exit region of
    a 250mb jet streak, low pressure will organize quickly and
    southerly flow off the Gulf Stream will advect rich Atlantic
    moisture around the northern and western flanks of the low. After
    initially starting out as rain, a transition to snow will ensue
    from the Catskills and Adirondacks on east through the Berkshires,
    Green, and White Mountains on Friday. The storm is a quick mover
    thanks to the next upper trough within the active jet stream
    pattern over the Great Lakes. Any lingering snow in parts of
    northern Maine should conclude Friday night. WPC probabilities
    depict low-to-moderate chances (20-50%) for snowfall >2" in the
    higher elevations of the Green and White Mountains. The tallest
    peaks, including Mount Washington, could see some snowfall totals
    4" through Friday afternoon.


    ...Upper Midwest & Great Lakes...
    Day 3...

    A steepening upper-level trough over the Northern Plains will
    provide modest ascent aloft and strengthen low pressure over the
    Dakotas. Out ahead of this upper-level trough is increasing
    850-700mb WAA that gives rise to low-mid level FGEN over the Upper
    Midwest and into the northern Great Lakes Sunday morning. As Sunday
    unfolds, a more organized 850mb low is likely to form over
    northwest Wisconsin with a much of the atmospheric column well
    saturated over northern Minnesota, northern Wisconsin, and the
    Michigan U.P.. Based on the track of the 850mb low and the pivoting
    deformation axis on the storm's northwest flank, it is northern
    Minnesota that presently features the best odds (50-70% moderate
    chances) for >4" of snowfall. The Minnesota Arrowhead, with the
    added benefit of easterly flow that provides additional lake-
    enhancement, has low-to-moderate chances (30-50%) for snowfall
    totals >8". Northern Wisconsin and the Michigan U.P. may mix with
    rain or stay a wintry mix longer, which combined with generally
    lower SLRs may keep snowfall totals a bit more capped compared to
    northern Minnesota. However, it will be the CAA on the back side of
    the storm and across Lake Superior Sunday night when these areas
    see their best chances for measurable snow.


    For days 1-3, the probability of significant icing of at least
    0.10" is less than 10 percent across the CONUS.


    Mullinax




    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Fri Mar 21 07:13:22 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 210713
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    313 AM EDT Fri Mar 21 2025

    Valid 12Z Fri Mar 21 2025 - 12Z Mon Mar 24 2025

    ...Northeast...
    Day 1...

    Low pressure near Cape Cod this morning will move through the Gulf
    of Maine and into Nova Scotia this afternoon, helping to draw in
    colder air on the back side of the exiting precipitation shield.
    Rain will change to snow from west to east with some light
    accumulation over most areas, but the higher terrain of the White
    Mountains may see a few inches. There, WPC probabilities of at
    least 4 inches of snow are 10-40%. In addition, there is a
    possibility of some modest snow amounts over eastern Maine outside
    the higher terrain as the low deepens in the Gulf of Maine this
    afternoon. Snow will end by midnight over eastern Maine.


    ...Pacific/Interior Northwest to Central Rockies...
    Days 1-3...

    Onshore flow continues in the PacNW with a due east jet off the
    northeast Pacific aimed into WA/OR. Current jet max along the
    Columbia River will continue eastward this morning, but another
    will be right on its heels which will promote a moisture plume into
    the OR/WA Cascades this afternoon/evening. Snow levels around
    3000-5000 ft will still impact the passes today. Snow will lessen
    into day 2 (Sat) as height falls dig into the northern Rockies,
    which will continue eastward into day 3. By then, upper ridging
    will move into the PacNW with a system into the southern AK
    Panhandle, allowing snow levels to rise much higher to above 6000ft
    Sunday afternoon into early Monday. Three-day totals of at least
    12 inches of snow are likely (>70% chance) above 4000ft or so but
    primarily on day 1.

    West-to-east jet will continue to advance the moisture plume into
    the northern Rockies, favoring the Blue, Sawtooth, Bitterroots,
    Lewis Range, Absaroka, and Tetons through Saturday morning.
    Elevations above 5,000ft in the Blue, Sawtooth, Bitterroots, and
    Lewis Range have at least a 70% chance of receiving at least 12
    inches of snow through tomorrow morning. Probabilities are a little
    lower to the south (Absarokas and Tetons), but many areas will
    still see at least 8 inches of snow (>70% chance above 7000ft or
    so).

    On the south side of the jet and moisture plume, northern UT into
    the CO Rockies will likely see at least 8 inches of snow above
    9000ft or so (>70% chance), starting later tonight into Saturday
    then ending Saturday night.


    ...Upper Midwest & Great Lakes...
    Days 2-3...

    Height falls associated with a shortwave exiting Montana Saturday
    evening will continue to deepen into MN by Sunday morning in
    response to the amplification of the upper pattern upstream. Low
    pressure over SD will track eastward into MN with broad WAA ahead
    of it over the Upper Midwest. Surface temperatures will be fairly
    marginal with some areas starting as rain before mixing with and
    changing to snow as the low strengthens on Sunday. As it does,
    colder air will wrap around its northwest side over northern MN
    moderate snow likely for a time Sunday afternoon. Models have been
    wavering on the strength of the upper and sfc features (and thus
    the QPF and ultimately the snow), but the eastern Arrowhead (Lake
    Shore) may be in a favorable spot for heavier snow due to easterly
    flow off Lake Superior. SLRs may start on the lower end below 10:1
    then rise as colder air works its way in, but will also combat
    afternoon solar insolation where rates are not as heavy. All told,
    WPC probabilities for at least 4 inches of snow days 2-3 are at
    least 10 percent generally north of I-94, with increasing
    probabilities northward and northeastward into the Arrowhead. This
    also includes northern WI into the U.P. of Michigan from a
    combination of front-end WAA snow and wraparound snow after the low
    passes through. Despite likely closing off up to 500mb, the system
    will remain progressive but will not clear the area until after
    12Z Mon.


    For days 1-3, the probability of significant icing of at least
    0.10" is less than 10 percent across the CONUS.


    Fracasso


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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Fri Mar 21 18:23:43 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 211823
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    223 PM EDT Fri Mar 21 2025

    Valid 00Z Sat Mar 22 2025 - 00Z Tue Mar 25 2025


    ...Pacific/Interior Northwest to Central Rockies...
    Days 1-3...

    Onshore flow continues in the PacNW through early next week with
    two primary waves of moisture traversing the region with upper
    ridging expected to cut off Pacific moisture tap by late D3. For D1
    (through 00z Sun), snow levels will drop below 3000 ft across the
    Northwest, but also as precipitation quickly dries out and the
    focus of upper divergence shifts into the Northern Rockies through
    the beginning of D2. Here, snow levels around will start out around
    4000-5000 ft but also fall below 3000 ft due to approaching height
    falls. By then, upper ridging will move into the PacNW with a
    system into the southern AK Panhandle, allowing snow levels to rise
    much higher to above 6000ft Sunday afternoon into early Monday as
    the next moisture plume clips the Northwest and northern Great
    Basin. Totals of at least 12 inches of snow are likely (>70%
    chance) above 4000ft or so but primarily on day 1 throughout the
    Cascades, Sawtooths, northern ID ranges and western MT ranges, as
    well as the Absarokas and Wind River Range of WY. By D2-D3 high
    probabilities for at least 6 inches of snow remains confined to the
    northern WA Cascades and far northern ID ranges.

    On the south side of the jet and moisture plume, northern UT into
    the CO Rockies will likely see at least 8 inches of snow above
    9000ft or so (>70% chance), starting later tonight into Saturday
    then ending Saturday night.


    ...Upper Midwest & Great Lakes...
    Days 2-3...

    An upper-level trough exiting the Northern Rockies Saturday
    afternoon will track over the Northern Plains and strengthen
    Saturday night, providing modest vertical ascent aloft from the
    Dakotas to Minnesota. The favorable synoptic-scale source of lift
    aloft will provide a favorable environment for a deepening area of
    low pressure over South Dakota that will, in turn, generate
    increasing 850-700mb WAA in advance of the storm. By Saturday
    night, a consolidating 850mb low over the Red River of the North
    will wrap modest low-mid level moisture around the northern and
    western flanks of the low. As precipitation breaks out from central
    North Dakota to as far east as northwest Wisconsin Saturday night,
    some precipitation may start out initially as an icy wintry mix.
    But as the deformation axis becomes more pronounced, dynamic
    cooling aloft will allow for snow to become the primary
    precipitation type through Sunday morning. Gusty winds on the
    backside of the storm will prompt blowing and rifting snow to ensue
    across the Dakota and into northwest Minnesota through Sunday
    morning.

    The region most likely to witness the heaviest snowfall for this
    event is northeast Minnesota or, more specifically, the Minnesota
    Arrowhead. The deformation axis is expected to pivot over the
    region on Sunday with sufficient vertical velocities throughout
    much of the atmospheric column to support heavy snowfall rates
    1"/hr, while the Arrowhead, contending with easterlies off of Lake
    Superior, provides a lake-enhanced fetch of moisture into the
    region Sunday afternoon and into Sunday night. Meanwhile, farther
    east, the Michigan U.P., especially the Keweenaw Peninsula on east
    to the Hurons and just west of Sault Ste. Marie, the strong WAA
    north of the warm front will be sufficient enough to produce a
    burst of heavy snow Sunday afternoon and into the evening hours.
    This area is a little more unclear on the SLR's and snowfall rates
    as there is some evidence of a potential dry slot within the
    700-300mb layer working its way in, but there will still be snow to
    contend with on the back side of the storm Sunday night. The storm
    will work its way over Michigan's U.P. Sunday night with CAA on
    the western flank kicking up lake- enhanced snow showers in its
    wake across northern Wisconsin and much of the Michigan U.P.. Snow
    should finally taper off by Monday afternoon as winds diminish and
    lingering lake effect snow showers over the eastern Michigan U.P.
    and the tip of Michigan's Mitten wind down.

    WPC probabilities show moderate-to-high chances (50-70%) for
    snowfall totals >8" along the Minnesota Arrowhead, with similar
    probabilities for >6" in northeast Minnesota and in the Michigan
    U.P.. Note that there are moderate chances (40-60%) for >4" of
    snow as far west as northwest Minnesota and as far south as
    northern Wisconsin. Expect hazardous travel conditions in these
    areas on Sunday with poor travel conditions lingering over Michigan
    U.P.


    ...Northeast...
    Day 3...

    As the Upper Midwest and Great Lakes system slides east by D3, a
    brief period of moderate snowfall is possible across northern New
    England and elevated regions of the Interior Northeast. Mid-level
    WAA will be the driving force behind the precipitation pushing
    eastward on Monday, with a triple-point surface low developing near
    southern New England also providing for potential weak CAD across
    parts of ME and NH. WPC probabilities for at least 4 inches of snow
    are currently low (10-30%) from the Adirondacks to Green/White Mts
    of New England, with slightly higher probabilities in the highest
    elevations.


    For days 1-3, the probability of significant icing of at least
    0.10" is less than 10 percent across the CONUS.


    Snell/Mullinax





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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sat Mar 22 07:21:49 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 220720
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    320 AM EDT Sat Mar 22 2025

    Valid 12Z Sat Mar 22 2025 - 12Z Tue Mar 25 2025


    ...Pacific/Interior Northwest to Central Rockies...
    Days 1-3...

    Shortwave over eastern WA this morning will continue east-
    southeastward today across the Rockies. Light snow via onshore flow
    will continue over the Cascades while light to modest snows are
    expected for northwestern MT/northern ID into WY and northern UT/CO
    before ending from NW to SE this afternoon and evening. WPC
    probabilities for at least 6 inches of additional snow are >50%
    above 5000ft (north) to 8000-10,000ft (south). The next system into
    the PacNW D2 will be much milder due to increasing mid-level
    ridging with snow levels rising from 4000-5000ft late tonight to
    over 8000ft Sunday evening. Any initial snow over the passes will
    change over to rain with significant snow at the highest peaks. By
    D3, upper ridging will remain in control with light snow for the
    high elevations as snow levels settle to between 7000-9000ft.


    ...Upper Midwest/Great Lakes/Northeast...
    Days 1-3...

    The upper-level trough exiting the Northern Rockies/western High
    Plains this afternoon will push into the Upper Midwest tonight into
    early Sunday. Multiple vort maxima will lie beneath the poleward
    exit region of the modest jet over MO, providing broad vertical
    ascent aloft from the Dakotas to Minnesota. Surface low pressure
    over South Dakota will deepen and move into MN, with WAA driving
    snow (and some mixed precip/light icing) to its northeast (MN into
    WI). On Sunday, sharpening upper pattern will and a slight negative
    tilt aloft will help increase snow on the NW side of the low in a
    modest but still progressive deformation axis. Wraparound snow amid
    dynamic cooling and low-level convergence/enhancement on the west
    side of Lake Superior will help to maximize snowfall there, from
    near/northeast of Duluth northeastward to Grande Portage. A modest
    snowfall is expected elsewhere from central MN across northern WI
    and into the U.P. of Michigan near and to the north of the track of
    the sfc low pressure (and north of any subsequent secondary low
    pressure development out of the Corn Belt).

    By late Sunday into early Monday, frontal boundary will continue
    to arc eastward, pushing precipitation across the Appalachians into northeastern PA and into NYS, where cold surface temperatures may
    support some snow and light icing as WAA invades from the
    southwest. Limited cold air will confine most snowfall to areas
    north of I-90, but with a sfc low track remaining in Canada, many
    areas may change over to rain except for northern NH into
    northwestern Maine. Back to the west, colder air across the Great
    Lakes will spur some lake-effect snow into the U.P. and western
    Lower Michigan as 850 temps briefly drop to -10C or so. The entire
    system will wind down late Monday with only some lingering lake-
    effect snow by early Tuesday.

    WPC probabilities for at least 4 inches of snow through the period
    are highest (>70%) over northeastern MN and especially over the
    eastern Arrowhead (where probabilities for at least 8 inches of
    snow are >50%), northern WI and the entire U.P. of Michigan,
    northwestern Lower MI, and into the Tug Hill Plateau.


    For days 1-3, the probability of significant icing of at least
    0.10" is less than 10 percent across the CONUS.


    Fracasso

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sat Mar 22 18:12:52 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 221812
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    212 PM EDT Sat Mar 22 2025

    Valid 00Z Sun Mar 23 2025 - 00Z Wed Mar 26 2025


    ...Pacific/Interior Northwest to Central Rockies...
    Days 1-2...

    Shortwave crossing MT/WY this evening will continue areas of high
    elevation snow showers and favorable upslope conditions through
    early Sunday morning in the Northern/Central Rockies until upper
    ridging quickly builds into the West, while directing the next
    Atmospheric River event into the Pacific Northwest through D2
    (Monday). IVT is forecast to peak on Sunday evening and reach above
    the 99th climatological percentile per the 00z NAEFS, with the
    maximum corridor of 600-700 kg/m*s IVT directed at WA and the
    northern Cascades as moisture also bleeds into northern ID/MT. As
    expected, snow levels will quickly rise above 6000 ft and pass
    level across the Northwest by D2 after starting out around 3000 ft
    for the start of the event. High (>70%) WPC probabilities for at
    least 8 inches of snow during the entire forecast period exist
    across the WA Cascades and far northern ID/northwest MT ranges,
    mainly above 5000-6000 ft.

    Snell



    ...Upper Midwest/Great Lakes/Northeast...
    Days 1-3...

    An upper-level trough exiting the Northern Rockies this afternoon
    will track over Northern Plains and strengthen tonight, providing
    modest vertical ascent aloft from the Dakotas to Minnesota. The
    favorable synoptic-scale source of lift aloft will provide a
    supportive environment for a deepening area of low pressure over
    South Dakota. Increasing 850-700mb WAA and moisture advection in
    advance of the storm's deepening 850mb will give rise to a
    consolidated deformation axis late Sunday night over northern
    Minnesota. Precipitation may briefly start out as an icy wintry mix
    in parts of the Dakotas and northern Minnesota tonight and early
    Sunday morning, but as strong vertical velocities manifest
    themselves within the deformation zone, snow will become the
    primary precipitation type across northern Minnesota. The heaviest
    snowfall is likely to ensue along the Minnesota Arrowhead and
    across the northern tier of Michigan's U.P.. Snowfall rates topping
    1"/hr are most likely to unfold in these areas Sunday and into
    Sunday night. Some of the latest guidance has come a bit farther
    south on the storm track (closer to the EC-AIFS/UKMET/CMC solutions
    but not completely in their camp), which has led to an increase in
    snow over northern Wisconsin. CAA on the backside of the storm
    system will keep lake-enhanced snowfall ongoing across northern
    Wisconsin and the Michigan U.P. on east to the northern most
    portion of Michigan's Mitten through Monday before concluding
    Monday evening. WPC probabilities show moderate-to-high chances
    (50-70%) for snowfall totals >8" in parts of the Minnesota
    Arrowhead and the Michigan U.P.. There are also similar moderate-
    to-high chances (50-70%) for snowfall >4" in northern Minnesota,
    northern Wisconsin, and the northwestern Michigan Peninsula.

    By Sunday night, the storm system's warm front will push into the
    Northeast with low-level WAA and 290K isentropic ascent aloft. The
    air-mass is marginally cold enough to support snow in the northern
    Appalachians Sunday night, with the potential for a burst of heavy
    snow in the White Mountains and much of interior Maine on Monday.
    Guidance has remained split on whether a coastal low forms along
    the Maine coastline, but should it form, locally heavy snowfall
    totals (>6") could occur. At the moment, WPC probabilities show
    low-to-moderate chances (30-50%) for snowfall totals >4" from the
    White Mountains to northern Maine Sunday night and into Monday.
    Westerlies over Lake Ontario may kick up a lake effect snow band
    that becomes located over the Tug Hill on Tuesday. WPC
    probabilities show moderate chances (40-60%) for snowfall totals
    4" in the Tug Hill on Tuesday.


    For days 1-3, the probability of significant icing of at least
    0.10" is less than 10 percent across the CONUS.


    Mullinax




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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sun Mar 23 07:06:01 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 230705
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    305 AM EDT Sun Mar 23 2025

    Valid 12Z Sun Mar 23 2025 - 12Z Wed Mar 26 2025


    ...Pacific/Interior Northwest to Central Rockies...
    Days 1-2...

    Upper ridging just off the Pac NW coast this morning will continue
    to build into the region, pushing snow levels that are around
    3500-5000ft at 12Z to well over 6000-8000ft by 00Z over the
    Cascades. Farther east over northern ID into MT, snow levels will
    still rise today confining much of the accumulating snow to levels
    above 5000ft (>6 inch amounts). Into Monday (D2), moisture will
    persist into WA and the northern Rockies but with very high snow
    levels above 8000ft. Heights will build into Tuesday, essentially
    ending any precipitation in the Northwest altogether.

    ...Upper Midwest/Great Lakes/Northeast...
    Days 1-3...

    Mid-level shortwave over the Dakotas this morning will move
    eastward today into the Upper Midwest as it surface low pressure
    center follows suit across central MN into northern WI. By this
    evening, the triple point low will start to become the dominant
    center (near Green Bay) and move eastward across northern Lower
    Michigan and then into southern Ontario as the cold front bows out
    through the Northeast early Monday. With an amplifying upper
    pattern, this will slow the progression of the system out of the
    region, allowing cyclonic flow to persist over the Great Lakes into
    the Northeast into Tuesday, favoring lake-effect snow with 850
    temperatures < -10C. Though fairly progressive to start, the system
    will still yield significant snow for portions of the eastern
    Arrowhead and into the U.P. of Michigan via wraparound/convergent
    snow in the deformation band on the NW side of the sfc low, WAA-
    driven snow ahead of the sfc low (northern WI into the U.P.), or
    both over northern/northwester Lower Michigan via the triple point
    low. Over the Northeast, south of the eventual track of the surface
    low, WAA will drive much of the precipitation on Monday with some
    icing at the onset in colder areas turning over to rain and snow
    farther north toward the Canadian border where it will take longer
    to warm up toward freezing -- and some areas will not as a result
    of a new triple point low over the Gulf of Maine, acting to hold
    colder air in over northern NH and northwestern ME. Finally, some
    lake effect snow will affect the Tug Hill Plateau Tuesday with
    lighter upslope snow to the south into the central Appalachians.
    Snowfall will finally wind down by early Wednesday (end of this
    forecast period).

    For the three-day period, WPC probabilities of at least 4 inches
    of snow are highest (>50%) over northeastern MN, northern WI, the
    U.P. of Michigan, northern/northwestern Lower MI, and in the Tug
    Hill Plateau region including some of the Adirondacks. Some areas
    of the White Mountains may see in excess of 4 inches of snow as
    well. The heaviest snow may fall over far northeastern MN where
    local convergence off Lake Superior will add to the snow efficiency
    (in addition to higher SLRs in the colder air). There, WPC
    probabilities of at least 8 inches of snow are > 70%.


    For days 1-3, the probability of significant icing of at least
    0.10" is less than 10 percent across the CONUS.


    Fracasso


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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sun Mar 23 18:06:56 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 231806
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    206 PM EDT Sun Mar 23 2025

    Valid 12Z Sun Mar 23 2025 - 12Z Wed Mar 26 2025


    ...Pacific/Interior Northwest to Northern Rockies...
    Day 1...

    Ongoing Atmospheric River moving onshore western Washington this
    afternoon will continue to spread moisture across the Northwest,
    far northern Great Basin and into the northern Rockies through
    Monday. Snow levels across the WA Cascades will start out this
    evening above 6000 ft and remain between 6000 to 8000 ft throughout
    the remainder of the event (above major mountain passes). Snow
    levels across the Great Basin and northern Rockies will also
    continue to rise above 7000 ft during the D1 period as residual
    moisture on the southern edge of the AR reaches into the
    western/northern WY ranges. WPC probabilities for at least 6 inches
    of snow are medium (30-50%) and are confined to the northern WA
    Cascades and highest ranges of MT and WY (above 7000 to 8000 ft).
    Precipitation cuts off by D2 as anomalous upper ridging builds
    across the western U.S. as the next system approaching the region
    cuts off over the northeast Pacific.

    Snell


    ...Upper Midwest/Great Lakes/Northeast...
    Days 1-3...

    The winter storm has kicked off in the Upper Midwest with the storm strengthening this afternoon as it tracks towards the Upper Great
    Lakes tonight. The deformation zone is pivoting beneath the TROWAL
    over northern Minnesota. There is also heavy snow unfolding in
    northern Wisconsin where strong 850-700mb FGEN and WAA aloft is
    paired with dynamic cooling aloft to produce >1"/hr snowfall rates
    in some cases. By this evening, the storm will begin its weakening
    phase with most snow coming via WAA over the eastern Michigan U.P.
    and northern most portion of Michigan's Mitten. Farther west, CAA
    on the back side of the low will generate lake-enhanced snowfall
    from the Minnesota Arrowhead on east to northern Wisconsin and as
    far east as the Keweenaw Peninsula of Michigan's U.P.. Look for
    periods of snow lake-effect snow to linger through Monday across
    the Michigan U.P. and northern lower Michigan. WPC probabilities
    show moderate-to-high chances (50-70%) for additional snowfall
    amounts >4" for the areas referenced above, with some localized
    areas seeing additional snowfall amounts up to 8", especially in
    the Michigan U.P..

    Farther east, the storm's warm front will advance east into the
    Northeast tonight with low-level WAA and 290K isentropic ascent
    aloft. The antecedent air-mass is initially cold enough to support
    snow in the as far south as the Poconos and Catskills, but the best
    chance for accumulating snowfall will take place over the
    Adirondacks, Green, and White Mountains tonight and into Monday
    morning. Some minor ice accumulations are possible in parts of the
    northern Mid-Atlantic tonight and into early Monday morning. A
    wave of low pressure will attempt to develop near Downeast Maine
    Monday and could wrap some Atlantic moisture around its northern
    and western flank. This would allow for some minor snow
    accumulations to unfold from central to eastern Maine through
    Monday evening. WPC probabilities do highlight low- to- moderate
    chances (20-50%) for some targeted areas of >4" snowfall totals in
    parts of the Adirondacks, Green Mountains, White Mountains, and
    east-central Maine. As the storm departs Monday night, some lake
    effect streamers off Lakes Erie and Ontario should lead to minor
    snowfall totals in northwest Pennsylvania, western NY, and northern
    New York. The area most likely to see measurable snowfall is the
    Tug Hill where the primary band off Lake Ontario and the Tug Hill's
    elevation provide a more favorable setup for accumulating
    snowfall. WPC probabilities shows low chances (10-30%) for 48-hour
    snowfall totals >8" in the Tug Hill, showing there is the potential
    for some localized amounts that could be on the heavier side
    through Tuesday. Some minor snow accumulations are possible as far
    south as the Central Appalachians but totals most totals staying in
    the coating-3" range.


    For days 1-3, the probability of significant icing of at least
    0.10" is less than 10 percent across the CONUS.


    Mullinax





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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Mon Mar 24 06:53:36 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 240653
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    253 AM EDT Mon Mar 24 2025

    Valid 12Z Mon Mar 24 2025 - 12Z Thu Mar 27 2025


    ...Pacific/Interior Northwest to Northern Rockies...
    Day 1...

    Lingering moisture over the Northwest and northern Rockies atop
    the upper ridge will slowly dissipate today, with very high snow
    levels around 8000ft.


    ...West Coast...
    Day 3...

    Next Pacific system will start to bring in some moisture to
    western WA/OR and NorCal. Snow levels will still be quite high --
    10,000ft on Wednesday -- but dropping to around 5000ft by 12Z
    Thursday, which still start to bring snow to some passes.


    ...Great Lakes/Northeast...
    Days 1-2...

    Mature winter storm over the Great Lakes this morning will
    continue eastward through southern Ontario as a new triple point
    low develops near the NY Bight this afternoon. Cold air at the
    surface this morning will be slow to erode over the higher
    elevations (Catskills, Berkshires/Greens, Worcester Hills, and
    parts of Maine) as WAA-driven precip arrives this morning, favoring
    some freezing rain amid a snow-to-rain changeover for areas south
    of I-90. As the coastal low deepens, it will tend to hold in colder
    air over northern New England and much of Maine, with marginal
    temperatures toward the coast. This will make for a heavy/wet snow
    of a few inches in NH to several inches over interior Maine as the
    low pressure moves through the Gulf of Maine this evening. Snow
    will end overnight associated with the area of low pressure, but
    the large cyclonic circulation over the Great Lakes will sustain
    some lake-effect snow today into Tuesday, especially over the
    northern U.P. of Michigan, northwestern Lower Michigan, and into
    the Tug Hill Plateau. WPC probabilities for at least 4 inches of
    snow are >50% over the aforementioned lake-favored areas as well as
    over northern NH (White Mountains) into Maine north of I-95 until
    Bangor, then along 95 to the Canadian border.


    ...New England...
    Day 3...

    Vort max moving through the base of the upper trough over the
    Great Lakes on Tuesday will move off the Mid-Atlantic coast and
    turn the corner northeastward early Wednesday. Models have wavered
    on how close to bring this system to eastern New England, but at
    least some light precipitation is likely to affect at least areas
    east of I-91. With marginal to somewhat sufficient cold air in
    place, some light snow is likely for eastern New England before the
    system races northeastward into Atlantic Canada Wednesday evening.
    Some of the models were much more vigorous than others, but the
    probability of at least 4 inches is still low (10-30%) from
    northern NH into Maine.


    For days 1-3, the probability of significant icing of at least
    0.10" is less than 10 percent across the CONUS.


    Fracasso


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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Mon Mar 24 18:48:38 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 241848
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    248 PM EDT Mon Mar 24 2025

    Valid 00Z Tue Mar 25 2025 - 00Z Fri Mar 28 2025



    ...Great Lakes/Northeast...
    Days 1-3...

    An active later-season winter pattern will setup across the Great
    Lakes and Northeast as troughing amplifies over the east and lobes
    of vorticity drop southward out of Canada. This will produce
    periodic cool and wintry weather across the region.

    The period begins active as a wave of low pressure driven by a
    strung out vorticity impulse lifts along the coast of Maine. This
    system will move quickly into the Canadian Maritimes by 12Z
    Tuesday, but a period of moderate to heavy snow is likely to
    continue across Maine before this storm pulls away, and WPC
    probabilities indicate a medium chance (30-50%) for an additional
    2-4" in far northern Maine.

    Behind this wave, cyclonic flow will intensify across the Great
    Lakes as the resultant trough amplifies down towards the Mid-
    Atlantic states. This will drive increasing CAA over the Great
    Lakes, with the core of the coldest 850mb temperatures, falling to
    as low as -15 to -18 Celsius, moving over the lakes Tuesday night
    into Wednesday morning. This cold core combined with unidirectional
    flow across the slowly warming lake waters will result in late-
    season lake effect snow (LES), especially in the favored WNW snow
    belt regions D1 and D2, with upslope snow into Northern New England
    also likely D2. *WPC probabilities for this LES are moderate (50%)
    for 4+ inches D1 in the eastern U.P., the far northwest L.P., and
    across the Tug Hill Plateau. Probabilities for an additional 4+
    inches D2 drop to just 10-30% and focus across the Tug Hill
    Plateau.

    Finally, an interesting development occurs late D2 into D3 as a
    potent shortwave tracks over the Mid-Atlantic states, sharpening
    the mid-level trough even more, and then lifts northeast off the
    New England Coast. This occurs in tandem with a strengthening jet
    streak lifting off into Canada leaving the favorable RRQ east of
    New England, into which the amplifying trough will deposit the most
    robust height falls. The guidance has trended less amplified with
    this evolution, but it still supports a surface low developing and strengthening into Wednesday morning. Depending on the exact track
    of this low, some moderate snowfall may spread across New England
    once again Wednesday night into Thursday, but at this time a more
    suppressed solution is more likely, resulting in WPC probabilities
    that are 10-30% for 4+ inches of snow from the Northeast Kingdom of
    VT, across the White Mountains, and into much of northern and
    central Maine.


    ...West Coast...
    Day 3...

    Impressive trough amplifying west of British Columbia will deepen
    into a closed low as it pivots towards the Pacific Northwest coast
    Thursday. The core of this low is progged to become quite
    amplified, falling below the 0.5 percentile with respect to 700mb
    heights (1st percentile with respect to 500mb heights). This is
    indicative of a very strong low which will move eastward, but then
    get pulled north within the amplified flow, reaching just off
    Vancouver Island by the end of the forecast period.

    This evolution will have a two-pronged effect on the West Coast.
    First, confluent downstream flow will overlap with an intensifying
    Pacific jet streak rotating around the base of this trough to
    advect deeper moisture onshore, with both GEFS and ECENS IVT
    probabilities reaching above 60% for a narrow corridor of 500
    kg/m/s. This moisture will be acted upon by mid-level divergence
    and upper diffluence to wring out this moisture through increasing
    lift to result in widespread precipitation moving from central CA
    northward through the Cascades and Olympics. Additionally, W/SW
    mid-level flow will efficiently upslope into the terrain, leading
    to locally more impressive lift and heavy precipitation across the
    terrain.

    Snow levels will initially be quite high, 7000-8000 ft, but will
    drop steadily to as low as 3000 ft by the end of the forecast
    period behind a cold front working to the east. With this event, a
    lot of the precipitation occurs behind the cold front, but still
    most of the heavy snow should remain above pass levels. WPC
    probabilities are high (>70%) for 6+ inches from the Northern
    Sierra, through the Shasta/Trinity/Siskiyou region, along the spine
    of the Cascades, and into the higher Olympics. Locally 12+ inches
    of snow is possible in the highest terrain,


    For days 1-3, the probability of significant icing of at least
    0.10" is less than 10 percent across the CONUS.


    Weiss



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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Tue Mar 25 06:45:49 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 250644
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    244 AM EDT Tue Mar 25 2025

    Valid 12Z Tue Mar 25 2025 - 12Z Fri Mar 28 2025


    ...Great Lakes/Northeast...
    Days 1-2...

    In the wake of the departing system just leaving the Northeast
    this morning, broad cyclonic flow centered south of Hudson Bay will
    maintain a cold flow of air over the slowly warming Great Lakes,
    promoting some lake effect snow for the next couple of days. The
    most favored areas will be across portions of the eastern U.P. of
    Michigan in any more organized/persistent bands, east of Lake
    Ontario along the long fetch of the lake (Tug Hill Plateau), and
    into the Green Mountains via upslope enhancement. Two-day totals
    will be generally light (1-3") but the aforementioned areas show
    the highest probabilities of seeing at least 4 inches of snow
    (10-70%, with the highest probabilities of at least 6 inches over
    the Tug Hill).


    ...West Coast...
    Days 2-3...

    An anomalously deep and impressively wound-up system in the
    northeast Pacific late Tue into Wed will start to field moisture
    into the West Coast starting Wednesday afternoon. Strong ridging
    over the West means snow levels will start very high (>8000ft)
    during the middle of day 2 (00Z Thu) but will trend lower into day
    3. Then (12Z Thu - 12Z Fri) the upper/sfc low will curl
    northeastward to northward to a position just offshore Vancouver
    Island, allowing its long occluded front to push inland. This will
    take snow levels down to about 5000ft by 12Z Fri over the Cascades
    into the far northern NorCal ranges and about 6000-7000ft over the
    northern Sierra as a 130kt jet streak moves through. QPF amounts
    will be light to modest inland with heavier amounts along the coast
    and into the Olympics in WA. Rain will change to snow with low
    SLRs and will come in a couple waves -- initially with the front in
    the higher PW plume and then with the upper trough. Snow will
    accumulate the most at the highest peaks but eventually will get to
    some high passes in northern CA. Through 12Z Fri, WPC
    probabilities for at least 8 inches of snow are highest (>50%) in
    the Olympics, Cascades, and NorCal ranges (Shasta Siskiyous,
    Trinity, Klamath, etc.) above 5000ft.


    For days 1-3, the probability of significant icing of at least
    0.10" is less than 10 percent across the CONUS.


    Fracasso


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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Tue Mar 25 20:42:22 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 252042
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    442 PM EDT Tue Mar 25 2025

    Valid 00Z Wed Mar 26 2025 - 00Z Sat Mar 29 2025


    ...Eastern Great Lakes/Northeast...
    Day 1...

    An upper low over northern MI this afternoon shifts east over New
    England through Wednesday evening. Low level westerly flow will
    continue over the eastern Great Lakes through Wednesday morning
    before veering northerly into Wednesday evening. PVA ahead of the
    upper low center will aid lift on this favored flow across Lakes
    Erie and Ontario and help produce lake enhanced snow and upslope
    snow on New England mountain ranges. Day 1.5 snow probs for >4"
    are generally 30-50% for the Tug Hill, Greens, Whites, and
    northwestern Maine.


    ...Upper Midwest/Great Lakes...
    Day 3...

    A flattening upper ridge over the northern Great Plains and lee-
    side surface cyclogenesis centered over South Dakota Thursday
    night allows some warm air advection precip to form
    along and north of the ND/MN border early Friday and possibly blossom
    toward Lake Superior later Friday. Antecedent cold air and a warm
    nose look to bring a (most likely light) wintry mix to northern
    ND/MN/WI and the U.P. Day 3 ice probs for >0.1" are 20-50% centered
    around Duluth and up the North Shore.


    ...Cascades into the northern Sierra Nevada...
    Days 2-3...

    An anomalously deep, cold core low approaches the OR Coast
    Wednesday evening before occluding in place off WA through Friday.
    Strong ridging over the West now means high snow levels at onset
    8000ft) Wednesday afternoon, but will quickly drop to around
    4500ft Wednesday night. These lower snow levels are maintained
    through Thursday as the upper low approaches the coast, then drops
    even further, to around 4000ft Thursday evening as precip rates
    increase again with some heavy rates likely. Day 2 snow probs for
    8" are 30-60% for the highest Klamath and OR/WA Cascades only.
    However, the lower snow levels and increased precip rates make Day
    3 snow probs for >8" more expansive with 40-90% probs from the
    northern Sierra Nevada, Klamath, and along the spine of the OR
    Cascades and WA Cascades.



    Jackson



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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Wed Mar 26 06:37:10 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 260636
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    236 AM EDT Wed Mar 26 2025

    Valid 12Z Wed Mar 26 2025 - 12Z Sat Mar 29 2025


    ...Northeast...
    Day 1...

    Compact upper low over southwestern Ontario this morning will move
    across northern NY/VT midday and through Maine this evening. This
    will spur some more light snow into the Tug Hill Plateau where 1-3"
    is likely. Farther east, low probabilities (10-30%) are shown for
    more than 4 inches of snow over the Green and White mountains via
    upslope enhancement as the feature moves through.



    ...Upper Midwest/Great Lakes/Northeast...
    Days 2-3...

    Flattening upper ridging exiting the High Plains Thursday combined
    with lee-side surface cyclogenesis centered over South Dakota
    Thursday night will favor broad WAA-driven precipitation along and
    north of a surface boundary astride the Upper Midwest into the
    Great Lakes. With the fast zonal/progressive flow, this will
    quickly expand eastward through Canada and into the Northeast with
    an influx of moisture from the southwest, reaching into NY Fri
    evening then into New England overnight into early Saturday.
    Temperatures are marginal for most areas, confining wintry
    precipitation to areas closer to the Canadian border. However, that sub-freezing surface layer will be overrun from the S/SW with
    warmer air aloft, promoting a rather large area of sleet/freezing
    rain from northern MN eastward across the U.P. of Michigan and
    northern WI across Ontario and into the Adirondacks. Ptype from the
    models (and NBM) show a strong signal for freezing rain
    (impressive for late March), but this may be modulated my afternoon
    insolation. Nevertheless, WPC probabilities for at least 0.10"
    icing are moderate (30-70%) over northeastern MN, the U.P./northern
    WI, and the northern part of Lower Michigan. Snow amounts may be
    limited, with the highest amounts of a couple inches over northern
    MN where WPC probabilities for at least 4 inches are barely 10%.


    ...Cascades into the northern Sierra Nevada...
    Days 2-3...

    An anomalously deep, cold core low in the northeast Pacific will
    curl up toward Vancouver Island as its wound up occlude front moves
    inland tonight. High snow levels (>8000ft) this afternoon will
    steadily drop to around 4000-5000ft tomorrow, then to around 4000ft
    Friday with the passage of the upper trough. Snow will eventually
    get to some of the passes but much of this will fall over the
    higher terrain. Two-day probabilities of at least 8 inches of snow
    are highest above 5000ft or so along the Cascades southward to the
    NorCal ranges and northern Sierra. Moisture will continue inland to
    the northern Rockies with a few to several inches of snow for the
    Blue Mountains and into SW MT as a frontal boundary in the area
    acts as another focus for forcing. There, WPC probabilities for at
    least 8 inches of snow are low (10-30%).


    Fracasso


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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Wed Mar 26 20:44:14 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 262043
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    443 PM EDT Wed Mar 26 2025

    Valid 00Z Thu Mar 27 2025 - 00Z Sun Mar 30 2025


    ...West Coast through Northern Rockies...
    Days 1-3...

    An anomalously deep, cold-core low off OR near 140W will further
    occlude and curl up toward Vancouver Island through Thursday night
    with the occluded front crossing the West Coast tonight. High snow
    levels (>8000ft) this afternoon will rapidly drop to around
    4000-5000ft after midnight, then to around 3500ft Friday with the
    passage of the upper trough axis. Accumulating will eventually
    reach to some of the passes in the Cascades by Friday, but the
    rates will drop around that time as well. So most of the heavy snow
    will be in the higher elevations. Day 2 snow probs for >8" are
    50-80% for the higher Cascades, Klamath, and northern Sierra
    Nevada.

    Moisture will continue inland through the northern Rockies Friday
    through Saturday with periodic heavy snow above 5000ft snow levels
    on Friday and 4000ft on Saturday. A focus for mountain snow remains
    from the Blue Mtns of OR through SW MT (and the Bighorns of WY)
    where Day 3 snow probs for >8" are 30-60%.


    ...Upper Midwest/Northern Great Lakes/Northeast...
    Days 2-3...

    Flattening upper ridging exiting the High Plains Thursday combined
    with lee-side surface cyclogenesis centered over South Dakota
    Thursday night will favor broad WAA-driven precipitation along and
    north of a surface boundary draped over the Upper Midwest into the
    Great Lakes. With the fast zonal/progressive flow, this will
    quickly expand eastward through southern Canada and the Northeast
    with through Friday night. Temperatures are marginal for most
    areas, confining snow to areas closer to the Canadian border.
    However, a sub-freezing surface layer will be overrun from the
    S/SW with warmer air aloft, promoting a long, but narrow swath of sleet/freezing rain from northern MN eastward across the U.P. of
    Michigan and northern WI across Ontario, the Adirondacks, and
    central New England. Ptype from the models (and NBM) show a strong
    signal for freezing rain (impressive for late March), but this may
    be initially modulated by Friday afternoon insolation before
    focusing over the U.P. of MI Friday evening. Day 2.5 ice
    probabilities for >0.25" have risen to 20-40% over much of the U.P.
    and the far northern L.P. Day 2.5 snow probs for >4" are 30% up at
    the top of the Arrowhead of MN, and 30-70% for Day 3 over the
    northern Adirondacks, Greens, and Whites into western Maine.


    ...Northern Plains...
    Day 3...

    A shortwave trough axis that crosses the PacNW Friday reaches the
    northern Rockies on Saturday promotes Colorado lee-side low
    development on Saturday. Broad convergence should allow some
    moderate to locally heavy snow bands to form around SD into MN
    by Saturday afternoon. The 12Z GFS/EC have come into better
    agreement, though the EC remains a bit more progressive. Will need
    to monitor the threat for heavy fgen snow banding over portions of
    the northern Plains into Upper Midwest Saturday/night.



    Jackson


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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Thu Mar 27 07:14:03 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 270713
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    313 AM EDT Thu Mar 27 2025

    Valid 12Z Thu Mar 27 2025 - 12Z Sun Mar 30 2025


    ...West Coast through Northern/Central Rockies...
    Days 1-3...

    An anomalously deep, cold-core low off OR near 135W will further
    occlude and curl up toward Vancouver Island through Thursday night
    with the occluded front crossing the West Coast this morning. Snow
    levels continue to rapidly drop to around 4000-5000ft today across
    the Cascades into the northern CA ranges, then to around 3500ft
    Friday with the passage of the upper trough axis. Accumulation
    will eventually reach to some of the passes in the Cascades by
    Friday, but the rates will drop around that time as well. WPC
    probabilities for at least 8" of snow are high (>70%) on Days 1-2
    across the high elevations of the Cascades and into the northern CA ranges/northern Sierra.

    Moisture will continue inland through the northern Rockies Friday
    through Saturday with periodic heavy snow above 5000ft snow levels
    on Friday and 4000ft on Saturday. Snow also begins to enter the
    central Rockies by Saturday as a trailing shortwave crosses the
    region and drops snow levels below 7000-8000 ft. Snowfall
    probabilities for at least 8" remain greatest across western MT and
    towards the Little Belts and Bighorns of WY, where 50-80% values
    are found.


    ...Upper Midwest/Northern Great Lakes/Northeast...
    Days 2-3...

    Flattening upper ridging exiting the High Plains Thursday combined
    with lee-side surface cyclogenesis centered over South Dakota
    Thursday night will favor broad WAA-driven precipitation along and
    north of a surface boundary draped over the Upper Midwest into the
    Great Lakes. With the fast zonal/progressive flow, this will
    quickly expand eastward from southern Canada and the Northeast
    through the daytime on Saturday. Temperatures are marginal for
    most areas, confining snow to areas closer to the MN- Canadian
    border through Friday and northern NY/VT/NH into ME on Saturday.
    However, this band of snow could be quite potent as the region
    falls within the right entrance region of a 130 kt jet and IVT over
    the 90th climatological percentile over the Great Lakes per the
    NAEFS on Friday night. The narrow, but intense WAA combined with
    favorable synoptic ascent and moisture could lead to snowfall rates
    of 1-2"/hr, particularly across parts of New England by the end of
    D2.

    Meanwhile, a sub- freezing surface layer will be overrun from the
    S/SW with warmer air aloft, promoting a long, but narrow swath of sleet/freezing rain from the northern Plains eastward across the
    U.P. of Michigan and northern WI through Ontario, the Adirondacks,
    and central New England. Ptype from the models (and NBM) show a
    strong signal for freezing rain (impressive for late March), but
    this may be initially modulated by Friday afternoon insolation
    before focusing over the U.P. of MI Friday evening. Day 2 ice
    probabilities for >0.25" have risen to 30-60% over much of the U.P.
    and the far northern L.P. Day 2-3 ice probabilities for >0.25"
    across the Northeast are 20-40% and highest across the northern
    Adirondacks as precipitation lingers through the end of Day 3 while
    warmer air begins eventually lifting back north. Day 2 snow probs
    for >4" have a very sharp gradient along the MN- Canadian border
    with 50-70% values at the top of the Arrowhead of MN. For the
    Northeast and New England on Days 2-3, probabilities for >6" have
    increased to 30-50% for northern VT/NH and into central ME, with
    higher values (60-80%) in the Whites of northern VT and neighboring
    areas in ME.


    ...Northern Plains/Upper Midwest/Northern Great Lakes...
    Day 3...

    Quickly following the northern Great Lakes system on Day 2 a shortwave
    trough axis that crosses the PacNW Friday reaches the northern
    Rockies on Saturday along with a southern piece of energy crossing
    the central Rockies and promotes Colorado lee- side low
    development on Saturday. Broad convergence should allow some
    moderate to locally heavy snow bands to form around the Black Hills
    of SD (maybe far northern NE) eastward into MN by Saturday
    afternoon. The 12Z GFS/EC have come into better agreement, though
    the EC remains a bit farther north with the axis of heavier snow.
    WPC probabilities for at least 4" of snow are 30-50% from northern
    WI to the western U.P., with lower probabilities (10-30%) extending
    from the Black Hills of SD through central MN. These probabilities
    are likely to increase over the next few forecast cycles once
    better agreement in the northern extent of QPF comes into focus. With
    high pressure remaining locked in over the southern Hudson Bay,
    there remains a strong signal for mixed ptype from MN through WI
    and into the U.P. and northern L.P. of MI. Day 3 freezing rain
    probabilities for >0.25" are currently low (10-30%) from central WI
    through the northern L.P. of MI.



    Snell


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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Thu Mar 27 20:37:20 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 272037
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    437 PM EDT Thu Mar 27 2025

    Valid 12Z Thu Mar 27 2025 - 12Z Sun Mar 30 2025


    ...West Coast through Northern/Central Rockies...
    Days 1-3...

    A deep, slow-moving low centered off of the Northwest coast will
    gradually fill as it lifts to the north over the next couple of
    days. However, even as the system lifts out, snow levels across the
    Northwest will continue to drop Friday into early Saturday as a
    series of shortwave troughs digging south of the low move inland.
    This will bring levels down to around 3000-4000ft in the Washington
    and Oregon Cascades on Friday, before dropping below 3000ft with
    the passage of a well-defined trough Saturday morning. Further to
    the south, snow levels starting above 5000ft in the Shasta-
    Siskiyou region and the northern Sierra Nevada will drop below
    4000ft in many locations before precipitation ends. Although snow
    levels will be on the decline, so will the onshore moisture
    advection, with guidance showing IVTs dropping off after the start
    of the period. The heaviest precipitation is expected to center
    across southern Oregon and far northern California, where the best
    moisture and forcing is expected to focus later today. By early
    Saturday, precipitation is expected to diminish from south to north
    as an upper ridge moves inland in the wake of the previously-noted
    trough. Probabilities for 72-hr accumulations exceeding 8in are
    over 50 percent for parts of the Olympics, Cascades, Klamath
    Mountains, and the northern Sierra Nevada.

    Meanwhile, moisture spreading inland will begin to interact with a
    developing low-to-mid level baroclinic zone and periods of
    enhanced forcing associated with the inland moving troughs to
    produce light-to-moderate precipitation, including mountain snow
    from the northern to the central Rockies. Precipitation coverage is
    expected to increase Friday night, with unsettled weather
    continuing through the weekend. Snow levels beginning above 5000ft
    in the northern Rockies Friday night are forecast to dip below
    4000ft in some location by late Saturday. In the central Rockies,
    snow levels will drop to 7000-8000ft in the Colorado ranges and
    around 5000-6000ft across northern Utah. Probabilities for 72-hr
    accumulations exceeding 8in are above 50 percent across portions of
    the northern and central Rockies from western Montana to
    northwestern and north-central Wyoming and from south-central
    Wyoming to north-central Colorado.

    ...Northern High Plains and Black Hills...
    Days 2/3...

    A shortwave trough moving into the Southwest on Friday is expected
    to lift northeast from the Four Corners across the central Rockies
    and into the High Plains Saturday morning. Moisture fed into an
    area of strong ascent generated in part by favorable upper jet
    forcing will support precipitation north of an associated surface
    low that will develop and move east of the Colorado Rockies. Rain
    changing to snow is expected from southweastern Montana and
    northeastern Wyoming into parts of western to central South Dakota
    and Nebraska. The heaviest amounts are forecast to fall across the
    Black Hills, where totals exceeding 4in are likely.

    ...Upper Midwest/Northern Great Lakes/Northeast...
    Days 1-3...

    A longwave upper trough in the West working in tandem with the
    right-entrance region of a 250mb jet streak Friday afternoon will
    foster large-scale ascent aloft throughout the Upper Midwest and
    Great Lakes. The upper trough and a strong low-level ridge of high
    pressure off the Southeast coast supports a strengthening SWrly
    low-mid level flow regime that results in exceptional warm-air
    advection (WAA) for the regions reference above. The WAA from the
    Upper Midwest and Great Lakes to interior New England will clash
    with a cold Canadian air-mass anchored by a 1030mb+ high pressure
    system over Ontario and Quebec. The result is 925-700mb FGEN that
    produces a narrow band of disruptive snow and ice starting Friday
    afternoon from northern Minnesota to the Upper Great Lakes,
    followed by interior New England's start time of Friday night. The
    strong WAA over sub- freezing boundary layer temps is a favorable
    setup for freezing rain/sleet that will make for hazardous travel
    conditions.

    By Saturday morning, a brief break in the action arrives from
    northern Minnesota to the Upper Great Lakes, but periods of
    mountain snow and valley ice will linger throughout much of the day
    in New England. WPC probabilities for this event show moderate
    chance probabilities (40-60%) for >0.25" of ice accumulation over
    the tip of Michigan's Mitten and the far east section of Michigan's
    U.P.. Some instances of scatter power outages and tree damage
    cannot be ruled out here. Meanwhile, there is an expansive area of
    moderate- to-high chance probabilities (50-70%) for >0.1" of ice
    from northeast Michigan, northern Wisconsin, and for the rest of
    northern Michigan. Snow will be the primary hazard Friday night and
    into Saturday morning over interior New England. WPC probabilities
    show moderate-to-high chances (50-70%) for snowfall totals >4"
    from northern Vermont (excluding the Champlain Valley) on east
    through northern New Hampshire and west-central Maine. The peaks
    of the White Mountains could see snowfall totals top 8". WSSI-P
    does show some moderate chances (40-60%) for Minor Impacts in these
    affected areas of Interior New England.

    This active pattern reloads over the Central Plains on Saturday as
    the longwave trough in the West ejects a shortwave disturbance
    over the Rockies. This feature will spawn a new wave of low
    pressure along the 925-850mb front that remains stationary from
    Nebraska and southern Minnesota on east through Michigan. There
    remains some discrepancies in guidance on the evolution/strength of
    this storm system. The ECMWF SATs MSLP guidance shows the low
    organizing over eastern Kansas that heads into eastern Iowa by
    Sunday morning. Ultimately, the 290K isentropic ascent and strong
    WAA mechanisms that supported the first round of wintry weather
    will still be present Saturday night and into Sunday from the
    Midwest to New England. The ECMWF-AIFS does show the potential for
    a deformation zone on the backside of the storm over eastern South
    Dakota and into central Minnesota, although thermodynamic profiles
    are not sold yet on which areas can dynamically cool enough to stay
    all snow. There is higher confidence in yet more freezing
    rain/sleet from northern and central Wisconsin on east through
    northern Michigan and as far east as northern New England. WPC
    probabilities show moderate chances (40-60%) for ice accumulations
    0.1" in these areas with low chances (10-30%) for >0.25",
    especially in the more elevated terrain. In terms of snowfall, WPC probabilities show low-to-moderate chances (30-50%) for snowfall
    totals >4" in far northern Wisconsin and the western Michigan U.P..

    Pereira/Mullinax


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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sun Mar 30 07:23:12 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 300721
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    321 AM EDT Sun Mar 30 2025

    Valid 12Z Sun Mar 30 2025 - 12Z Wed Apr 02 2025


    ...Upper Midwest, Northern Great Lakes, and Northeast...
    Day 1...

    Ongoing prolonged late-season ice storm continues across portions
    of northern WI into the northern MI L.P. and central/eastern U.P.,
    as well as New England today. A negatively tilted 250-500mb trough
    axis working in tandem with the strongly diffluent right- entrance
    region of a 250mb jet streak has organized an area of low pressure
    tracking across the Great Lakes today. Sufficiently cold
    temperatures remain locked in place to the north of the robust
    925-700mb FGEN warm front that is oriented W-E from northern WI to
    as far east as New England. This is all thanks to a 1030mb+ high
    pressure system over southeastern Canada that is supporting the
    ongoing icy setup. As strong SWrly winds overrun the sub-freezing
    air-mass, a >0C warm nose protruding into the 850-700mb will cause precipitation to fall in the form of freezing rain and sleet
    throughout the Upper Midwest, Upper Great Lakes, the northern
    Appalachians, and New England into the end of Day 1. By Monday
    morning the low pressure system is forecast to push into southeast
    Canada and surge above freezing temperatures throughout the entire
    East Coast, with precipitation also gradually ending across the
    Great Lakes. While ice will be the more commonly observed winter
    weather hazard, there will be light to moderate snow beneath the
    deformation zone on the northern and western flanks of the 850mb
    low.

    Periods of snow will be ongoing across central MN into northern WI
    and the MI U.P. this morning, as well as wrapping around the
    western side of the low as far south as northwest IA. South of the
    snow axis, freezing rain and sleet will be common in northern
    Wisconsin, the eastern Michigan U.P., across the tip of Michigan's
    Mitten, and into interior New England. The 0C surface line will
    gradually lift northward throughout the day east of the low
    pressure, but will be stubborn to lift across northern MI and
    northern New England. The deformation axis will continue its swath
    of snow from southeast Minnesota to central Wisconsin Sunday
    afternoon, but it will be progressive and snow falling during the
    daytime hours will be tougher to accumulate. Snow within the
    deformation axis may continue over northern Michigan Monday morning
    before finally exiting to the northeast over Ontario by Monday
    afternoon.

    WPC probabilities show moderate-to-high chances (60-80%) for >6"
    of snowfall for areas along the shore of Lake Superior in the MI
    U.P.. In terms of freezing rain, WPC probabilities show moderate
    chances (40-60%) for additional ice accumulations >0.25" in
    northern Wisconsin, northern Michigan, and in the New England
    mountain ranges such as the Greens and especially the Whites.
    There is also an area of low chances for an additional >0.5" of
    ice accumulation as far eastern MI U.P.. All of these areas can
    anticipate hazardous travel conditions with the potential for
    additional power outages in those areas sporting better chances
    for >0.50" of total ice accumulation.


    ...The West...
    Days 1-3...

    An active stretch of wintry weather is expected from the West
    Coast to the Front Range of the Rockies through Monday due to
    persistent troughing. A pair of shortwaves traversing the Rockies
    early this morning is responsible for ongoing mountain snow from
    as far north and west as the Absaroka and Bitterroots through the
    Wyoming ranges and on south to the Colorado Rockies. As high
    pressure builds in over the Canadian Prairies today, easterly
    upslope flow and residual moisture aloft will foster additional
    mountains snow in the Black Hills and Big Horns. Some lower
    elevations snowfall is expected during the day on Sunday as well,
    but accumulations will be minor due to the late season sun angle
    limiting accumulations. WPC probabilities do depict moderate
    chances (40-70%) for snowfall totals >6" in the highest elevations
    of the Absaroka, Wind River, and northern Colorado Rockies.

    By this afternoon, focus shifts to an exceptional closed upper low
    in the northeast Pacific that slowly makes its way east towards
    the Pacific Northwest by Monday night. Heavy high elevation
    mountain snow (above 6,000ft in the northern CA ranges and above
    5,000ft in both the Cascade and Blue Mountains) will be underway,
    but as the upper low inches closer to the Northwest U.S., falling
    heights and colder temperatures aloft will cause snow levels to
    lower into Monday. By 12Z Monday, NAEFS shows just about all
    mandatory height levels listed are bottoming out below the 2.5
    climatological percentile while IVT values >500 kg/m/s are aimed at
    southern California. Then by early Tuesday the parent upper low is
    expected to dive southeast across southwest OR and northern CA,
    proving a final surge of Pacific moisture within an area of cold
    air aloft. From northern California to the interior Northwest, the
    region will also be located beneath the divergent left-exit region
    of a 200mb jet streak whose wind speeds (>130 kts) are above the
    99th climatological percentile. With the IVT located farther south,
    the best moisture advection and upslope enhancement will be seen
    from California's Siskiyou and Salmon mountains on south and west
    along the spine of the Sierra Nevada. On Monday afternoon and into
    Monday night, the flood of Pacific moisture aloft will advance
    well inland through much of the Intermountain West. Just about
    every notable mountain range in the central and northern Rockies is
    likely to see measurable snow Monday night into Tuesday.
    Meanwhile, cyclonic flow around the upper low will still support
    ongoing upslope snowfall in the central and northern California
    ranges through Tuesday night.

    A very wintry few days are coming to the mountain ranges of the
    western U.S.. Through 12Z Wednesday, WPC probabilities show the
    northern ranges of California (Siskiyou, Salmon, Shasta) and the
    length of the central and northern Sierra Nevada have high chances
    70%) for snowfall totals >24". Most of these ranges above
    6,000ft are currently forecast to see localized amounts between 3-4
    feet through 12Z Wednesday. Heavy snow also reaches into the OR
    Cascades with high probabilities for at least 12". Farther inland,
    many Intermountain West ranges (Sawtooth, Blue, Uinta, Bear River,
    Wind River, Absaroka, Big Horn, and CO/WY central Rockies) are all
    likely to see snowfall totals of 6-12" with locally higher amounts
    in these ranges as well. Expect hazardous travel conditions for
    many road ways that remain open in these mountain ranges.


    ...Northern Plains and Upper Midwest...
    Day 3...

    By Tuesday morning, the upper trough responsible for the barrage of
    mountain snow in the West will position the 250mb jet streak's
    divergent left-exit region over the Great Plains. Modest 500mb PVA
    and strengthening WAA at low levels will give rise to lee
    cyclogenesis east of the Rockies. Throughout the day Tuesday, a
    strengthening LLJ, (NAEFS shows 850mb winds above the 90th
    climatological percentile 18Z Tuesday from north Texas to the Red
    River of the North), will deliver both increased moisture and
    increasing WAA aloft. There also appears to be sufficiently cold
    enough air present that precipitation will transition over from
    rain to snow from the Black Hills on east across South Dakota and
    as far east as central Minnesota Tuesday night.

    There are ongoing differences in the position of this developing
    deformation axis. All three deterministic guidance members
    (EC/GFS/Canadian) along with the EC- AIFS all show this storm
    growing in strength and size heading into Day 4, but they do this
    in different ways both synoptically and on the mesoscale as well.
    The ECMWF EFI does show a growing signal for a potentially
    disruptive winter storm from the Dakotas on east across Minnesota
    and into the northern Great Lakes, which is in line with where WSO
    values of 30-80% exist on Days 3-4. Both snow amounts, along with
    snow load and blowing snow are likely to be hazards that the
    Northern Plains and Upper Midwest contend with through Wednesday,
    with freezing rain most likely on the eastern edge of the WAA
    across WI and MI. Current WPC snowfall probabilities (through 12Z
    Wednesday) for >4" are 40-80% across the eastern Dakotas and
    central MN, with a majority of the snow expected into Day 4.
    Residents and those traveling to/from these regions should keep
    close eyes on the forecast as additional changes in the types of
    impacts, the severity of those impacts, and where/when these
    impacts occur are likely to fluctuate for the rest of the weekend.


    Snell/Mullinax



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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Fri Mar 28 07:49:08 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 280748
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    348 AM EDT Fri Mar 28 2025

    Valid 12Z Fri Mar 28 2025 - 12Z Mon Mar 31 2025


    ...West Coast through Northern/Central Rockies...
    Days 1-3...

    A deep, slow-moving low centered off of the Northwest coast will
    gradually fill as it lifts to the north over the next day or so.
    However, even as the system lifts out, snow levels across the
    Northwest will continue to drop into early Saturday as a series of
    shortwave troughs digging south of the low move inland. This will
    bring levels down to around 3000-4000ft in the Washington and
    Oregon Cascades today, before dropping below 3000ft with the
    passage of a well-defined trough Saturday morning. Further to the
    south, snow levels starting above 5000ft in the Shasta- Siskiyou
    region and the northern Sierra Nevada will drop below 4000ft in
    many locations before precipitation ends. Although snow levels will
    be on the decline, so will the onshore moisture advection, with
    guidance showing IVTs dropping off after the start of the period
    and a break in precipitation on Day 2. The heaviest precipitation
    is expected to center across southern Oregon and far northern
    California, where the best moisture and forcing is expected to
    focus later today. By early Saturday, precipitation is expected to
    diminish from south to north as an upper ridge moves inland in the
    wake of the previously-noted trough. Day 1 WPC probabilities for
    over 8 inches of snow are 60-80% for parts of the Olympics,
    Cascades, Klamath Mountains, and the northern Sierra Nevada. Then,
    the next system approaches the West Coast by Day 3 as the closed
    upper low off the Pacific Northwest reloads from energy dropping
    southward across the eastern Aleutians. This leads to additional
    moderate onshore flow amid initial snow levels around 4000-5000ft
    (up to 6000ft in the central/southern Sierra). WPC probabilities
    for at least 8 inches of additional snow on Day 3 across the Sierra
    and northern CA ranges are 40-70%, but are expected to increase as
    the bulk of the precipitation moves onshore after 12z/Mon.

    Meanwhile, moisture spreading inland across the northern Great
    Basin and Rockies will begin to interact with a developing low-to-
    mid level baroclinic zone and periods of enhanced forcing
    associated with the inland moving troughs to produce light-to-
    moderate precipitation, including mountain snow from the northern
    to the central Rockies. Precipitation coverage is expected to
    increase Friday night, with unsettled weather continuing through
    the weekend and ending with a weak area of convergence on Sunday
    between western MT and northern CO. Snow levels beginning above
    5000ft in the northern Rockies Friday night are forecast to dip
    below 4000ft in some location by late Saturday. In the central
    Rockies, snow levels will drop to 7000-8000ft in the Colorado
    ranges and around 5000-6000ft across northern Utah. WPC Days 1-2
    probabilities for at least 8 inches of snow are generally 50-70%
    from the Blue Mts of northwest OR through the central ID ranges
    into southwest MT, as well as the Absarokas and Wind River Range.
    These probs also extend south to the Park Range and Medicine Bow
    Mountains of CO/WY.


    ...Northern Minnesota through the Northern Great Lakes...
    Day 1...

    A longwave upper trough in the West working in tandem with the
    right-entrance region of a 250mb jet streak this afternoon will
    foster large-scale ascent aloft throughout the Upper Midwest and
    Great Lakes. The upper trough and a strong low-level ridge of high
    pressure off the Southeast coast supports a strengthening SWrly
    low-mid level flow regime that results in exceptional warm-air
    advection (WAA) for the regions reference above. This WAA will
    clash with a cold Canadian air-mass anchored by a 1030mb+ high
    pressure system over Ontario and Quebec. The result is 925-700mb
    FGEN that produces a narrow band of disruptive snow (primarily
    north of the U.S.-Canadian border) and ice starting as early as
    this morning across far northern MN, but becoming more widespread
    across northern MN/WI/MI by this evening. The strong WAA over sub-
    freezing boundary layer temps is a favorable setup for freezing
    rain/sleet that will make for hazardous travel conditions even
    where only light amounts occur. WPC probabilities for at least
    0.25" of ice accretion on Day 1 is medium (50-70%) across the
    eastern U.P. and northern L.P. of MI, with 20-40% chances extending
    westward across the U.P. and into the MN Arrowhead.


    ...Northeast...
    Days 1-3...

    This same system is expected to spread a narrow swath of heavy snow
    and area of mixed precipitation into the Interior Northeast and New
    England by late D1, but with wintry precipitation lingering for
    several days. This long-duration event made possible by a trailing
    shortwave and developing central U.S. trough which will continue to
    reinforce a favorable jet pattern for upper divergence as well as
    sufficient mid-upper level moisture content. However, the snowfall
    threat peaks early Saturday morning as a jet max passes to the
    north of New England and 925-850mb WAA is at it's strongest. 00z
    HREF depicts 30-40% chances for 1-2"/hr snowfall rates around
    13z/Sat across far northern NY and northern VT/NH. WPC snowfall
    probabilities for at least 6 inches of snow on days 1-2 are medium
    (40-60%) from northern NH, VT, and into central ME.

    South of this heavy snow threat between the northern Adirondacks
    and much of central/southern VT and NH, 850-750mb warm nose allows
    for a transition area of sleet/freezing rain. After the brief
    burst of heavier precip early Sat, forcing weakens and there is
    left a weak stream of moisture overrunning a CAD signature due to a
    strong 1030mb High situated over the James Bay. This potentially
    significant icing threat is expected to linger through Sun morning
    until the surface low across the Midwest begins to strengthen and
    push warmer air northward across New England by Day 3. However, the
    CAD signature in place will continue to support freezing rain
    across the typically colder valley locations and areas banked along
    the Green/White mountains. WPC probabilities for the entire
    forecast period (ending 12z/Mon) are high (70-80%) for at least
    0.25" of ice accretion from the NY border with eastern Ontario
    through the northern Adirondacks and into central VT/NH.
    Probabilities for at least 0.5" also impressive and 40-60% (highest
    across western Jefferson county of NY).


    ...Northern High Plains through the Upper Midwest/Great Lakes...
    Days 2-3...

    A shortwave trough moving into the Southwest today is expected to
    lift northeast from the Four Corners across the central Rockies and
    into the High Plains Saturday morning. Moisture fed into an area
    of strong ascent generated in part by favorable upper jet forcing
    and potent 700mb closed low will support precipitation north of an
    associated surface low that will develop and move east of the
    Colorado Rockies. Rain changing to snow is expected from
    southeastern Montana and northeastern Wyoming into parts of
    western to central SD and NE. The highest amounts are forecast to
    fall across the Black Hills, but locally heavy totals are also
    possible eastward along southern SD and north- central NE. WPC
    probabilities for at least 4 inches are 40-70% across the Black
    Hills and 10-30% into south-central SD and north- central NE.

    As this system develops further Saturday night through Day 3,
    increasing WAA and a blossoming precipitation shield is expected to
    spread into the Upper Midwest and Great Lakes. Surface low pressure
    is expected to track along along the 925-850mb front that remains
    stationary from NE and southern MN on east through Michigan. There
    still remains some discrepancies in guidance on the evolution/strength
    of this storm system, but there is a growing consensus with the
    00z guidance on the synoptic scale. The GFS finally has a more
    amplified solution (in line with the CMC and ECMWF), which paints
    an axis of snow fall extending east-northeast from SD through
    central MN into northern WI and the MI U.P.. There is also higher
    confidence in yet more freezing rain/sleet from northern and
    central WI on east through northern Michigan as high pressure
    remains locked in place over James Bay and cold northeast flow
    continues to filter into the Upper Midwest/Great Lakes. This is a
    very favorable setup for potentially significant freezing rain from
    northern WI through northern MI, especially for late-March. WPC
    probabilities show moderate chances (30-60%) for ice accumulations
    0.25" in these areas with low chances (10-30%) for >0.5" across
    parts of northern WI. In terms of snowfall, WPC probabilities show
    moderate chances (30-60%) for snowfall totals >6" in far northern
    WI and the western MI U.P..

    Snell





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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Fri Mar 28 21:11:33 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 282111
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    511 PM EDT Fri Mar 28 2025

    Valid 00Z Sat Mar 29 2025 - 00Z Tue Apr 01 2025


    ...Northern/Central Rockies...
    Days 1/2...

    A shortwave trough ejecting from the remnant/occluded low off WA
    crosses the PacNW tonight and the Great Basin through Saturday
    night. This maintains moisture spreading across the northern Great
    Basin and Rockies will begin to interact with a developing low-to-
    mid level baroclinic zone and periods of enhanced forcing
    associated with the inland moving troughs to produce light-to-
    moderate precipitation, including mountain snow from the northern
    to the central Rockies. Precipitation coverage is expected to
    increase tonight, with unsettled weather continuing into Sunday
    with a weak area of convergence on Sunday between western MT and
    northern CO. Snow levels beginning above 5000ft in the northern
    Rockies are forecast to dip below 4000ft in some location by late
    Saturday. In the central Rockies, snow levels will drop to
    7000-8000ft in the Colorado ranges and around 5000-6000ft across
    northern Utah. WPC Day 2 probabilities for >8" of snow are
    generally 40-70% over southwest MT, the Absarokas and Wind River
    Range, and the Park Range and Medicine Bow Mountains of northern CO.


    ...South Dakota, Minnesota, and Northern Wisconsin/Michigan...
    Days 1/2...

    ...Back to back impactful winter systems through Sunday...

    Inverted trough from central High Plains up through lower MI
    persists tonight as an upper low approaching the northern Rockies
    this afternoon allows lee-side cyclogenesis to focus over western
    KS through Saturday morning with a more potent low track from KS to
    MI Saturday through Sunday evening.

    A very strong baroclinic zone (it's currently low 80s in southwest
    MN and mid 20s in the Arrowhead) maintains cold over northern
    MN/WI/the U.P. through this weekend while warm air rides over the
    boundary to the south. Ongoing wintry mix continues tonight with a
    slow southward shift. Day 1 ice probs for >0.1" additional after
    00Z is about 20% over far northern WI into the western U.P., but
    50-80% over far northeast WI and central/eastern U.P. and northern
    L.P. with 70% probs for >0.25" over the northern L.P.

    The developing low track over KS on Saturday allows
    fgen/deformation banding to develop over over southwest SD into
    northwest Neb. Localized banding should overcome the strong March
    diurnal insolation, but that should be fairly narrow. Day 1.5 snow
    probs for >4" are 30-60% mainly over south-central SD and the Black
    Hills.

    The impactful wintry weather continues resumes Saturday night over
    MN/WI/MI as snow bands intensify in the increasing right entrance
    jet dynamics and the comma head forcing from the low tracking over
    IA. These snow bands are increasingly likely over north-central MN,
    far northern WI and western/central U.P. which would put heavy wet
    snow over areas currently getting ice accretion. Day 2 snow probs
    for >4" are 30-60% from the Sisseton Hills of northeast SD through
    the central U.P. and North Shore of MN with 50-70% probs for >6"
    over far northern WI through the Keweenaw Peninsula. The wintry mix
    swath is just south of the snow with accumulating sleet and ice
    expected to expand south as the cold air wins/advances. Day 2 ice
    probs for >0.25" are 30-70% from central MN through northern WI/southern/eastern U.P. and the northern L.P. with a max around
    80% in northeast WI.


    ...Northeast...
    Days 1-3...

    ...Prolonged wintry mix over northern NY/New England through
    Sunday...

    The inverted trough causing a wintry mix over the northern Great
    Lakes today spreads east over northern NY and central New England
    this evening with the strong baroclinic zone maintaining fgen
    precip/wintry mix through this weekend for portions of New
    England. The approaching low crosses New England on Monday.

    The heavy snowfall threat peaks late tonight from Lake Champlain
    through northern NH into southern Maine as a jet max passes to the
    north of New England and 925-850mb WAA is strongest. 12Z HREF
    depicts 30-40% chances for 1"/hr snowfall rates from 06Z to 13Z
    Saturday across the northern tip of NY and northern VT/NH. Day 1
    WPC snowfall probabilities for >6" are 30-60% mainly over the
    northern Greens and the Presidential Range of NH.

    South of this heavy snow threat between the northern Adirondacks
    and much of central/southern VT and NH, 850-750mb warm nose allows
    for a transition zone of sleet/freezing rain. After the brief
    burst of heavier precip early Sat, forcing weakens and there is
    left a weak stream of moisture overrunning a CAD signature due to a
    strong 1030mb High situated over the James Bay. This potentially
    significant icing threat is expected to linger through Sunday until
    the surface low across the Midwest begins to strengthen and push
    warmer air northward across New England by Sunday evening.
    However, the CAD signature in place will continue to support
    freezing rain across the typically colder valley locations and
    areas banked along the Green/White mountains. Day 1 WPC
    probabilities for >0.25" ice (ending 00Z/Sun) are 40-70% for the
    Thousand Islands area, the northern Adirondacks and south-central
    VT/NH. This is followed by Day 2 values of 20-50% for an additional
    0.25" over the same areas with some expansion through central
    VT/NH.


    ...OR Cascades...Klamath...and northern/central Sierra Nevada...
    Day 3...


    The next cold core low drifts toward OR, but remains offshore
    Sunday through Monday. A rich plume of moisture shifts inland
    Sunday with renewed enhancement from an ejecting shortwave trough
    Sunday night producing heavy precip over the northern half of CA
    Monday. Day 3 snow probs for >8" are 40-90% in the southern OR
    Cascades, the Klamath/Trinity Alps, and northern/central Sierra
    Nevada with snow levels of 5000-6000ft Sunday dropping to
    4000-5000ft by Monday morning.




    Jackson



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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sat Mar 29 08:24:03 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 290823
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    423 AM EDT Sat Mar 29 2025

    Valid 12Z Sat Mar 29 2025 - 12Z Tue Apr 01 2025


    ...Central/Northern Plains, Upper Midwest, and Northern Great
    Lakes...
    Days 1-2...

    Long-duration ice storm to impact northern WI through the northern
    MI L.P. and much of the central/eastern U.P. through Sunday, while
    moderate to heavy snow is likely from SD/Neb through far northern
    WI and along the lakeshore of Lake Superior.

    A negatively tilted upper trough will cross the Intermountain West
    today and usher potent SWrly flow into the north-central U.S.,
    while a leading mid-level shortwave ejects into the central Plains
    by this afternoon. This leading shortwave is associated with
    leeside cyclogenesis along the CO/KS border and an attached sharp
    stationary front extending east-northeast through the Midwest and
    Great Lakes. As moisture overruns this frontal boundary and
    expansive high pressure stretches across Canada, a wintry mix of
    snow, sleet, and freezing rain is likely this weekend.

    Snowfall is forecast to begin across western Neb into the Black
    Hills and south-central SD by this afternoon associated with the
    mid-level low crossing overhead leading to sufficient convergence
    and bands of snowfall capable of containing 1-2"/hr rates. These
    rates will be imperative to achieving heavy accumulations as
    boundary layer temperatures start out well above freezing. The 00z
    HREF depicts the best chances for these intense snowfall rates are
    along the western and central SD/Neb border centered near the Pine
    Ridge Reservation. Snowfall rates will likely lower while the
    northern precipitation shield expands east-northeast in response to
    the progressing surface low and forcing becoming more stretched in
    an east-west direction. Moderate snow will extend across SD,
    central MN, and towards far northern WI and the MI U.P. by tonight.
    There has been some latitudinal uncertainty regarding this swath
    of snow, with 00z guidance coming in a touch south. Regardless, WPC probabilities for at least 4" of snow are 30-60% for this region,
    with localized pockets up to 80%. Meanwhile, the heaviest snowfall
    from this system is most likely from near or just south of Duluth,
    MN eastward along the lakeshore of Lake Superior from far northern
    WI into the MI U.P. due to snow remaining the dominant ptype
    throughout the event. Here, WPC probabilities for at least 6" are
    high (60-80%).

    South of the heavy snow axis a corridor of impactful sleet and
    freezing rain are forecast to stretch from northern WI through much
    of northern MI. A prior storm has already led to a corridor of ice
    across this region and precipitation may linger continuously today
    across northern WI/MI until a resurgence tonight through Sunday.
    High pressure (~1030mb) over James Bay will continue to usher in
    cold northeasterly flow as the surface low tracks across southern
    WI on Sunday. Ice accretion may be limited during daytime hours
    given the late-March sun angle, but with the bulk of the wintry mix
    occurring Saturday night there is the potential for significant
    ice accumulations. WPC probabilities for at least 0.25" of freezing
    rain are highest (60-90%) across parts of northern WI and the
    northern MI L.P., with chances for >0.5" at 30-60%. Medium
    probabilities (30-60%) for at least 0.25" also extend into the
    central/eastern MI U.P. as well as into parts of northwestern WI to
    the border of MN. In addition to the freezing rain threat, some
    areas from northern WI to the MI U.P. could experience over 1" of
    sleet.


    ...Northeast...
    Days 1-2...

    Prolonged wintry mix expected across the Interior Northeast through
    New England this weekend, including the potential for heavy icing
    before above freezing temperatures return on Monday.

    An initial pulse of heavy precipitation is swinging through
    northern NY and New England this morning, including heavy snow up
    to 1"/hr until around 14Z across northern VT into central/northern
    NH. This snowfall is a result of a jet max passing to the north of
    New England and where 925-850mb WAA is strongest, which quickly
    wanes later today.

    South of this heavy snow threat between the northern Adirondacks
    and much of central/southern VT and NH, 850-750mb warm nose allows
    for a transition zone of sleet/freezing rain. After the brief
    burst of heavier precip this morning, forcing weakens and there is
    left a weak stream of moisture overrunning a CAD signature due to
    the strong High situated over the James Bay and elevated PWs (above
    the 90th climatological percentile per the NAEFS SAT) continuously
    advected from the WSW. WAA gains latitude by Sunday as the Great
    Lakes low pressure strengthens and tracks northeast into Canada by
    Sunday night. Even with this storm track turning the entire northeast eventually over to rain on Monday, a prolonged wintry mix this
    weekend could lead to significant freezing rain amounts. Areas most
    at risk for heavy icing include northern NY and the Adirondacks,
    through the Greens and Whites of VT/NH, where CAD is likely to
    remain longest.

    WPC probabilities for >0.25" ice are 60-80% for the Thousand
    Islands area, the northern Adirondacks and south- central VT/NH.
    Probabilities for >0.1" ice extend as far south as the MA
    Berkshires and northward along the White Mts through ME into Day 2.


    ...Northern/Central Rockies...
    Days 1-3...

    An upper trough sliding eastward across the Intermountain West
    today will maintain some Pacific moisture advection into the
    northern/central Rockies while also interacting with a developing
    low- to- mid level baroclinic zone to produce light-to- moderate
    mountain snow this weekend. Precipitation coverage is expected to
    peak on Day 1 as the upper trough moves through, with unsettled
    weather continuing through Sunday across MT/WY due to the
    relatively strong baroclinic zone being reinforced by high
    pressure positions over southern Saskatchewan. Snow levels
    beginning around 5000ft in the northern Rockies are forecast to dip
    below 4000ft in some location by this evening. In the central
    Rockies, snow levels will drop to 7000-8000ft in the Colorado
    ranges and around 5000-6000ft across northern Utah. WPC Days 1-2
    probabilities for >8" of snow are generally 40-70% over southwest
    MT, the Absarokas and Wind River Range, and the Park Range and
    Medicine Bow Mountains of northern CO.

    By the end of Day 3/12z Tuesday, a strong closed upper low returns
    to off the Pacific Northwest and extends a 160kt 250mb westerly
    jet inland through the central Great Basin. Pacific moisture,
    upslope flow, and increasing upper divergence to the north of this
    low produces the next round of mountain snow across the
    northern/central Rockies. Current WPC Day 3 probabilities for at
    least 8" are 30-50% from southwest MT, western WY, into the
    northern CO Rockies.


    ...West Coast through the Intermountain West...
    Days 2-3...

    The next cold core low drifts toward OR, but remains offshore
    Sunday through Monday. A broad plume of Pacific moisture shifts
    inland Sunday and lifts northeastward with renewed enhancement
    from an ejecting shortwave trough Sunday night producing heavy
    precip over the northern half of CA Monday. Days 2-3 snow probs for
    8" are 50-90% in the southern OR Cascades, the Klamath/Trinity
    Alps, and northern/central Sierra Nevada with snow levels of
    5000-6000ft Sunday dropping to 4000-5000ft by Monday morning. Snow
    also extends into the central/northern Great Basin Sunday night
    through Monday, with snow levels falling below 4000-5000ft on Day 3
    across the Idaho ranges and remaining around 5000-6000ft across
    UT/NV.


    Snell



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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sat Mar 29 19:10:24 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 291908
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    308 PM EDT Sat Mar 29 2025

    Valid 00Z Sun Mar 30 2025 - 00Z Wed Apr 02 2025


    ...Central/Northern Plains, Upper Midwest, and Northern Great
    Lakes...
    Days 1-2...

    A negatively tilted 250-500mb trough axis working in tandem with
    the strongly diffluent right-entrance region of a 250mb jet streak
    will organize an emerging area of low pressure in the Midwest
    tonight and into Sunday. Sufficiently cold temperatures are locked
    in place to the north of the robust 925-700mb FGEN warm front that
    is oriented W-E from northern MN to as far east as northern NEw
    England. This is all thanks to a 1030mb+ high pressure system over
    southeastern Canada that is supporting the ongoing icy setup. As
    strong SWrly winds overrun the sub-freezing air-mass, a >0C warm
    nose protruding into the 850-700mb will cause precipitation to
    fall in the form of freezing rain and sleet throughout the Upper
    Midwest, Upper Great Lakes, the northern Appalachians, and New
    England through Sunday. While ice will be the more commonly
    observed winter weather hazard, there will be snow beneath the
    deformation zone on the northern and western flanks of the 850mb
    low.

    Periods of snow will be ongoing in the Sand Hills of Nebraska
    and over southern South Dakota this afternoon with snow increasing
    in coverage from the Upper Midwest to the Michigan U.P.. South of
    the snow axis, freezing rain and sleet will be common in northern
    Wisconsin, the eastern Michigan U.P., across the tip of Michigan's
    Mitten, and as far east as interior New England. By Sunday morning,
    most areas will begin to transition to rain with the exception
    being northwest Wisconsin and the western Michigan U.P.. The
    deformation axis will continue its swath of snow from southeast
    Minnesota to central Wisconsin Sunday afternoon, but it will be
    progressive and snow falling during the daytime hours will be
    tougher to accumulate. Some lingering freezing rain is possible in
    the eastern Michigan U.P.. and northern New England Sunday evening.
    Snow within the deformation axis is continue over northern Michigan
    Monday morning before finally exiting to the northeast over Ontario
    by Monday afternoon.

    WPC probabilities show moderate-to-high chances (50-70%) for >4"
    of snowfall in parts of northern Nebraska, southern South Dakota,
    eastern South Dakota, and central Minnesota. Farther east, similar moderate-to-high chance probabilities are present for >8" of
    snowfall in far northern Wisconsin and across the western and
    central Michigan U.P.. In terms of freezing rain, WPC probabilities
    show moderate chances (40-60%) for ice accumulations >0.5" in
    northern Wisconsin, northern Michigan, and in Northeast mountain
    ranges such as the Adirondacks, Green, and White Mountains. There
    is an expansive area of moderate-to-high chance probabilities for
    0.25" of ice accumulation as far west as the MN/WI border and
    across the southern tier of Michigan's U.P.. All of these areas can
    anticipate hazardous travel conditions with the potential for
    power outages in those areas sporting better chances for >0.50" of
    ice accumulation.


    ...The West...
    Days 1-3...

    An active stretch of wintry weather from the West Coast to the
    Front Range of the Rockies through Sunday. A pair of shortwave
    troughs traversing the Rockies tonight will be responsible for
    mountain snow from as far north and west as the Absaroka and
    Bitterroots through the Wyoming ranges and on south to the Colorado
    Rockies through early Sunday morning. As high pressure builds in
    over the Canadian Prairies on Sunday, easterly upslope flow and
    residual moisture aloft will foster additional mountains snow in
    the Black Hills and Big Horns. Some lower elevations snowfall is
    expected during the day on Sunday as well, but accumulations will
    be minor due to the late season sun angle limiting accumulations.
    WPC probabilities do depict moderate-to-high chances (50-70%) for
    snowfall totals >6" in the highest elevations of the Absaroka,
    Wind River, and northern Colorado Rockies.

    By Sunday afternoon, focus shifts to an exceptional closed upper
    low in the northeast Pacific that slowly makes its way east towards
    the Pacific Northwest on Monday. Heavy high elevation mountain snow
    (above 6,000ft in the northern CA ranges and above 5,000ft in both
    the Cascade and Blue Mountains) will be underway, but as the upper
    low inches closer to the Northwest U.S., falling heights and colder temperatures aloft will cause snow levels to lower Sunday night and
    into Monday. By 12Z Monday, NAEFS shows just about all mandatory
    height levels listed are bottoming out below the 2.5 climatological
    percentile while IVT values >500 kg/m/s are aimed at southern
    California. From northern California to the interior Northwest, the
    region will also be located beneath the divergent left-exit region
    of a 200mb jet streak whose wind speeds (>130 kts) are above the
    99th climatological percentile. With the IVT located farther south,
    the best moisture advection and upslope enhancement will be seen
    from California's Siskiyou and Salmon mountains on south and west
    along the spine of the Sierra Nevada. By Monday afternoon and into
    Monday night, the flood of Pacific moisture aloft will advance well
    inland through much of the Intermountain West. Just about every
    notable mountains range in the central and northern Rockies is
    likely to see measurable snow Monday night into Tuesday. Meanwhile,
    cyclonic flow around the upper low will still support ongoing
    upslope snowfall in the central and northern California ranges
    through Tuesday.

    A very wintry few days are coming to the mountain ranges of the
    western U.S.. Through 00Z Wednesday, WPC probabilities show the
    northern ranges of California (Siskiyou, Salmon, Shasta) and the
    length of the central and northern Sierra Nevada have high chances
    70%) for snowfall totals >12". Most of these ranges above 6,000ft
    are currently forecast to see localized amounts between 2-3 feet
    through 00Z Wednesday. Farther inland, many Intermountain West
    ranges (Sawtooth, Blue, Uinta, Bear River, Wind River, Absaroka,
    Big Horn, and CO/WY central Rockies) are all likely to see snowfall
    totals of 6-12" with locally higher amounts in these ranges as
    well. Expect hazardous travel conditions for many road ways that
    remain open in these mountain ranges.

    ...Northern Plains and Upper Midwest...
    Day 3...

    By Tuesday morning, the upper trough responsible for the barrage of
    mountain snow in the West will position the 250mb jet streak's
    divergent left-exit region over the Great Plains. Modest 500mb PVA
    and strengthening WAA at low levels will give rise to lee
    cyclogenesis east of the Rockies. Throughout the day Tuesday, a
    strengthening LLJ, (NAEFS shows 850mb winds above the 90th
    climatological percentile 18Z Tuesday from north Texas to the Red
    River of the North), will deliver both increased moisture and
    increasing WAA aloft. There also appears to be sufficiently cold
    enough air present that precipitation will transition over from
    rain to snow from the Black Hills on east across South Dakota and
    as far east as central Minnesota by 00Z Wednesday. There are
    ongoing differences in the position of this developing deformation
    axis. All three deterministic guidance members (EC/GFS/Canadian)
    along with the EC-AIFS all show this storm growing in strength and
    size heading into Day 4, but they do this in different ways both
    synoptically and on the mesoscale as well. The ECMWF EFI does show
    a growing signal for a potentially disruptive winter storm from the
    Dakotas on east across Minnesota and into the northern Great
    Lakes. Both snow amounts, along with snow load and blowing snow are
    likely to be hazards that the Northern Plains and Upper Midwest
    contend with Tuesday night into Wednesday. Residents and those
    traveling to/from these regions should keep close eyes on the
    forecast as additional changes in the types of impacts, the
    severity of those impacts, and where/when these impacts occur are
    likely to fluctuate for the rest of the weekend.


    Mullinax






    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sat Mar 29 19:11:10 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 291910
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    310 PM EDT Sat Mar 29 2025

    Valid 00Z Sun Mar 30 2025 - 00Z Wed Apr 02 2025


    ...Central/Northern Plains, Upper Midwest, and Northeast...
    Days 1-2...

    A negatively tilted 250-500mb trough axis working in tandem with
    the strongly diffluent right-entrance region of a 250mb jet streak
    will organize an emerging area of low pressure in the Midwest
    tonight and into Sunday. Sufficiently cold temperatures are locked
    in place to the north of the robust 925-700mb FGEN warm front that
    is oriented W-E from northern MN to as far east as northern NEw
    England. This is all thanks to a 1030mb+ high pressure system over
    southeastern Canada that is supporting the ongoing icy setup. As
    strong SWrly winds overrun the sub-freezing air-mass, a >0C warm
    nose protruding into the 850-700mb will cause precipitation to
    fall in the form of freezing rain and sleet throughout the Upper
    Midwest, Upper Great Lakes, the northern Appalachians, and New
    England through Sunday. While ice will be the more commonly
    observed winter weather hazard, there will be snow beneath the
    deformation zone on the northern and western flanks of the 850mb
    low.

    Periods of snow will be ongoing in the Sand Hills of Nebraska
    and over southern South Dakota this afternoon with snow increasing
    in coverage from the Upper Midwest to the Michigan U.P.. South of
    the snow axis, freezing rain and sleet will be common in northern
    Wisconsin, the eastern Michigan U.P., across the tip of Michigan's
    Mitten, and as far east as interior New England. By Sunday morning,
    most areas will begin to transition to rain with the exception
    being northwest Wisconsin and the western Michigan U.P.. The
    deformation axis will continue its swath of snow from southeast
    Minnesota to central Wisconsin Sunday afternoon, but it will be
    progressive and snow falling during the daytime hours will be
    tougher to accumulate. Some lingering freezing rain is possible in
    the eastern Michigan U.P.. and northern New England Sunday evening.
    Snow within the deformation axis is continue over northern Michigan
    Monday morning before finally exiting to the northeast over Ontario
    by Monday afternoon.

    WPC probabilities show moderate-to-high chances (50-70%) for >4"
    of snowfall in parts of northern Nebraska, southern South Dakota,
    eastern South Dakota, and central Minnesota. Farther east, similar moderate-to-high chance probabilities are present for >8" of
    snowfall in far northern Wisconsin and across the western and
    central Michigan U.P.. In terms of freezing rain, WPC probabilities
    show moderate chances (40-60%) for ice accumulations >0.5" in
    northern Wisconsin, northern Michigan, and in Northeast mountain
    ranges such as the Adirondacks, Green, and White Mountains. There
    is an expansive area of moderate-to-high chance probabilities for
    0.25" of ice accumulation as far west as the MN/WI border and
    across the southern tier of Michigan's U.P.. All of these areas can
    anticipate hazardous travel conditions with the potential for
    power outages in those areas sporting better chances for >0.50" of
    ice accumulation.


    ...The West...
    Days 1-3...

    An active stretch of wintry weather from the West Coast to the
    Front Range of the Rockies through Sunday. A pair of shortwave
    troughs traversing the Rockies tonight will be responsible for
    mountain snow from as far north and west as the Absaroka and
    Bitterroots through the Wyoming ranges and on south to the Colorado
    Rockies through early Sunday morning. As high pressure builds in
    over the Canadian Prairies on Sunday, easterly upslope flow and
    residual moisture aloft will foster additional mountains snow in
    the Black Hills and Big Horns. Some lower elevations snowfall is
    expected during the day on Sunday as well, but accumulations will
    be minor due to the late season sun angle limiting accumulations.
    WPC probabilities do depict moderate-to-high chances (50-70%) for
    snowfall totals >6" in the highest elevations of the Absaroka,
    Wind River, and northern Colorado Rockies.

    By Sunday afternoon, focus shifts to an exceptional closed upper
    low in the northeast Pacific that slowly makes its way east towards
    the Pacific Northwest on Monday. Heavy high elevation mountain snow
    (above 6,000ft in the northern CA ranges and above 5,000ft in both
    the Cascade and Blue Mountains) will be underway, but as the upper
    low inches closer to the Northwest U.S., falling heights and colder temperatures aloft will cause snow levels to lower Sunday night and
    into Monday. By 12Z Monday, NAEFS shows just about all mandatory
    height levels listed are bottoming out below the 2.5 climatological
    percentile while IVT values >500 kg/m/s are aimed at southern
    California. From northern California to the interior Northwest, the
    region will also be located beneath the divergent left-exit region
    of a 200mb jet streak whose wind speeds (>130 kts) are above the
    99th climatological percentile. With the IVT located farther south,
    the best moisture advection and upslope enhancement will be seen
    from California's Siskiyou and Salmon mountains on south and west
    along the spine of the Sierra Nevada. By Monday afternoon and into
    Monday night, the flood of Pacific moisture aloft will advance well
    inland through much of the Intermountain West. Just about every
    notable mountains range in the central and northern Rockies is
    likely to see measurable snow Monday night into Tuesday. Meanwhile,
    cyclonic flow around the upper low will still support ongoing
    upslope snowfall in the central and northern California ranges
    through Tuesday.

    A very wintry few days are coming to the mountain ranges of the
    western U.S.. Through 00Z Wednesday, WPC probabilities show the
    northern ranges of California (Siskiyou, Salmon, Shasta) and the
    length of the central and northern Sierra Nevada have high chances
    70%) for snowfall totals >12". Most of these ranges above 6,000ft
    are currently forecast to see localized amounts between 2-3 feet
    through 00Z Wednesday. Farther inland, many Intermountain West
    ranges (Sawtooth, Blue, Uinta, Bear River, Wind River, Absaroka,
    Big Horn, and CO/WY central Rockies) are all likely to see snowfall
    totals of 6-12" with locally higher amounts in these ranges as
    well. Expect hazardous travel conditions for many road ways that
    remain open in these mountain ranges.


    ...Northern Plains and Upper Midwest...
    Day 3...

    By Tuesday morning, the upper trough responsible for the barrage of
    mountain snow in the West will position the 250mb jet streak's
    divergent left-exit region over the Great Plains. Modest 500mb PVA
    and strengthening WAA at low levels will give rise to lee
    cyclogenesis east of the Rockies. Throughout the day Tuesday, a
    strengthening LLJ, (NAEFS shows 850mb winds above the 90th
    climatological percentile 18Z Tuesday from north Texas to the Red
    River of the North), will deliver both increased moisture and
    increasing WAA aloft. There also appears to be sufficiently cold
    enough air present that precipitation will transition over from
    rain to snow from the Black Hills on east across South Dakota and
    as far east as central Minnesota by 00Z Wednesday. There are
    ongoing differences in the position of this developing deformation
    axis. All three deterministic guidance members (EC/GFS/Canadian)
    along with the EC-AIFS all show this storm growing in strength and
    size heading into Day 4, but they do this in different ways both
    synoptically and on the mesoscale as well. The ECMWF EFI does show
    a growing signal for a potentially disruptive winter storm from the
    Dakotas on east across Minnesota and into the northern Great
    Lakes. Both snow amounts, along with snow load and blowing snow are
    likely to be hazards that the Northern Plains and Upper Midwest
    contend with Tuesday night into Wednesday. Residents and those
    traveling to/from these regions should keep close eyes on the
    forecast as additional changes in the types of impacts, the
    severity of those impacts, and where/when these impacts occur are
    likely to fluctuate for the rest of the weekend.


    Mullinax









    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sun Mar 30 18:24:47 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 301824
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    224 PM EDT Sun Mar 30 2025

    Valid 00Z Mon Mar 31 2025 - 00Z Thu Apr 03 2025


    ...Northern Great Lakes & Northeast...
    Day 1...

    The winter storm is in its final hours of producing hazardous
    impacts across the northern Great Lakes and northern New England.
    On the backside of the storm, periods of snow are ongoing from
    northern Iowa and southern Minnesota to northwest Wisconsin and
    the western Michigan U.P.. Freezing rain is ongoing in parts of
    north-central Wisconsin, the eastern Michigan U.P., and from the
    White Mountains of New Hampshire on north into Maine. As the storm
    heads northeast towards Lake Huron tonight, freezing rain/sleet in
    the eastern Michigan U.P. and north-central Wisconsin will
    changeover to snow as the deformation zone moves in overhead. The
    CAD signature over New England will linger over the White Mountains
    and much of Maine (sans the coastal areas) to keep an icy wintry
    mix into the early morning hours on Monday. By 12Z Monday, snow
    will finally be coming to an end across the northern Great Lakes
    while it may take until midday for far northern Maine to finally
    see the wintry mix transition to a plain/cold rain.

    WPC probabilities show moderate-to-high chances (40-70%) for an
    additional >4" of snowfall for areas along the shore of Lake
    Superior in the MI U.P, the Huron Mountains of the Michigan U.P.,
    and into far northern Wisconsin. In terms of additional freezing
    rain, WPC probabilities show low-to-moderate chances (20-50%) for
    additional ice accumulations >0.25" in the eastern Michigan U.P.,
    the White Mountains, and far western Maine bordering Quebec. Hazardous
    travel conditions will linger through Monday morning with the
    potential for additional power outages in the areas that could see
    an additional 0.25" of ice.


    ...The West...
    Days 1-3...

    An active stretch of wintry weather has begun from the West Coast
    to the Front Range of the Rockies through Tuesday due to the
    prolonged influence of a deep longwave trough over the western
    U.S..

    This afternoon, focus shifts to an exceptional closed upper low in
    the northeast Pacific that slowly makes its way east towards the
    Pacific Northwest by Monday night. Heavy high elevation mountain
    snow (above 6,000ft in the northern CA ranges and above 5,000ft in
    both the Cascade and Blue Mountains) will be underway, but as the
    upper low inches closer to the Northwest U.S., falling heights and
    colder temperatures aloft will force snow levels to lower into
    Monday. By 12Z Monday, NAEFS shows just about all mandatory height
    levels listed are bottoming out below the 2.5 climatological
    percentile while IVT values >500 kg/m/s are aimed at southern
    California. The northern extent of the IVT will sport values >90th climatological percentile through the Sierra Nevada and into the
    Great Basin by Monday afternoon. From northern California to the
    northern Rockies, the divergent left-exit region of a 200mb jet
    streak whose wind speeds (>130 kts) are above the 99th
    climatological percentile will be placed directly overhead.

    The best moisture advection and upslope enhancement will be seen
    from California's Siskiyou and Salmon mountains on south and west
    along the spine of the Sierra Nevada. On Monday afternoon and into
    Monday night, the flood of Pacific moisture aloft will advance well
    inland through much of the Intermountain West. Just about every
    notable mountain range in the central and northern Rockies is
    likely to see measurable snow Monday night into Tuesday. Meanwhile,
    cyclonic flow around the upper low will still support ongoing
    upslope snowfall in the central and northern California ranges
    through Tuesday night. Then by early Tuesday the parent upper low
    is expected to dive southeast across southwest OR and northern
    California, proving a final surge of Pacific moisture within an
    area of cold air aloft. The bulk of the Pacific moisture advection
    will be finished Tuesday night and into Wednesday, but the core of
    the longwave trough will be over the Rockies with NAEFS showing
    500mb temps that are below the 10th climatological percentile from
    the Sierra Nevada to the Front Range of the Colorado Rockies. With
    the help of daytime heating, expect numerous snow showers to
    envelope most of the western U.S. mountain ranges given the steep
    lapse rates.

    Through 00Z Thursday, WPC probabilities show the northern ranges
    of California (Siskiyou, Salmon, Shasta) and the length of the
    central and northern Sierra Nevada have high chances (>70%) for
    snowfall totals >24". Most of these ranges above 6,000ft are
    currently forecast to see localized amounts between 3-5 feet
    through 00Z Thursday. Heavy snow also reaches into the Oregon
    Cascades with high probabilities for at least 12". Farther inland,
    many Intermountain West ranges (Sawtooth, Blue, Uinta, Bear River,
    Wind River, Absaroka, Big Horn, and CO/WY central Rockies) are all
    likely to see snowfall totals of 6-12" with locally higher amounts
    in these ranges as well. Expect hazardous travel conditions for
    many road ways that remain open in these mountain ranges.


    ...Northern Plains and Upper Midwest...
    Day 3...

    By Tuesday morning, the upper trough responsible for the barrage of
    mountain snow in the West will position the 250mb jet streak's
    divergent left-exit region over the Great Plains. Modest 500mb PVA
    and strengthening WAA at low levels will give rise to lee
    cyclogenesis east of the Rockies. Throughout the day Tuesday a
    strengthening LLJ, (NAEFS shows 850mb winds reaching the 97.5
    climatological percentile 18Z Tuesday from north Texas to eastern
    Kansas), will deliver both increased moisture and increasing WAA
    aloft. The upper trough to the west will also direct an IVT of
    300-500 kg/m/s into the Upper Midwest, which is topping the 90th
    climatological percentile Tuesday afternoon. There appears to be
    sufficiently cold enough air present that precipitation will
    transition over from rain to snow from the Black Hills on east
    across South Dakota and as far east as central Minnesota Tuesday
    afternoon that is largely due to strong 300K isentropic ascent and
    850-700mb WAA resulting in FGEN at those mandatory height levels.

    There are ongoing differences in the position and strength of this
    winter storm. The GFS/CMC camps sports a deeper and more northerly
    track storm system. The ECMWF and its AI counterpart (EC-AIFS) are
    farther south and take a little longer to ramp up the storm system.
    The GEFS is on the slower side of the upper trough's progression,
    allowing it to be deeper and phase more effectively with nearby
    shortwave troughs. The GEPS is more in between the ECENS, with the
    latter being a little flatter and taking longer for the trough to
    deepen, thus forcing the storm's more southerly track initially.

    The ECMWF EFI continues to depict an increasing signal for a
    potentially disruptive winter storm from the Dakotas on east across
    northern Minnesota. This also aligns fairly well where WSO values
    50% exist on Days 3-4. Both snow amounts, along with snow load
    and blowing snow, are likely to be hazards that the Northern Plains
    and Upper Midwest contend with through Wednesday, with freezing
    rain most likely on the eastern edge of the WAA across northern
    Wisconsin and northern Michigan. Current WPC snowfall probabilities
    (through 00Z Thursday) for >6" are moderate- to-high chance
    (50-80%) across the eastern Dakotas and northern Minnesota. There
    are also low-to-moderate chance probabilities (20-40%) for snowfall
    totals >12" along the Minnesota Arrowhead. Residents and those
    traveling to/from these regions should keep close eyes on the
    forecast as additional changes in the types of impacts, the
    severity of those impacts, and where/when these impacts occur are
    likely to fluctuate for another day or so.


    Mullinax






    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sun Mar 30 22:18:59 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 302218
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    618 PM EDT Sun Mar 30 2025

    Valid 00Z Mon Mar 31 2025 - 00Z Thu Apr 03 2025


    ...Northern Great Lakes & Northeast...
    Day 1...

    The winter storm is in its final hours of producing hazardous
    impacts across the northern Great Lakes and northern New England.
    On the backside of the storm, periods of snow are ongoing from
    northern Iowa and southern Minnesota to northwest Wisconsin and=20
    the western Michigan U.P.. Freezing rain is ongoing in parts of
    north-central Wisconsin, the eastern Michigan U.P., and from the
    White Mountains of New Hampshire on north into Maine. As the storm
    heads northeast towards Lake Huron tonight, freezing rain/sleet in
    the eastern Michigan U.P. and north-central Wisconsin will
    changeover to snow as the deformation zone moves in overhead. The
    CAD signature over New England will linger over the White Mountains
    and much of Maine (sans the coastal areas) to keep an icy wintry
    mix into the early morning hours on Monday. By 12Z Monday, snow
    will finally be coming to an end across the northern Great Lakes
    while it may take until midday for far northern Maine to finally
    see the wintry mix transition to a plain/cold rain.

    WPC probabilities show moderate-to-high chances (40-70%) for an
    additional >4" of snowfall for areas along the shore of Lake=20
    Superior in the MI U.P, the Huron Mountains of the Michigan U.P.,
    and into far northern Wisconsin. In terms of additional freezing=20
    rain, WPC probabilities show low-to-moderate chances (20-50%) for=20
    additional ice accumulations >0.25" in the eastern Michigan U.P.,
    the White Mountains, and far western Maine bordering Quebec. Hazardous
    travel conditions will linger through Monday morning with the=20
    potential for additional power outages in the areas that could see
    an additional 0.25" of ice.=20


    ...The West...
    Days 1-3...

    An active stretch of wintry weather has begun from the West Coast=20
    to the Front Range of the Rockies through Tuesday due to the
    prolonged influence of a deep longwave trough over the western
    U.S..

    This afternoon, focus shifts to an exceptional closed upper low in
    the northeast Pacific that slowly makes its way east towards the=20
    Pacific Northwest by Monday night. Heavy high elevation mountain=20
    snow (above 6,000ft in the northern CA ranges and above 5,000ft in=20
    both the Cascade and Blue Mountains) will be underway, but as the=20
    upper low inches closer to the Northwest U.S., falling heights and=20
    colder temperatures aloft will force snow levels to lower into=20
    Monday. By 12Z Monday, NAEFS shows just about all mandatory height=20
    levels listed are bottoming out below the 2.5 climatological=20
    percentile while IVT values >500 kg/m/s are aimed at southern=20
    California. The northern extent of the IVT will sport values >90th climatological percentile through the Sierra Nevada and into the
    Great Basin by Monday afternoon. From northern California to the
    northern Rockies, the divergent left-exit region of a 200mb jet=20
    streak whose wind speeds (>130 kts) are above the 99th=20
    climatological percentile will be placed directly overhead.=20

    The best moisture advection and upslope enhancement will be seen=20
    from California's Siskiyou and Salmon mountains on south and west=20
    along the spine of the Sierra Nevada. On Monday afternoon and into=20
    Monday night, the flood of Pacific moisture aloft will advance well
    inland through much of the Intermountain West. Just about every=20
    notable mountain range in the central and northern Rockies is=20
    likely to see measurable snow Monday night into Tuesday. Meanwhile,
    cyclonic flow around the upper low will still support ongoing=20
    upslope snowfall in the central and northern California ranges=20
    through Tuesday night. Then by early Tuesday the parent upper low=20
    is expected to dive southeast across southwest OR and northern=20
    California, proving a final surge of Pacific moisture within an=20
    area of cold air aloft. The bulk of the Pacific moisture advection=20
    will be finished Tuesday night and into Wednesday, but the core of=20
    the longwave trough will be over the Rockies with NAEFS showing=20
    500mb temps that are below the 10th climatological percentile from=20
    the Sierra Nevada to the Front Range of the Colorado Rockies. With=20
    the help of daytime heating, expect numerous snow showers to=20
    envelope most of the western U.S. mountain ranges given the steep=20
    lapse rates.=20

    Through 00Z Thursday, WPC probabilities show the northern ranges=20
    of California (Siskiyou, Salmon, Shasta) and the length of the=20
    central and northern Sierra Nevada have high chances (>70%) for=20
    snowfall totals >24". Most of these ranges above 6,000ft are=20
    currently forecast to see localized amounts between 3-5 feet=20
    through 00Z Thursday. Heavy snow also reaches into the Oregon=20
    Cascades with high probabilities for at least 12". Farther inland,=20
    many Intermountain West ranges (Sawtooth, Blue, Uinta, Bear River,=20
    Wind River, Absaroka, Big Horn, and CO/WY central Rockies) are all=20
    likely to see snowfall totals of 6-12" with locally higher amounts=20
    in these ranges as well. Expect hazardous travel conditions for=20
    many road ways that remain open in these mountain ranges.


    ...Northern Plains and Upper Midwest...
    Day 3...

    By Tuesday morning, the upper trough responsible for the barrage of
    mountain snow in the West will position the 250mb jet streak's
    divergent left-exit region over the Great Plains. Modest 500mb PVA
    and strengthening WAA at low levels will give rise to lee
    cyclogenesis east of the Rockies. Throughout the day Tuesday a=20
    strengthening LLJ, (NAEFS shows 850mb winds reaching the 97.5=20
    climatological percentile 18Z Tuesday from north Texas to eastern=20
    Kansas), will deliver both increased moisture and increasing WAA=20
    aloft. The upper trough to the west will also direct an IVT of
    300-500 kg/m/s into the Upper Midwest, which is topping the 90th
    climatological percentile Tuesday afternoon. There appears to be=20 sufficiently cold enough air present that precipitation will=20
    transition over from rain to snow from the Black Hills on east=20
    across South Dakota and as far east as central Minnesota Tuesday=20
    afternoon that is largely due to strong 300K isentropic ascent and
    850-700mb WAA resulting in FGEN at those mandatory height levels.

    There are ongoing differences in the position and strength of this
    winter storm. The GFS/CMC camps sports a deeper and more northerly
    track storm system. The ECMWF and its AI counterpart (EC-AIFS) are
    farther south and take a little longer to ramp up the storm system.
    The GEFS is on the slower side of the upper trough's progression,
    allowing it to be deeper and phase more effectively with nearby
    shortwave troughs. The GEPS is more in between the ECENS, with the
    latter being a little flatter and taking longer for the trough to
    deepen, thus forcing the storm's more southerly track initially.=20

    The ECMWF EFI continues to depict an increasing signal for a=20
    potentially disruptive winter storm from the Dakotas on east across
    northern Minnesota. This also aligns fairly well where WSO values=20
    50% exist on Days 3-4. Both snow amounts, along with snow load=20
    and blowing snow, are likely to be hazards that the Northern Plains
    and Upper Midwest contend with through Wednesday, with freezing=20
    rain most likely on the eastern edge of the WAA across northern=20
    Wisconsin and northern Michigan. Current WPC snowfall probabilities
    (through 00Z Thursday) for >6" are moderate- to-high chance=20
    (50-80%) across the eastern Dakotas and northern Minnesota. There=20
    are also low-to-moderate chance probabilities (20-40%) for snowfall
    totals >12" along the Minnesota Arrowhead. Residents and those=20
    traveling to/from these regions should keep close eyes on the=20
    forecast as additional changes in the types of impacts, the=20
    severity of those impacts, and where/when these impacts occur are=20
    likely to fluctuate for another day or so.

    *Key Messages have been issued for this winter storm, and the link
    to view them is posted below.


    Mullinax



    ...Winter Storm Key Messages are in effect. Please see current=20
    Key Messages below...

    https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/key_messages/Late= stKeyMessage_1.png__;!!DZ3fjg!5mUr9saW2mUgdKFInrvm9ZuM7Rj6yaW_mk9Qz_H9fTQ7C= _-eS6dNucShydufYM_Qe9nsM57ZHiEwAoUd4L5Mnhwt2wk$=20

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Mon Mar 31 07:44:29 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 310743
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    343 AM EDT Mon Mar 31 2025

    Valid 12Z Mon Mar 31 2025 - 12Z Thu Apr 03 2025


    ...The West...
    Days 1-2...

    An active stretch of wintry weather has begun from the West Coast=20
    to the Front Range of the Rockies through Tuesday due to the
    prolonged influence of a deep longwave trough over the western
    U.S. set to move inland over the next few days. Extreme impacts
    forecast throughout much of the central Sierra Nevada.

    Focus shifts to an exceptional closed upper low in the northeast=20
    Pacific today that slowly makes its way east towards the Pacific=20
    Northwest by tonight. Heavy high elevation mountain snow (above=20
    5000ft in the central Sierra and above 4000ft in both the Cascades
    and northern CA ranges) will be underway, but as the upper low=20
    inches closer to the Northwest U.S., falling heights and colder=20
    temperatures aloft will force snow levels to lower additionally on=20
    Day 1 to around 3000ft. The primary IVT axis will be aimed at
    southern CA through Day 2, but broad onshore flow and an axis of
    greater convergence just to the south of the upper low will provide
    ample moisture and upslope flow for the Pacific Mts to experience
    very heavy snowfall. The northern extent of the IVT will still sport
    values >90th climatological percentile through the Sierra Nevada=20
    and into the Great Basin this afternoon. From northern California=20
    to the northern Rockies, the divergent left- exit region of a 200mb
    jet streak whose wind speeds (>130 kts) are above the 99th=20
    climatological percentile will be placed directly overhead.=20

    The best moisture advection and upslope enhancement will be seen=20
    from California's Siskiyou and Salmon mountains on south and west=20
    along the spine of the Sierra Nevada. Through tonight, the flood=20
    of Pacific moisture aloft will advance well inland through much of=20
    the Intermountain West. Just about every notable mountain range in=20
    the central and northern Rockies is likely to see measurable snow
    into Tuesday. Meanwhile, cyclonic flow around the upper low will=20
    still support ongoing upslope snowfall in the central and northern=20 California ranges through Tuesday night. Then by early Tuesday the=20
    parent upper low is expected to dive southeast across southwest OR=20
    and northern California, proving a final surge of Pacific moisture=20
    within an area of cold air aloft. The bulk of the Pacific moisture=20
    advection will be finished Tuesday night and into Wednesday, but=20
    the core of the longwave trough will be over the Rockies with NAEFS
    showing 500mb temps that are below the 10th climatological=20
    percentile from the Sierra Nevada to the Front Range of the=20
    Colorado Rockies. With the help of daytime heating, expect numerous
    snow showers to envelope most of the western U.S. mountain ranges=20
    given the steep lapse rates.=20

    Through 12Z Wednesday, WPC probabilities show the northern ranges=20
    of California (Siskiyou, Salmon, Shasta) and the length of the=20
    central and northern Sierra Nevada have high chances (>70%) for=20
    snowfall totals >24". Most of these ranges above 6,000ft are=20
    currently forecast to see localized amounts between 3-5 feet=20
    through 12Z Wednesday, with WSSI depicting Extreme impacts due to
    both snowfall amounts and blowing snow. Travel delays and road
    closures are likely at many of the major Sierra passes. Heavy snow
    also reaches into the Oregon Cascades with high probabilities for=20
    at least 12". Farther inland, many Intermountain West ranges=20
    (Sawtooth, Blue, Uinta, Bear River, Wind River, Absaroka, Big Horn,
    and CO/WY central Rockies) are all likely to see snowfall totals=20
    of 6-12" with locally higher amounts in these ranges as well.=20
    Expect hazardous travel conditions for many road ways that remain=20
    open in these mountain ranges.


    ...Northern Plains and Upper Midwest...
    Days 2-3...

    By Tuesday morning, the upper trough responsible for the barrage of
    mountain snow in the West will position the 250mb jet streak's
    divergent left-exit region over the Great Plains. Modest 500mb PVA
    and strengthening WAA at low levels will give rise to lee
    cyclogenesis east of the Rockies. Throughout the day Tuesday a=20
    strengthening LLJ, (NAEFS shows 850mb winds reaching the 97.5=20
    climatological percentile 18Z Tuesday from north Texas to eastern=20
    Kansas), will deliver both increased moisture and increasing WAA=20
    aloft. The upper trough to the west will also direct an IVT of
    300-500 kg/m/s into the Upper Midwest, which is topping the 90th
    climatological percentile Tuesday afternoon. There appears to be=20 sufficiently cold enough air present that precipitation will=20
    transition over from rain to snow from the Black Hills on east=20
    across South Dakota and as far east as central Minnesota Tuesday=20
    afternoon that is largely due to strong 300K isentropic ascent and
    850-700mb WAA resulting in FGEN at those mandatory height levels.
    Given the early-April sun angle, snowfall will struggle to
    accumulate during the day on Tuesday unless rates can reach >1"/hr.
    These rates appear most likely after the 21z timeframe once WAA=20
    strengthens and could kick start treacherous travel conditions=20
    into the overnight period.

    There are still some ongoing difference with respect to details,
    including how far north the rain/snow line reaches in central MN on
    Wednesday, as well as banding potential in the
    northern/northwestern precipitation shield within the deformation=20
    zone from the Dakotas through northern MN. However, most guidance=20
    highlights a similar area of heavy snowfall extending from=20
    northeast SD and southeast ND across much of northern MN.

    The ECMWF EFI continues to depict an strong signal (values of
    0.8-0.9) for a potentially disruptive winter storm from the far=20
    eastern Dakotas on east across northern MN. This also aligns fairly
    well where WSO values >50% exist on Days 2-3. Both snow amounts,=20
    along with snow load and blowing snow, are likely to be hazards=20
    that the Northern Plains and Upper Midwest contend with through=20
    Wednesday, with freezing rain most likely on the eastern edge of=20
    the WAA across northern Wisconsin and northern Michigan. Current=20
    WPC snowfall probabilities (through 00Z Thursday) for >8" are=20
    moderate- to-high chance (50-70%) across northeast SD, southeast
    ND, and northern Minnesota. High probabilities (70-90%) for >8"
    exist across the MN Arrowhead. There are also low probabilities=20
    (10-30%) for snowfall totals >12" in this region, highest and up to
    50% in the MN Arrowhead. Residents and those traveling to/from=20
    these regions should keep close eyes on the forecast as additional=20
    changes in the types of impacts, the severity of those impacts, and
    where/when these impacts occur are likely to fluctuate for another
    day or so.

    *Key Messages have been issued for this winter storm, and the link
    to view them is posted below.


    Snell/Mullinax




    ...Winter Storm Key Messages are in effect. Please see current=20
    Key Messages below...

    https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/key_messages/Late= stKeyMessage_1.png__;!!DZ3fjg!4Qu_F5oWxFazWVx-P75TDsvX6JgLRewTq40bPOcPx5pCX= IiXxPsrO6FpwWbUQCi2s7Aa0cf6c80lQI-bUnsxcCFZuKc$=20

    $$

    =3D =3D =3D
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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Mon Mar 31 18:59:53 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 311859
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    259 PM EDT Mon Mar 31 2025

    Valid 00Z Tue Apr 01 2025 - 00Z Fri Apr 04 2025


    ...The West...
    Days 1-3...

    Elongated Pacific jet coming into NorCal/northern Sierra this=20
    afternoon will transition towards a more amplified pattern over the
    next day or two as ridging builds into the Gulf of Alaska,=20
    favoring downstream troughing into the Western CONUS. Heavy snow is
    likely for the northern/central Sierra with major to locally=20
    extreme impacts. From the Great Basin eastward, a wide area of=20
    snowfall is forecast for the Interior West with modest snows for=20
    the northern/central Rockies.=20

    The day 1 period features the system that already moved onshore=20
    with heavy snow into the Sierra decreasing a bit by tomorrow=20
    morning behind the trough axis, but the pattern will support waves=20
    of vorticity moving into/through the West Coast as the jet digs=20
    farther south. Snow will quickly expand to the central Rockies=20
    tonight in the core of the moisture plume that reaches near the=20
    90th percentile into the San Juans. Snow levels between 5000-8000ft
    to start (this afternoon at 00Z) will continue to fall behind the=20
    cold front to around 4000ft or so (Sierra into the Great Basin) but
    below 3500ft over the Cascades. By day 2, the trough axis will=20
    broaden out as the downstream northern Plains system develops,=20
    favoring lighter snowfall for much of the Interior West. The=20
    exception may be around SW Montana into the Bighorns near the=20
    backside of the developing upper low (again, tied to the northern=20
    Plains system). Snow will also expand southward as the jet dips=20
    into SoCal and central AZ/NM with some snow to the Mogollon Rim.=20

    By day 3, the upper ridge over the Pacific will start to drift to=20
    the West Coast, helping to lessen QPF/snowfall for the Cascades to=20
    the Sierra. Inland, northern stream height falls are forecast to=20
    move southward out of western Canada into the northern Rockies=20
    which will favor some modest snowfall over NW MT aided by upslope=20 enhancement. To the south, continued SW flow across the Four=20
    Corners will yield some light to modest snow for the San Juans to=20
    the northern Sangre de Cristos northward to the Sawatch Range.=20

    Total snowfall over the three-day period will likely be highest=20
    over the northern/central Sierra and over parts of the northern=20
    Rockies in MT. For the Sierra, WPC probabilities for at least 18=20
    inches of snow are high (>70%) above 5000-6000ft or so (from north=20
    to south) Inland, WPC probabilities for at least 12 inches of snow=20
    are above 50% above about 5000-6000ft (MT), 7000ft (Tetons),=20
    8000-9000ft (Wasatch), and 10,000ft (CO).=20

    Fracasso


    ...Northern Plains, Upper Midwest, & Northeast...
    Days 2-3...

    The upper trough responsible for the barrage of mountain snow in=20
    the West will position the 250mb jet streak's divergent left-exit=20
    region over the Great Plains. Modest 500mb PVA and strengthening=20
    WAA at low levels will give rise to lee cyclogenesis east of the=20
    Rockies on Tuesday. Throughout the day Tuesday, a strengthening=20
    LLJ, (NAEFS shows 850mb winds exceeding the 97.5 climatological=20
    percentile 18Z Tuesday from north Texas to eastern Nebraska), will=20
    deliver both rich moisture and increased levels of WAA aloft. The=20
    upper trough to the west will also direct an IVT of 300-500 kg/m/s=20
    into the Upper Midwest, which is approaching the 97.5=20
    climatological percentile by late afternoon. This causes strong=20
    300K isentropic ascent and 850-700mb WAA resulting in FGEN at those
    mandatory height levels. There also appears to be sufficiently=20
    cold enough air present, thanks to a nearby dome of Canadian high=20
    pressure, for precipitation to transition over from rain to snow=20
    from the Black Hills on east across South Dakota and as far east as
    central Minnesota Tuesday afternoon. Given the early-April sun=20
    angle, snowfall will struggle to accumulate during the day on=20
    Tuesday unless rates are >1"/hr. These rates appear most likely to=20
    occur Tuesday night once the deformation zone on the northern and=20
    western flanks of the 850mb low consolidates, allowing for=20
    treacherous travel conditions to rapidly unfold into the overnight=20
    and into Wednesday.

    Even as we are now inside of 48 hours from the peak of the event,=20
    there are still some ongoing difference with respect to some=20
    details. The GFS/CMC suite remains on the northern envelope of=20
    track solutions, while the ECMWF/EC-AIFS are on the southern flank.
    When accounting for ensemble guidance, which takes into account=20
    snowfall between Tuesday afternoon and Wednesday night, most=20
    guidance favors an area of heavy snowfall extending from northeast=20
    South Dakota and southeast North Dakota across much of northern=20
    Minnesota. The latest ECMWF EFI has shifted a strong signal (values
    of 0.8-0.9) for a potentially disruptive winter storm across much=20
    of northern Minnesota, but still sports modest 0.7-0.8 values in=20
    eastern North Dakota.

    The Northern Plains and Upper Midwest will contend winter hazards=20
    such as heavy snow, blowing snow, and snow load on tree branches=20
    and power lines starting late Tuesday and continuing through=20
    Wednesday. Current WPC snowfall probabilities (through 00Z=20
    Thursday) for >8" are moderate-to-high chance (50-70%) across=20
    northeast SD, southeast ND, and northern Minnesota. High=20
    probabilities (70-90%) for >8" exist across the MN Arrowhead. There
    are also low probabilities (10-30%) for snowfall totals >12" in=20
    this region as well, with the highest and up to 50% in northeast=20
    South Dakota and the MN Arrowhead. In terms of ice, freezing rain=20
    is likely on the eastern edge of the WAA across northern Wisconsin,
    northern Michigan, and even as far east as far northeast=20
    Pennsylvania and western New York. Most ice accumulations will be=20
    <0.1", with the lone exception being northern Michigan where there=20
    are low-to- moderate chances (20-50%) for ice accumulations >0.1"=20
    on Wednesday. Residents and those traveling to/from these regions=20
    should continue to monitor the forecast as additional changes in=20
    the types of impacts, the severity of those impacts, and where/when
    these impacts occur can still fluctuate.

    Farther east, the aforementioned Canadian air-mass will be=20
    departing off the Atlantic Canadian Maritime Wednesday night, but=20
    boundary layer wet-bulb temperatures remain sufficiently cold=20
    enough for some wintry precipitation in northern New England=20
    Wednesday night and early Thursday morning. The WAA is quite strong
    and the air-mass in marginally cold, so ice accumulations will be=20
    limited to the northern Appalachian ranges (Adirondack, Green,=20
    White) and across northern Maine. WPC probabilities show low-to-=20
    moderate chances (10-40%) for ice accumulations >0.1" through=20
    Thursday morning. By midday Thursday, rain will be the primary=20
    precipitation type throughout most of northern New England (far=20
    northern Maine the lone exception).=20

    *Key Messages have been issued for this winter storm, and the link
    to view them is posted below.


    Snell/Mullinax



    ...Winter Storm Key Messages are in effect. Please see current=20
    Key Messages below...

    https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/key_messages/Late= stKeyMessage_1.png__;!!DZ3fjg!9f_CYpb8IjjGL2W-OlDkjh8giuHnrKvYZMtTm4BUor8ii= -vM83FiAGr80sKX07Af5HLCSONMCidlzIC_8fSXZT3vuSk$=20

    $$

    =3D =3D =3D
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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Tue Apr 1 08:04:42 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 010804
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    404 AM EDT Tue Apr 1 2025

    Valid 12Z Tue Apr 01 2025 - 12Z Fri Apr 04 2025


    ...Northern Plains & Upper Midwest...
    Days 1-2...

    A major winter storm is set to develop today and strengthen=20
    through Wednesday across the Northern Plains as a deep upper trough
    traverses across the Great Basin and ejects a closed low over the=20
    region. This upper level setup places a developing surface cyclone=20
    over the central Plains this afternoon into a favorable left-exit=20
    region of a potent 150kt 250mb jet diving across the Southwest.=20
    Throughout the day today, a strengthening LLJ, (NAEFS shows 850mb=20
    winds exceeding the 97.5 climatological percentile 18Z this=20
    afternoon from north Texas to eastern Nebraska), will deliver both=20
    rich moisture and increased levels of WAA aloft. The upper trough=20
    to the west will also direct an IVT of 300-500 kg/m/s into the=20
    Upper Midwest, which is approaching the 97.5 climatological=20
    percentile by late afternoon. This causes strong 300K isentropic=20
    ascent and 850-700mb WAA resulting in FGEN at those mandatory=20
    height levels. There also appears to be sufficiently cold enough=20
    air present, thanks to a nearby dome of Canadian high pressure, for precipitation to transition over from rain to snow from the Black=20
    Hills on east across South Dakota and as far east as central=20
    Minnesota by late this afternoon. Given the early-April sun angle,=20
    snowfall will struggle to accumulate during the day unless rates=20
    are >1"/hr. These rates appear most likely to occur tonight into=20
    early Wednesday once the deformation zone on the northern and=20
    western flanks of the 850mb low consolidates, allowing for=20
    treacherous travel conditions to rapidly unfold. 00z HREF depicts=20
    an initial wave of of WAA advection heavy snow (max rates around=20
    1"/hr) lifting northward this evening from the Dakotas across=20
    central MN into northern WI. Then by about 11z/Weds the surface low
    lifts north to become vertically stacked while anomalous IVT=20
    advect from the southeastern flank to produce heavy deformation=20
    snow bands with rates up to 2"/hr across the eastern Dakotas and=20
    northern MN.

    Guidance has consolidated on the heaviest snowfall occurring from
    the eastern SD-ND border through central/northern MN. The latest=20
    ECMWF EFI has shifted a strong signal (values of 0.8-0.95) for a=20
    potentially disruptive winter storm across much of northern=20
    Minnesota, but still sports modest 0.7-0.8 values in eastern North=20
    Dakota and even northeast WI.There also remains modest signal in
    hires CAMs and a few global models for QPF enhancement along the
    north shores of Lake Superior in the MN Arrowhead due to strong
    east-northeast flow and an associated upslope component. The 00z
    HREF was particularly aggressive (probably too much so) and will
    need to be monitored for an axis of particularly heavy snowfall.

    These aforementioned areas will contend winter hazards such as=20
    heavy snow, blowing snow, and snow load on tree branches and power=20
    lines today through Wednesday night. A few locations, including
    Fargo, ND (9.9") and Duluth, MN (12.7") could near 1-day April=20
    snowfall records per the 75th percentile NBM. Current WPC snowfall probabilities (through 12Z Thursday) for >8" are moderate- to-high
    (50-70%) across northeast SD, southeast ND, and northern=20
    Minnesota. High probabilities (70-90%) for >8" exist across the MN=20 Arrowhead, where moderate probabilities (40-70%) for snowfall=20
    totals >12" exist as well. For WI and MI, moderate probabilities=20
    (40-60%) are found across northeast WI into the south-central MI=20
    U.P.. In terms of ice, impactful freezing rain is most likely on=20
    the eastern edge of the WAA across northern Wisconsin and into the=20
    MI L.P.. Most ice accumulations will be <0.1" due to the rapid=20
    warming of the low- mid levels, with the lone exception being=20
    northern Michigan Mitten, where there are low-to- moderate chances=20
    (30-60%) for ice accumulations >0.1" on Wednesday. Residents and=20
    those traveling to/from these regions should continue to monitor=20
    the forecast as additional changes in the types of impacts, the=20
    severity of those impacts, and where/when these impacts occur can=20
    still fluctuate.

    *Key Messages have been issued for this winter storm, and the link
    to view them is posted below.


    ...Northeast...
    Days 2-3...

    Farther east along and north of a lifting warm front, the=20
    aforementioned Canadian air- mass will be departing off the=20
    Atlantic Canadian Maritime Wednesday night, but boundary layer wet-
    bulb temperatures remain sufficiently cold enough for some wintry=20 precipitation in northern New England and parts of the Interior
    Northeast Wednesday night and early Thursday morning. The WAA is=20
    quite strong and the air- mass in marginally cold, so ice=20
    accumulations will be limited to the northern Appalachian ranges=20 (Adirondack, Green, White) and across northern Maine. WPC=20
    probabilities show moderate chances (30-60%) for ice accumulations
    0.1" through Thursday morning. By midday Thursday, rain will be=20
    the primary precipitation type throughout most of northern New=20
    England (far northern Maine the lone exception).=20


    ...California through the Intermountain West...
    Day 1...

    One additional day of heavy mountain snow is forecast across the
    CA ranges and Sierra Nevada through the central Great Basin as an
    upper low dives across northern California into the Southwest. This
    pattern during the Day 1 period provides broad onshore flow with a
    weak focus (and 300 kg/m/s IVT) into the Klamath Mts during the day
    today. Snow levels will also remain relatively low and around
    3000-4000ft (below major passes) given the upper low crossing=20
    directly overhead. Strong westerly flow also provides upslope=20
    enhancement across the central Great Basin ranges of NV and UT,=20
    where snow levels are expected to remain around 4000 ft. WPC
    probabilities for an additional foot of snow are high (70-90%)
    across the central Sierra Nevada. Moderate chances for >8" exist in
    the northern California Mts, central Nevada ranges, and into the UT
    ranges as well.


    ...Rockies...
    Days 1-3...

    Multiple systems are forecast over the next few days to impact the
    Rockies with moderate snowfall due to a deep upper trough entering
    the region and an associated upper low closing off/lingering over
    the Southwest through Thursday. For Day 1, strong westerly flow
    provides prime upslope potential across the CO Rockies,
    particularly for the first half of today. Snow levels start the day
    around 5000-6000ft crash to below 4000ft tonight, but also as
    Pacific moisture advection decreases and the column gradually dries
    out. Meanwhile, as an upper low ejects into the northern Plains a
    upper trough inflection leads to some modest convergence across the
    MT ranges into the Bighorns.

    For Day 2 there appears to be a bit of a lull in activity as the
    initial upper low ejects eastward and a trailing upper low digs=20
    into the Southwest (cutting off the greatest moisture flux to the=20
    south). However, deep troughing (200 mb heights below the 0.5th=20 climatological percentile at the start of Day 2 per the 12z NAEFS)
    will allow for steeping lapse rates and scattered snow showers in=20
    the high elevations.=20

    By Day 3 a shortwave dives south into the northern Rockies and
    provides upslope flow in the western MT and northwest WY ranges,
    but with moisture relatively meager. Meanwhile, a lobe of vorticity
    rounding the base of the deep southwestern U.S. trough ejects into
    the central Rockies and spreads light-moderate snowfall potential
    into the region, with snow also possible into the CO Front Range on
    Thursday. Overall WPC probabilities for Day2-3 are moderate for >6"
    both days across most of the Northern and Central Rockies spanning
    from northwest MT to the San Juans of CO.

    Snell




    ...Winter Storm Key Messages are in effect. Please see current=20
    Key Messages below...

    https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/key_messages/Late= stKeyMessage_1.png__;!!DZ3fjg!5g2a-zWvojf-QV5WRCqARcgVIbBj7rZ-lf3AivSPqDWgv= KeQFjbgAjvgn2TzYNeFIOn3cMWhtWqV6ZFH4Q8zfbrsyUc$=20

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Tue Apr 1 18:40:50 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 011840
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    240 PM EDT Tue Apr 1 2025

    Valid 12Z Tue Apr 01 2025 - 12Z Fri Apr 04 2025


    ...Northern Plains & Upper Midwest...
    Days 1-2...

    ...Major winter storm to bring heavy snow and gusty winds to
    portions of the Dakotas and Minnesota. Key Messages have been
    issued for this system and are linked below...

    This is no April Fool's joke - a major winter storm will develop
    late tonight and then expand and intensify into Minnesota late
    Wednesday. The trough responsible for this evolution will be
    elongated across the western CONUS at the start of the forecast
    period, with an embedded shortwave trough sharpening and digging=20
    across the Northern Plains by Wednesday morning. As shortwave
    amplifies, it will close off over SD Wednesday, and the continue=20
    to deepen, with 850-500mb heights dropping to below the 1st=20
    percentile within the NAEFS CFSR climatology. This indicates a=20
    strong system, and as the strongest height falls and PVA from the=20
    mid-level evolution overlap with the increasingly intense=20
    diffluence within the LFQ of a pivoting jet streak, a strong and=20 intensifying surface cyclone will develop and track from eastern=20
    Nebraska through the Arrowhead of MN before exiting into Canada=20
    Thursday aftn.

    There continues to be some latitudinal spread amongst the various
    global model systems, leading to a bit lower confidence in the
    exact track of the low and subsequent placement of the greatest
    impacts. The GEFS/CMCE systems are more aligned with each other
    with the surface low track, and are both a bit north of the ECE
    ensembles. The key difference appears to be with the dominant
    surface, as the ECMWF wants to keep the southern edge of the
    elongated low the dominant feature, whereas the GFS and CMC make
    the northern low the primary feature. The GFS/CMC also are more
    aligned with the now available high-res guidance, so the northern
    track seems a bit more supported. Additionally, looking at the D3
    clusters (from yesterday), the EC cluster is heavily influenced by
    its own ensembles (74%) so it may be a bit under-dispersive as
    well. This indicates that a more northern low track is probable
    which will allow for warm air to flood farther north, leading to
    a mixed precipitation axis from both a warm nose and a subsequent
    dry slot, from far northeast SD to potentially across the
    Arrowhead.

    Northwest of this, however, significant snow accumulations with
    heavy snow rates and gusty winds are likely. Despite the now
    early-April sun, a potent deformation axis overlapped with an
    increasingly impressive TROWAL, especially across northern MN, will
    cause heavy snow rates for which the WPC prototype snowband tool
    and the HREF probabilities suggest will reach 1-2"/hr. Even these
    kinds of rates could overwhelm the warmth due to April sun, leading
    to rapid snow accumulations. The heaviest snow amounts are likely
    from eastern ND through northern/central MN where the potent
    deformation axis will pivot and then translate northeast. Here, WPC probabilities are high for 6+ inches of snow, with locally 8-12
    inches possible. The Arrowhead of MN will also be a focus for
    locally heavier snowfall as reflected by a 70-90% chance for 8
    inches here, but there remains some uncertainty into how
    effectively lake enhancement can occur.=20

    South of this axis of heavy snow, a swath of mixed precipitation,
    including freezing rain, is likely. The heaviest icing is expected
    across the Coteau of SD, and parts of lower MI, where WPC
    probabilities for 0.1" of ice or more range from 10-50%.


    ...Northeast...
    Day 2...

    The same system that will bring the major winter storm to the
    Northern Plains/Upper Midwest will bring some wintry weather to the
    Northeast as well. As the primary surface low over MN occludes to
    the east into the Great Lakes, an attendant warm front will begin
    to lift northeast downstream of this secondary low pressure. As
    this warm front lifts into the Northeast, it will spread increasing
    moisture across Upstate NY and northern New England, especially
    after 00Z Thursday. The accompanying lift through WAA will ascend isentropically, especially along the 290K-295K surfaces, which=20
    will push PWs to above the 99th climatological percentile according
    to NAEFS, while at the same time driving a warm nose above 0C=20
    northward. The impressive ascent along this warm front will result=20
    in axis of heavy precipitation, but with p-type gradually changing=20
    from snow to a mix to rain, even into northern Maine. The fast=20
    progression of this event, combined with heavy precipitation rates,
    and the transitioning p-type will limit overall amounts, but=20
    impacts will still be notable due to snow, sleet, and freezing=20
    rain. WPC probabilities for more than 4 inches of snow are modest=20
    at just 30-50% in the higher terrain of NH and ME, but more than=20
    0.5" of sleet is possible across a larger portion of those areas.=20 Additionally, freezing rain has a 50-70% chance of accreting to=20
    more than 0.1" of ice across the Adirondacks, southern Greens, the=20
    Northeast Kingdom of VT, and northern NH.


    ...California...=20
    Day 1...

    A shortwave trough embedded within the much larger trough
    encompassing much of the West will advect onshore central CA at the
    start of the period and then continue to traverse southeast into
    the Great Basin Wednesday aftn. Confluent flow south of this
    feature combined with a slowly departing jet streak will maintain
    steady moisture advection onshore, characterized by IVT that will
    continue above 250 kg/m/s the first half of D1. This moisture will
    be forced efficiently into the Sierra, with upslope flow wringing
    out moderate to heavy snow above generally 3000 feet. While the
    heaviest accumulations are likely before this forecast period,
    additional snowfall will still be significant as snow rates remain
    above 1"/hr at times, and many of the area passes will experience=20
    impacts to travel. WPC probabilities for more than 6 inches of=20
    additional snowfall after 00Z tonight are as high as 70% across the
    higher terrain of the Sierra.


    ...Rockies...
    Days 1-3...

    Widespread light to moderate snow D1-D2 potentially becomes more
    significant across the Southern/Central Rockies late D3.

    For D1 and D2 /00Z Wednesday through 00Z Friday/, the entire region
    will be covered by large but diffuse troughing extending from the
    Pacific Coast through the High Plains. Beneath this large and slow
    moving trough, waves of vorticity will rotate through, leading to
    periods of enhanced ascent within steep low level lapse rates and
    aided by upslope flow. In general, this forcing will be modest
    across the region, but an exception is likely across southern
    Montana into Wyoming on D1, where a stalled cold front and
    accompanying weak wave of low pressure will drive more pronounced
    ascent through fgen leading to areas of heavy snow. The heaviest
    accumulations D1 are likely above 3500 ft in this region, where WPC probabilities indicate a high risk (>70%) for more than 4 inches of
    snow in the Absarokas, Wind Rivers, and into the Black Hills of SD.=20 Elsewhere on D1, light to moderate snowfall across much of the
    terrain from the Four Corners and Great Basin Northward has a less
    than 30% chance of exceeding 4 inches.

    Then through much of D2 forcing again remains modest but widespread
    across the Rockies, leading to areas of light to moderate snow in
    most of the terrain. A local exception will again exist, this time
    across the Northern Rockies and maybe as far south as Yellowstone
    NP as a cold front digs out of Canada leading to some increased
    fgen and enhanced upslope flow in its wake. This will cause=20
    heavier snow rates and at lower snow levels (falling to 2000-3000=20
    ft) leading to accumulations that have a high risk (>70% chance) of
    exceeding 6 inches around Glacier NP, and 10-30% chance around=20
    Yellowstone. Some locally heavier snow is also expected D3 in the=20
    vicinity of the Four Corners, especially across UT and CO as a=20
    shortwave pivots northeast, and WPC probabilities indicate a=20
    moderate risk (30-50%) for more than 6 inches in the southern=20
    Wasatch and San Juans.

    Then during D3, more impressive and consolidated ascent begins to=20
    manifest across the central and southern Rockies, generally from WY
    through CO and into NM as the tail shortwave within this larger
    trough begins to amplify. There is good agreement that this
    shortwave will close off and dig south into the Deserts of AZ,
    leading to increasingly impressive mid-level divergence downstream.
    At the same time, a subtropical jet streak will intensify and
    rotate around the base of this amplifying closed low to place
    favorable LFQ ascent into the eastern Rockies, while additionally
    the cold front from D2 across the northern Rockies drops south
    across WY and CO. The overlap of this baroclinic gradient with the
    increasing synoptic ascent could result in an impressive area of
    expanding precipitation D3 and even moreso into D4. There is still
    uncertainty into the exact evolution of this event, and current WPC probabilities are modest (10-30%) for more than 6 inches of snow,
    but during D4 these could increase and expand more impressively.

    Weiss




    ...Winter Storm Key Messages are in effect. Please see current=20
    Key Messages below...

    https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/key_messages/Late= stKeyMessage_1.png__;!!DZ3fjg!6WEDA2CvdT8QFXOcUdZ3aRrtFh7-VP9e1VTjzTv8RU8JK= QUyqkK0UBE7kDNlV3WXkGPz39wKZQS_4UldHFqJigncBrE$=20

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Wed Apr 2 07:21:42 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 020719
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    319 AM EDT Wed Apr 2 2025

    Valid 12Z Wed Apr 02 2025 - 12Z Sat Apr 05 2025


    ...Northern Plains & Upper Midwest...
    Day 1...

    ...Major winter storm to bring heavy snow and gusty winds to
    portions of the Dakotas and Minnesota today. Key Messages have=20
    been issued for this system and are linked below...

    The storm system responsible for today's heavy April snow is=20
    currently organizing across the central Plains early this morning=20
    with an initial impulse of WAA snow showers lifting northward=20
    across the Dakotas and Upper Midwest. At the start of the forecast=20
    period, broad and deep upper troughing will be situated over the=20 Intermountain West as an ejecting shortwave lifts northward in=20
    conjunction with a ridge building over the East Coast. As this=20
    shortwave amplifies, it will close off over eastern SD this=20
    afternoon and then continue to deepen while sliding northeast=20
    across northern MN this evening. For context, the 850-700mb heights
    associated with this low pressure system are forecast to drop=20
    below the 0.5 percentile and even near the 18Z record minimum=20
    within the NAEFS CFSR climatology. This indicates a strong system,=20
    and as the strongest height falls and PVA from the mid-level=20
    evolution overlap with the increasingly intense diffluence within=20
    the LFQ of a pivoting jet streak, a strong and intensifying surface
    cyclone will track from eastern Nebraska through the Arrowhead of=20
    MN before exiting into Canada Thursday aftn. With this track, the
    heaviest snowfall will occur just to the north and northwest of the
    low center.

    Two main areas most likely to experience heavy snowfall rates=20
    1"/hr and accumulating snow despite the early-April sun are along=20
    the MN Arrowhead and north shores of Lakes Superior, as well as a=20
    corridor from the SD/ND/MN border intersection through northern MN.
    The latter region will fall with a potent deformation axis=20
    overlapped with an increasingly impressive TROWAL, especially=20
    across from west-central through northern MN, causing heavy snow=20
    rates for which the WPC prototype snowband tool and the HREF=20
    probabilities suggest will reach 1-2"/hr. Even these kinds of rates
    could overwhelm the warmth due to April sun, leading to rapid snow accumulations. These impressive snowfall rates may also occur for
    several hours (roughly 14Z-21Z per the 00Z HREF) as the upper low=20
    crosses overhead and pivots the TROWAL over west-central MN and=20
    the eastern Dakotas, which led to an increase in snowfall here
    compared to the prior forecast. Here, WPC probabilities are=20
    moderate (50-70%) for 6+ inches of snow, with locally 8-10 inches=20
    possible. The Arrowhead of MN will also be a focus for locally=20
    heavier snowfall as reflected by a 70-90% chance for 8 inches here,
    but there remains some uncertainty into how effectively lake=20
    enhancement can occur.=20

    South of this axis of heavy snow, a swath of mixed precipitation,
    including freezing rain, is likely. The heaviest icing is expected
    across and parts of lower MI, where WPC probabilities for 0.1" of=20
    ice or more range from 10-30%.


    ...Northeast...
    Days 1-2...

    The same system that will bring the major winter storm to the
    Northern Plains/Upper Midwest will bring some wintry weather to the
    Northeast as well. As the primary surface low over MN occludes to
    the east into the Great Lakes, an attendant warm front will begin
    to lift northeast downstream of this secondary low pressure. As
    this warm front lifts into the Northeast, it will spread increasing
    moisture across Upstate NY and northern New England, especially
    after 00Z Thursday. The accompanying lift through WAA will ascend isentropically, especially along the 290K-295K surfaces, which=20
    will push PWs to above the 99th climatological percentile according
    to NAEFS, while at the same time driving a warm nose above 0C=20
    northward. The impressive ascent along this warm front will result=20
    in axis of heavy precipitation, but with p-type gradually changing=20
    from snow to a mix to rain, even into northern Maine. The fast=20
    progression of this event, combined with heavy precipitation rates,
    and the transitioning p-type will limit overall amounts, but=20
    impacts will still be notable due to snow, sleet, and freezing=20
    rain. WPC probabilities for more than 4 inches of snow are modest=20
    at just 30-50% in the higher terrain of NH and ME, but more than=20
    0.5" of sleet is possible across a larger portion of those areas.=20 Additionally, freezing rain has a 50-70% chance of accreting to=20
    more than 0.1" of ice across the Adirondacks, southern Greens, the=20
    Northeast Kingdom of VT, and northern NH into neighboring ME.


    ...Rockies into the CO Front Range...
    Days 1-3...

    Widespread light to moderate snow D1-D2 potentially becomes more
    significant across the Southern/Central Rockies late D3.

    For D1 and D2 /12Z Wednesday through 12Z Friday/, the entire=20
    region will be covered by large but diffuse troughing extending=20
    from the Pacific Coast through the High Plains. Beneath this large=20
    and slow moving trough, waves of vorticity will rotate through,=20
    leading to periods of enhanced ascent within steep low level lapse=20
    rates and aided by upslope flow. In general, this forcing will be=20
    modest across the region, but a local exception will exist across=20
    the Northern Rockies and maybe as far south as Yellowstone NP as a=20
    cold front digs out of Canada leading to some increased fgen and=20
    enhanced upslope flow in its wake by the end of D1 into D2. This=20
    will cause heavier snow rates and at lower snow levels (falling to=20
    2000-3000 ft) leading to accumulations that have a high risk (>70%=20
    chance) of exceeding 6 inches around Glacier and northern Absarokas.
    Elsewhere on D1 and D2, moderate to locally heavy snowfall across=20
    much of the terrain from the Four Corners and UT ranges into the CO
    Rockies has 30-50% chances of exceeding 6 inches, primarily above=20
    8000 ft. This is in response to a shortwave rounding the base of=20
    the trough in the Southwest pivoting over the Four Corners.

    Then during D3, more impressive and consolidated ascent begins to=20
    manifest across the central and southern Rockies, generally from WY
    through CO and into NM as the tail shortwave within this larger
    trough begins to amplify. There is good agreement that this
    shortwave will close off and dig south into the Deserts of AZ,
    leading to increasingly impressive mid-level divergence downstream.
    At the same time, a subtropical jet streak will intensify and
    rotate around the base of this amplifying closed low to place
    favorable LFQ ascent into the eastern Rockies, while additionally
    the cold front from D2 across the northern Rockies drops south
    across WY and CO. The overlap of this baroclinic gradient with the
    increasing synoptic ascent could result in an impressive area of
    expanding precipitation D3 and bleeding into D4, with snow levels
    starting around 6000 ft and dropping below 4000 ft and snow into
    the High Plains. There is still uncertainty into the exact=20
    evolution of this event and how far heavy snow extends into the CO=20
    Front Range. Current WPC probabilities on D3 are high (60-90%) for
    more than 8 inches of snow in the Sangre de Cristos and eastern San
    Juans, with slightly lower into the central and northern CO Mts.


    Snell/Weiss




    ...Winter Storm Key Messages are in effect. Please see current=20
    Key Messages below...

    https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/key_messages/Late= stKeyMessage_1.png__;!!DZ3fjg!4OjFZulW8VEM2cyI4-HUPZg-M3eKdDPLgARB_Yx2eWjwf= -iC-wdijc2S98Jkvf9f_9BIBbYu8zg4o9sYeVhxwmGCdec$=20

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Wed Apr 2 19:04:37 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 021904
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    304 PM EDT Wed Apr 2 2025

    Valid 00Z Thu Apr 03 2025 - 00Z Sun Apr 06 2025


    ...Northern Plains & Upper Midwest...
    Day 1...

    ...Major winter storm continues to bring heavy snow and gusty winds
    through Thursday afternoon. Key Messages have been issued for this
    system and are linked below...

    The system which is expected to bring a late season major winter
    storm to the Dakotas and Minnesota is organizing this morning as
    reflected by an increase in reflectivity across the region in the
    vicinity of increasing 925-700mb PVU. This system will deepen today
    in response to a mid-level closed low deepening as it moves across
    Minnesota and into Ontario by Thursday morning. This low will
    become quite intense, reflected by NAEFS 850-700mb height=20
    anomalies falling below the 1st percentile in the CFSR database,
    with similar 500mb anomalies dropping below 2.5 percentile. This is
    reflective of a strong system, with surface low deepening
    encouraged by the robust height falls and concurrent/overlapping
    upper diffluence as a strengthening jet streak pivots poleward
    downstream of the mid-level low. The guidance has come into better
    agreement today with the track of this surface low, and it is
    expected to track from near Minneapolis this aftn through the
    western U.P. of MI by Thursday morning.

    This evolution will have a two-pronged impact on the winter weather
    impacts. First, this slightly more northern track will help push a
    dry slot and a warm nose northward leading to an axis of light
    sleet and freezing rain, but accumulations are expected to be
    minimal.

    More significantly, NW of the surface low, a potent deformation
    axis is progged to develop and pivot from eastern ND/SD through
    north-central MN. This deformation axis will occur concurrently
    with an intensifying TROWAL as theta-e advection on moist
    isentropic ascent increases and wraps cyclonically around the
    system. The TROWAL will be most impressive from generally 18Z today
    through 06Z Thursday across N-Central MN, and cross-sections within
    this region suggest a threat for CSI to enhance snowfall rates.
    This is additionally supported by both the WPC prototype snowband
    tool and HREF snowfall rate probabilities which indicate a moderate
    to high risk (50-80%) for 1+"/hr rates, with locally 2"/hr rates
    possible. This will overwhelm antecedent warmth and the April sun,
    leading to rapid snowfall accumulation beneath this deformation,
    and WPC probabilities are moderate (30-50%) for an additional 4+
    inches after 00Z, with storm total snowfall of 6-10" in some areas.=20
    While there is still some uncertainty into the exact placement of=20
    this deformation, and the gradient on the NW and SE side should be=20
    pretty significant, this band of heavy snow will be impactful=20
    before the entire system exits to the northeast by late Thursday=20 morning/early Thursday aftn.


    ...Northeast...
    Days 1 & 3...

    The same system that will be producing heavy snow across the Upper
    Midwest D1 will occlude to a secondary low and attendant warm
    front farther east. This warm front will lift northeast into
    Upstate NY and New England tonight into Thursday, bringing a period
    of heavy precipitation through Thursday aftn. The front will lift
    rapidly northward, so the duration of precipitation will be
    limited, and p-types will vary widely as the warm nose causes a
    change from snow, to sleet, to freezing rain, and eventually rain
    before ending (likely ending as freezing rain the highest terrain
    of NH and northern ME). Despite this, the multitude of=20
    precipitation types will create hazardous conditions, especially in
    the higher terrain from the Adirondacks through Vermont, New=20
    Hampshire, and Maine where WSSI-P probabilities indicate a 10-30%=20
    chance for moderate level impacts.

    The impressive fgen along this front should result in periods of
    heavy precipitation rates as well, regardless of the p-type. This
    could result in a few inches of snow and sleet, before changing to
    freezing rain. Total accumulations will be generally modest, but
    WPC probabilities indicate a high risk (>70%) for at least 4 inches
    of snow in the highest terrain of NH and ME, and a 50-70% chance
    for at least 0.1" of ice in the Adirondacks and portions of
    NH/VT/ME as well, ending by 00Z Friday.

    Another round of mixed precipitation is likely as moisture funnels
    northward on return flow through the Mississippi Valley and into=20
    New England Saturday. At this time any significant wintry=20
    precipitation accumulations are expected to be confined to the=20
    highest terrain of northern New England, with a mix of snow and=20
    freezing rain likely. Total accumulations are expected to be modest
    however, as reflected by WPC probabilities for 0.01" of ice that=20
    are generally just 10-30%.


    ...Intermountain West...
    Days 1-3...

    Expansive mid-level trough will remain entrenched across much of
    the West through the weekend, but evolution of embedded shortwaves
    will lead to amplification and wavelength shortening by Friday.
    Before this occurs, generally modest ascent and modest moisture
    will lead to widespread but light snow across much of the terrain
    from the Northern Rockies southward through the Four Corners
    states. Within this broad ascent, there is likely to be two areas
    of more consolidated ascent and heavier snowfall D1: the Northern
    Rockies and from the Wasatch to the San Juans. In the Northern
    Rockies, a cold front sagging southward will cause some enhanced
    fgen and post-frontal upslope on E/NE winds. This will more
    efficiently wring out available moisture leading to heavy snow in
    the vicinity of Glacier NP where WPC probabilities are high (>70%)
    for at least 6 inches of snow. Additionally on D1, a subtle=20
    shortwave ejecting from the southern stream will work together with
    downstream mid- level divergence and some upslope ascent to=20
    increase snowfall from the Wasatch into the San Juans where WPC
    probabilities are 70-90% for 4+ inches of snow.

    More widespread, generally light, snow occurs across the
    Intermountain West terrain on D2, but some focused heavier snowfall
    is likely in the vicinity of the MT/WY border, including the
    Absarokas, Wind Rivers, and in the vicinity of Yellowstone NP where
    the sinking cold front helps to enhance snowfall. WPC probabilities
    in this region reach as high as 30-50% for 6+ inches of snow.

    Then late D2 into D3, the amplifying trough and concurrent closing
    off of an upper low across the Four Corners will yield much more
    significant snow across the Southern Rockies and into Colorado.
    While there is still uncertainty as to how this system will evolve,
    and trends have been for a slightly farther south track, confidence
    is increasing that heavy snow will become widespread across
    northern NM and into CO. This will be in response to increasing=20
    synoptic ascent driven by both downstream divergence and increasing fgen/upslope flow as the cold front continues to sag southward.=20
    This will additionally cause isentropic lift to surge moisture=20
    northward, and as this pivots back to the west it will yield an=20
    expanding area of heavy snowfall, especially in the terrain from=20
    the Front Range, to the Palmer Divide, the Raton Mesa, and the
    Sangre de Cristos. Additionally, as snow levels crash behind the
    front, impactful snow may spread into the High Plains including the
    urban I-25 corridor, with at least moderate snow potentially
    pivoting into the TX/OK Panhandles late in the forecast period and
    into D4. At this time, WPC probabilities begin to rise late D2,
    reaching 30-50% for 4+ inches along the Front Range, before
    expanding and increasing D3 to 70-90% from the San Juans to the
    Raton Mesa and along the Sangre de Cristos. Additionally, with
    snowfall expanding and snow levels falling, WPC probabilities
    indicate a low risk (10-30%) for at least 4 inches as far east as
    the western TX/OK Panhandles and across the northeast NM High
    Plains.


    Weiss



    ...Winter Storm Key Messages are in effect. Please see current=20
    Key Messages below...

    https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/key_messages/Late= stKeyMessage_1.png__;!!DZ3fjg!4PDEc2RpYhhn4psPK2OpozF3v2KXxYuoSvnPKyOXX4k56= huCbCnz5xcByi95mbVgQZKdnvM08xY-a-wWVSEz8Aw9IzI$=20

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Thu Apr 3 07:37:43 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 030737
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    337 AM EDT Thu Apr 3 2025

    Valid 12Z Thu Apr 03 2025 - 12Z Sun Apr 06 2025


    ...Northeast...
    Days 1 & 3...

    An icy wintry mix will continue from the White Mountains and
    through much of interior Maine this morning as ongoing WAA and
    intense 850mb FGEN sustains an icy setup over northern New England.
    The lingering sub-freezing boundary layer will gradually erode as
    the warm front advances northward with only northern Maine holding
    on to any notable wintry mix through midday. WPC probabilities=20
    depict low chances (10-30%) for additional ice accumulations >0.1"
    in the White Mountains and western Maine through this morning.

    Following a break in the action Thursday night through Saturday
    morning, the next round of wintry mix arrives Saturday afternoon=20
    as moisture from the Mississippi Valley streams northward into New
    England. Similar to the Day 1 setup, low-mid level WAA and 850mb
    FGEN are the primary mechanisms of lift that will promote
    precipitation. The antecedent air-mass is not nearly as cold as the
    Wed-Thurs air-mass. However, the modestly cold air-mass will be=20
    tough to erode in the higher terrain, thus making the White=20
    Mountains and western Maine the most likely areas to see a mix of=20
    snow and freezing rain through Saturday night. WPC probabilities=20
    show moderate- to- high chances (50-70%) for >0.1" of ice, with low
    chances (10-30%) for ice accumulations >0.25".


    ...Intermountain West & Southern High Plains...
    Days 1-3...

    The weather pattern over the western third of the Lower 48 is
    primarily driven by a pair of upper level disturbances; one
    tracking across Montana today and early Friday, and the other is a
    closed upper low over the Southwest. Starting in Montana, a cold=20
    front at the leading edge of the 500mb shortwave trough will act as
    a trigger for snow showers, some of which could have snow squall-
    like impacts with bursts of snow and gusty winds Thursday
    afternoon. With high pressure building in from Alberta, easterly=20
    upslope flow into the Lewis Range and Absaroka through Thursday
    evening. Snow associated with this upper trough is also expected as
    far south as the Big Horns and even as far east as western North=20
    Dakota Thursday night. By Friday morning, the cold front makes its
    way south through the Central Plains and Central Rockies with=20
    NErly upslope flow aiding in minor snow accumulations along the
    Front Range of the WY/CO Rockies through Friday morning.

    Farther south, the closed upper low will make its way toward New
    Mexico with 200-500-700mb heights along the AZ/NM and Mexico
    borders below the 10th climatological percentile. As the 700mb low
    reaches western New Mexico Friday afternoon, winds over southeast=20
    CO and northeast NM will turn easterly at the same time the=20
    aforementioned cold front to the north plunges south. Southern CO=20
    and northern NM will also be co-located beneath the divergent left-
    exit region of a 500mb jet streak located over northern Mexico. The
    heaviest snowfall looks to ensue Friday afternoon and into Friday=20
    night across the Front Range, Palmer Divide, San Juans, and Sangre=20
    De Cristo (including Raton Pass). By Saturday morning, snow is=20
    forecast for most of the Southern Rockies and even parts of the=20
    southern High Plains as the cold front continues to dive south and
    the deformation zone on the northern and western periphery of the=20
    700mb low moves in overhead. Note that with the time of year, it=20
    will have to snow exceptionally hard (>1"/hr) for snow to=20
    accumulate outside of the mountain ranges given the higher sun=20
    angle and warmer soil temperatures. Still, periods of moderate snow
    combined with 30-40 kt 850mb winds will cause poor visibilities=20
    through Saturday afternoon before the snow finally tapers off=20
    Saturday evenings.

    WPC probabilities depict moderate-to-high chances (50-70%) for
    snowfall >8" along the >9,000ft peaks of the Sangre De Cristo and
    San Juans between Friday afternoon and Saturday afternoon. Along
    the I-25 corridor, the most concerning area for heavy snowfall is
    along Raton Pass where up to 12" of snow in the forecast. WSSI
    depicts Moderate impact potential in the Sangre De Cristo, Raton
    Mesa, and San Juans. Note that there are some Moderate Impacts in
    the plains of eastern NM and the TX Panhandle with Blowing Snow the
    primary impact in these areas.=20


    Mullinax


    ...Winter Storm Key Messages are in effect. Please see current=20
    Key Messages below...

    https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/key_messages/Late= stKeyMessage_1.png__;!!DZ3fjg!98tY52JDmfnm9YgoJzpabNeUnetxTJwssekx90v9jyqvu= GwTLSVsCPSSyblTT1vmYDDXc3ETbXmrnRc5Aqqkexb2J1A$=20


    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Thu Apr 3 07:41:40 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 030740
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    340 AM EDT Thu Apr 3 2025

    Valid 12Z Thu Apr 03 2025 - 12Z Sun Apr 06 2025


    ...Northeast...
    Days 1 & 3...

    An icy wintry mix will continue from the White Mountains and
    through much of interior Maine this morning as ongoing WAA and
    intense 850mb FGEN sustains an icy setup over northern New England.
    The lingering sub-freezing boundary layer will gradually erode as
    the warm front advances northward with only northern Maine holding
    on to any notable wintry mix through midday. WPC probabilities
    depict low chances (10-30%) for additional ice accumulations >0.1"
    in the White Mountains and western Maine through this morning.

    Following a break in the action Thursday night through Saturday
    morning, the next round of wintry mix arrives Saturday afternoon
    as moisture from the Mississippi Valley streams northward into New
    England. Similar to the Day 1 setup, low-mid level WAA and 850mb
    FGEN are the primary mechanisms of lift that will promote
    precipitation. The antecedent air-mass is not nearly as cold as the
    Wed-Thurs air-mass. However, the modestly cold air-mass will be
    tough to erode in the higher terrain, thus making the White
    Mountains and western Maine the most likely areas to see a mix of
    snow and freezing rain through Saturday night. WPC probabilities
    show moderate- to- high chances (50-70%) for >0.1" of ice, with low
    chances (10-30%) for ice accumulations >0.25".


    ...Intermountain West & Southern High Plains...
    Days 1-3...

    The weather pattern over the western third of the Lower 48 is
    primarily driven by a pair of upper level disturbances; one
    tracking across Montana today and early Friday, and the other is a
    closed upper low over the Southwest. Starting in Montana, a cold
    front at the leading edge of the 500mb shortwave trough will act as
    a trigger for snow showers, some of which could have snow squall-
    like impacts with bursts of snow and gusty winds Thursday
    afternoon. With high pressure building in from Alberta, easterly
    upslope flow into the Lewis Range and Absaroka through Thursday
    evening. Snow associated with this upper trough is also expected as
    far south as the Big Horns and even as far east as western North
    Dakota Thursday night. By Friday morning, the cold front makes its
    way south through the Central Plains and Central Rockies with
    NErly upslope flow aiding in minor snow accumulations along the
    Front Range of the WY/CO Rockies through Friday morning.

    Farther south, the closed upper low will make its way toward New
    Mexico with 200-500-700mb heights along the AZ/NM and Mexico
    borders below the 10th climatological percentile. As the 700mb low
    reaches western New Mexico Friday afternoon, winds over southeast
    CO and northeast NM will turn easterly at the same time the
    aforementioned cold front to the north plunges south. Southern CO
    and northern NM will also be co-located beneath the divergent left-
    exit region of a 500mb jet streak located over northern Mexico. The
    heaviest snowfall looks to ensue Friday afternoon and into Friday
    night across the Front Range, Palmer Divide, San Juans, and Sangre
    De Cristo (including Raton Pass). By Saturday morning, snow is
    forecast for most of the Southern Rockies and even parts of the
    southern High Plains as the cold front continues to dive south and
    the deformation zone on the northern and western periphery of the
    700mb low moves in overhead. Note that with the time of year, it
    will have to snow exceptionally hard (>1"/hr) for snow to
    accumulate outside of the mountain ranges given the higher sun
    angle and warmer soil temperatures. Still, periods of moderate snow
    combined with 30-40 kt 850mb winds will cause poor visibilities
    through Saturday afternoon before the snow finally tapers off
    Saturday evenings.

    WPC probabilities depict moderate-to-high chances (50-70%) for
    snowfall >8" along the >9,000ft peaks of the Sangre De Cristo and
    San Juans between Friday afternoon and Saturday afternoon. Along
    the I-25 corridor, the most concerning area for heavy snowfall is
    along Raton Pass where up to 12" of snow in the forecast. WSSI
    depicts Moderate impact potential in the Sangre De Cristo, Raton
    Mesa, and San Juans. Note that there are some Moderate Impacts in
    the plains of eastern NM and the TX Panhandle with Blowing Snow the
    primary impact in these areas.


    Mullinax





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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Thu Apr 3 19:10:29 2025
    FOUS11 KWBC 031909
    QPFHSD

    Probabilistic Heavy Snow and Icing Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    309 PM EDT Thu Apr 3 2025

    Valid 00Z Fri Apr 04 2025 - 00Z Mon Apr 07 2025

    ...Portions of the Rockies and the High Plains...
    Days 1,2...

    A deep upper level trough over much of the Intermountain West and
    associated embedded upper level low over the Southwest will
    gradually shift east onto the Plains through Saturday. Shortwave
    disturbances moving around both the upper low and a secondary wave
    moving along the Canadian border will provide the forcing for
    wintry weather over and immediately downwind of those upper level
    features.

    For Day 1/Tonight through Friday, a potent trough over the Canadian
    Prairies will dig southeastward into Montana and the Dakotas. This
    will lead to pressure and height falls in the region. Troughing
    developing as a response will draw a small portion of the Gulf
    moisture plume into the northern Plains, supporting a widespread
    generally light snowfall over Montana and the Dakotas. For the
    mountains from the Bitterroots of Montana south to the Front Range
    of Colorado, localized upslope along the terrain will cause much
    heavier snowfall rates and amounts, especially in the Beartooths of
    Montana and Bighorns of Wyoming, where new snowfall could approach
    a foot through midday Friday. WPC probabilities are over 50% for 4
    inches or more of snow for the Front Range of Colorado and the
    Beartooths of Montana and Wyoming.

    For Day 2/Friday Night and Saturday, the shortwave moving along the
    Canadian border will shift east into the Great Lakes, leaving the
    area. However, the upper level low/southern extension of the
    broader upper trough will begin to tap ever-increasing amounts of
    Gulf moisture as the lift ahead of the low moves in closer
    proximity to the trough. This will draw more of that moisture
    westward into the southern High Plains as the low-level jet
    increases in both strength and amounts of Gulf moisture it will be
    drawing northward into the nation's mid-section. Upslope will play
    an even greater role here, especially as the leeside surface trough
    develops over eastern New Mexico. Some of the troughing from the
    northern system from Day 1 in the northern Plains will propagate
    straight southward along the Front Range and support the heavy
    snow. The Sangre de Cristo Mountains of Colorado and New Mexico
    will be the range hardest hit with heavy snow, with WPC
    probabilities for over 8 inches of snow in the moderate-to-high
    (50-70%) range through Saturday evening. The WPC Winter Storm
    Severity Index (WSSI) shows areas along the state line near Raton
    Mesa with major impacts from the large snowfall expected. The snow
    will taper off in the area Saturday night.

    ...Northern New England...
    Day 3...

    A strong upper level trough over Hudson Bay Saturday will direct a
    strong shortwave along its southeastern periphery towards New
    England. Meanwhile, a portion of the moisture associated with the
    excessive rainfall over the nation's mid-section will draw
    northeastward into the Northeast and New England. Here, that Gulf
    moisture will interact with some lingering cold air over the
    region, resulting in a variety of precipitation types over the
    area. For areas south and west over northern New Hampshire and far
    western Maine, a significant icing event is expected as warmer air
    above freezing moves in aloft above the cold air in place,
    resulting in precipitation changing over from snow to sleet and
    freezing rain as the warm air moves in and deepens Saturday night.
    There is a moderate-to-high (50-70%) chance of at least a tenth
    (0.10") of an inch of ice across much of northern New Hampshire and
    far western Maine near the New Hampshire border through Saturday
    night, with a low (10-30%) chance of at least a quarter of an inch
    of ice.

    Further north where the warmer/above freezing air is unable to
    reach, a light snowfall is expected, namely for far northern Maine,
    where there is a low-to-moderate (30-50%) chance of at least an
    inch of snow Saturday night. The moisture plume will shift east
    with the cold front Sunday morning, ending the winter precipitation
    threat.

    Wegman

    $$

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